EQUILIBRIUM HOMEWORK EXAMPLE
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EQUILIBRIUM HOMEWORK EXAMPLE
2 4 2N O 2NO
I 6 0
C
E 2-4
+2 x 48
28K 32
2
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Acid Base Chemistry
14
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WATER EQUILIBRIUM Kw
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WATER EQUILIBRIUM Kw
pH
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Swedish chemist who explained the electrical conductivity of ionic solutions by presuming that
compounds dissociated into oppositely charged ions
whose motions constituted a current.
This conclusion was supported by observing that the freezing point depression of ionic solids were
integer multiples larger than their concentrations would indicate
according to Raoult's Law.
Svante Arrhenius (1859-1927)ACIDS & BASES
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He described his theory in his 1884 thesis, which passed the defense with the lowest
passing grade. However, it won him the Nobel Prize in
chemistry in 1903. He also discovered the Arrhenius Rate Law, which
describes the rate at which chemical reactions occur.
Svante Arrhenius (1859-1927)ACIDS & BASES
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Acids donate H+ ions to other ions or molecules, which act as a base.
In an operational sense:
• an acid is any substance that increases the concentration of the H+ ion when it dissolves in water.
• a base is any substance that increases the concentration of the OH- ion when it dissolves in water.
Brønsted-LowryACIDS & BASES
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X
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ACIDS & BASES
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Conjugated Acids and Bases
acid1 + base2 <===> acid2 + base1
Conjugated base to acid HCl
Conjugated acid to base H2O
Acid1 Base1 Acid2 Base2
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A- + H+ HA
A- + H2O HA + OH-
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A- + H2O HA + OH-
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What is Kb for the acetate ion?
A- + H2O AH + OH-
Kb = 5.7 x 10-10
X
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What is Ka for the methylamonium ion?
BH+ B + H+
Ka = 2.2 x 10-11
X
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The Role of H+ and OH- Ions in Aqueous Solutions
To what extent does H2O dissociate to form ions?
At 25°C, the density of water is 0.9971 g/cm3,or 0.9971 g/mL.
The concentration of H2O is 55.35 molar.
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The Role of H+ and OH- Ions in Aqueous Solutions
To what extent does H2O dissociate to form ions?
The concentration of the H+ and OH- ions formed by the dissociation of neutral H2O molecules at this
temperature is only 1.0 x 10-7 mol/L.
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The Role of H+ and OH- Ions in Aqueous Solutions
To what extent does H2O dissociate to form ions?
The concentration of the H+ and OH- ions formed by the dissociation of neutral H2O molecules at this
temperature is only 1.0 x 10-7 mol/L.
Accordingly, the ratio of the concentration of the H+ (or OH-) ion to that of the neutral H2O
molecules is 1.8 x 10-9.
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The Role of H+ and OH- Ions in Aqueous Solutions
To what extent does H2O dissociate to form ions?
At 25°C only about 2 parts per billion (ppb) of the H2O
molecules dissociate into ions.
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ACTIVITYX
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ACTIVITY
How to calculate activity?1: calculate Ionic strength2: Use Table 8-1
X
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BUFFERSX
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BUFFERSX
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BUFFERS
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Gas – solution eaquilibrium KH
Henry’s Law
CO2 dissolves in water:
CO2(g) + H2O <==> H2CO3 (aq) KH = 3.4 x 10-2
at a CO2 pressure of 3 x 10-4 atmospheres, what is the concentration of the carbonic acid in the water?
H2CO3 <==> H+ + HCO3— Ka = 4.68 x 10-7
What is [H+]? - What is pH?
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STEP 1
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STEP 2
NB: USE “ICE” METHOD TO WORK THIS PROBLEM!
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STEP 3
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ACID RAIN
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KH
Ka
Ka
ACID RAIN
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