library.tee.grlibrary.tee.gr/digital/techr/1991/techr_1991_1_ekt_56.pdf · EPrALTHPIO...

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nHrH Carliene Brenner and Celik Kurdoglou Mastering Technology Engineering Service Firms in Developing Countries Paris 1988

59 TeXVIKO XPOVIKO ~----------------------------------

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52 H avamu~laKri OTPOTIlYIK~ IJlac ESF jJeTa~u OhAwv ouvMeTat a) Ile TO eupoe TWV napexollevwv unnpeOlwv TIe KOTnyopiee epywv nou avaAall3avel TO KAaOlKO neshyplexojJevo TWV epywv TTlV CPUOIl mv neAaTWV KAn (OTpamvlKri e~eloiKeuOTle Vs OTPOTIlYIK~ OlacpoposhynoinOIle) (3) lJe TOV emxelpnllaTlKO OTOXO Tile (eniTeu~1l IKaVOnOlllTlKWV OIKOVOIlIKWV Kat avamullaKWV anOTeAeshyOlJaTwv eml3iwoTl a~lonoinOIl TexvoAoVIKWV emTeUYjJOTwV Kat lKavoTrimv VIa TO OUVOAO TOU 0lliAou OTOV onoio avi]Kel 11 ESF) y) Ile TOV Tpono eKTeAeoTlC TWV epvaOlwv nou avaAalll3avel (auToiSUvallll eKTeAeoTl av08eoll oe unepshyyoM3oue ri oe eva OiKTUO e~wTeplKwv ouvepyaTwv npOOAIl4JTl e~elolKeulJevOu levou oUIJ3ouAou) H nOAlTlKri KaTOVOlJric TWV epyaOlwv exel emmwoele OTTl ouv8eoTl TO lleve80e Kat TIlV nOAlTlK~ npoowmshyKOU nou aKoAou8eiTOl 0) lJe TLe Ilopcpee ouvepyaoiae lJe oAAee emxelPrioelC npoKelllevou va au~rioel TTl iSUvOToTIlTa npoo3ashyo~e TTle OTnV oyopo va avo13a81lioel Tllv TexvoAoYlK~ Tile lKavOTIlTa Kat va anOKT~oel ejJnelpia OTnV eKTeAeon ouv8emv epywv (KOlvee emxelPlllJaTLKee npwTol3ouAiec Tunou joint venture ad hoc oushyvepyaoiee Yla TnV eKTeAeoTl evoe oUYKeKpllJeVOU epvou unepvoAal3iee ouvepyaoia jJe ~evouc avaMshyxoue KAn)

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61 Av Kat n el-melpia ana jJla oelpa avamuooollevee xwpee [14] anooelKvuel on 01 e~aywYIKec QuvashyTOmTee TOU KA600u napoxre ES eivOl apKeTo lleyoAee eVTOUTOIe TO lleye8oe me eowTeptKrie ayopae e~aKoAou8ei va anoTeAei olljJaVTLKO napoyovTa Yla TTlV avamu~Tl TWV ESFs altpou npoocpepel TnV apshy

63

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62 H olaXPovlKJi e~ehl~1l TOU lJeyeeoue Till enevOUTlKJiI opaOTllPIOTllTOe enllpea~el Til ~JiTllOll ES 11 onoia unoKelTat oe eupeiel oloKullavoele Kal anOTehei TllV mo euaioellTll napOlJeTpO oTllv e~ehl~ll Illal ESF

63 To Ileyeeoe Tile ~rTllOlle ES oe IJla avanruooollevll xwpa neptOpi~eTat ana Tllv emKparouoa npOTilJlloll OTllv avCeeoll epywv laquoIle TO Kheloi OTO xepIraquo H emhoyJi aUTJi ocpeiheTat oe opyaVWTlKel Kat TeXvohoYIKee Oouvalliel TWV xwpwv OUTWV KaeWI Kat OTllV eMellPll XPll~IQTOOOTlKWV nopwv nou euvoei laquonpoocpopee-naKeraraquo nou ouvooeuovral ano XPlllJarOOOTlKJi unooTTipl~ll

