ESSENTIAL LIFE SUPPORTIVE FLUID Blood. Functions Transportation Delivers O2 from Lungs and...
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Transcript of ESSENTIAL LIFE SUPPORTIVE FLUID Blood. Functions Transportation Delivers O2 from Lungs and...
ESSENTIAL LIFE SUPPORTIVE FLUID
Blood
FunctionsTransportation
Delivers O2 from Lungs and nutrients from digestive tract to all body cells
Transports the oxygen as oxyhemoglobin and carbon dioxide as carboxyhemoglobin, carbonic acid, and bicarbonate
Transports metabolic waste from cells to elimination sites (lungs, kidneys)
Transports hormonesRegulation
Maintains appropriate body temperature Maintains normal pH Maintains adequate fluid volume with NaCl and other salts acting with
blood proteins (albumin) to prevent excessive fluid lossProtection
Prevents blood loss through clotting mechanism Prevents infection through immunity (phagocytosis and antibody
production)
Blood Facts/characteristics
The average adult has about FIVE liters of blood inside of their body, which makes up 7-8% of their body weight.
pH approximately 7.35 – 7.45Temperature: 38 o C or
100.4 o FThere are about one billion
red blood cells in two to three drops of blood. For every 600 red blood cells, there are about 40 platelets and one white cell.
Composition of BloodPlasma: yellowish liquid portion of blood that
contains electrolytes, nutrients, vitamins, hormones, clotting factors, and proteins such as antibodies to fight infection. (roughly 55%)
Erythrocytes (RBCs): The most abundant cells; produced in the bone marrow and contain a protein called hemoglobin that carries oxygen to all parts of the body (roughly 44%)
Leukocytes (WBCs): part of the immune system; destroy pathogens (<1%)
Thrombocytes (platelets): clotting factors that are carried in the plasma; clot together in a process called coagulation to seal a wound and prevent a loss of blood. (<1%)
Erythrocytes Hemoglobin is a protein
molecule that binds to oxygen. 97% of RBCs made up of this
Hemoglobin forms an unstable, reversible bond with oxygen
In its oxygen-loaded form, it is called oxyhemoglobin
With CO2 attached, carbaminohemoglobin
Heme = red, iron (Fe) combined with O2 gives blood its red color
Lifespan: 100 - 120 Days Spleen: RBC “graveyard” Iron recycled, remainder becomes
bilirubin (yellow pigment) in liver then excreted as bile into the intestines
Plasma Donation
Clotting FactorsImmunoglobulin: There are more than
150 primary immune deficiency disorders . These individuals have improperly functioning immune systems and do not respond to traditional antibiotics. Without IVIG, they are exposed to frequent and often serious infections.
Albumin: used to treat burns, trauma patients and surgical patients.
Hyperimmuneglobulins: used to treat rabies, tetanus, dialysis patients and organ transplant recipients. They are also used to treat pregnant women who have Rh incompatibility
Blood DisordersAnemia: deficiency in the numbers of functional RBCs;
symptoms = impaired breathing, fatigue, muscle weakness Iron deficiency: not enough iron; inability of the body to use iron Aplastic: failure of the bone marrow to produce RBCs due to
poisoning, drugs, radiation Pernicious: RBCs inadequate due to decreased gastric secretion and
vitamin B12 malabsorption; must take B12 shots forever; untreated - certain death
Sickle cell: inherited trait of defective hemoglobin molecule; abnormal sickle shaped RBCs, cells carry less oxygen, break easily, clog vessels; homozygous - severe disease; heterozygous - asymptomatic
Thalassemia: defective synthesis of protein for hemoglobin production; hereditary; several types
Polycythemia: too many RBCs and platelets; thickens blood and increases BP; periodic removal of a unit of blood to thin the blood
Blood Composition
Blood TypesAntigens: chemical structures imparting
specific properties to the surface of the red cell
Antibody: protein substance developed in response to foreign body substances
Blood Group Systems Detected on the basis of specific reaction with
corresponding antibody as a result of the presence or absence of the blood protein antigens on the RBC surface
Inherited according to Mendelian laws
ABO System Discovered by Landsteiner in 1900 Type A = 41% of population
Has A antigens on RBC surface Has anti-B antibodies in plasma
Type B = 10% of population Has B antigens on RBC surface Has anti-A antibodies in plasma
Type AB = 4% of population Has A and B antigens on RBC surface Has NO antibodies in plasma
Type O = 45% of population Has No antigens on the RBC surface Has anti-A and anti-B antibodies in plasma
Type O is the Universal Donor (can be given to Type A, B, AB, and O) because it has No antigens on the RBC surface
Type AB is the Universal Recipient (can receive Type A, B, AB, and O) because it has NO antibodies in the plasma
Universal Donor
Universal Recipient
Blood Genotypes and Phenotypes3 alleles, 6 possible phenotypes
AA and AO are both Type A blood BB and BO are both Type B blood AB is Type AB blood OO is Type O blood
Rhesus FactorThe presence of the protein, or lack of
it, is referred to as the Rh (for Rhesus) factor.
If blood does contain the protein, your blood is said to be Rh positive (Rh+). Genotypes (+/+, +/-)
If blood does not contain the protein, your blood is said to be Rh negative (Rh-). Genotype (-/-)
Rh IncompatibilityWhen Rh- person receives Rh+ blood in a
transfusion, person develops antibodies against the Rh+ factor. This becomes a clinical problem if they receive a second
transfusion of Rh+ blood - Rh antibodies will clump with the Rh antigens.
Symptoms of transfusion reaction: chills and fever, rash, itching, shortness of breath, nausea, kidney pain, blood in urine, shock and death
Occurs in pregnancy - to prevent this a shot of Rhogam is given shortly after birth to block the development of antibodies.