Nevada State Climate Office - Doug Bolye, Nevada State Climatologist, University of Nevada, Reno
ESA Reno Nevada 2008
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Transcript of ESA Reno Nevada 2008
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Efficacy of Flameless Catalytic InfraredRadiation Energy Against Different Life
Stages of Insects
Khamis Moses, Bhadriraju Subramanyam, Dogan Hulya and
Gwirtz JeffDepartment of Grain Science and Industry
Kansas State University
Manhattan, KS 66506
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Introduction
Hypothesis: How do different ages of stored productinsects respond to flameless catalytic infraredradiation?
Objective 1: Age Grading of internal insects usingFaxitron and X-ray microtomography
Materials and method
Results
Objective 2: Infrared treatment
Materials and method
Results
Conclusion
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Infrared Energy Electromagnetic spectrum; radiation energy with
wavelength longer than visible light but shorter thanmicrowave Water molecules absorb highest mid-infrared (2.8 m
and 7 m) energy
Differential heating: insects vs grain
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Current Pest Management Problems Ban on organophosphates pesticides (phosphine)
Development of insect resistance to some of theavailable pesticides
Pesticides residues in foods
Lack of international consensus on some pesticidesuse
Ineffectiveness of some pesticides against certainlife stages of insects
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Previous research
Old infrared heaters used natural gas or propane gas
combusted over ceramic panels with temperaturesclose to 926C
Such high temperatures are unsafe for grain handlingfacilities
No sufficient research to determine how thedifferent insects ages were affected by infraredradiation
Banjo thermometer was used to read graintemperature.
Wheat, wheat product qualities were not evaluated
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Infrared for stored grain insect control
Flameless infrared energy is a
green
technology,there are no regulated emissions, only products arewater, heat and carbon dioxide
Kills external and internal stored-grain insects
Kills microorganisms
It is a rapid method (insects are killed in less than60s)
Flameless catalytic infrared heater is cheaper
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Research objectives Determine factors affecting efficacy of infrared
radiation against eggs, larvae, pupae, and adults ofthree stored-grain insect species
Evaluate effects of infrared radiation on wheatgermination
Evaluate effects of infrared on mold counts
Evaluate effect of infrared radiation on quality of
wheat and wheat flour and products made frominfrared-exposed grain
Conduct an economic analysis of treatmenteffectiveness
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Age grading
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Pupae of Lesser grain borer
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Tunnel width (mm)Lesser grain borer Rice weevil
__________________________________
Age (Days)
7 0.24 0.03* 0.26 0.0114 0.34 0.01 0.57 0.0321 0.40 0.02 0.72 0.0124 0.53 0.0 1.39 0.0128 0.61 0.02 Emerged
* Observed on the eighth and ninth day
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X-ray microtomography Skyscan
Source: www.microphotonic.com
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Pupae of LGB with XMT
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Pupae of RW with XMT
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Development time for LGB and RW
Number of Days
20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36
N
umberofAdults
Emerged
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Rice weevil
Lesser grain borer
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Factors evaluated where;-
Different insects ages (Eggs to adults)
Distance of grain from surface heater, (8.0 and 12.7cm)
Quantities of grains (113.5 and 227.0 g)
Exposure time (45 and 60 seconds)
Infrared treatment and insects mortality
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Bench top infrared heater
Materials and methods
A Company based in Independence KS;www.catalticdrying.comdesigns commercial scaleflameless catalytic heaters for specific uses
http://www.catalticdrying.com/http://www.catalticdrying.com/ -
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Typical Temperature Profile
Temperature vs Time (45s)
Time (s)
0 10 20 30 40 50
Temperature(0C)
40
60
80
100
120
140
T1D1W1
T1D1W2
T1D2W1
T1D2W2
Temperature vs Time (60s)
Time (s)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Temperature(0C)
40
60
80
100
120
140T2D1W1
T2D1W2
T2D2W1
T2D2W2
d l h d f
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Mean no. adults that emerged fromcontrol
Age (days) Grain qty (g) R. dominica T. castaneum S. oryzae
Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE
0 113.5 443 32.6 43 5.9 271 18.0
0 227 582 13.5 49 3.4 340 28.2
7 113.5 241 22.5 100 1.0 221 15.8
7 227 541 24.1 101 1.0 347 21.714 113.5 302 22.4 100 2.0 254 13.8
14 227 502 17.2 98 4.0 336 23.4
21 113.5 145 52.2 100 0.3 225 22.6
21 113.5 240 33.2 103 1.0 381 17.4
24 113.5 231 62.1 99 1.0 249 46.7
24 227 451 40.0 102 2.0 374 11.9
28 113.5 256 51.2 360 31.0
28 227 490 11.9 412 15.6
** n =3
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Mortality for all ages
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
75
8085
9095
100105
110115
0
10
20
30
40
ProbabilityofDeath
Temp
eratur
e(0C)
Age(Days)
Lesser Grain Borer
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
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Factors and their interactions
Effect DF ChiSq Pr>ChiSq_______________________________________________
Age 6 642.6
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Odds of deathLesser grain borer
Age (Days)
0 10 20 30 40
OddsRatios
0
1
2
3
4
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0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
75
8085
9095
100105
110115
0
510
1520
25
ProbabilityofDea
th
Temp
eratur
e(0C)
Age(Days)
Red Flour Beetle
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
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Red flour beetle
Effect DF ChiSq Pr>ChiSq____________________________________________
Age 5 26.7
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Red flour beetle
Age (Days)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
OddsRatio
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
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0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
7580
8590
95100
105110
115
0
10
20
30
40
ProbabilityofD
eath
Temp
eratur
e(
0C)
Age(Days)
Rice Weevil
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
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Rice weevil
Effect DF ChiSq Pr>ChiSq_______________________________________________
Age 6 1404.5
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Rice weevil
Age (Days)
0 10 20 30 40 50
OddsRa
tio
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
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Insects mortality
It is a function of temperature
Longer treatment time, shorter distance and smallquantity of grain all influenced the attained temperatureand mortality
Overall (by species), lesser grain borerwas the mosttolerant to infrared treatment, followed by, red flour
beetle then rice weevil Eggs of rice weevil were the most tolerant to infraredradiation
Old larvae of all species more tolerant to infrared energythan young ones
Pharate adults of lesser grain borer were more resistantthan the adults
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Acknowledgement
Research was funded by USDA/CSREES-NC-IPMgrant
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Thank You