64 H anocpuyJi nXVIKWV Kat OIKOVOIlIKWV KlVOUVWV Kara TOV oxeOIOOllo Kat TllV uhonoilloll enevouTlshyKWV epywv 11 eniopaOll nou aOKei TO OVOIJO lJeyohwv ~evwv ovoooxwv OToul eyxwplOUe enevOUTel Kat 11 apXIKa IlIKPJi Ji avunapKTll aUTOTehre ellnelpia TWV eyxwpiwv ESFs -onWI anoTUnwveTOl oTOV Tuno TOV aplellO KOI TO Ileyeeoe TWV oUIl3aoewv nou eXouv emTuXWe eKTeheoel- anOTehouv TOUe KUPIOshyTepoul napayovTel nou eKTpenouv Til ~JiTllOll ES ano Tle eyxwplee ESFs Me aUTr TIlV evvoIa IJnoshypoulle va IJlhrooulJe Yla anoTuxia TWV IJllxavlolJwv Tile ayopae oe IJIO avanruooollevll OIKovollia va 0lllJloupynoouv TOUI opoue Kat TllV ovaouoll mv ESFs Kat Til oUYKPOTIlOll TOU aVTioToIXOU Khaoou

65 Tehoe 0 xapoKTJipol Till KpOTlKne nOhlTlKril KOI elOIKOTepa Till nOhlTlKnl KpaTlKWV npolllleelwv aOKei OllllaVTlKee emopooell enLTOXUVOVTae em3paouvovTae nlaquoKat avaOTehAOVToe Tllv ellcpav10ll KOI avanru~1l TWV ESFs 01 emopaoete aUTee ocpeihovral OTO poho IOU KPOTOUI we lJeyahou ayopOOTn 3101JIlxaVIKwv evepyelaKwv KOI aMwv epywv unOOOlJne 11 emTUxnc eKTeheoll TWV onoiwv anaLTei 011shyllaVTlKJi nooOTllTa ES ETOl Il e~ehl~ll TWV npaYllaTWv Kaeopi~eTal ano TOV Tuno Tile ayopaoTlKTie opaoTllPIOTIlTOe TOU KpaTOUe KOI yevlKoTepa ano TllV evepyo Ti nOellTlKr napouoia TOU oTllv avanrushy~laKn oloolKaoio LuvTiewl Il anocpuyr pioKWV (3aOlKo xapaKTIlPIoTlKO Till OlaOIKaoiae hi]4Jlll anocpashyoewv oTOUe ypocpelOKpaTlKOUI KpaTlKOUC IJllxaVloIJOue) oe OUVOUOOIlO Ile TllV e~aocpahIOll XPllllaroooshyTlKrie unooTTipI~1l1 Kat OllllaVTlKWV eyyunoewv Yla Tllv napaooOfl TWV epywv weouv Tle KpaTlKel unll peoiee KOI emxelPrioele va emheyouv OUIJ3aTlKa oxTillaTa TOU Tunou laquolJe TO Kheloi OTO Xeplraquo nou Kara Kavova oev neplhalJl36vouv Til OUlJlJeToxJi TWV eyxwpiwv ESFs OIJWI TO KpaIOe IJnopei va npoweTishyoel oTO nhaiolo IJIOI yevIKoTepll1 3loll11xavIKJiI nohlTlKTie Tllv unoKaraoraOfl eloaywywv oTOV TOlJea mv ES oe ouvouaolJo Ile Tllv ovonru~ll eyxwpiwv ESFs H nOhlTlKJi aUTn neplhOIJ3avel OUO aMllhoshyouvoeollevo oKehll acpevoc Tllv uIOeeTlloll oXllllaTWV lleplKOu 11 nhi]poue avoiYIlOTOe TOU eneVOUTlKOU KOI TexvOhOYIKOU naKeTOlJ TWV epywv KOI acpeTepou TllV avohll4Jll KpaTlKWV npwIO3ouhlwv Yla TllV ishyOPUoll eyxwpiwv ESFs

