ERIK H.M. HEIJNE CERN, Geneva and IEAP of CTU in Prague MEDIPIX Collaboration
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Transcript of ERIK H.M. HEIJNE CERN, Geneva and IEAP of CTU in Prague MEDIPIX Collaboration
Erik HEIJNE IEAP/CTU & Nikhef & CERN PH Department May 2014
3-D Pixel Imagers with Exploitation of Delta-rays in Precision Flow Tracking and Identification of Elementary Particles
ERIK H.M. HEIJNEERIK H.M. HEIJNECERN, Geneva and IEAP of CTU in CERN, Geneva and IEAP of CTU in
PraguePrague
MEDIPIX CollaborationMEDIPIX Collaboration
2014 Workshop on Intelligent Trackers2014 Workshop on Intelligent Trackers
16 May U. Pennsylvania, Philadelphia16 May U. Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
Erik HEIJNE IEAP/CTU & Nikhef & CERN PH Department May 2014
AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements
Thanks to colleagues at CERN, at IEAP and at NikhefThanks to colleagues at CERN, at IEAP and at Nikhef for discussion and help for discussion and help
Thanks for satellite data Thanks for satellite data from ESA and Czech Space Research Centerfrom ESA and Czech Space Research Center
Thanks to co-authorsThanks to co-authorsMichael Campbell and CERN team, Carlos Granja(IEAP), Claude Michael Campbell and CERN team, Carlos Granja(IEAP), Claude Leroy(IEAP), Stepan Polansky (IEAP), Stanislav Pospisil (IEAP), Leroy(IEAP), Stepan Polansky (IEAP), Stanislav Pospisil (IEAP),
Daniel Turecek (IEAP), Zdenek Vykydal (IEAP), Daniel Turecek (IEAP), Zdenek Vykydal (IEAP), Alan Owens (ESA ESTEC), Karim Mellab (ESA ESTEC) and Alan Owens (ESA ESTEC), Karim Mellab (ESA ESTEC) and
Petteri Nieminen (ESA ESTEC)Petteri Nieminen (ESA ESTEC)
Special thanks for discussions with Special thanks for discussions with
Suen Hou, Tjeerd Ketel, Sophie Redford, Enrico SchioppaJrSuen Hou, Tjeerd Ketel, Sophie Redford, Enrico SchioppaJr
Erik HEIJNE IEAP/CTU & Nikhef & CERN PH Department May 2014
Imaging around the Vertex
Some different (old) ideas for future Detectors
certainly provocative, and simplistic
keeping in mind nanometer electronics and 3D developments
cloud chamber - emulsion - bubble chamber - wire chamber - silicon array
Erik HEIJNE IEAP/CTU & Nikhef & CERN PH Department May 2014
Particle Physics Old TimesParticle Physics Old Times (2m Chamber (2m Chamber CERN)CERN)
2 cm
Erik HEIJNE IEAP/CTU & Nikhef & CERN PH Department May 20145
Typical Muon Trails in Timepix ...Typical Muon Trails in Timepix ...
T3-1500
T3-1504
T3-1507
1mmbubble in BEBC
Erik HEIJNE IEAP/CTU & Nikhef & CERN PH Department May 20146
TYPICAL TRAILS ...TYPICAL TRAILS ...
