ERS-1 SAR image analysis

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Usage of ERS SAR data over the Singhbhum Shear

Zone, India for structural mapping and tectonic studiesS. K. Pal a; T. J. Majumdar b; A. K. Bhattacharya a

a Department of Geology and Geophysics, Indian Institute of Technology,

Kharagpur, Indiab Earth Sciences and Hydrology Division, Marine and Earth Sciences Group,

Remote Sensing Applications and Image Processing Area, Space Applications

Centre (ISRO), Ahmedabad, India

Online Publication Date: 01 January 2007

To cite this Article: Pal, S. K., Majumdar, T. J. and Bhattacharya, A. K. (2007)'Usage of ERS SAR data over the Singhbhum Shear Zone, India for structural

mapping and tectonic studies', Geocarto International, 1 - 11

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http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10106040701337642




Usage of ERS SAR data over the Singhbhum Shear Zone, India for

structural mapping and tectonic studies

S. K. PAL{, T. J. MAJUMDAR*{ and A. K. BHATTACHARYA{

{Department of Geology and Geophysics, Indian Institute of Technology,

Kharagpur – 721 302, India

{Earth Sciences and Hydrology Division, Marine and Earth Sciences Group,

Remote Sensing Applications and Image Processing Area, Space Applications

Centre (ISRO), Ahmedabad – 380 015, India

(Received 19 May 2006; in final form 14 March 2007 )

The extraction of lineaments and anomalous patterns in the Singhbhum Shear

Zone, Jharkhand, India, has multifaceted applications for mineral exploration as

well as for geological interpretation of neotectonic movements. ERS-1 SAR data

are very useful for such applications because of their structural information

content. A comparative study has been attempted with ERS, Landsat and IRS

images for the interpretation of various geological structures over the Singhbhum

Shear Zone. The Rose diagram generated from this study has shown major trends

that matched well with the geological map of the area and the associated tectonic

boundary as well as with the results obtained from ground based studies.

Keywords: ERS SAR, IRS LISS II, Landsat, Singhbhum Shear Zone, Rosediagram, Lithological discrimination

1. Introduction

The Singhbhum Shear Zone (SSZ) is one of the geologically most complex and

mineralogically rich belts of the Indian subcontinent. The area has been extensively

surveyed using ground-based geological techniques (Dunn 1929, Sarkar 1963, Naha

1965, Sarkar and Saha 1977, Acharya 1984, Sarkar 1988, Saha 1994). It has a major

tectonic element that separates the cratonic block (Singhbhum-Orissa Iron Ore

craton) in the south from the Preterozoic mobile belt (Singhbhum Mobile Belt) in thenorth. It runs in a northwards direction, dipping along a northwardly convex arcuate

belt for a length of more than 160 km from Baharagora in the east to Chakradharpur

in the west. The shear zone trends NW–SE in the eastern part with a width of 5 km,

turning approximately E–W and being wider in the western part.

In the Singhbhum belt, mineralization occurs intermittently along a narrow belt in

the Precambrian terrain of Singhbhum, currently in Jharkhand. Due to occurrences

of a large number of copper and uranium deposits along this belt, it has also been

described as the Cu-U belt. Significantly this belt coincides with a zone of

conspicuous tectonic disturbances and has been described by different authors as the

*Corresponding author. Email: [email protected]

Geocarto International

2007, 1–11, iFirst article

Geocarto International ISSN 1010-6049 print/ISSN 1752-0762 online ª 2007 Taylor & Francis

http://www.tandf.co.uk/journalsDOI: 10.1080/10106040701337642



Singhbhum Thrust Belt or as the Singhbhum Shear Zone. The important host rocks

of mineralization in the eastern sector covering Mosabani and Rakha, and in the

central sector covering Jadugoda, Bhatin and Narwa Pahar are biotite chlorite

schist, quartz-schist, brecciated quartzite, and conglomerate schist, of which the first

two rocks are predominant.

Linears are naturally/culturally occurring features observed in small-scale remotesensing imagery. They are seen in remotely sensed images as simple or composite linear

features on the surface whose parts align in straight or slightly curving relationships

and that differ distinctly from the patterns of adjacent features in various combinations

of stream patterns, tonal changes or tonal vegetation and topographic alignments. In

general, a lineament expresses a subsurface phenomenon (Sabins 1987).