7 H tAAllvlKi) nepimwoll napouoiaOIl anoTtAeOlJelTWV ellnelpIKi)laquo tpeuvalaquo eo nopouOtaooulJe TWPO ra KuploTepo oUlJnepOOlJaTa npwToyevoue elJnelplKTiI epeuvae 11 onoia oleshy~Tixell OTO nAaiOto TOU epyaoTllpiou Ilae nPOKellJeVOU va Olepeuvrioel TO cpOlvOlJevO TWV eralpelwv engineering OTOV eMllvlKo xwpo H epeuva oVOcpepeTOI elolKoTepa OTll OlllJlOupyio OTllV avanru~ll OTllv onoTilJllOfl Kal OTflV npoonrlKn TPIWV ESFs Tfle METEK KOI Till ALnpOltlgtOL nou opaOTflPIonOlOUshyVTOl OTOV TOlJea TWV 3lOllflxavlWV olepyaOlwv Kat Tfle ETEKA nou KlveiTat oTOV TOlJea TOU llheKTpollflshyxavohoYIKOU e~OnhlOIJOu opuxeiwv Ol eTatpeiee aUTee lOpUeflKav Ile KpaTlKTi npwTo3ouhia OTle apshyxee Tfle oeKaeTial TOU 80 Kal Ta 3aOlKo xapaKTflPlOTlKa TOUI napouOlo~OvTat OTOV nivaKa 2

71 Lra Tehll Tfll oeKaeTiae TOU 70 11 eMflVlKn nepinrwofl OTOV TOllea Tfle napoxne unflpeOtwV enshygineering nou ouvMoVTal Ile TOV oxeolaolJo KOI TflV KaraoKeuTi napaywYIKwV OUOTlllJaTwv OTOUe TOshylJeie Till evepyelal KOI Till 310IJflxaviac npooolJoio~e neploooTepo lJe TnV npaYIJaTlKOTnra TWV avashynruooolJevwv xwpwv KOI lJahlora TWV hlyoTepo opaoTJiPlwv OTnV avanru~n eyxwpiwv IKOVorriTWV YlO TflV nopoxTi ES ETOI evw OTle oeKaeTiee TOU 60 KOI TOU 70 eKTehouvTOl OfllJaVTlKO eneVOUTlKa npoypallllaro nou neplAalJ3ovouv Tllv enavahall3avOlJeVIl KaraoKeuJi nopOllolWV 1l0VOOWV (hmaOlJaTOshy310IJnXaviee oraelloi napaywynl nheKTpIKrie evepyelOI ~axapoupyeia OIUhlOTTiPIO neTpehaiou Khn) KOI Ilohlora Kat ano cpopeil TOU Oflllooiou TOllea oev naparnpeiTOL KalJla aVTioTOIXn eyxwpla oUlllleToshyxli OTflv napoxTi ES nou acpopouv TllV napaywYIKJi olaolKooia H e~ehl~n aUTn ocpeiheTOl TOoO oTflV npoTillnOn TWV cpopewv-ayopOOTWV TOU IOlWTlKOU ahM OKOllll KOI TOU onlJooiou TOlJea va avaeeTOUV TllV npOlJrieela napaYWYlKWV oUoTflllOTWV KOI 1l0vaOWV Ile e~aipeOll Ta epya nOhlTlKOU ll11xaVIKOu oe

64

mvaKa~ 2 BaOlKo xapaKTIlPlOTlKO 3 fleyoAwv eTOIpelwv Engineering

METEK AInPOIDQI ETEKA

ETO~ lopua~~ 1983 1983 1983 (w~ llleu9uvon Epywv m~ IlYPKAA) 1986 (~ aUT6vo~n eTmpeio)

IOIOKmOlOKO KOaeoTw~ E~nopIK~ Tp6neo (80) Blo~nxovia $WOqlOPIKWV Atnao~OTWV (10) Nounnyeio EAeuoivoG (10)

Eivol ~iho~ TOU O~iAou eTOIpglWV TnG llEnlln~loup~6nKe ~ emlpeio jointmiddot venture TWV EMA (51) KOI Tn~ Fosler Wheeler Italiana (49) To 1987 TO EMA oneKmOOV TnV nAnpn KUplOmTO mv ~eTOXWV m~ euroTOlpeiO~

OpvavI0~6~ AVOOUYKp6m~~ Enlxelp~oewv (70) nvPKAA (30)

MOpqln Ave~OPTnm ESF Ave~apm~ ES F Ave~opmm ESF

To~io~ llPOOTTlPI6mTo~ BIO~nxavie~ lllepyoOlwv (CPLs) Blo~xovie~ lllepyoOlwv (CPLs) HheKTpo~nxovoAoYIK6~ e~onAlo~6~