T3-1558
T3-1511
T3-1510
bubble in BEBC 1mm
Erik HEIJNE IEAP/CTU & Nikhef & CERN PH Department May 2014
Thick gelatine film 3D, sub µm precisionThick gelatine film 3D, sub µm precision
Photon exp.WA59 ~ 1985
50 µm
CHARM DECAY
Successive ionizing energy transfers (~5keV) to grainscreate latent image
500 µm
Photosensitive Emulsion as DetectorPhotosensitive Emulsion as Detector
with AgBr
Erik HEIJNE IEAP/CTU & Nikhef & CERN PH Department May 2014
Thick gelatine film 3D, sub µm precisionThick gelatine film 3D, sub µm precision
Photon exp.WA59 ~ 1985
50 µm
CHARM DECAY
Successive ionizing energy transfers (~5keV) to grainscreate latent image
with AgBr
500 µm
300 µmSi pixel
55 µm
Photosensitive Emulsion as DetectorPhotosensitive Emulsion as Detector
Erik HEIJNE IEAP/CTU & Nikhef & CERN PH Department May 2014
Sub- µm PrecisionSub- µm PrecisionCOLLABORATIVE DEVELOPMENT with INDUSTRY (ILFORD – COLLABORATIVE DEVELOPMENT with INDUSTRY (ILFORD – UK)UK)
Thick LayersThick Layers> 200µm – 1mm> 200µm – 1mm
Stacks allow Larger VolumeStacks allow Larger Volume
Photosensitive Emulsion as DetectorPhotosensitive Emulsion as Detector
Cecil POWELL
Following plates are from Handbook:Powell, Fowler & PerkinsThe Study of Elementary Particles by the Photographic Method, Pergamon Press 1959
Erik HEIJNE IEAP/CTU & Nikhef & CERN PH Department May 2014
Sequence of Ions Z=1...26 in EmulsionSequence of Ions Z=1...26 in Emulsion
N7
Ne10
O8
H1
He2
Li3
Be4
B5
C6
Energy deposit and also the delta ray frequency along the track proportional to Z2
50µm
Fe26
Ti22
Na11
Mg12
Si14
Ca20
Erik HEIJNE IEAP/CTU & Nikhef & CERN PH Department May 2014
Delta electrons allow ion identification
Can they be specific also in other situations?
Delta electron counting proposed by Powell. Fowler & PerkinsThe Study of Elementary Particles by the Photographic Method, Pergamon Press 1959
Erik HEIJNE IEAP/CTU & Nikhef & CERN PH Department May 2014
Arguments for imaging detectorTracking with many pixels (15-30) improves precision
allows to exclude points corrupted by a -raypossible to reach <0.1µm
Reduction of ambiguities in reconstruction processproposed 2-point stubs help already, this goes further
Additional information on particles: improved dE/dx
Specific features identify energetic leptons (e , µ)transverse momentum, delta rays
Sensitivity for exotic things e.g. clusters from neutrals, very low energy
Erik HEIJNE IEAP/CTU & Nikhef & CERN PH Department May 2014
Is there danger that we miss new phenomena?Is there danger that we miss new phenomena?
Clusters observed withTimepix pixel detectorat 850km altitudein ESA Proba V missionSATRAM experiment 2013-2014
Most of these clusters can be explained asenergetic heavy ions
sometimes part of annuclear interactionin upstream material
Erik HEIJNE IEAP/CTU & Nikhef & CERN PH Department May 2014
CERN SPS 80GeV/n Pb ion beam CERN SPS 80GeV/n Pb ion beam 20122012
rear-side glancing angular incidence, here 4.1 degree
Pb ION with many delta rays
energy loss mip in Si280 eV per µm = 77 e- /µm
relativistic Pb ion in Six Z/A (=0.396) x z2 (=6724)295 keV per µm = 81000 e- /µm
Landau value in 0.3mm full loss is 380 eV/ µm
trails are 76±1 pixels x 55.14 µmtotal energy deposit 3124 MeV
Erik HEIJNE IEAP/CTU & Nikhef & CERN PH Department May 2014
Delta Electrons
Emulsions: delta counting performed on 5keV delta’s: energy deposit per grainabove ~50keV tracks are too long to be followed
Timepix pixel detector: delta’s visible if kinetic energy >70keV>50µm range needed to escape from pixels along the trail
pixel size is 55µm square
Bubble chamber: delta’s only visible if >MeV
