Esc 301.02 II Ecology c Short
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Transcript of Esc 301.02 II Ecology c Short
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ESC 301
ECOLOGY-Part C
Ferhan een
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Climate and Major Biomes
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Abiotic Effects of Latitude andAltitude
Abiotic Effects of Latitude and
Altitude
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Succession and Disturbance Ecological succession: transition between
biotic communities Primary: no previous biotic community
Secondary: previously occupied by a
community Aquatic: transition from pond or lake to
terrestrial community
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Material Cycles
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Hydrological Cycle (Water Cycle)
Most of earths water is stored in the oceans,
but solar energy continually evaporates this
water, and winds distribute water vapor
around the globe.
Water that condenses over land surfaces, inthe form of rain, snow or fog supports all
terrestrial ecosystems.
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Water Cycle
Living organisms emit the moisture to the
atmosphere through respiration andperspiration.
Eventually, this moisture re-enters the
atmosphere or enters lakes and streams and
ultimately the oceans.
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WATER CYCLE
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Carbon Cycle Carbon serves a dual purpose for organisms:
Carbon is a structural component of organicmolecules (C6H12O6, sugar)
Chemical bonds provide metabolic energy.
The carbon cycle begins with photosynthetic
organisms that take up (CO2, carbon dioxide) to formstarch.
Starch is taken up by several organisms, digested instomach and simple sugars get broken down to
simpler ones (CO2 , H20 & energy).
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Carbon cycle (contd.)
Sugar molecules either undergo
respiration and release carbon in the formof C02.
From simple sugar also large organicmolecules can be formed.
When organisms decay carbon returns to
nature.
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Combustion of fossil fuel (e.g coal and oil)
releases carbon atoms into the atmosphere. Aquatic biomass leads to formation of limestone
deposits.
Carbon cycle (contd.)
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Carbon Cycle
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Carbon Cycle
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Carbon Cycle
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Nitrogen cycle Several organic molecules contain nitrogen
Amino acids, peptides and proteins are largeorganic molecules that living organisms need for
their existence.
Nitrogen is a very important nutrient for livingthings.
Nitrogen is a primary component of many
household products (Ammonia and others) andagriculture fertilizers.
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Nitrogen Cycle (cont.)
Nitrogen makes up about 78% of the air, but plants
cannot use N2, the stable diatomic molecule in air.
Plants acquire nitrogen through the nitrogen cycle.
Nitrogen-fixing bacteria (live in roots of legumes) and
blue-green algae) are highly organised to fix nitrogen
of the atmosphere to ammonia ( N2
to NH3)
They combine hydrogen of atmosphere with nitrogen
and form ammonia (NH3)
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Nitrogen cycle (contd.) Ammonia in plants is used to make amino acids which is
used as building blocks to form protein (a polypeptidechain made up of several amino acids).Thus, inorganicnitrogen is converted into an organic form.
After plants cells absorb nitrates, these nitrates arereduced to ammonia (NH
3) and then used by the plant.
There are aerobic bacteria oxidizing ammonia to nitrite(NO2
-).
There are aerobic bacteria oxidizing nitrite further to
nitrate (NO3-
),which green plants can absorb and use. This conversion of ammonia to nitrate is called
nitrification.
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Nitrogen cycle (cont.) Fungi and bacteria decay dead organisms, converting
organically bound nitrogen into ammonia. Thisprocess is known as ammonification. Animals
produce urine which contains nitrogenous
compounds such as urea, which is also converted toammonia by ammonification.
Denitrifying bacteria reduce nitrates in soil or water
to nitrogen gas (N2), which is released into theatmosphere. This is called denitrification.
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Nitrogen cycle
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Modified from D. T. Krohne, General Ecology
Nitrogen cycle
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Nitrogen Cycle
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Nitrogen Cycle
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Critical Thinking Issue
How are Human ActivitiesAffecting the Nitrogen
Cycle?
Eutrophication of water
bodies
Nitrates in drinking water
Effects of increased use of
nitrogen fertilizers:
Nitrogen cycle