Kuplo AVTKei~evo rewpVIKe~ IXn ~IKt~ MemMouPVIKeG Blo~nxavieG

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Ko~ia Me TO EMA APXIKO ~e TO ~nxovoupyeio Tr~ nYPKAA in~epa olaBtTel eva ~IKp6 epyooToOlO nopovwynG POOUAWV Talvloop6~wv

Mtveeo~

anaoxohnon uljJoG nwMocwv

230 aTo~o 905 euroK OPX TO 1989

300 ilTo~a 1203 eK oPX TO 1989

350 QTO~a 17370 eK OPX TO 1989

Entxelp~~aTiKn anoooon KepOQ(p6po~ ~iXPI TO 1988 Z~~ieuroG TO 1989

Kepooql6po~ Keplioqlopo~

lt-

KuplO ~eyaAa tpva npOVpo~IlQTIKr IU~qlwvia ~e

EMlln~60l0 Kat KmvoTp0qlultr (7-8 010 OPl) Lu~~eTOXn oro epyo m~ aAOLl~iva~ (109 010 OPX) Epyo MeTQAAOupyia~ Xpuoou TnG METBA (172 010 OPl) napox~ u~peolwv amv E6vIKn $ap~aKo~lO~nxavia (OUVOAIKO 26 010 oPX) Yn~peoie~ ~aOlKou oxeolao~ou

Yla rnv EKO 1lt0

EPva EMA (a QJil~ 1983-1987 57 010 OPl ~ qla~ 1987-1990 12 010 oPX) Epya EKO (a QlOOn 3010 oPX) Y~peurooie~ Project Management Kat

~8AiT8G Yla Aoyaplao~o m~ liEn-A Via mv npwm Qloo~ TOU epyou eloayw~~ TOU qlUOIKOU aepiou (1988-1992)

npoypa~~anKt~ I u~QlwvieG ~e - llEH Via e~onAlollo mv

AlYVITwpuxeiwv (57 010 oPX) OrA (4010 OPX) llEYAP Via QlOAIKO mipKo (340 eK 0PX)

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E~apmOll ano epya TOU ll~llooiou noAU ~eyaA~ nOAU ~evilhn nOAU ~eVOAn

nHrH Ene~epya()ia OTOlXeilV TWV eTmjlitdV

65 TeXVIKQ XpOVIKQ

avaMxout ltqle TO KAelltSi OTO xepLraquo 600 KOL OTllV anoTuxia Tilt eYXWpLat ayopOt va orUIloupyl)oeL TllV KOToMllAll npoocpopo TeTOLWV unllpeoLwv

72 ITllv nepiooo 1979-1981 OL npol3Alll1aTLol1oi nou avamuooovTOL OTOV xwpo TOU TexvLKou KOL emshyOTlll10VLKOU K00l10U aMo Kat l1eTQ~U OTeAexwv TOU 01l1100iou TOl1ea KOL Tilt eMllvLKI)t I3L0I111XOvialt ashynOKpuoraMwvOVTOL oe OUYKeKpll1eVet el1neLpLKelt l1eMTet KOL npOTooellt OxeTLKO l1e TO OVOLYl1a TOU TeXVOAOYIKOU nOKeTOU TWV l1eYOAWV evepyelaKwv Kat I3L0I111xaVlKWV epywv Kat TllV iopUOll eyxwpiwv EshySFs [16]

