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Transcript of ERT ThermoDynamics.docx
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Contents
Introduction…………………………………………………
……………………..2
The History of Cool(ing)………………….……………………………………………….2
The Air
Conditioner…………………………………………………………………………..2
Thesis
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…..3
How do Computers cool
themselves? .....................................4
ir
Cooling…………………………………………………………………………………
…….!
"i#uid
Cooling…………………………………………………………………………………
..$
Heat Pipes------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5
The %ltim&te 'uestion hich *ethod is
+etter?.......................,
-ound
…………………………………………………………………………………………
..,
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-ound
2…………………………………………………………………………………………
..,
-ound
3…………………………………………………………………………………………
../
-ound
!…………………………………………………………………………………………
../
-ound
$…………………………………………………………………………………….
…….0
Other Factors………………………………………………………………………….
………...8
Conclusion.........................................................
...............9
-eferences.........................................................
..............10
1loss&ry…………………………………………………………………………………………..
Introduction
Compters are e!er"#here. As o$ time o$ #ritin%& there are o!er 1 'i((ion compters that are
in operation arond the #or(d. The" are sed $or a ran%e o$ ses) $rom #ritin% docments& to
presentin% presentations& to chec*in% emai(s& to ca(c(atin% spread sheets& to p'(ishin%
reports& to 'ro#sin% the #e'& to #atchin% mo!ies& to (istenin% to msic and $or p(a"in% %ames.
A(( o$ these acti!ities a(( se the compter processin% nit+s ,CP& or simi(ar compter
component+s po#er in order to pre$orm) and (i*e a(( e(ectronics& the more ener%" it ses toper$orm tas*s& the more #or* is p(aced on a compter+s components& and so the tota( amont
o$ therma( ener%" is increased.
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Compter Heat is a !er" anno"in% comp(ication $or those #ho se (aptops and note'oo*s.
/ecase the compter+s CP is (ocated direct(" nder the *e"'oard& and since most modern
(aptops are made ot o$ a(minim& a therma(-condcti!e meta(& it can ma*e the eperience
rather pain$( to t"pe on.
Fortnate("& since then man" indi!ida(s ha!e 'een #or*in% to nd the most eecti!e #a" o$
redcin% heats inside e(ectronics& and man" ha!e #ondered $or man" "ears ho# to create the
3coo(est+ compter.
The History of Cool(ing)
The Air Conditioner
The rst instance o$ sin% eipment to especia((" com'at heat in
e(ectronics #as in $act& sed $or a printer. n 1902& 6 in!entor 7i((iam
Ha!i((and Carrier #as tr"in% to dedce #h" his paper #as #arpin% drin%
specic times in the da". A$ter a $e# tests& he rea(ised that the pro'(em #as
de to the temperatre ctations in the srrondin% air that #as casin%
his paper to #arp. A so(tion came in the $orm o$ the #or(d+s rst air
conditioner& desi%ned to maintain the srrond air coo( eno%h to stop this
isse.
o#& at the time& Fan techno(o%" #as a(read" in!ented to decrease temperatre in rooms& so coo(in%
#as $air(" common in the 'siness #or(d. /t #hat made Carrier+s in!ention
intri%in%& is that it not on(" contro((ed the temperatre& 't contro((ed the
hmidit"& i.e. the amont o$ moistre #ith the room. As the !apor partic(es
in the room had therma( ener%"& Carrier+s in!ention 'ecame more eecti!e to %et rid o$ therma( ener%"
than con!ention $ans '" %ettin% rid on the !apor partic(es& rather than tr" to coo( them.
/t a(as& it #o(d ta*e another 25 "ears 'e$ore the app(ication o$ the air conditioner 'ecame
commercia((" a!ai(a'(e& 't at the time The :reat ;epression had a(read" ta*en ho(d& and so no'od"
had the mone" to '" the thin%s& especia((" as the" #ere priced at mch as < times as hi%h in toda"+s
mone". t #asn+t ti(( the 1950+s& #here consmption #as at an a((-time hi%h& that the idea o$ an air-
conditioner inside a (i!in% room entered mainstream c(tre.
