Escoliosis
-
Upload
norma-obaid -
Category
Documents
-
view
2.560 -
download
2
description
Transcript of Escoliosis
![Page 1: Escoliosis](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062513/556c5bb6d8b42acc228b4df6/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Scoliosis
Andrea Chymiy
Swedish Family Medicine
September 24, 2002
![Page 2: Escoliosis](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062513/556c5bb6d8b42acc228b4df6/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Scoliosis
What is it?How do we screen for it?When to refer?How is it treated?
![Page 3: Escoliosis](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062513/556c5bb6d8b42acc228b4df6/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
![Page 4: Escoliosis](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062513/556c5bb6d8b42acc228b4df6/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
What is scoliosis?
Lateral curvature of the spine >10º accompanied by vertebral rotationIdiopathic scoliosis - Multigene dominant condition with variable phenotypic expression & no clear causeMultiple causes exist for secondary scoliosis
![Page 5: Escoliosis](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062513/556c5bb6d8b42acc228b4df6/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Secondary causes for scoliosis:Inherited connective tissue disorders
- Ehler’s Danlos syndrome
- Marfan syndrome- Homocystinuria
![Page 6: Escoliosis](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062513/556c5bb6d8b42acc228b4df6/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Secondary causes for scoliosis:Neurologic disorders
Tethered cord syndromeSyringomyeliaSpinal tumorNeurofibromatosisMuscular dystrophy
Cerebral palsyPolioFriedeich’s ataxiaFamilial dysautonomiaWerdnig-Hoffman disease
![Page 7: Escoliosis](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062513/556c5bb6d8b42acc228b4df6/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Secondary causes for scoliosis:Musculoskeletal disorders
Leg length discrepancy
Developmental hip dysplasia
Osteogenesis imperfecta
Klippel-Feil syndrome
![Page 8: Escoliosis](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062513/556c5bb6d8b42acc228b4df6/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Characteristics of idiopathic scoliosis:
Present in 2 - 4% of kids aged 10 – 16 yearsRatio of girls to boys with small curves (<10º) is equal, but for curves >30º the ratio is 10:1Scoliosis tends to progress more often in girls (so girls with scoliosis are more likely to require treatment)
![Page 9: Escoliosis](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062513/556c5bb6d8b42acc228b4df6/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Natural history of scoliosis
Of adolescents diagnosed with scoliosis, only 10% have curve progression requiring medical interventionThree main determinants of curve progression are:(1) Patient gender(2) Future growth potential(3) Curve magnitude at time of diagnosis
![Page 10: Escoliosis](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062513/556c5bb6d8b42acc228b4df6/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Natural history of scoliosis
Assessing future growth potential using Tanner staging:
Tanner stages 2-3 (just after onset of pubertal growth) are the stages of maximal scoliosis progression
![Page 11: Escoliosis](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062513/556c5bb6d8b42acc228b4df6/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Natural history of scoliosis
Assessing growth potential using Risser grading:
- Measures progress of bony fusion of iliac apophysis- Ranges from zero (no ossification) to 5 (complete
bony fusion of the apophysis)- The lower the grade, the higher the potential for progression
![Page 12: Escoliosis](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062513/556c5bb6d8b42acc228b4df6/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Risk of Curve Progression
Curve (degree) Growth potential (Risser grade) Risk
10 to 19 Limited (2 to 4) Low10 to 19 High (0 to 1) Moderate20 to 29 Limited (2 to 4) Low/mod20 to 29 High (0 to 1) High>29 Limited (2 to 4) High>29 High (0 to 1) Very high.
*—Low risk = 5 to 15 percent; moderate risk = 15 to 40 percent; high risk = 40 to 70 percent; very high risk = 70 to 90 percent.
