By: Nico Slacanin

Table of Contents 3. Nacionalidades 12. Verbs Like Gustar

4. Stem-Changing Verbs 13.Affirmative Ngative Words

5. Para 14. Pero v. Sino

6. Adjectives 15. DOP/IOP/SE

7. Object Pronoun Placement 16. Reflexive Verbs

8. Direct Object Pronouns 17. Tú Commands

9.Indirect Object Pronouns 18. Los adverbios-mente

10.Ser vs. Estar 19. Deber= other modal verbs

11. – ísimo 20. Past progressive verbs

21. Preterite=Past Tense

Nacionalidades

Mexicano= Mexican

Guatemalteco=Guatemalan

Hondureño=Honduran

Salvadoreño= El Salvodoran

Nicaragüense= Nicaraguan

Costarricense= Costa Rican

Panameño= Panamanian

Cubano= Cuban

Dominicano= Dominican

Puertoriqueño= Puerto Rican

Estadounidense= American

Italiano= Italian

Norteamericano= North American

Venezolano= Venezuelan

Colombiano= Colombian

Ecuatoriano= Ecadorean

Peruano= Peruvian

Paraguayo=Paraguayan

Boliviano= Bolivian

Chileno=Chilean

Argentino= Argentinian

Uruguayo= Uruguayan

Español= Spanish

Guineano= Guinean

Canadiense= Canadian

Francés= French

Ingles= English

Stem Changing Verbs

Puedo Podemos

Puedes Podéis

Puede Pueden

Poder o to ue

Almuerzo Almorzamos

Almuerzas Almorzáis

Almuerza Almuerzan

Almorzar o to ue

Repito Repetimos

Repites Repetís

Repite Repiten

Repetir e to i

Pienso Pensamos

Piensas Pensáis

Piensa Piensan

Pensar e to ie

Juego Jugamos

Juegas Jugáis

Juega Juegan

Jugar u to ue

Para Para is used in Spanish to express for or in

order to

In Spanish, para is used very frequently in many certain instances

Example: Yo voy al supermercado para mi mama.

Adjectives in spanish follow a gender

They always have to agree with the correct gender of the noun

Furthermore, they also have to agree whether the noun is plural or singular

Example: Los libros es muy muy largos. La chica es bonita.

To make plural:

End in vowel, add “s”

End in consonant, add “es”

End in z, add “ces”

Object Pronoun Placement The placement of an object pronoun is the same for both indirect

and direct objects.

If the pronoun accompanies a conjugated verb, it is placed beforethe verb.

Example: Rose le compra las ropas.

However, if there is an infinitive followed by a conjugated verb, then the object pronoun can come before the conjugated verb, orit can be attached to the end of the infinitive.

Example: Rosa quiere comprarle una olla a su padre.

The pronoun can also be attached to an affirmative tu command, and it can be attached to a progressive tense verb

Remember to add an accent when adding a syllable.

Direct Object Pronouns

Me Nos

Te Os

Lo/La Los/Las

Direct Object Pronouns

• Remember Direct Objects answer who or what is receiving the action.• Use a direct object pronoun to emphasize who or what is receiving the

verb. Make sure that the pronoun correlates with the antecedent.• Example: Yo compro la. Yo compro la comida.

Indirect Object Pronuons Indirect object pronouns follow the same rules as direct object

pronouns, but the pronouns are slightly different.

However, indirect objects can be combined with direct objectsin sentences.

Example: Yo quisiera compraselo para mi mama.

Notice how the indirect object changes to say when combinedwith the pronoun lo.

Me Nos

Te Os

Le Les

Ser v. EstarSer Estar

Ser is used to show: nationality, profession, characteristics of people nad things, generalizations, possesion, what something ismade of, time/date, and where/when of anevent

It identifies people and things

It uses de for possesion

De+El=Del

Soy Somos

Eres Sois

Es Son

• Estar is used to show: location, health, physical states and conditions, emotional status, weather expressions, and progressive tenses

• Esatr+ adj. is used to describe how people fell

Estoy Estamos

Estas Estáis

Esta Están

- ísimo is used to express extremes with most adjectives

To make the adjective you drop the final vowel and add the ending –ísimo

Adjective must agree in gender and number with the noun

When the last consonant of the adjective is c change the ending to quwhen using – ísimo. Ex: rico/ riquísimo

When the ending is g change it to gu. Ex: largo/ larguísimo

When the ending is z change it to c. Ex: feliz/ felicísimo

Verbs like Gustar Verbs like gustar only change ending in (a/an) Ex: Gusta/Gustan

To change the noun, you put the proper indirect object pronounbefore the verb me, te, le, nos, os, les

These verbs can be used with infinitives as well

Some verbs like gustar: aburrir=to bore, encontrar=to love, faltar=to lack, fascinar=to fascinate, importar=to be important, interesar=to interest, molestar=to bother, quedar=to fit

Ex: A mi me fascina irme a cenar.