73 H 01l1110Upyio TO 1983 l1e KPOTLKI) npwTol3ouAio TWV TPlWV ESFs npoVllOTonOleiTOL l1e K08uoTepllshy011 TOUAOXIOTOV 111alt ewt TPlWV oeKoEnwv TOOO OE oUYKPIOll I1E TO oeOOl1eVO Tlllt ~UTLKI)lt EupWnllt [17] onou 01 oVTioTOIXElt ETOLpeiet 01l1110UpyI)811Kov KOL ovanTlJx811KOV OTLlt oeKoeTielt TOU 50 KOL TOU 60 000 KOL l1e TO oeOOl1eva TWV avamUOOOl1eVWV XwpWV TOU TpiTOU K00I10U onou onwt npOKumEL ana HI 0XETLKI) el1neLpIKI) epEUVO TOU OOIA [18]11 oeKaeTio TOU 70 onoTeAEi Tllv nepiooo Tlllt mo poshyyoaiat Ofll110upyialt vewv ESFs 0 eTepoXPOVL0I10lt aUTolt oUl1nimeL I1E ool3opet KOL OxeTlKO l3iolet oMayet OTllv nOYK00l110 OOl1ri TOU KAOOOU 01 aMayelt aUTelt oxeTi~ovTOL l1e a) 1110 nepiooo 10XVWV oyeMowv OTllv KOTOOKEul) l1eYOAWV epywv (mega projects) OTll ~I)Tllol1 TWV 0shynoiwv eiXE npooOPl100TEi 11 00111) KOL 11 ovomul11 TWV ESFs H e~eAIl11 OUTI) ocpeiAETOL Kupiwlt OTI1 130shypelo unEPxpewol1 TWV ovamuoool1evwv xwpwv KOL OTI1V wpil1aVOll TWV l3aOlKwv I3I0I111XOVIWV TWV avashymUYl1evwv xwpwv EivOL XOPOKTI1PIOTLKO on OTI1V nEpiooo 1982-1985 [19] 11 ~I)T11011 ES nou KOTeu8ushyveTOL OTIlt I1EYOAElt ESFs onwlt 11 Bechtel 11 Fluor 11 Davy KO enEoe OTO 40-50 TI1lt oVTioTOIXI1lt TOU 1981 oEK60Elt XlAI60Elt e~eIOIKEUl1eVOI I1l1xovIKoi onoAu811KOV ana I1EAETI1TLKO ypocpeio OTI1 BoshyPEIO Al1epLKlj KOL Til ~unKI) Eupwnll KOL TO nepL8wpLO Kepooult neplopi~oVTOL OP0l10TLKO K08wlt 01 eTOLshypEiet ovraywvi~ovTOL OKAllPO Yla TI1V OVOAl14J11 nopoyyeAIWv 13) ool3apelt oMoyelt OTI1 OIOoLKooia eKTcAeOI1t TWV epyaOlwv TWV ESFs Myw TWV eleAi~ewv OTTlV nil1shyPOCPOPIKI) (elooywyl) npoowmKWv I1IKpounoioYloTWv KOL OUOTTll10TWV CAD)

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67

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BIPAloypO(f)io

1 Brenner C and Kurdoglu C Mastering Technology Engineering Services Firms in Developing Countries OECD Development Centre Paris 1988 p 10

2 rKeKoC Abull laquoTexvoAoY1Ka naKtra OTI1 Xlll-IlKn 13101-111xavia Kat TponOI aVTll-leTWmO~e TOUeraquo npaKnKa l1~l1epl1e IuvavTI1011e Yla TI1 MeTOcpopo TexvoAoyiae TeXVIKO XpOVIKa T 4-6 A8riva 1984

3 Roberts J Engineering Consultancy Industrialization and Development in Science Techshynology and Development Cooper Ch (ed) Frank Cass London 1973 p 39

4 Brenner op cit p 11

5 Brenner ibid Chs 123

6 Barna T Process Plant Contracting A Competitive New European Industry in Europes Inshydustries Public and Private Strategies for Change Shepherd G Duchene F Saunders C (ed) Frances Pinter London p 180 1983

68 TeXVIKO XPOVIKO EKTQKTT] EKOOOT]

7 Mapivot-Kouprt 1 laquo AVOIVI1a naKeTou TexvoAoyiatraquo npaKTlKa IlrlllepTlt IuVaVTTloTlt Yla TTl Meshyracpopa TexvoAoyiat TexvlKa XpovlKa T 4-6 A6rva 1984


9 Barna op cit p 175


11 Barna op cit pp 169-170


13 Brenner ibid pp 1325

14 Brenner ibid pp 52-54

15 Stigler G The Division of Labour Is Limited by the Extent of the Market Journal of Political Economy LlX NO3 (June 1951) pp 185-194