![Page 13: Escoliosis](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062513/556c5bb6d8b42acc228b4df6/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Natural history of scoliosis
Back pain not significantly higher in pts with scoliosisCurves in untreated adolescents with curves < 30 º at time of bony maturity are unlikely to progressCurves >50 º at maturity progress 1º per yearUp to 19% of females with curves >40 º have significant psychological illnessLife-threatening effects on pulmonary function do not occur until curve is >100 º (ie: Cor pulmonale)
![Page 14: Escoliosis](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062513/556c5bb6d8b42acc228b4df6/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Scoliosis Screening
In years past, widespread school-based screening led to many unnecessary referrals of adolescents with minimal curvaturesU.S. Preventive Services Task Force notes “insufficient evidence” to recommend for or against routine screening of asymptomatic adolescents for idiopathic scoliosis
![Page 15: Escoliosis](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062513/556c5bb6d8b42acc228b4df6/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Scoliosis Screening Recommendations
American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons - Screen girls at ages 11 and 13- Screen boys once at age 13 or 14American Academy of Pediatrics- Screen at 10, 12, 14 and 16 years
![Page 16: Escoliosis](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062513/556c5bb6d8b42acc228b4df6/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Adam’s forward bend test
For this test, the patient is asked to lean forward with his or her feet together and bend 90 degrees at the waist. The examiner can then easily view from this angle any asymmetry of the trunk or any abnormal spinal curvatures.
![Page 17: Escoliosis](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062513/556c5bb6d8b42acc228b4df6/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Screening hints:
Shoulders are different heights – one shoulder blade is more prominent than the other Head is not centered directly above the pelvis Appearance of a raised, prominent hip Rib cages are at different heights Uneven waist Changes in look or texture of skin overlying the spine (dimples, hairy patches, color changes) Leaning of entire body to one side
![Page 18: Escoliosis](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062513/556c5bb6d8b42acc228b4df6/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Scoliometer•The patient bends over, arms dangling and palms pressed together, until a curve can be observed in the upper back (thoracic area). •The Scoliometer is placed on the back and measures the apex (the highest point) of the upper back curve. •The patient continues bending until the curve can be seen in the lower back (lumbar area). The apex of this curve is also measured.
An inclinometer (Scoliometer) measures distortions of the torso.
![Page 19: Escoliosis](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062513/556c5bb6d8b42acc228b4df6/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Red flags on PE:
Left-sided thoracic curvature PainSignificant stiffnessAbnormal neurologic findingsStigmata of other clinical syndromes associated with curvature
![Page 20: Escoliosis](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062513/556c5bb6d8b42acc228b4df6/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Measure spinal curvature using Cobb method:
- Choose the most tilted verterbrae above & below apex of the curve.
- Angle b/t intersecting lines drawn perpendicular to the top of the superior vertebrae and bottom of the inferior vertebrae is the Cobb angle.
![Page 21: Escoliosis](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062513/556c5bb6d8b42acc228b4df6/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Referral Guidelines & Treatment
Curve (degrees) Risser grade X-ray/refer Treatment
10 to 19 0 to 1 Every 6 months/no Observe
10 to 19 2 to 4 Every 6 months/no Observe
20 to 29 0 to 1 Every 6 months/yes
Brace after 25 degrees
20 to 29 2 to 4 Every 6 months/yes
Observe or brace
29 to 40 0 to 1 Refer Brace
29 to 40 2 to 4 Refer Brace
>40 0 to 4 Refer Surgery †
![Page 22: Escoliosis](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062513/556c5bb6d8b42acc228b4df6/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Brace Treatment for Scoliosis
Most common is Boston brace (aka Thoraco-lumbar-sacral orthosis)Braces have 74% success rate at halting curve progression (while worn)Bracing does not correct scoliosis, but may prevent serious progressionUsually worn until patient reaches Risser grade 4 or 5
![Page 23: Escoliosis](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062513/556c5bb6d8b42acc228b4df6/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Brace Treatment for Scoliosis
Of patients with 20 º - 29 º curves, only 40% of those wearing braces ultimately required surgery, compared to 68% of those not wearing back bracesLength of wearing time correlates with outcome (At least 16 hrs per day leads to best chance of preventing curve progression)
![Page 24: Escoliosis](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062513/556c5bb6d8b42acc228b4df6/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Surgical Treatment for Scoliosis
Curves in growing children greater than 40 º require a spinal fusion (Risser grade 0 to 1 in girls and Risser 2 or 3 in boys) Skeletally mature patients can be observed until their curves reach 50 º Posterior spinal fusion is best choice for thoracic curvesAnterior spinal fusion is best treatment for thoracolumbar and lumbar curves
![Page 25: Escoliosis](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062513/556c5bb6d8b42acc228b4df6/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Surgical Treatment for Scoliosis
Spinal surgery with instrumentationsignificantly corrects deformity &usually stops curve progression
Surgery is accompanied by spinalcord monitoring using somato-sensory & motor-evoked potentials (risk of neurologic injury is 1/7000)
![Page 26: Escoliosis](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062513/556c5bb6d8b42acc228b4df6/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Post-Op Treatment & Long Term Consequences of Spinal Fusion
If segmental instrumentation used, no post-op cast or brace requiredPost-fusion back pain does occur and is more common in distal spinal fusionsUsually out of hospital in 4-5 days & back at school in 2 wksOK to participate in athletics after 9 – 12 months (should avoid contact sports)
![Page 27: Escoliosis](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062513/556c5bb6d8b42acc228b4df6/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Case #1
MP is a 16-year-old male who presents to your office for his annual health assessment and sports physical. During the course of his examination, you note a mild convexity in the thoracic region of his spine with forward flexion at the hips. Based on your clinical examination, you estimate a lateral spinal curvature of about 5 degrees. You note these findings to the patient and then to his mother.
