The European Spallation Source

Zoë Fisher – Scientific Activities Division Group Leader for Deuteration & Macromolecular Crystallization (DEMAX) Platform

www.europeanspallationsource.se

Outline

• Overview of the ESS, organization, funding, construction

• Instrument suite• X-rays vs. neutrons – different properties• How will we make neutrons at ESS• What kinds of science can they be used for

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Completion Status: ~60%

Ion source commissioning: 2018

Beam on target: 2022

User program: 2023

Neutron instruments: 22

Novel technologies across many areas of the facility (incl. detectors, sample environment)

Construction investment 1 843 M€(2013)

Operations cost ~150 M€/yr

Host countries: Sweden & Denmark

ESS is multi-country European collaboration to build the world's brightest neutron

source

Aarhus University

Atomki - Institute for Nuclear Research

Bergen University

CEA Saclay, Paris

Centre for Energy Research, Budapest

Centre for Nuclear Research, Poland, (NCBJ)

CNR, Rome

CNRS Orsay, Paris

Cockcroft Institute, Daresbury

Elettra – Sincrotrone Trieste

ESS Bilbao

Forschungszentrum Jülich

Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht

Huddersfield University

IFJ PAN, Krakow

INFN, Catania

INFN, Legnaro

INFN, Milan

Institute for Energy

Research (IFE)

Rutherford-Appleton Laboratory,

Oxford(ISIS)

Kopenhagen University

Laboratoire Léon Brilouin (LLB)

Lund University

Nuclear Physics Institute of the ASCR

Oslo University

Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI)

Polska Grupa Energetyczna - PGE

Roskilde University

Tallinn Technical University

Technical University of Denmark

Technical University Munich

Science and Technology Facilities Council

University of Tartu

Uppsala University

WIGNER Research Centre for Physics

Wroclaw University of technology

Warsaw University of Technology

Zurich University of Applied Sciences

(ZHAW)

ESS In-kind Partners

505Employees

56Nationalities

> 100Collaborating Institutions

Organization and People

ESS in the European contect of largescale facilities

Synchrotron

FEL

Neutron

For neutrons there are 2 current pulsed sources, ISIS and SINQ, the others are reactors

Construction progress: taken April 2019

https://europeanspallationsource.se/site-weekly-updates

Facility outline – SKANSKA & ESS working together

Berkeley 37-inch cyclotron

350 mCi Ra-Be source

Chadwick

1930 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020

105

1010

1015

1020

1

ISIS

Particle driven pulsed

ZING-P

ZING-P’

KENSWNR

IPNSILL

X-10

CP-2

Fission reactors

HFBR

HFIR

NRU

MTR

NRX

CP-1

1940 1950 1960

Eff

ecti

ve

th

erm

al n

eu

tro

n f

lux n

/cm

2-s

(Updated from Neutron Scattering, K. Skold and D. L. Price, eds., Academic Press, 1986)

FRM-IISINQ

SNS

J-PARC

LANSCE

OPAL

PIK

2030

CARR

CSNS

Dhruva

IBR-II

NIST

RSGLVR JRR-3

Particle driven steady state

Pulsed reactor

HANAROHIFAR

SAFARI-1

SALAM

ETERR-2

MARIA

HORJEEP II

ORPHEE

Reactor Sources Spallation Sources

Neutron facilities – reactors and particle driven

ESS

LoKI—Small-Angle Neutron ScatteringNMX—Macromolecular DiffractionODIN—ImagingBEER—Materials and Engineering DiffractionESTIA—ReflectometryDREAM—Powder DiffractionC-SPEC—Direct Geometry SpectroscopySKADI—Small-Angle Neutron ScatteringBIFROST—Indirect Geometry SpectroscopyFREIA—Horizontal ReflectometryHEIMDAL—Powder DiffractionMAGiC—Single Crystal DiffractionMIRACLES—Backscattering SpectroscopyT-REX—Time-of-Flight SpectroscopyVESPA—Vibrational Spectroscopy

World-leading instrument suite (15 of 22 shown)Support labs, workshops, technical groups

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Figure 2.1: Using neutrons and complementary techniques to explore di↵erent length and time scales. Thehorizontal axes indicate real and reciprocal length scales, while the vertical axes refer to time and energyscales. Scientific areas falling within di↵erent length and time scales are indicated along the edges.Theexperimentally accessible areas of the various neutron-based techniques available at ESS are shown aspolygons in strong colours. Those techniques that are sensitive to both time and length scales are rep-resented above the main horizontal axis; those that measure only length-scales below. In addition to theneutron-based techniques covered by ESS, the analogous areas for a selection of complementary experi-mental techniques are shown in grey. Areas labelled “Hot Neutrons” refer to neutron-based techniqueswhich will not be available at ESS.

dynamics in parallel, and in the purely structural methods found below the horizontal axis.

Techniques are often complementary rather than competitive when their temporal and spatial scalesoverlap, because spatial and temporal needs are not the sole determinants of usefulness. Di↵erent probesaccess di↵erent kinds of information, so the methods of Figure 2.1 are often used in combination, unleashingpowerful synergies. The particular strengths of neutrons include sensitivity to light elements such ashydrogen, the ability to distinguish between di↵erent elements, the non-destructiveness of the beam interms of sample integrity, the power to probe magnetic structure, and the capability to penetrate manymaterials, making possible the investigation of samples in a wide range of relevant sample environmentset-ups that would stop other forms of radiation. These strengths are discussed further in Section 2.2.A combination of di↵erent approaches and techniques is necessary to answer many scientific questions.Moreover, the continuously evolving landscape of available tools drives the continuing need to try andtest new combinations of experimental techniques. Multi-probe experiments that combine di↵erent probetechniques on the same site are becoming increasingly possible – for example, using both Raman andneutron scattering. There are many examples of combined studies.

Studies of polymer relaxation processes that exploit neutron spin-echo methods, light scattering,

Complementary probes

Neutrons

ElectronsX-rays:• EM radiation (also known as photons)• No mass or magnetic dipole moment• Cause ionizing radiation damage• Scatter from electron clouds• Easy to detect, readily available• Small samples

Neutrons:• Neutral subatomic particles• Mass & magnetic dipole moment• No charge, great penetrating depth• No radiation damage (thermal)• Scatter from atomic nucleus• Difficult to make & detect• Large samples

Neutrons are sensitive to Isotopes

How do you make neutrons?

Reactors vs. spallation sources

Research Reactors

• Core of enriched 235U rod cooled with light or heavy water (8-10 kg)

• 235U undergoes fission to lighter atoms with release of neutrons

• Moderators slow neutrons down to useable energies (wavelength), monochromators select appropriate wavelength for appropriate length scale

• Around core there are beam guides that take neutrons to instruments

• Ion source produces H+ plasma (electrons are boiled off)• Pulsed proton beam accelerated to ~96% speed of light• He-cooled, rotating W-target wheel – 2.6m diameter, 11 tons• Spallation neutrons are produced at ~10% speed of light• Further slowed down by moderators (speed of sound)• Neutrons directed into beam ports where they are shaped and chopped

to appropriate wavelengths for use• Beamlines & instruments Spallation Neutrons

Accelerator

Target monolith building

Neutrons are useful

Charge neutralDeeply penetrating

Li motion in fuel cells

Improve electric cars

Nuclear scatteringSensitive to light

elements and isotopes

Active sites in proteins

Better drugs

Magnetic moment (spin)Probe of magnetism

Solve the high-temperature Superconductivity puzzle

Efficient high-speed trains

Test AdS/CFT correspondence

Urate oxidase

Thank you for your interest!

Questions?