Further research work (Sarkar and Chakraborty 1982, Rakshit and Swaminathan

1985, Parsons and Yearley 1986, Javed et al . 1993, Majumdar 1995) had been carried

out in and around the study area for mineral potential mapping, lithological and

structural studies using remote sensing data. However, the belt forms one of the

potentially challenging areas for assessing the efficacy of remotely sensed data formapping of geological structural/lithological details.

2. Objectives

. To carry out regional geological mapping of the area surrounding Singhbhum

Shear Zone using ERS-1 SAR data and to compare with Landsat TM and IRS

LISS II data.

. To access the utilization of ERS-1 SAR data for structural mapping.

3. Data sources and area of study

An ERS-2 SAR Path Radiance Image (PRI)/Precision Image (path: 0842, row: 0198)

of 30 September 2002 taken over the Singhbhum Shear Zone and surrounding areas of

Jharkhand, India has been used in this study as a higher spatial resolution data source

(C band, VV polarization). The Precision Image is a path oriented and system corrected

product, being the basic product used for a variety of remote sensing applications. The

Precision Image product has fewer speckles, as it has been generated from the resultant

images of three single-look complex (SLC) data. The scene size was 100 km in range

direction and at least 102.5 km in azimuth direction. The spatial resolution was 25 m in

range direction and 15 m in azimuth direction. ENVI Software was used for

preprocessing the ERS-1 SAR data (Research Systems Inc. 2001).The study area is located in the eastern part of the Indian subcontinent between

approximately 228 000 to 228 450 N latitudes and 868 000 to 868 450 E longitudes. It

covers the forest areas of the East and West Singhbhum districts of Jharkhand, and

that of the Mayurbhanj, Keonjhar and Bonai districts of Orissa (figure 1). However

a major part of the SSZ lies in Jharkhand. The region under consideration covers a

Precambrian terrain of about 6400 km2.

The data used in the present study are as follows:

. Survey of India Toposheet (73 J) of the study area in 1: 250 000 scale.

. Published geological maps of the area in 1:50 000 scale.

. Published tectonic map of the study area in 1:50 000 scale.

. ERS-1 SAR digital data, path P 0842/row S 0198, 30 September 2002.

2 S. K. Pal et al.



4. Geology of the Singhbhum Shear Zone

The Singhbhum Shear Zone occurs as a curvilinear belt with an E–W trend.

Singhbhum rocks, like those of other Precambrian terrains, have undergone

many phases of deformation and metamorphism. Rocks to the south of the

Singhbhum Shear Zone are relatively less metamorphosed compared to those to the

north. Rocks of Older Metamorphic Group form the basement rocks. They areexposed in the central part of the basin. Older Metamorphic Group mainly consists

of schist. The Iron Ore Group rocks overlie the basement rocks and are exposed over

Figure 1. Location map of the study area.

Structural mapping and tectonic studies 3



vast areas in the western part and over some areas in the east. The Iron Ore Group

succession had formed a broad NNE plunging synclinorium with an overturned

western limb. The succession has a symmetric lithology with the Banded Iron

Formation (BIF) lying in the middle of the succession bounded on the upper and

lower sides by phyllite and basaltic lava. Massive batholiths of granite to

granodiorite composition are occupying vast areas in the central part to the southof SSZ. This granitic mass was emplaced after the deformation of the Iron Ore

group. Rocks of the Dhanjori Group are exposed in the eastern part of the

Singhbhum region. This Group consists of conglomerate, arkose, quartzite and lava

flows. The bottom part of this succession is identified as the Singhbhum Group to

the north of the Singhbhum Shear Zone. Similarly the lava flows in the north are

called Dalma Lava. Dolerite dikes have intruded in the Singhbhum Granite and

occur mostly in the southern part of the Singhbhum district and Keonjhar. The

Kolhan Group occurs to the SSW of SSZ. It consists of gently dipping purple

sandstones, conglomerates, limestones and slates of Proterozoic age. Figure 2 shows

the geological map of the study area.Sarkar (1982) proposed a model of converging microplates in an attempt to

interpret the Precambrian tectonic evolution of the Singhbhum and Chotanagpur

regions. In this model, the Chotanagpur block represents an overriding plate being

underthrust by the Singhbhum microplate, the collision of the two continental

microplates taking place approximately 1600 Ma ago. The tectonic evolution of this

region is considered as a consequence of long term geodynamic and geochemical

processes (41 Ga), which the subducted oceanic lithosphere of the Singhbhum

microplate has experienced. The conceptual model is reconstructed in the light of

theoretical studies on the mantle and crustal processes above the subduction zones

(Morgan 1972, Sarkar 1988).