![Page 28: Escoliosis](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062513/556c5bb6d8b42acc228b4df6/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Question 1
C.
Order a radiograph of the back to quantify the curvature (e.g., Cobb angle).
C.
Order a radiograph of the back to quantify the curvature (e.g., Cobb angle).
1. Which one of the following procedures should be implemented next?
A. Recommend back-strengthening exercises.B. Refuse to permit participation in contact sports.A.Order a radiograph of the back to quantify the
curvature (e.g., Cobb angle).D. Monitor the patient's condition.E.Refer for orthopedic consultation.
![Page 29: Escoliosis](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062513/556c5bb6d8b42acc228b4df6/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Answer 1
The answer is D: monitor the patient's condition.
![Page 30: Escoliosis](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062513/556c5bb6d8b42acc228b4df6/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Question 2
Because you have recently agreed to serve as school physician in the district where your office is located, you wonder what scoliosis screening programs are in place and who has been examining these school children for scoliosis. Which one of the following procedures should you implement?
![Page 31: Escoliosis](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062513/556c5bb6d8b42acc228b4df6/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Question 2 (cont.)
A. Arrange scoliosis screening for all students between 10 and 16 years of age.
B. Arrange scoliosis screening for all students 10, 12 , 14 and 16 years of age.
C. Contact the school nurse and review skills for scoliosis screening procedures.
A. Visually inspect for severe curves only when the back is examined for other reasons.
B. Screen girls for scoliosis at 11 and 13 years of age and boys at 13 and 15 years of age.
![Page 32: Escoliosis](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062513/556c5bb6d8b42acc228b4df6/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Answer 2
•According to AAP the answer is B: screen at 10, 12, 14 & 16 years
•According to U.S. Prev Services Task Force, the answer is D: visually inspect for severe curves only when the back is examined for other reasons.
![Page 33: Escoliosis](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062513/556c5bb6d8b42acc228b4df6/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Question 3
Which of the following statement(s) about treatment for adolescent scoliosis is/are correct?
A. Exercise therapy has been shown to be an effective treatment for preventing progression of scoliosis.
B. Spinal surgery for scoliosis is not supported by studies showing improvements in clinical outcomes, such as decreased back pain and increased functional status.
C. Lateral electrical surface stimulation for eight hours nightly can limit progression of spinal curvature
D. Back bracing (e.g., orthoses) reduces symptoms of low back pain.
![Page 34: Escoliosis](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062513/556c5bb6d8b42acc228b4df6/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Answer 3
The answer is B: Although surgery for scoliosis is generally not recommended without marked curvature, well-conducted outcomes studies with patients who have had surgery have not been completed. Symptoms of back pain do not appear to correlate with magnitude of surgical correction.
![Page 35: Escoliosis](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062513/556c5bb6d8b42acc228b4df6/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Conclusions
Screening for scoliosis remains controversial & has led to many unnecessary referralsAdolescent scoliosis can be followed by family docs if the curve has a low risk of progression & underlying causes have been excludedCurves demonstrating significant progression with continued growth remaining or those at high risk of progression should be referred for orthopedic evaluationAlways refer when red flags are present on PE or X-ray
![Page 36: Escoliosis](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062513/556c5bb6d8b42acc228b4df6/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Conclusions
90% of kids with scoliosis will not require medical interventionGirls are much more likely than boys to need intervention for scoliosisBracing can slow progression of many curves and significantly decrease need for surgerySpinal fusion surgery is recommended for curves greater than 45 – 50 degrees