Affirmative and Negative WordsAffirmative Negative

Affirmative words must match the gender of the noun they replace or modify.

Algo= something

Alguien= someone

Algún/Alguno(a)= some

Siempre= always

También= also

Example: ?Algo de tomar? (Something to drink?)

A double negative is required in spanish whena no precedes the verb.

However, if anegative word sucha as nunca precedes the verb, a double negative is notrequired.

Nada= nothing

Nadie= no one

Ningún/Ninguno= none/not any

Nunca= never

Tampoco= neither/either

Example: Por ahora, nada mas. (For now, nothing more.)

Pero vs. SinoPero Sino

Pero is usually used to compare to contrasting ideas

Pero adds on to the first statement

Ex: Estudiar no es divertido, pero es necesario.

Sino is usually used in negative sentences or to negate a topic

In English sino would mean “but rather” or “on the contrary”

When used before a conjugated verb, you have to put “sino que”

Ex: No voy al cine sino que ceno con mis padres.

DOP/IOP/SEDOP IOP

Direct objects receive the action and can sometimes be paired with the indirect object in Spanish

In Spanish, most direct objects are in the pronoun form.

Indirect objects also come in the pronoun form most of the time, but they almost always have an antecedent placed at the end of the sentence.

The indirect objects pronouns are sometimes paired with the DOP

Ex: Voy a comprarselo el regalopara mi papa.

Reflexive Verbs Reflexive verbs describe actions that are done to oneself.

Reflexive verbs almost always include a reflexive pronoun to indicate the subject

Ex: Secarse= to dry oneself changes to me seco, te secas, se seca, nos secamos, or se secan

When using this pronoun, you have to take the reflexive verb and drop the se off the end

Then you properly conjugate it depending on the subject

Finally, you add the correct pronoun in front to properly indicate the subject of the sentence.

Example: Me lavo en el baño en la cama.

Me Nos

Te Os

Se Se

Reflexive Pronouns

Tú CommandsAffirmative tú commands Negative tú commands Affirmative tú commands are verbs that direct

specific instructions to people

To form a tú command, put your verb in the tú form of conjugation. Then drop the “s” and then you have your command.

Ex: Comer goes to !Come!

Irregular tú commands follow a different set of rules. Where the whole verb changes form.

Decir-di

Hacer-haz

Ir-ve

Poner-pon

Salir-sal

Ser-se

Tener-ten

Venir-ven

Negative tú commands are used when youdon’t want someone to do something

In Spanish, to form this command, you changethe verb into yo form, then you drop the “o” and add the opposite vowel ending, and thenyou add an “s”. Finally, add a “no” in front

Example: Hablar goes to Hablo then to Hable then to No hables

Irregular negative commands also change form

Tener- No tengas

Venir- No vengas

Dar/Decir- No digas/No des

Ir- No voyas

Ser- No seas

Hacer- No hagas

Estar- No estés

Salir- No salgas

Los Adverbios- Mente To change adjectives into adverbs, you have to use the mente

process

If the adjective ends in a consonant or an e simply add a –menteto the end. If the adjective ends in an o, change the o to an a and then add the mente.

Ex: Frecuente goes to Frecuentemente

Ex: Lento(a) goes to Lentamente

When you have two or more adverbs only put a mente on the last adjective, but still change the others to a feminine form if it ends in o

Deber and other Modal Verbs A modal verb is used as a helping verb to the action verb.

The modal verb is conjugated, and the 2nd or action verb is left in the infinitive form

Ex: Yo voy a comprar a comida para mi.

List of modal verbs:

Desear= to need, Poder= to be able to, Querer= to want, Ir= to go, Solar= accustom to, Tener= to have, Deber= should/ought to, Saber= to know

Present Progressive To make a present progressive you put a conjugated estar before the action verb.

Then you add an –ando to the end of an –ar verb, an –iendo to the end of –ir verb, and a –yendo to the end of an –ir/er verb

Example: Esper goes to Estoy esperando

When you have a pronoun place it before the conjugated estar or you attach to theend of the present participle.

Irregular present progressives change form

Leer-Leyendo

Oír-Oyendo

Traer-Trayendo

Pedir-Pidiendo

Servir-Sirviendo

Decir- Diciendo

Dormir-Duermiendo

Venir-Viniendo

Preterite These verbs are past tense

These verbs change ending simply based on whether their ir, er, or ar ending verbs

-éHablé

-amosHablamos

-asteHablaste

-óHabló

-aronHablaron

-ar Verbs

-íComí Escribí

-imosComimosEscribimos

-isteComisteEscribiste

-ióComió Escribió

-ieronComieronEscribieon

-er/ir Verbs