Ho#e!er& since then Carrier+s idea that coo( air itse($ cannot simp(" 'e eno%h to coo( do#n e!er"thin%&
so #hen compters needed to 'e etensi!e(" coo(ed& intense research in the 19=0s searched $or an
a(ternati!e #hich co(d 'e more eecti!e than >st air. And in 19=?& the di%ita( #or(d $ond that
a(ternati!e@ (iid-coo(in%.
Thesis
A(tho%h the intention o$ this artic(e is too see i$ indeed (iid coo(in% is a 'etter
a(ternati!e to air coo(in%& this research has do'ts that a distinct comparison can 'e
made& de to the di!erse t"pes o$ compter desi%ns and components ot there.
There$ore& the Thesis that #i(( dri!e this in!esti%ation #i(( 'e that the 'est choice that
the 'est s"stem is rea((" p to #hat t"pe o$ compter a ser has.B
How do Computers cool themselves?
One o$ the !er"
rst air-cons+
7A:@ $ "o+re the casa( compter ser& and ha!e come into this artic(e *no#in% on(" a
'asic *no#(ed%e o$ comptin%& "o ma" 'e #onderin% ho# air-coo(in% and (iid-coo(in%
acta((" #or*s& and ho# this app(ies to "or casa(-comptin% needs. n$ortnate("& a
comprehensi!e ep(anation on ho# these methods o$ coo(in% #or* #i(( reire *no#(ed%e in
comp(e concepts and princip(es in the areas o$ ad!anced thermod"namics& as #e(( as a
di!erse !oca'(ar" o$ scientic termino(o%" re(atin% to thermod"namics.
As a res(t& this net section #i(( seem comp(ete(" con$sin% and nc(ear to those #ho do not
nderstand the denitions o$ the scientic termino(o%" or princip(es. To reso(!e this isse&
detai(ed dia%rams #i(( 'e pro!ided #hich tr" to ep(ain each coo(in% process as simp(e as
possi'(e& so that the res(tin% comparison 'et#een them #i(( 'e as in$ormati!e as possi'(e.
Ho#e!er& e!en simp(e *no#(ed%e o$ thermod"namics #i(( he(p si%nicant(" increase
nderstandin% the processes o$ this section.
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Air Cooling/Active Heat-sin
Air coo(in%& other#ise *no#n as an acti!e Heat-in*& is a t"pe o$ coo(in% #hich ti(iDes
the princip(es o$ He&t low &nd Therm&l #uili4rium& in order to dra# therma( ener%"
$rom a compter component& #here the air o#& thro%h the motion o$ a $an& ta*es it
ot o$ the compter.
The de!ice sed to dra# heat $rom a compter component is ca((ed a heat-sin*. Heat-
6in*s are sa((" made ot o$ a(minim or copper& de to their hi%h Therm&l
Conductivity. The" a(so ha!e a mch (ar%er sr$ace area and
emp(o" a 3nned+ desi%n& 'ecase he(ps the therma( ener%"
spread more e!en("& as #e(( as act as a c&t&lyst $or the coo(in%
s"stem to carr" a#a" the heat more easi(" and a(so to *eep the air o#
consistent thro%hot the compter.
Heat-6in*s #or* '" Therm&l Conduction5 #here the heat mo!es
$rom the compter component to the end o$ a heat-sin*. As the
ener%" at the end o$ the Heat-6in* is no (on%er nder a constant
sorce o$ heat& the ener%" is (ost to the srrondin% area& #hich
then heat o#s to the co(der re%ions o$ the Heat-sin*& and the
process repeats& nti( the component and the Heat-6in* reaches ei(i'rim. n
theor"& once therma( ei(i'rim is reached& the com'ined temperatre o$ the Heat-
6in* and the component #o(d 'e (o#er than the component '" itse($& a((o#in% the
component to rn $aster& and to decrease the chance o$ o!erheatin% and possi'(e
dama%e to the component.
An acti!e Heat-6in*& as opposed to a Passi!e Heat-6in*& ses a $an to remo!e therma(
ener%" $rom the heat-sin* and otside o$ the compter& #hi(e a Passi!e Heat-6in* on("
ses the princip(e o$ 6&tur&l Convection.
