ERGONOMICS Recognition of Work-Related Musculoskeletal, Nerve Disease.
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Transcript of ERGONOMICS Recognition of Work-Related Musculoskeletal, Nerve Disease.
![Page 1: ERGONOMICS Recognition of Work-Related Musculoskeletal, Nerve Disease.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649cd75503460f9499fb37/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
ERGONOMICS
Recognition of Work-Related Musculoskeletal, Nerve
Disease
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What is Ergonomics?
• Ergonomics is the science of fitting the job to the worker.
• Ergonomics refers to a work environment designed to maximize safety and increase productivity.
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What is Ergonomics Gone Bad?
• When there is a mismatch between the physical requirements of the job and the physical capacity of the worker, work-related musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) may result.
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• Repetitive motion injury• Cumulative trauma disorder• Musculoskeletal disorder (MSD)• Repetitive stress injury• Sprains, strains, tears
Ergonomic Disease
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Musculoskeletal Disorders
• Injuries or disorders of:– muscles– tendons– ligaments– nerves (compression or entrapment)– spinal discs– joints and cartilage
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• Muscle pain• Joint pain• Swelling• Numbness• Restricted motion• Low back pain
Signs and Symptoms
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Musculoskeletal Disorders
• Upper Extremities
• Upper Back
• Lower Back
• Feet and Legs
• Hands• Arms• Shoulder• Neck
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Benefits of Good Ergonomics
• Decreased injury risk
• Increased productivity
• Decreased mistakes/rework
• Decreased lost work days
• Decreased turnover• Improved moral
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Risk Factors for Ergonomic Hazards
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Repetitive Motion/Cycle
• Same repetitive task
• Use of same muscle groups
• Short cycle (~<2/min)
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Awkward Posture
Overhead Reach
Twisting
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Force• Heavy lifting
• Forceful exertions, pulling, pushing, twisting
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Contact Stress
• Using the hand or knee as a “hammer”
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Vibration
• Whole body vibration– e.g.., Crane operators, truck drivers
• Segmental vibration– Pneumatic tools, grinders
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Risk Factors Also Depend On:
• Duration of stress
• Amount of recovery time
• Temperature– Decrease blood flow to muscles
(cold)
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And a Higher Risk Occurs When:
• Risk factors are multiple
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Controlling Ergonomic Hazards
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Control Hierarchy 1) Engineering controls• Physical changes
2) Administrative controls• Employee rotation• Change of pace• Job enlargement
3) Work practice controls• Utilization of better procedures, posture
4) Personal Protective equipment
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Manual Material Handling and Back Protection
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• Acute: – Where the injury arises from a single identifiable
event - when transient loads exceed internal tolerances.
• Chronic:– Where repeated trauma (albeit incapable of injury
in isolation), after sufficient duration, reduces internal capacity resulting in eventual injury.
– Microtrauma
Acute vs. Chronic Stressors
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Back Injury
• Muscle
• Ligament
• Vertebrae
• Discs
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Ergonomic Risk Factors for Backs
• Awkward posture
• Sitting
• Static, bent postures
• Fatigue/aging
• Whole body vibration
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Ergonomic Risk Factors for Backs
• Handling excessive weight/force
• Load size
• Frequency of lifting
• Grip consideration
• Poor physical condition
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Kinds of Back Injuries
• Back strains-When weak or tense muscles are stretched beyond their limit
• Back sprains-A partial or complete tear of a back ligament
• Herniated discs-Resulting when stress, strain or gradual deterioration on a disc causes it to stick out between the vertebrae
• Ruptured discs-When the wall of a disc breaks open.
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Upper Extremities Work-Related MSDs
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Effects
• Pain
• Inflammation
• Swelling
• Numbness
• Decrease in range of motion
• Loss of function
• Cycle of injury
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UECTD Risk Factors Awkward Wrist Postures
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Tendon Disorders
• Tendonitis:– Fibers can become inflamed, fray or tear
apart, tendons can thicken, become bumpy and irregular and without sufficient recovery time become permanently weakened
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Tendon Disorders• Epicondylitis
• Lateral epicondylitis - tennis elbow (inflammation of tendon fibers - outside of elbow)
Source: American Society for Surgery of the Hand
• Medial epicondylitis or golfers elbow (inside)
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Tendon Disorders
Rotator cuff tendonitis
Source:NIH, Medline Plus
• Repetitive overhead work• Elevated elbows
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Tendons
• Stenosing Tenosynovitis (progressive restriction of the synovial sheath)
• De Quervain’s disease (thumb tendons)
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TendonsTenosynovitis (injury of the synovial sheath)
Source: Cleveland Clinic
• Ganglionic cyst (swelling
of the synovial fluid)
• Trigger finger (stenosing tenosynovitis crepitans)
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Nerve Disorders• Injuries or disorders of the median nerve:
– Carpal tunnel syndrome (compression of he median nerve as it passes through the carpal tunnel)
– Pronator syndrome (compression of median nerve as it passes between the two heads of the pronator teres muscle)
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Cubital Tunnel Pain/Numbness
www.medicalmultimediagroup.com
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Bursitis
• Shoulder Bursitis- Bursa irritated and
thickens with overuse
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Neurovascular Disorders
• Thoracic outlet syndrome- Caused by compression of the neurovascular bundle from repetitive activities overhead or with the arm pulled down towards the back
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Neck Disorders• Tension or ache in the neck (local
muscle tightness/spasm)
• Numbness in the arms or hands (nerve impingement)
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Lower Extremities Work-Related MSDs
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Knee Disorders
• Chondromalacia: degeneration (softening) of the cartilage on the posterior aspect of the kneecap
• Bursitis of the knee
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Lower leg disorders• Shin splints: involve damage to
one of two groups of muscles along the shin bone (caused by standing for a long time or repetitive stress to the lower leg)
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Foot Disorders
• Plantar fasciitis (inflammation of the plantar fascia--the tissue that forms the arch of the foot)
• Tarsal tunnel syndrome (entrapment of the tibial nerve)
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• Reduce forces
Work Tool Design
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• Use power grip
Work Tool Design
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• Use optimal grasp span
Work Tool Design
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Work Environmental Concerns
(Heat Stress,Energy Expenditure and Vibration)
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Heat Disorders
• Heat stroke
• Heat exhaustion
• Heat cramp
• Heat collapse
• Heat rash
• Heat fatigue
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• Iron and steel foundries
• Nonferrous foundries
• Brickfiring and ceramic plants
• Glass product facilities
• Rubber product factories
Heat Stress Operations
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Factors Affecting Susceptibility to Heat
• Age
• Weight
• Degree of physical fitness and acclimatization
• Metabolism
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Environmental Factors
• Air movement
• Humidity
• Conduction
• Radiant heat exchange
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Engineering Controls
• Ventilation
• Air cooling
• Fans
• Shielding
• Insulation
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Types of Vibration
• Whole Body
• Hand-Arm (HAVS)
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Summary• When there is a mismatch between the physical
requirements of the job and the physical capacity of the worker, work-related musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) may result.
• Risk Factors for ergonomic hazards:– Repetitive motion cycle– Awkward posture– Force– Contact stress– Vibration
• Upper extremities work-related MSD’s• Lower extremities work-related MSD’s