Ergonomics

ISHKANDAR MD YUSOFF

Department of Occupational Department of Occupational Safety and HealthSafety and Health

DOSHDOSH

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Scope Of PresentationScope Of Presentation

Introduction and definitionThe important of ergonomicsThe important of ergonomics Relevant provisions in OSHA 1994 and

FMA 1967FMA 1967Conclusions

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INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

ERGON ++ NOMOS == ErgonomicErgonomicERGONWORK WORK

++ NOMOSLAW OFLAW OFSURROUNDING (natural Law)SURROUNDING (natural Law)

ErgonomicErgonomicLAW OF WORKLAW OF WORK(GREEK TERM)(GREEK TERM)

The science of fitting the task and working environment to the worker. Adoption of the job and workplace to the worker by designing tasks depending upon:worker’s capabilities limitations

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ErgonomicsErgonomicsgg

Ergonomics is concerned with the ‘fit’Ergonomics is concerned with the fitbetween people and their work.

It takes account of the worker's capabilities and limitations in seeking to ensure thatand limitations in seeking to ensure that tasks, equipment, information and the environment suit each workerenvironment suit each worker.

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OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVESOBJECTIVESOBJECTIVESOBJECTIVESOBJECTIVESOBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES

Approach used is to obtain an effective Approach used is to obtain an effective match and optimize between;match and optimize between;match and optimize between;match and optimize between;

worker worker work systemwork system• benefits :• benefits :

• work efficiency• safety & health• safety & health• comfort and easy of use• job satisfaction

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job satisfaction

ERGONOMICSERGONOMICS

HUMAN MACHINE

WORK ENVIRONMENT

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Few aspects of ergonomics

safety, comfort, ease

Safety - Medicine bottles: The print on them could be larger so that a sick person who may have bad vision (due to sin ses etc ) can more easil see the dosages and labelsinuses, etc.) can more easily see the dosages and label.

Ergonomics could design the print style, color and size for optimal viewing.

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C f t Al l k di l S di l h hlComfort - Alarm clock display: Some displays are harshly bright, drawing one’s eye to the light when surroundings are dark.

Ergonomic principles could re-design this based on contrast principlesprinciples.

Ease of use - Street Signs: Sometimes it is difficult to spot t t istreet signs.

This could be addressed with the principles of visual detection in ergonomics.

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2 MAIN Domain of Ergonomicsg

Physical ergonomics: is concerned with human anatomical and anthropometric as the relate to ph sical acti itand anthropometric as they relate to physical activity.

Relevant topics include working postures, materials handling, and repetitive movementsrepetitive movements.

Cognitive ergonomics: is concerned with mental processes, such as memory reasoning and motor response as they affectsuch as memory, reasoning, and motor response, as they affect interactions among humans and other elements of a system.

Relevant topics include mental workload, decision-making, human-e e a t top cs c ude e ta o oad, dec s o a g, u acomputer interaction, human reliability and work stress as these may relate to human-system design

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Work Risk FactorsCertain characteristics of the work setting have been associated with injury. These g j y

work characteristics are called risk factors and include:

Task Physical Characteristics (primarily interaction between the worker and the work setting)work setting)

Posture Force Repetition

Environmental Characteristics (primarily interaction between the worker and the work environment)

Heat stress Cold stress Lighting Noise

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Noise

H A Z A R D D I T E M P A T K E R J A

KIMIA•Habuk•Wap/wasap

PSIKOSOSIAL•Kerja shifSt•Wap/wasap

•Gas•Stres•Keperluan kerja

FIZIKAL•Bising•Radiasi•Suhu

MEKANIKAL•Jatuh•Tersepit

•Suhu•Pencahayaan

ELEKTRIK•Sentuhan langsung•Elektrostatik

BIOLOGI•Bakteria•Kulat

Elektrostatik

ERGONOMIK•Kerja berulangM k t b b•Virus •Mengangkat beban•Kerja Berdiri

What is the purpose of ergonomics in the workplace?

The goals of ergonomics are to:

Decrease risk of injury/illness

Enhance worker productivityEnhance worker productivity

Improve quality of work life

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Why Ergonomics is Important?