Fan Coo(in% is main(" sed $or modern compter components #hich %enerate hi%h
e(ectrica( po#er& and there$ore hi%h therma( ener%"& ,e.%. C7% or 17%) as the se o$
$orced air-o# is sa((" $ond to 'e $aster to carr" therma( ener%" ot o$ a compter
than #o(d 'e '" natra( air-o#. Ho#e!er& passi!e Heats-6in*s are o$ten sed on
components #hich do not eert hi%h therma( ener%"& 't are sti(( essentia( $orcompter $nction& sch as hard dri!es and -* stic*s (ar%er than 21+.
Acti!e Heat-
6in* #ith Fan.
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!i"uid Cooling
Eiid Coo(in% is a process that ses a Thermo8
Conductive (iid& sa((" #ater& to coo( do#n
a compter component& hence the name.
n(i*e Air-Coo(in%& #hich ta*es the therma(
ener%" a#a" '" conduction $rom the
component to #here the convection ta*es
p(ace& (iid coo(in% trans$ers the therma(
ener%" $rom the component to the (iid
thro%h convection5 #hich then the heated
(iid is ta*en a#a" $rom component to 'e
coo(ed do#n. Eiid coo(in% in compters&
stran%e(" eno%h& ses the same princip(e as
an atomo'i(e+s com'stion en%ine& as the
#ater is circ(ated thro%h a heat-sin* onto the compter component and ot to a
r&di&tor & #here the (iid is coo(ed 'ac* do#n& in order to 'e re-sed in the c"c(e.
Eiid Coo(in% ses convection5 #here the therma( ener%" is ta*en a#a" $rom the
component to the (iid& (i*e ho# heat is ta*en to the air in air-coo(in%. Eiid Coo(in%
is dierent that instead o$ sin% the air o# inside o$ a compter case to direct air
otside o$ the compter& (iid coo(in% ne!er (ea!es the compter& as the (iid
tra!e(s thro%h pipes& 'ecase (iid coo(ant sa((" dama%es e(ectronics i$ the"
come in direct contact.
Heat #ipe
A technie simi(ar to Eiid Coo(in%& in
the sense as it ses a c(osed-(oop
convection s"stem& is a Heat Pipe. Ho# it
diers is that the (iid is specia(("
chosen that once it has a'sor's therma(
ener%"& it ev&por&tes& and #hen it
retrns to the r&di&tor to coo( do#n& it
condenses. This has the additiona('enet o$ ta*in% ad!anta%e o$ 7h&se
Tr&nsitions5 #hich means that more heat
ener%" is epe((ed #ith temperatre
chan%es and is theoretica((" more ecient than Eiid Coo(in%. The pipes sed
in this technie are a(so mch sma((er than se in (iid coo(in%& 't are a(so
mch more epensi!e& de to the specic natre o$ the (iid. ;e to this& the"
are main(" sed $or (aptops and sma(( ;es*top compters.
;G Ei id-Coo(in 6 stem& sho#in
A Ea to Heat-Pi e s stem
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The $ltimate %uestion& 'hich ethod is
etter?
t sho(d 'e stated at this point& that e!er" compter re%ard(ess o$ man$actre& is
nie. !er" compter ser ses their compter dierent(" to others& and so a%echan%es the ma*e o$ the compter. o matter ho# in$ormati!e this artic(e ma" 'e&
there is a chance that "or compter #i(( ha!e cstom parts that #i(( not $actor in this
ana("sis. n this is the case& then contact the man$actrer or retai(er than so(d the
parts to see #hich coo(in% s"stem is ri%ht $or "o.
For those #ho '" the stoc* parts& then this ana("sis #i(( se 5 criteria to >d%e #hich
coo(in% s"stem is 'etter@ Comp(eit"I6imp(icit"& Cost ,J& cienc"& nter$erence and
6a$et". To *eep the contest $air& the t#o coo(in% s"stems #i(( 'e >d%ed '" se(ectin%
each candidate as c(ose(" matched in as man" criteria as possi'(e.
