Erta Ale Volcano, Ethiopia

Erta Ale, 2011 (used in “Clash of the Titans”)

Got here on 8/30/12

Erta Ale

Erta Ale, fountaining

Erta Ale, pseudo-subduction zone

Erta Ale, looking like mid-ocean ridges

Erta Ale, looking like Mid-Atlantic ridge, with transforms too!:

Erta Ale

Erta Ale, looking like a plate boundary triple-junction

Erta Ale, 2010 flow

Erta Ale, falling levels

Dallol hot springs, Ethiopia

Dallol hot springs, Ethiopia

Dallol hot springs, Ethiopia

Nyiragongo, DR Congo

Nyiragongo

Pu’o O’o, Hawaii

Pu’o O’o, Hawaii

Marum crater, Ambrym island, Vanuatu

Mt. Erebus Lava Lake, Antarctica

A Planet’s History is Dominated by the Flow of Heat Outward:

Occurs through

Radiation

Conduction

Convection

Earliest Earth?

Major “players” in the story of Earth’s evolution:

(1) 1st Law of Geology: Rocks Fall Downhill (Gravity)

- Controls LAYERING, MINERAL PHASES

Major “players” in the story of Earth’s evolution:

(1) 1st Law of Geology: Rocks Fall Downhill (Gravity)

- Controls LAYERING, MINERAL PHASES

(2) 1st Law of Geophysics - Heat “rises” (Thermodynamics, thermal expansion, gravity)

Heat flows from hot regions to cold regions (therefore up and out of the Earth).

Hypsometric Curve:

Rifting:

Rifting:

Rifting:

Subduction:

Subduction:

Mountain

Building:

Mountain Building:

Transform Faulting: