Esy

m(ρ

B)

(MeV

)

ρB/ρ01 2 30

?

Esy

m(ρ

B)

(MeV

)

ρB/ρ01 2 30

?Equation of Equation of sstate of tate of

aasymmetricsymmetricicic nnuclear uclear mmatteratter aat supra-t supra-

saturation densitiessaturation densities

Equation of Equation of sstate of tate of aasymmetricsymmetricicic nnuclear uclear

mmatteratter aat supra-t supra-saturation densitiessaturation densities

CBM collaboration meetingApril 15, 2010, Darmstadt, Germany

Laboratory for nuclear physicsLaboratory for nuclear physics Division of Experimental Physics Division of Experimental Physics

R Ruđeruđer Bošković Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Institute, Zagreb,

CroatiaCroatia

Zoran Basrak

1950 – 2010

Introduction

Symmetry energy

Low densities

High density

Ongoing projrcts

Summary and outlook

Outline

*D.H. Youngblood et al., PRL 82 (1999) 691

From the nuclear monopole resonance* K∞ of symmetric nuclear matter

E (,T ) = E (T=0) + E’ (,T )

K∞ = 231 ± 5 MeV

Nuclear EOS

0 0

2 2 20( ) 9 ( / )K d E d

Side flow v1

Eliptic flow v2

P. D

an

iele

wic

z et

al., S

cien

ce 2

98

(2

00

2)

15

92

C.

Fu

chs

et

al.,

PR

L 8

6 (

20

01

) 1

97

4

Data from KAOS

N = Z

E(,) = E(,0) + 2Esym() + O(4)

= (n- p) / = (N-Z)/A

B (N,Z) = aVA - aSA2/3 – aCZ (Z - 1)/A1/3 - asym (N – Z )2 / A + Δ(A)

Bethe – Weizsäcker mass formula

Nuclear EOS – Asymmetric term

ma

ny

mo

re i

n:

B.A

. L

i et

al.,

Ph

Re

p.

46

4 (

20

08

) 1

13

Esym() ≈ E()neutr. matter - E()sym. nucl. matter

Various notations: Esym() = S(), = x = I

asym = 23.7 MeV

BHF

SkyrmeRMF

L.W

. Che

n et

al.,

PR

C80

(20

09)

0143

22

Symmetry energy• The density dependence

of symmetry energy is largely unconstrainedlargely unconstrained.

• What is “stiff” or “soft”“stiff” or “soft” (curvature) is density dependent

The asymmetry term contributes a greater uncertainty than does the symmetric matter

EOS.(Bao-An Li)

C.

Fu

chs

an

d H

.H.

Wo

lter,

Eu

Ph

J A

30

(2

00

6)

5

Z.

Xia

o e

t a

l., P

RL

10

2 (

20

09

) 0

62

50

2

Where Esym shows up Nuclear structure

Nuclear reactions

GDR & PYGNY RESONANCE

Supernova collapse

p / n ≤ 0.1 – 0.2

c ≤ (2-15)0

Neutron star

StabilityStability against gravitational collapse

Radial density profiledensity profile

Internal structurestructure, composition and evolutio

CoolingCooling mechanism

Esym dependent

ObservablesCooling rates of proto-neutron starCooling rates for X-ray bursters NS masses, radii and moments of inertia

J.M

. La

ttim

er

an

d M

. Pra

kash

, S

cien

ce 3

04

(2

00

4)

53

6

N-star observations

PULSAR

BINARY OBJECTS

Direct or modified Urca process

R & M coupled observables

“SQM” vs. “normal”

matter EOS ?

J.M. Lattimer and M. Prakash, Science 304 (2004) 536

By HIC in the Fermi energy regime

P

Nbefore after

Intermediate & relativistic energy HIC

Isospin sensitive observables

- n/p differential flow - meson production, π+/π-,K0 /K+

- etc.

Lack of data, but … - ASY-EOS experiment @ GSI - SAMURAI @ RIKEN

Constraining Esym

Finite symmetry energy at zero energy due to

clustering effects

0,K, p, n

Intermediate & relativistic energy HIC

Isospin sensitive observables

- n/p differential flow - meson production, π+/π-,K0 /K+

- etc.

Nuclear structure

data

Isospin- and momentum-dependentmomentum-dependent IBUU04 model calculation with the Gogny effective interaction

M.B. Tsang et al., PRL 92 (2004) 062701

Esym/A = 12.5 ( /0) = 2

BUU transport model calculation without momentum dependence

Esym as f(ρ) from MSU data

Added in-medium modificationsin-medium modifications of NN cross sections

L.W. Chen et al., PRL 94 (2005) 032701

B.A. Li & L.W. Chen, PRC 72 (2005) 064611

Esym/A = 31.6 ( /0) = 1.05

Esym/A = 31.6 ( /0) = 0.69

(Courtesy of W.G. Lynch)

Sub-saturation densities

Esym() = 12.5·u2/3 + C·uγ

M.B. Tsang et al., PRL 102 (2009) 122701

Expansion around ρ0

Esym(ρ) = S0 + L·ξ/3 + Ksym·ξ2/18 + …, ξ = (ρ - ρ0)/ρ0

Symmetry slope L & curvature Ksym

L = 3·[∂Esym/∂ρ]ρ=ρ0 /ρ0 = 3·Psym /ρ0

u = ρ/ρ0 P.

Danie

lew

icz

and L

ee,

NPA

81

8 (

20

09

)

A. Klimkiewicz et al., PRC 76 (2007) 051603

Two parameterizationsHIC fited by transport codes IBUU04, ImQMD

Isobaric analog states & Pygny dipole resonance

1. n-p squeeze-out data from Au+Au collisions at E = 400A MeV [Y. Leifels et al., PRL 71 (1993) 963] → the UrQMD code predicts a steady rise of Esteady rise of Esym sym

→ γ=0.60.3 [W. Trautmann et al., ProgPartNuPh (2009)].

1. n-p squeeze-out data from Au+Au collisions at E = 400A MeV [Y. Leifels et al., PRL 71 (1993) 963] → the UrQMD code predicts a steady rise of Esteady rise of Esym sym

→ γ=0.60.3 [W. Trautmann et al., ProgPartNuPh (2009)].

2. π+-/π+ yield ratio data for Au+Au collisions in a broad energy range [Reisdorf et al., NP A781 (2007) 459] → the IBUU04 code predicts a vanishing Evanishing Esymsym → γ=0.960.21, super soft asyEOSsuper soft asyEOS [Z. Xiao et al., PRL 102 (2009) 062502].

Supra-saturation densities

The only available data (FOPI and FOPI–LAND) result in a contradictory predictions for Esym:

(Courtesy of M.B. Tsang) Z.Q. Feng, G.M. Jin, PL B683 (2010) 140

Constraining Esym ( > 0)

Two experimental proposals:

- GSI: n-p differential flow - Nishina / RIKEN: pion production

SIS18 ASY-EOS experiment S394

Spoakpersons of ASY-EOS experiment R. Lemmon and P. Russotto (approved by GSI-PAC)

Zagreb, CroatiaCaen, Orsay, FranceDarmstadt, Frankfurt, GermanyIoannina, GreeceCatania, Milano, Napoli, ItalyKatowice, Krakow, Warsaw, PolandBucharest, RomaniaSantiago de Compostela, SpainLund, Malmo, SwedenDaresbury, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Kolkata, IndiaNSCL-MSU, Rochester, USA

Main observable: n/p differential flow

SIS18 ASY-EOS experiment S394

Au+Au @ 400A MeV (increased statistics)96Zr+96Zr @ 400A MeV 96Ru+96Ru @ 400A MeV

(increased isospin sensitivity)

}

Detect:Detect: n, p, t, 3He, N/Z of light IMFs

Determine:Determine: reaction plane, reaction centrality

Improve:Improve: statistics and neutron background determination + code clusterization algorithm

IPJ

ph

osw

ich

MS

U m

inib

all

.5 mLu

nd

-Sd

C C

alif

a

GS

I L

AN

D

LN

S C

him

era

Towards FAIR

132Sn, 106Sn beams

RIKEN experiment

Main partners: MSU & RIKEN

Main requirements: - pion detector with large solid angle - centrality filter

Solution: - SAMURAI superconducting dipole - TPC detector – should be operational in 2014 - and many more (neutron wall, light charged particles, IMFs, …)

B.A

. Li

, PR

C 6

7 (

20

03

) 0

17

60

1

SAMURAIA/Z = 3Ekin = 250A MeVBρ = 7.3 Tm

AT-TPC

differences in available - beams, - energies, and - intensities different observables chosen complementary parts in a global effort to constrain symmetry energy

NSF-PIRE project

NSCL-MSU (M.Y.B. Tsang) abd collaborators have started a Partnerships for International Research & Education (PIRE) project : collaborative research between US, Japan collaborative research between US, Japan and Europeand Europe [MSU, RIKEN, GSI (FAIR)]

European Science FoundationResearch Networking Programmes

Constraining the Symmetry Energy

CoSymECoSymE

European Science FoundationResearch Networking Programmes

Constraining the Symmetry Energy

CoSymECoSymE Z. Basrak, M. Colonna and W. Trautmann

Creation of discussion foradiscussion fora

ExchangeExchange of students & experts

Facilitate a global dimensionglobal dimension (complementarities to NSF-PIRE)

Timely initiativeTimely initiative

Prepare futurePrepare future

What for ?

- new intensive RIB facilities - train up a new generation of scientists to take over leadership

Open characterOpen character

CBM & Esym ( >> 0)The Science Mission of CBM (IMoU)

The primary mission of CBM is to study key questions of QCD in the region of moderate temperature and very region of moderate temperature and very high baryonic densitieshigh baryonic densities: - chiral symmetry restoration - nuclear equation of state - confinement CBM may contribute in clarifyingthe question of question of ““exoticaexotica” in ” in thetheneutronneutron-star core-star core

- deconfinement - quarkyonic matter - in-medium meson properties at high density - multi-strange hyperonic matter

Nuclear matter physics at SIS100

Nuclear equation-of-state: What are the properties and the degrees-of-freedom of nuclear matter at neutron star core densities?

Hadrons in dense matter: What are the in-medium properties of hadrons? Is chiral symmetry restored at very high baryon densities?

Strange matter: Does strange matter exist in the form of heavy multi-strange objects?

Heavy flavor physics: How ist charm produced at low beam energies, and how does it propagate in cold nuclear matter?

s

s

s

uud? Λ

Λ

Who ?European Science Foundation at present 30 member states

Who ?

1 Croatia

2 France

3 Germany

4 Italy

5 Poland

6 Romania

7 Spain

8 Sweden

9 United Kingdom

European Science Foundation at present 30 member states

Road map ?

Selection outcome – June 2010

Re-submission of Re-submission of full list of thefull list of the collaborating institutions and collaborating institutions and supporting agencies supporting agencies – mid October 2010

Launching CoSymE – January 2011

More info: - https://www.irb.hr/users/mkis/pdf/Cosyme.pdf - basrak@irb.hr

Esym related activities FOPI days in Split, May 2005 LAND Collaboration Meeting, 2006 Chimera-GSI Workshop, Dec. 2006 FOPI Collaboration Meeting, Apr. 2007 Asy-EOS Workshop, Catania, June 2008 R3B Collaboration Meeting, GSI, Apr. 2009 ESF Exploratory Workshop, Zagreb, Oct. 2009 Letter of Intent, spring 2008 Proposal for GSI PAC, spring, 2009 Submitted ESF RNP CoSymE, Oct. 2009

Asy-EOS 2 Workshop, Noto/Sicily, May 2010

Esy

m(ρ

B)

(MeV

)

ρB/ρ01 2 30

?

Esy

m(ρ

B)

(MeV

)

ρB/ρ01 2 30

?Equation of Equation of sstate of tate of

aasymmetricsymmetricicic nnuclear uclear mmatteratter aat supra-t supra-

saturation densitiessaturation densities

Equation of Equation of sstate of tate of aasymmetricsymmetricicic nnuclear uclear

mmatteratter aat supra-t supra-saturation densitiessaturation densities

CBM collaboration meetingApril 15, 2010, Darmstadt, Germany

Laboratory for nuclear physicsLaboratory for nuclear physics Division of Experimental Physics Division of Experimental Physics

R Ruđeruđer Bošković Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Institute, Zagreb,

CroatiaCroatia

Zoran Basrak

1950 – 2010

Thank you Thank you for your for your

attentionattention

Thank you Thank you for your for your

attentionattention