Microstrip detector: delta’s detectable only in lateral direction if kinetic energy >90keVcause undesirable double or multiple hits
Erik HEIJNE IEAP/CTU & Nikhef & CERN PH Department May 2014
GeV/c momentum of muon1 10 100 1000 100000.1
(a) Bethe Bloch
(b) corrected for density effect
(c) restricted loss η 500keV
(d) Landau peak
HeijneCERN Yellow Report 83-06
Ionization Energy Loss for m.i.p. in Si (with η)Ionization Energy Loss for m.i.p. in Si (with η)
Erik HEIJNE IEAP/CTU & Nikhef & CERN PH Department May 2014
Ionization Energy Loss for m.i.p. in Si (with η)Ionization Energy Loss for m.i.p. in Si (with η)
GeV/c momentum of muon1 10 100 1000 100000.1
(a) Bethe Bloch
(b) corrected for density effect
(c) restricted loss η 500keV
(d) Landau peak
HeijneCERN Yellow Report 83-06
Increase bylarge transfersη= > ε >
500GeV/cmany of these appear as δ rays
Erik HEIJNE IEAP/CTU & Nikhef & CERN PH Department May 2014
Energy Loss for Minimum Ionizing µ in SiEnergy Loss for Minimum Ionizing µ in Si
the factor kwith z=1, for Si if β1 k = 0.0766 MeV cm2g-1
substitute =2.33 g cm-3 k = 179 keV cm-1
Energy loss liberates chargepartially as – electrons with transfers < <
for a 100 GeV/c muon, simplified major termnumber of ‘s per cm of Si
Erik HEIJNE IEAP/CTU & Nikhef & CERN PH Department May 2014
Fraction of Energy Transfer into Fraction of Energy Transfer into Electrons in Electrons in Si Si
increasing fraction goes intoincreasing fraction goes into
energetic delta electronsenergetic delta electrons
µµGeVGeV
dE/dxdE/dxkeV/mmkeV/mm GeVGeV
limit limit MeVMeV
dE/dxdE/dxrestrrestr
keV/mmkeV/mm
% dE/dx% dE/dx
> >
22 444444 0.3390.339
0.10.1
10.010.0
100.100.
316316
398398
435435
29%29%
10 %10 %
2 %2 %
2020 521521 13.013.0
0.10.1
10.010.0
100.100.
328328
411411
452452
37%37%
21 %21 %
13 %13 %
200200 570570 190190
10.010.0
100.100.
1000.1000.
412412
453453
494494
28 %28 %
20 %20 %
13 %13 %
relevant for LHClarge transfers along tracks
>10MeV
>10MeV
>10MeV
Erik HEIJNE IEAP/CTU & Nikhef & CERN PH Department May 2014
Electron Range in SiElectron Range in Simm
10
1.0
100
0.1
0.01
0.001
Graph adapted from Leroy-Rancoita ISBN 981-238-909-1 p.81
1 pixel
2-4 pixels
20 pixels
pixel 55µm
Erik HEIJNE IEAP/CTU & Nikhef & CERN PH Department May 2014
Delta Electron Generation 100GeV/c muon in Delta Electron Generation 100GeV/c muon in Si Si
a few SATRAM particles seem to have exceptional frequencysee later
Erik HEIJNE IEAP/CTU & Nikhef & CERN PH Department May 2014
Muon Energy Loss in CopperMuon Energy Loss in Copper
Rev Part Phys 2006, Groom et al.
OVER 109 INTERVAL
density effect
Erik HEIJNE IEAP/CTU & Nikhef & CERN PH Department May 2014 27
~TeV particles may be found in high altitude cosmic rays
Timepix pixel detector has been launched on 7 March 2013
on ESA minisatellite PROBA Vorbit 800-900km
’SATRAM’ experiment >1 year of data frames online(Space Application of Timepix Radiation Monitor)
Erik HEIJNE IEAP/CTU & Nikhef & CERN PH Department May 2014
Observations on SATRAM involving delta electrons
Launched 7 March 2013Altitude ~820km (Low Earth Orbit)
Space Application Timepix Radiation Monitor
Carlos GranjaTalk EPS Ravenna Workshop
Erik HEIJNE IEAP/CTU & Nikhef & CERN PH Department May 2014 29
Satram Cluster/Event with Trail and electrons (?)
a few more candidates
Erik HEIJNE IEAP/CTU & Nikhef & CERN PH Department May 2014 30
Deltas in Si Deltas in Si
two of the‘apparent’ deltasmay be in factshort m.i.p. sthat overlap onthe long trackindicated with the arrow
data from IEAP-CTUMedipix Monitoring web site
Erik HEIJNE IEAP/CTU & Nikhef & CERN PH Department May 2014 31
Satram: the Full Frame 32570
in realitycomplicated event????