5. Methodology

In the present study remotely sensed satellite (IRS-1A, Landsat TM, and ERS-1

SAR) data have been used for the extraction of structural features. ERS-1 SAR

(C-band) imagery has been interpreted and a structural map of Singhbhum and

surrounding areas has been generated. Finally the structural map obtained from

the ERS SAR image has been compared with similar maps obtained from

IRS-1A (LISS II, channels 2, 3 and 4 i.e. visible and infrared) and Landsat TM

(channels 2, 3 and 4, i.e. visible and infrared) data (Javed et al . 1993). Structural

information, as obtained from ERS SAR data, may be more useful due to theresponse of backscattering with respect to soil moisture in comparison with IRS

and Landsat TM (visible and infrared) data, which are otherwise rich in spectral

and spatial resolutions. Selective ground truth has been carried out over the study

area to validate the findings. Rose diagrams have also been generated over the

study area based on the interpretation using ERS-1 SAR, Landsat TM, IRS-1 A

LISS II data.

6. Results and discussion

Digital processing of satellite data using various image processing techniques mayhelp in the extraction of regional lineaments and anomalous patterns in two ways.

First, it automates the whole procedure of interpretation, which is otherwise highly

4 S. K. Pal et al.



Figure 2. Geological map of the study area (after Saha 1994). 1—Older MetamorphicGroup; 2—Older Metamorphic Tonalite-gneiss; 3—Pala Lahara Gneiss; 4—SinghbhumGranite-Phase-I; 5—Singhbhum Granite-Phase-II and xenolith-dominated areas of BonaiGranite; 6—Nilgiri Granite; 7—IronOre Group lavas, ultramafics; 8—Iron Ore Group shales,tuffs, phyllites; 9—BHJ, BHQ and sandstone-conglomerate of Iron Ore Group; 10— Singhbhum Granite-Phase-III, Bonai Granite, Chakradharpur Granite; 11—SinghbhumGroup pelites, 11(a)—mafic bodis 11(b)—carbon phyllite; 12—Singhbhum Group quartzites;13—Dhanjori Group; 14—Quartzite-conglomerate-pelite of Dhanjori Group; 15—Dhanjari-Simlipal-Jagannathpur-Malangtoli lavas; 16—Dalma Lavas; 17—Proterozoic Gabbro-anorthosite-ultramafics; 18—Kolhan Group and equivalents; 19—Mayurbanj Granite;20—Soda granite, Arkasani Granite, Kuilapal Granite, alkaline granite; 21—Charnockite;22—Khondalite; 23—Amphibolite enclaves (within CGG) 24—pelitic enclaves within CGG;25—Chhotanagpur granite-gneiss (CGG); 26—Porphyritic member of CGG; 27—Gondwana

sediments; 28—Alluvium, Tertiaries.




time-consuming and second, it removes the human bias/error from the final

interpretation. Figure 3(a) shows the interpreted structural map over the Singhbhum

Shear Zone as obtained from the ERS SAR image. A careful comparison of this map

with the interpretation maps (figure 3(b) and (c)) obtained earlier using IRS-1A and

Landsat TM imageries respectively show that ERS-1 SAR and IRS-IA images are

more helpful than the Landsat TM image for delineation of major linear or

Figure 3. (a) Visual interpretation map of digitally processed ERS-1 SAR data over theSinghbhum Shear Zone, (b) Visual interpretation map of digitally processed IRS-1A LISS IIdata over the Singhbhum Shear Zone (after Javed et al . 1993), (c) Visual interpretation map of digitally processed Landsat TM data over the Singhbhum Shear Zone (after Javed et al . 1993).

6 S. K. Pal et al.



curvilinear features e.g. lineaments, folds and faults (Javed et al . 1993, Majumdar

1995). ERS SAR imagery has also been found to be much more suitable for

delineating macro- as well as micro-structural features in the study area. It is alsoclear that major lineaments occurring in this area are along E–W and NW–SE direc-

tions, while numerous minor lineaments having N–S trend occur in the north-eastern

Figure 3. (Continued ).




and southern part of the study area (figure 3). In addition, a large number of local

and regional folds, having closures towards the east, with axial plane traces running

E–W, and also some folds having closures towards the south with axial plane traces

trending N–S, are prominently observed in the SAR interpreted imagery. Further,

small tributaries/streams have also been distinctly identified on the SAR imagery,

which are not very clear either in the IRS-1A or the Landsat TM images (figure 3).