The candidates are the *+octua +H-$,. 0an for air-cooling1 and the
*Copper 2adiator 3 'ater Cooling 4it v567 li"uid cooling-system for
li"uid-cooling8
Round 1: Complexity/Simplicity
This criterion dea(s #ith the dic(t" and epertise
associated #ith the insta((ation and maintenance o$ each
t"pe o$ coo(in% s"stem& a(on% #ith appropriate testin%
and repairin%.
octa H-146+s Heat-sin*s need to 'e c(eaned o$ dst
$reent("& as dst impedes the therma( ener%" $rom
trans$errin% to the air and the compter case needs to 'e
created so that the air o#s ic*(" in and ot& and *eepin% so that the hot air and
co(d air are *ept separate. Ho#e!er& the Copper adiator K 7ater Coo(in% Lit !
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$rom a (iid coo(ant (ea*& sch (iids are o$ten a(so electro8conductive5 the most
common 'ein% #ater. n contrast& the octa H-146 is mch more easier to insta((&
as the Heat-6in*s are sin% 'o(ted on to the component and the $ans are insta((ed at
the 'ac* o$ the machine ,ehast $an in a standard insta((ation. There$ore& the point
%oes to Air-Coo(in%.
Air-Cooling Liquid Cooling
1 0
Round 2: Cost ($$$)
This criterion dea(s #ith the cost to '" and insta(( the eipment necessar" $or each
coo(in%-s"stem to #or*.
octa H-146& #hi(e it is s(i%ht(" (ess po#er$( than the Copper adiator K 7ater
Coo(in% Lit !
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Air-Cooling Liquid Cooling
2 0
Round 3: Efciency
This criterion dea(s #ith the a'i(it" o$ the coo(in%-s"stem to trans$er therma( ener%"& in
re(ation to the (east amont o$ po#er consmption.
The octa H-146& as it partia((" re(ies on n&tur&l convection to mo!e therma(
ener%" thro%h air o#& it ses (ess po#er than the Copper adiator K 7ater Coo(in%
Lit !
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Round !: S"ety
The na( criterion& this dea(s #ith the sa$et" o$ the
ser #hen dea(in% #ith the coo(in%-s"stem& and the
present dan%er in the case o$ tota( $ai(re& or e!en in
case o$ a re.
o#& this is pro'a'(" the hardest criterion to descri'e.
7hi(e the Copper adiator K 7ater Coo(in% Lit !
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This esearch+s choice is to ta*e 'oth@ ta*in% 'oth 'enets '" creatin% a h"'rid& #hich
"o& the ser& can s#itch 'et#een& dependin% on the sitation.
Ho#e!er& there is an interest $or heat pipes& #hich are mentioned i$ a ser ses a
(aptop& rather than a des*top compter& as the" do not ha!e the space $or an intricate
coo(in% s"stem.
There$ore& the esearch+s notion that the 'est choice that the 'est s"stem is rea((" pto #hat t"pe o$ compter a ser has& is tre.
/t it sho(d 'e noted that& #ithot a comp(ete in!esti%ation into man" dierence
t"pes o$ coo(in% s"stems and re("in% on theoretica( *no#(ed%e and pre!ios
eperiments& that the stren%th o$ this artic(e is (imited.
sers are encora%ed to ma*e their o#n in!esti%ation& eperiment #ith dierence
coo(in% s"stems& nd epertise #ith eperts& and *eep p to date #ith the (atest
techno(o%"& nti( the" nd the 'est one $or their compter needs.
emem'er& part o$ the $n #ith 'i(din% a compter is ndin% the parts that sit "o&
so it $ee(s (i*e 3"or o#n compter+.
2eferences
eBay. 2014. Gaming Computer Water Cooling Kit 240 Radiator CPU Block Pump Reservoir
DI . [online] Available at: http://www.ebay.com.au/itm/like/151234324!"
lim#hlp$%&t%ue'hlpv&2'op$&t%ue'viph(&1'hlpht&t%ue'lpi)&10* [Acce$$e): 24 +a%
2014].
eBay. 2014. !octua !"#u$4s Cooling %an&"eat#sink # $ ' ()($* # $(00 Rpm # +so2 ,n"u$4s-.