data from IEAP-CTUMedipix Monitoring web site
Erik HEIJNE IEAP/CTU & Nikhef & CERN PH Department May 2014 32
Another Satram Frame: November 2013
6 m.i.p. + ion coming out from satellite
wide charge deposit by ion at rear of sensordue to diffusion
delta’s point towards rear
data from IEAP-CTUMedipix Monitoring web site
Erik HEIJNE IEAP/CTU & Nikhef & CERN PH Department May 2014
SATRAM frame on ESA PROBA V satelliteSATRAM frame on ESA PROBA V satellite
Nov 2013
Many perpendicularly incidentprotons
also 2 ionsrecognized by crown of -rays
axially symmetric
data from IEAP-CTUMedipix Monitoring web site
Erik HEIJNE IEAP/CTU & Nikhef & CERN PH Department May 2014
SATRAM frame on ESA PROBA V satelliteSATRAM frame on ESA PROBA V satellite
31 December 201317.26.00
Particle showing enhanced frequency of -rays
low background
trail length in Si 7.8mm
see following enlargement
data from IEAP-CTUMedipix Monitoring web site
Erik HEIJNE IEAP/CTU & Nikhef & CERN PH Department May 2014
SATRAM frame on ESA PROBA V satelliteSATRAM frame on ESA PROBA V satellite
31 December 201317.26.00
Particle nearly at 45°
-rays multiple7 single pixel
several more pixels haveenhanced dE/dx
Erik HEIJNE IEAP/CTU & Nikhef & CERN PH Department May 2014
Can enhanced Electrons indicate TeV Space Muons?
Some indications, need more candidates
The microscopic imaging capability proves very useful“MHz Emulsion” Experiment becomes possible
Our particle physics imagers light-weight, “picosatellite <1kg”
Erik HEIJNE IEAP/CTU & Nikhef & CERN PH Department May 2014 37
3D Stacked Pixel Imaging Unit3D Stacked Pixel Imaging Unit
periphery 0.44mm64 pixels 2.56mm total 3 mm
1 mm
20.5 mm512 pixels 40x40µm
Spacerto achieve
circle
200µm
Erik HEIJNE IEAP/CTU & Nikhef & CERN PH Department May 2014
Tentative Design for Inner Particle Imager LHC Tentative Design for Inner Particle Imager LHC
innercircle 200mm
r=30mm
outer sensorcircle 210mm
slits10mm
detector unit1mm =2 layers
~200 units
chip 64x512 pixels 40µm
+ periphery 3x20.5mm
services 2mm ?circle 220mm
beam pipe
one ring ofradial pixel assembliessensor/readout chip is 20.5 x 3 mm one unit (1mm thick) is 4 chips
Erik HEIJNE IEAP/CTU & Nikhef & CERN PH Department May 2014
Speculative Parameters
Sensor Pixel Matrix: Pixel 40µmx40µm, thickness 200µm matrix 512x64 32768 pixels
Basic Unit 4-layer hybrid pixel detector: Thickness 1mm= 4x0.2 back-toback + 4x0.04 + spacersPower and data connections per basic unit of 1mm
Readout Chip: Matrix idem as sensor, 20.5mmx2.56mm + periphery 400µmCMOS technology 32nm including TSV, thinned 40µmpower per pixel 1µW (??) chip ~40mW
Basic ring, consists of 200 basic units = 800 chips + sensors: Circumference: Inner 200mm around beam pipe 60mm
Outer circumference 220mm 70mmWidth 20.5mm Thickness Rin-Rout 3mm Si + 2mm services (???)Power 800x40mW = 32 Wneed 20 rings to cover 41cm >600W
Erik HEIJNE IEAP/CTU & Nikhef & CERN PH Department May 2014
Speculative Parameters Full Pixel System of 20 rings, 40cm long:
Number of chips 20x200x4 =16 00016 000 x 32768 = 525 000 000 pixels
Overall layer structure: Basic Unit has 4x512 pixels of 200µmx40µmcoverage is 200 x 2064 = 400 000 pixels per layeroccupancy ~1% for 1000 interactions/average multiplicity 4020% Insensitive area from readout chips and spacers,remedy could be to incline basic units64 layers deep along the radius
Highly speculative indeed, many mechanical and electrical issues....What could be physics gains for such a system?