16 BA ~era~u aMwv a) EE TexvoAoyiat XTl~IKrt Blo~l1xaviat Kat EE Ecpap~oo~evl1t Epeuvat Xl1~IKrt Ml1xavIKrt TEE laquoAvaYKl1 Kal l5uVarOTl1Tet avamu~l1t Xl1~IKrt TexvoAoyiat OTl1V EAAaOaraquo npaKTlKa Iuveopiou TEE H avamu~l1 OTl1V EAAaOa T A A6rva 25-29 Mafou 1981 Kat a) BaiToot K IO~IQl5l1t A KaAoyrpou rlav Mapivot-Kouprt 1 Kal narepat M laquoH evioxuol1 Tl1t eMl1VIKrt 1310shy

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19 Rodger I Lean years for the mega-projects The Financial Times 14021985


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57

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14 revlKoT8pa 01 iSpaOTTlPIOTTlTE~ OTOV Xwpo TWV UnTlP80lWV engineering nEpIAalll3ovouv oUIlqgtwva 118 TOV KAaOlKo OPLOIlO TOU Roberts laquo8Va OUVOAO 1l88oiSwv KOl opyaVWTtKWV iSOIlWV 01 onoi8~ 8ntTptshynouv TTl oUYKtVTPWoTl TWV oX8TtKWV 8mOTTlIlOVIKWV T8XVlKWV KOI OIKOVOlllKWV YVW08WV KOI TTl J8TashyTponri TOU~ OE OXtiSlO KOl oiSTlyi8~ Yla TllV KOlaoKeuri 8~8IiSIK8UIJ8VWV (OTllv n8pimwori 1J0~ 13101l11xavIshyKWV Kat 8V8PY810KWV) tpywvraquo [3]

15 01 T8XVOAOYlKt~ YVWOEI~ 81Jqgtovi2ovTal OTTlV ayopo laquo8VOWIJOTWlJtv8~raquo (embodied) OE oMa napashyYWYIKO oya80 (IJTlxovrillOla KOI T8XVIKO~ E~OnAIollo~ 0rOKATlPWlJtv8~ napoywYIKt~ 1J0voiSE~) riKat laquoIJTl EVOWIJOTWlJtVE~raquo (disembodied) H laquoIJTl EVoWIJOTWIJ8VTlraquo T8XvoAoyia tXE1 TTl 1J0pqgtil 0) 0X8iSiwv ri lJa8TlIJOTlKWV Tunwv Kat unoiSElYIJOTWV nou XPTlOlIJOnOlOuVTOI YlO TOV oX8iSlOOIJO nopaywshyYlKWV iSpaOTTlPloTriTWv 13) nOKtTwv npoYPOlJlJOTWV HY (software) Kat y) 8moTTlIJOVlKWV Kal TEXVIKWV YVW08WV nou KOltXOUV 01 IJTlXOVIKOi KOl 01 oMol TEXVlKOi 01 unTlP80i8~ engineering nepIAaIJ130vouv TO OUVOAO TWV laquoIlTl eVoWIJOlWlJtvWVraquo Eaopowv oe 8va tpyo ana TTl OUAAlllVTl TTl~ 8n8ViSuTlKn~ IMae (conceptualization) tw~ TO ~8KivTllla Tile A8lTOupyia~ KOI Tllv opyCtvWOTl TTle napaYWYIKre 1J0voiSo~

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2 Ta paOIKCt xapaKTI1PIOTlKCt TWV ESFs Kalil OUIJPoAfI TOUe OTI1V avitnTu~11 nxvoAoYIKWV IKavoT~TwV [5] 21 01 ESFs iS8V txouv avoYKll Ollll0VTlKC)V noyiwv neplouolOKWV oTOIxeiwv npoKelTat YIO emxelPrishyoel~ eVTooeWe 8~eliSIKeuIlBVlle epyooio~ Kat W~ eK TOUTOU onoTehouv xwpoue oUYKBVTpWOlle Kat ovashy13081110lle iSloonopTOU tllneipou T8XVlKOU iSuvalllKOU Kat ovoiSel~lle V80U 0eWPllTtKO 01 ESFs IInopOUv va iSl1~IlOUPYll80uv oe onOloorinoTs nepll3oMov aqgtou Tl OUYKPOTlloi] TOUe anami av8pwmvo OUV0l-llKO KOI 1111 SVoWIlOTWjt8Vll T8Xvohoyia

58


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