[online] Available at: http://www.ebay.com.au/itm/like/33114*3**,3"
lim#hlp$%&t%ue'hlpv&2'op$&t%ue'viph(&1'hlpht&t%ue'lpi)&10* [Acce$$e): 24 +a%2014].
eBay. 2014. .octite (/ (0ml 1aster Pipe +ealant Controlled +trengt" ig" 3emp. [online]
Available at: http://www.ebay.com.au/itm/like/1,132!2422,"
lim#hlp$%&t%ue'hlpv&2'op$&t%ue'viph(&1'hlpht&t%ue'lpi)&10*n [Acce$$e): 24 +a%
2014].
eBay. 2014. Water Cooling Kit /0 Copper Radiators CPU GPU !B Block $56 Pump 220mm
Reservoir . [-nline] Available at: http://www.ebay.com.au/itm/ate%oolin#it30oppe%a)iato%6BBlock1,wump220mme$e%voi%/2311*4*414,3
[Acce$$e): 24 +a% 2014]
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Au.element14.com. 2014. (207B$2(01B ,38#'2- # 7B. 973+I!K+ # 973 +I!K: 38#:
$)2;C&W < element$4 7ustralia. [online] Available at:
http://au.element14.com/7$p/)i$play%o)uct.7$p"$ku&253*30'+&6--
8A'#%o$$9p%ice&t%ue'mckv&,n8uc;pc%i);22410,!!2, [Acce$$e): 24 +a% 2014].
8ewi$< =. 2014. Computer installation services. [online] Available at:
http://www.7ohnlewi$.com/ou%$e%vice$/compute%in$tallation$e%vice$ [Acce$$e): 24 +a%2014].
>a%)wi)#e< B. 200. Building e=treme PCs. ?eba$topol< ali@.: -eilly.
>ill< +. .< =ouppi< 6. . an) ?ohi< . 2000. Readings in computer arc"itecture. ?an C%anci$co:
+o%#an au@mann.
i%$ch< 6. 2013. !>'3 Kraken G$0 GPU Water Cooler Revie6 on an 71D Radeon R? 2?0' #
.egit Revie6s. [online] Available at: http://www.le#it%eview$.com/nD(tk%aken#10#pu
wate%coole%%eviewonanam)%a)eon%!2!0(9130344 [Acce$$e): 24 +a% 2014].
8amonica< +. 2010. IB1 li@uid#cooled supercomputer "eats Auilding # C!93 . [online]
Available at: http://www.cnet.com/new$/ibmliEui)coole)$upe%compute%heat$buil)in#/
[Acce$$e): 24 +a% 2014].
:lossary
He&t low - The trans$er o$ ener%" $rom a hot 'od" to a co(d 'od".
Therm&l #uili4rium 8 7hen t#o o'>ects or s"stems reach the same temperatre and cease to
echan%e ener%" thro%h heat.
Therm&l Conductivity 8 The propert" o$ a materia( that a((o#s ho# mch o# o$ heat is
permitted thro%h the materia(.
C&t&lyst 8 A s'stance or method that ena'(es a chemica( reaction to proceed at a sa(("
$aster rate.
Therm&l Conductivity : The trans$er o$ Therma( ner%" $rom temperatre dierences 'et#een
ad>acent parts o$ a 'od"& or co((ection o$ 'odies in direct contact.
C7% : Centra( Processin% nit& #here compter ca(c(ations are made.
17% : :raphica( Processin% nit& #here !irta(
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-&di&tor : A piece o$ eipment 'i(t $or ecient heat trans$er $rom a s'stance& sa(("
#ater& '" creatin% a temperatre dierence.
Condens&tion 8 The process '" #hich #ater !apor in the air is chan%ed into (iid #ater.
7h&se Tr&nsition : The ch&nge in & fe&ture of & physic&l o4;ect or system th&t results in &
ch&nge of th&t te&m.)
lectric&l Conductivity : The tr&nsfer of lectric&l nergy $rom ionised dierences 'et#eenad>acent parts o$ a 'od"& or co((ection o$ 'odies in indirect contact.
Therm&l Compound : A s'stance #hich increases the therma( condcti!it" o$ an o'>ect '"
((in% microscopic %aps de to the s(i%ht(" cr!ed sr$aces o$ a medim.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_conductivityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_conductivity