Kim Vicente, a University of Toronto Professor of Ergonomics, argues that the nuclear disaster in Chernobyl is attributable to l d i i h i hplant designers not paying enough attention to human

factors.

Cognitive Ergonomics"The operators were trained but the complexity of the reactor and the control panels nevertheless outstripped their ability toand the control panels nevertheless outstripped their ability to grasp what they were seeing [during the prelude to the disaster]." Program Second From Disaster

Ergonomists study human capabilities in relationship to work demands-Proper ergonomic design is necessary to prevent

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p g g y prepetitive strain injuries, which can develop over time and can lead to long-term disability.

Chernobyl disaster

CasualtiesCasualties

56 direct deaths

600 000 ( t) ff d di ti hi h lt i600,000 (est) suffered radiation exposure, which may result in as many as 4,000 cancer deaths over the lifetime of those exposed, in addition to the approximately 100 000 fatal cancers to be expected due to all other

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causes in this population.

Bhopal:Bhopal:Over 3500Over 3500 people people p pp pwere killedwere killedimmediately andimmediately and170 000170 000 sought sought medical treatmentmedical treatmentmedical treatmentmedical treatment

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BRIGHT SPARKLER FIRE AND EXPLOSION

2020

BRIGHT SPARKLER AFTERMATH

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OSHA 1994 & FMA 1967OSHA 1994 & FMA 1967

• Relevant provisions in OSHA 1994 andRelevant provisions in OSHA 1994 and FMA 1967

• Relevant Guidelines to Ergonomics

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Provisions of OSHA 1994Provisions of OSHA 1994

Section 15 D t of emplo er on safet• Section 15 Duty of employer on safety, health & welfare at work of all his employeesemployees.

• Section 4©“To promote an occupational environment which

is adapted to the physiological and psychological need of workers”

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FMA 1967 and IT’S REGULATIONSFMA 1967 and IT’S REGULATIONS

• Section 10 - provision relating to safety

– Safe access– [Regulation 7 of the safety , health

and welfare regulation 1970)

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FMA 1967 (Act 139)FMA 1967 (Act 139)

• Section 12

– No person shall be employed to lift l d h t b dilload so heavy so as to cause bodily injury to him

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Manual HandlingManual HandlingManual HandlingManual Handling

Temperature ExtremesTemperature ExtremesTemperature ExtremesTemperature ExtremesSecuring and maintaining Securing and maintaining temperaturetemperature

[Regulation 28 of the safety, [Regulation 28 of the safety, health and welfare regulations]health and welfare regulations]

• Environmental conditions such as extreme heat or cold can place stress on tissues.

• Extreme cold constricts blood vessels and reduces sensitivity and coordination f b d tof body parts.

• Excessive heat can result in increased fatigue and heat stress.

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g

LIGHTINGLIGHTINGRegulation 29 of the safety, health and welfare Regulation 29 of the safety, health and welfare g yg yregulationsregulations

• Securing and maintaining suitable lightingg g g g

•• Must Allow NO Eye StrainMust Allow NO Eye Strain

•• Eliminate GLARE AND REFLECTIONEliminate GLARE AND REFLECTION

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LightingLighting

• Areas that are not lit adequately, or are lit too much, can cause headache, strain, and fatigue.

• Color plays a big role in eye fatigue.• Use adjustable task lighting for tasks that require

greater ill minationgreater illumination.• Take visual “breaks” every 30 minutes.• Get regular eye exams let your eye doc know if• Get regular eye exams…let your eye doc know if

you are working at a computer!

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HYGIENE FACILITIESHYGIENE FACILITIESRegulation 23 of the safety, health and welfare Regulation 23 of the safety, health and welfare regulationsregulations

• KEEP THEM CLEAN.

• LEAVE THEM IN THE SAME CONDITION AS YOU WOULD LIKE TO FIND THEM.