innercircle 200mm
r=30mm
Operational:Ultra-LHC 1000 collisons/crossing 40 000 tracks x 64 pixels generate 1010 carriers/10ns
continuous signal current ~0.1A dark current ~equal 16 000 x 10µA = 0.16 A
Erik HEIJNE IEAP/CTU & Nikhef & CERN PH Department May 2014
MHz Imaging & Flow DetectorRelatively thick rings of tracking layer
many pixels deep , sensitive over several mmcan handle high particle densitydeep submicron precision
Imaging allows recognition of different featuresmay be most interesting close to primary collisions
Need for experimental verification>100 GeV electron beamnew Timepix3 just now operational, readout per cluster
Still highly speculative optioninitial studies can be made in space experimentsinvestigate principles, technology as well as analysis
Erik HEIJNE IEAP/CTU & Nikhef & CERN PH Department May 2014
CERN H6 40GeV/c IonTrails beam with A/Z=2.5 CERN H6 40GeV/c IonTrails beam with A/Z=2.5
different trails with distinguishing signatures
scale 3000scale 100Pixelman display software
Erik HEIJNE IEAP/CTU & Nikhef & CERN PH Department May 2014
Different IonTrails A/Z=2.5 Frame 2717 Different IonTrails A/Z=2.5 Frame 2717
for large energy deposition, wide trails with 'sarcophage' effect'
scale 4000scale 1000
a
a
Pixelman display software
Erik HEIJNE IEAP/CTU & Nikhef & CERN PH Department May 2014
for large energy deposition, wide trails with 'sarcophage' effect'
scale 4000scale 1000
a
a
c
b
b
d
d
d
f
e
Different IonTrails A/Z=2.5 Frame 2717 Different IonTrails A/Z=2.5 Frame 2717
Erik HEIJNE IEAP/CTU & Nikhef & CERN PH Department May 2014
ENDEND
Erik HEIJNE IEAP/CTU & Nikhef & CERN PH Department May 2014
Extra SlidesExtra Slides
Erik HEIJNE IEAP/CTU & Nikhef & CERN PH Department May 2014
Accelerator people seem not to mind Accelerator people seem not to mind to make Ultra-LHC (1000 collisions/crossing)to make Ultra-LHC (1000 collisions/crossing)
Plainly reject, or think about this?Plainly reject, or think about this?
Physics and Politics, increase of intensity may be main justification for longer-term operation of LHC
2030-2040 Horizon
Can radiation levels be supportable at all?
Indications for TeV-energy physics may be found in space cosmic radiation
Please note: these statements are my personal view for this workshop, no endorsement by CERN is implied
Erik HEIJNE IEAP/CTU & Nikhef & CERN PH Department May 2014
Particle Physics Old TimesParticle Physics Old Times (2m Chamber (2m Chamber CERN)CERN)
2 cm
Erik HEIJNE IEAP/CTU & Nikhef & CERN PH Department May 2014
MUON ENERGY LOSS in FeMUON ENERGY LOSS in Fe
AT HIGH MOMENTUMDOMINATED by BREMSSTRAHLUNG
Erik HEIJNE IEAP/CTU & Nikhef & CERN PH Department May 2014
ELECTRON ENERGY LOSS in Si ELECTRON ENERGY LOSS in Si
SiliconSilicon
1 MeV1 MeV
FLUORESCENCE
BREMSSTRAHLUNG
IONIZATION
Electron
1
1000
0.001
keV/mm
eV/µm
EXCITATION
K-EDGE
1 keV1 keV 100 GeV100 GeV
Erik HEIJNE IEAP/CTU & Nikhef & CERN PH Department May 2014
MUON ENERGY TRANSFER PROBABILITY in FeMUON ENERGY TRANSFER PROBABILITY in Fe
IONIZATION up to ~100 MeV
PAIR PRODUCTION >100 MeV
BREMSSTRAHLUNG >20 GeV
SUM of CONTRIBUTIONS ~1/E2
Erik HEIJNE IEAP/CTU & Nikhef & CERN PH Department May 2014
% CONTRIBUTIONS ENERGY LOSS in Fe% CONTRIBUTIONS ENERGY LOSS in Fe
CONTRIBUTIONSup to 100 GeV