Escaping the “Polluter Pays” Trap: Financing Wastewater FISCHHENDLER.pdf ·...

Escaping the “Polluter Pays” Trap: Financing Wastewater Treatment on
the Tijuana-San Diego Border
Itay Fischhendler Department of Geography, The Hebrew University of
Jerusalem

Introduction •Addressing transboundary hazards require dividing the cost of pollution prevention •The solution often suggested is the “polluter pays principle” (PPP)
PPP means that the polluter should be the one to bear the cost of measures to prevent pollution.
•The PPP is endorsed by many international organizations and agreements
Among them: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development The European Union NAFTA Rio de Janeiro Declaration Agenda 21 World Summit on Sustainable Development

Introduction (Cont)
The rationale behind it: - economic efficiency - environmental effectiveness - fairness
The problem: cost-sharing arrangements other than PPP are often adopted instead
Research aim: To explain the gap between theory and reality

Theoretical background
Infeasibility Ambiguity Unfairness Lack of property
rights
Lack of international
law
Barriers for PPP

Research hypothesis Cost-sharing principle
offset
Effect on Asymmetries
ignores
Effective Wastewater treatment
Ineffective wastewater treatment

Research MethodCycle II Cycle III
The evolution of cost-sharing, and its underlying reasons, of the pollution abaitment regime along Tijuana and San Diego
C os
t- bu
rd en
p ri
nc ip
le
?
1958 2004time

Ability to pay & beneficiary
pays
outfall construction
C os
t- bu
rd en
p ri
nc ip
le
outfall operation
Equally pays
Polluter pays
1938 Years
Cost-burden evolution of wastewater infrastructure along the San Diego/Tijuana border

Treatment plant
Pump station
Collection system
Point Loma TP

Years
pays
C os
t- bu
rd en
p ri
nc ip
le
outfall operationEqually pays
Tijuana early wastewater
plant
1958
Polluter pays
1938

Treatment plant
Pump station
Collection system
Em ergency connection

Polluter pays
pays
C os
t- bu
rd en
p ri
nc ip
le
plant 1958 1965
Emergency connection
1938 Years Cost-burden evolution of wastewater infrastructure along the San Diego/Tijuana border

Treatment plant
Pump station
Collection system
International Wastewater Treatment Plant
Ocean Outfall

Treatment plant
Pump station
Collection system
Ocean Outfall
San Antonio TP
Proposed Rio Almar

Polluter pays
pays
C os
t- bu
rd en
p ri
nc ip
le
plant
1958 1965
1985
Tijuana wastewater
plant 1938 Years

Treatment plant
Pump station
Collection system
Ocean Outfall
Proposed Rio Almar
San Antonio TP
Defensive measures

Polluter pays
pays
C os
t- bu
rd en
p ri
nc ip
le
plant
1958 1965
1985
Tijuana wastewater
plant
Defensive measures
19871938

Treatment plant
Pump station
Collection system
Ocean Outfall
Proposed Rio Almar
San Antonio TP
Defensive measures

Polluter pays
pays
C os
t- bu
rd en
p ri
nc ip
le
plant
1958 1965
1985
Tijuana wastewater
plant
Defensive measures
1987
International wastewater plant
1938 1996

Treatment plant
Pump station
Collection system
Ocean Outfall
Proposed Rio Almar
San Antonio TP
Defensive measures
Conveyance system

1938
Polluter pays
pays
C os
t- bu
rd en
p ri
nc ip
le
plant
1958 1965
1985
Tijuana wastewater
plant
Defensive measures
1987 1996
1997
Conveyance system and
improve existing wastewater
system

Treatment plant
Pump station
Collection system
Ocean Outfall
Proposed Rio Almar
San Antonio TP
Defensive measures
Conveyance system
Proposed Bagaagua

1938
Polluter pays
pays
C os
t- bu
rd en
p ri
nc ip
le
plant
1958 1965
1985
Tijuana wastewater
plant
Defensive measures
1987 1996
1997
improve existing system
2004
Rehabilitation of Tijuana collection
system
Tijuana master plant and
Bajaagua project

Cycle i Cycle II Cycle III
1938
Polluter pays
pays
C os
t- bu
rd en
p ri
nc ip
le
plant
1958 1965
1985
Tijuana wastewater
plant
Defensive measures
1987 1996
1997
improve existing system
2004
system
Tijuana master plant and
Bajaagua project

Research hypothesis Cost-sharing principle
offset
Effect on Asymmetries
ignores
Effective Wastewater treatment
Ineffective wastewater treatment

----PPPEarly wastewater plant -Wastewater plant
Operational capacities
Willingness to pay
Ability to pay
Power asymmetry
Effect of cost-burden principle on Tijuana/San Diego asymmetries
Cost-burden principle
Agreement signed
Projects built and programs adopted
1938
Polluter pays
Ability to pay & beneficiary pays
C os
t- bu
rd en
p ri
nc ip
le
Equally pays
1958
Tijuana early Wastewater
system
1965 1985
Tijuana Plant
defense measures
1987 1996
International Wastewater
plant Conveyance system
system
Tijuana master plant and Bajaagua project
2004
+---Soft version of PPP
Minute 222- Emergency connection

Escaping the “Polluter Pays” Trap: Financing Wastewater FISCHHENDLER.pdf ·...

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