ESS 303 - Biomechanics

Basic Movements andThe Skeletal System

Basic Movements

Head: Flexion, Extension, Hyperextension, R/L Lateral Flexion, R/L Rotation, & Circumduction

Trunk: Same as above Shoulder: Flexion, Extension,

Hyperextension, Abduction, Adduction, Hyperabduction, Hyperadduction, Horizontal Abduction, Horizontal Adduction, Med/Lat Rotation, & Circumduction

Basic Movements (Cont.)

Sternoclavicular: Elevation & Depression

Acromioclavicular: Abduction, Adduction

(Protraction & Retraction), &

Upward/Downward Rotation

Elbow: Flexion, Extension, & Hyperextension

Radioulnar: Pronation, & Supination

Wrist: Flexion, Extension, Hyperextension,

Radial Flexion, Ulnar Flexion, & Circumduction

Basic Movements (Cont.)

Metacarpophalangeal (Fingers): Flexion,

Extension, Hyperextension, Abduction,

Adduction, & Circumduction

Thumb Interphalangeal: Flexion, Extension,

Hyperextension

Carpometacarpal: Flexion, Extension, Abduction,

Adduction, Opposition, & Circumduction

Metacarpophalangeal: Flexion & Extension

Basic Movements (Cont.)

Hip: Flexion, Extension, Hyperextension, Abduction, Adduction, Hyperadduction, Horizontal Abduction, Horizontal Adduction, Med/Lat Rotation, & Circumduction

Knee: Flexion, Extension, Hyperextension, & Med/Lat Rotation

Ankle: Plantar Flexion, DorsiflexionIntertarsal: Inversion, & Eversion

Basic Movements (Cont.)

Metatarsophalangeal:

Flexion, Extension,

Abduction, Adduction,

& Circumduction

Interphalangeal:

Flexion, & Extension

Axial Skeleton

Appendicular Skeleton

Internal Structure of Bone

Epiphyseal line

Medulary Cavity

Epiphysis

Diaphysis

Spongy

Trabeculae

Compact

Internal Structure of Bone

Internal Structure of Bone

Bone Remodeling Cycle

Stress & Tissue Adaptation (Remodeling)

Pathological Overload ZoneDistress (Injury)

Overload ZoneEustress (Adaptation)

Physiological Loading ZoneMaintenance

Under-loading ZoneDistress (Atrophy)

Stress & Strain

Stress: Force within a structure (internal) divided by the cross-sectional area

Strain: Measured deformation of an object as a result of stressLinear: A change in the object’s lengthShear: A change in an object’s orientation of

adjacent molecules

Stress Strain

Stress Strain

Basic Types

Tension: Tensile Stress & Strain (Stretching)

Stress Strain

Basic Types

Compressive Stress & Strain

Stress Strain

Basic Types

Shear Stress & Strain

Stress

Strain

Mechanical Loads: Bending

Mechanical Loads: Torsion

Types of Bone

Long (Femur)

Short (Carpals)

Flat (Scapula & Ribs)

Irregular (Skull & Vertebrae)

Sesamoid (Patella)

Articulations

Synarthrodial (Sutures of skull)

Amphiarthrodial (Between

vertebrae)

Diarthrodial (Common)

Planes & Axes

Sagittal Plane(Anterioposterior or Median)

Transverse Plane(Horizontal)

Frontal Plane(Coronal)

Sagittal-Horizontal Axis

Vertical Axis

Frontal-Horizontal Axis