Also, a study has been carried out to explore the relationship of these stream paths

with the zonal lineament pattern of geological importance. The major river in the

study area, the Subarnarekha, is near parallel to the SSZ, running along the north of

SSZ, and following intermittently in between the SSZ and Dalma volcanic asinterpreted from SAR imagery. Therefore, it is clear that the Subarnarekha and its

tributaries are structurally controlled. In addition, some short length seasonal

Figure 3. (Continued ).

8 S. K. Pal et al.



streams are also structurally controlled in the south-west part as observed from SAR

imagery. A number of faults in the N–S direction have also been mapped near the

central part of the Dhanjori volcanic, as observed from SAR imagery.

The role of the structures includes the focusing of magmatic and/or surface-

derived fluid, the localizing of plutonic emplacement, and creation of a local fault,

fracture and lineament networks to host mineralization. Economically, the structureshave a great significance due to the probability of accumulation of the mineralized

ores in and along the weak zone of lineaments, faults, and surrounding the axial

plane of the fold. These geological structures help to locate the occurrence of the

hidden ore/mineral. The different mines such as Baharagora, Mosaboni, Jadugoda,

Rakha, and Tatanagar are along the shear zone, which correlate very well with the

anticipated results.

Rose diagrams, generated over the study area from ERS-1 SAR, Landsat TM

and IRS-1A LISS II data are shown in figure 4(a), (b) a n d (c), respectively.

Figure 4. The Rose diagrams generated over the study area based on the interpretation using(a) ERS-SAR (b) Landsat TM and (c) IRS-1A LISS II data.




The Rose diagrams represent a better perspective view and trends of the structural

features.

The maximum lineaments occurring in the north of SSZ are NNE, NNW and NW

trending, while maximum lineaments occurring in the south of SSZ are NE, ENE,

WNW, and NW trending as observed by Pal et al . (2006). The major river in the

study area, Subarnarekha, as delineated from the filtered SAR imagery, is observedto be running almost parallel along the northern boundary of SSZ for some

distance, and then following intermittently in between the SSZ and Dalma volcanic

(figure 3(a)). High contrast and darker tones emphasize the main drainage pattern of

the study area.

Those trends matched well with the geological map of the area showing trends

associated with the tectonic boundary and fractures in the Chotanagpur region as

obtained by field studies and visual interpretation of Landsat imageries with

major trends in ENE and SE directions (Sarkar 1988, Javed et al . 1993, Saha 1994)

(figures 2 and 3(a), (b) and (c)). The comparison shows good matching for

generalized lineaments along E–W, NE–SW and NW–SE directions though theintensity of occurrences varies.

7. Conclusions

Remote sensing is a very cost-effective tool for delineating different structural

features, drainage patterns etc. A number of new structural features have been

delineated on an ERS-1 SAR image, which could not be detected earlier from

other satellite imagery (figure 3(a)–(c)). Water bodies and tributaries/streams are

easily detectable from ERS-1 SAR image and the main river Subarnarekha, and few

of its tributaries have been found to be structurally controlled. The generated Rosediagram has been found helpful for the delineation of major lineament trends and

structural and tectonic patterns.

The present study also reveals that maximum lineaments occurring in the SSZ

are in E–W, NE–SW and NW–SE directions (figure 4). Also, numerous linear

features, faults/fractures and folds could be identified and demarcated using this

technique on SAR imagery, which may have a great significance for locating

hidden ore/mineral occurrences. It is found to be more suitable and effective for

delineating lineaments, as well as drainage patterns, in the study area using ERS

SAR data.

Acknowledgements

The authors wish to thank the anonymous referees for their critical comments/

suggestions for the improvement of the manuscript. They are also thankful to

Dr R. R. Navalgund, Director, Space Applications Centre (SAC), Ahmedabad,

India, Dr K. L. Majumder, Ex-Deputy. Director, Remote Sensing Applications

and Image Processing Area (RESIPA)/SAC, Space Applications Centre,

Ahmedabad, India and Dr Ajai, Group Director, Marine and Earth Sciences

Group (MESG)/RESIPA/SAC, Ahmedabad, India for their keen interest in this

study. They are also thankful to Shri R. Bhattacharyya, Senior Research

Fellow, Earth Sciences and Hydrology Division (ESHD)/MESG/RESIPA/SAC,Ahmedabad, India.

10 S. K. Pal et al.



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