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Work space for each workerWork space for each worker

Regulation 24 of the safety, health and welfare Regulation 24 of the safety, health and welfare regulationsregulations-- >400ft3>400ft3

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FMA 1967 FMA 1967 Section 24Section 24--personal Protective Clothingpersonal Protective Clothing

• “Provide suitable and adequate personal protective clothing and appliances including where necessary

l l l i f t dgoggles, gloves, leggings, caps, foot-wear and protective ointment or lotion.”

Regulation 32 of the safety, health and welfare regulations

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GUIDELINESGUIDELINESG id li l t d t th i

2003

Guidelines related to the ergonomics.

• Guidelines On Occupational Safety And Health In The Office 1996

– This guide outlines minimum standards for the Occupational Safety and Healthfor workers in the office.

• Guidelines On Occupational Safety And Health For Standing At Work 2002

• Guideline On Occupational Safety And Health For Seating At Work 2003

– These guidelines explain how suitable seating contributes to the safety and health of people at work, for example by helping to prevent back pain

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GUIDELINESGUIDELINESG id li l t d t th i

2003

Guidelines related to the ergonomics.

• Guidelines On Occupational Safety And Health For Working With Video Display Units (VDU’s) 2003• This booklet provides explanation of questions that are most commonlyasked about VDUs and its also suggests simple adjustment that can be madeto the workplace to make it more comfortable and minimized.

• Guidelines On Occupational Vibration 2003

• The guidance is not mandatory and employers and self-employed persons are free to choose other ways andemployed persons are free to choose other ways andmeans of complying with the provision of the OccupationalSafety and Health Act, 1994. Nevertheless, adoption of

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these guidelines will likely go a long way towardscompliance with this Act.

• PERMONITORAN BUNYI BISINGPRESICION SOUND LEVEL METER – PRESICION SOUND LEVEL METER (PSLM)

– SOUND LEVEL METER – NOISE DOSIMETER– SOUND LEVEL CALIBRATOR– ARTIFICIAL EAR– AUDIOMETER & SILENT CABIN

• PENGUKURAN DI RUANG TERKURUNG– 5 GAS DETECTOR5 GAS DETECTOR

(Oxygen, Carbon Monoxide, Hydrogen Sulphide, Methane, Volatile Organic Compound)GAS ANALYSER- GAS ANALYSER

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• PENAKSIRAN KUALITI UDARA DALAMANDALAMAN

– IAQ MONITOR– DUST TRAK– FORMALDEMETER– OZONE METEROZONE METER– TVOC METER

• PENGUKURAN GETARAN– VIBRATION METER (HANDS

ARM & WHOLE BODY)– SPECTRUM VIBRATION

ANALYSER

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• PENGUKURAN RADIASI TAK MENGIONMENGION▫ SELECTIVE RADIATION METER▫ BROADBAND FIELD METER

• PENILAIAN PENGUDARAAN▫ ANEMOMETER▫ SMOKE TUBE SET▫ PITOT TUBEPITOT TUBE▫ TACHOMETER

• PENGUKURAN MERKURI TERAMPAI (VAPOURISE TERAMPAI (VAPOURISE MERCURY)▫ MERCURY DETECTOR (NIC EMP-1B)▫ MERCURY ANALYSER (JEROME 431-X)

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PENGUKURAN HAND - ARM VIBRATION DILADANG TEH, CAMERON HIGHLAND

ERGONOMIC TIME - MOTION STUDY DI LADANG TEH ,CAMERON HIGHLAND

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Risk Factors: Awkward PositionsRisk Factors: Awkward PositionsRisk Factors: Awkward PositionsRisk Factors: Awkward Positions

• Twisting neck to look at monitor or gphone

• Lifting objects from below waist orLifting objects from below waist or above shoulders

Risk Factors: Excessive ForceRisk Factors: Excessive ForceLifting heavy boxes of paper or carrying

office equipmentoffice equipment

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Conclusion : The benefits of anConclusion : The benefits of anConclusion : The benefits of an Conclusion : The benefits of an ergonomics programergonomics program

• Decreased injuries,illnesses, and workers’ compensation costs.p

• Increased efficiency at work.• Increased physical well being• Increased physical well being.• Decreased absenteeism and turnover.• Increase in employee morale.

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QUESTIONS???QUESTIONS???

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