EPITHELIAL PATHOLOGY FROM A TO Z : What Every Clinician...

151
EPITHELIAL PATHOLOGY FROM A TO Z and Systemic Considerations: What Every Clinician Should Know Theresa Sullivan Gonzales, DMD, MS Colonel, United States Army Director, Orofacial Pain Management Tripler Army Medical Center Honolulu, Hawaii 96859 Diplomate, Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology

Transcript of EPITHELIAL PATHOLOGY FROM A TO Z : What Every Clinician...

EPITHELIAL PATHOLOGY

FROM A TO Z and Systemic

Considerations What Every

Clinician Should Know

Theresa Sullivan Gonzales DMD MS

Colonel United States Army

Director Orofacial Pain Management

Tripler Army Medical Center

Honolulu Hawaii 96859

Diplomate Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology

The 15 Most Common Oral Pathoses(Based on examination of 23616 US adults excludes caries amp periodontitis)

References Bouquot JE J Am Dent Assoc 1986 11250-57 wwworalpathcom

Diagnosis Rank

Number of Lesions per 1000 Adults

Males Females Both

Leukoplakia 1 425 131 237

Torus palatinus 2 132 217 187

Irritation fibroma 3 130 114 119

Fordyce granules 4 177 52 97

Torus mandibularis 5 96 79 85

Leaf-shaped fibroma (under denture) 6 04 129 67

Hemangioma 7 84 41 56

Inflammatory ulcer 8 54 51 52

Inflammatory erythema 9 45 48 47

Papilloma 10 53 42 46

Epulis fissuratum 11 34 44 40

Lingual varicosities 12 35 34 35

Fissured tongue 13 35 31 33

Geographic tongue 14 34 30 31

Papillary hyperplasia of palate 15 17 38 30

Differential DX

Deferential DX

Differential Diagnosis

M ndash Metabolic

I ndash Inflammatory

N ndash Neoplastic

D - Developmental

Developmental

Odontogenic

Mucosal

TeethPulpalPerio

Others

Infections

AllergyImmunologic

Bone

Heme DermatologicManifes of

Systemic Dis

Physical

ChemicalForensics

Salivary

Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology

Categories

Clefts

Fordyce Granules

Fissured Tongue

Hairy Tongue

Tori

Dentigerous Cyst

OKCKOT

COC

Odontoma

Ameloblastoma

AOT

CEOT

Myxoma

ErosionAbfractionAbrasion

Amelogenesis Imperfecta

Dentinogenesis Imperfecta

GeminationFusion

PulpalPeriapical Dis

Periodontal Dis

Osteogenesis Imp

Cleidocranial Dysplasia

Pagetrsquos Disease

CGCG

BFOL

Osteoma

Osteosarcoma

Chondrosarcoma

Ewingrsquos Sarcoma

Rec Apthous Stomatitis

Sarcoidosis

Wegnerrsquos Granulomatosis

Angioedema

Contact StomatitisLichen Planus Pemphigus

Pemphigoid Erythema Multiforme

Erythema Migrans Lupus

Ectodermal Dysplasia Cowden Syndrome

Developmental

Odontogenic

Mucosal

Teethpulpal perio

Others

Infections

AllergyImmunologic

Bone

Heme DermatologicManifes of

Systemic Dis

Physical

ChemicalForensics

Salivary

Oromaxillofacial Pathology

Categories

Amyloidosis Vitamin Deficiency

Diabetes Hyperparathyroidism

Inborn Errors of Metabolism Addisonrsquos Disease

Crohnrsquos Disease Iron Def Anemia

Oral Mucosal

Lesions

Epithelial Soft Tissue

Neoplastic Reactive Reactive Neoplastic

Benign

Malignant

Benign Malignant

Papillary

Verruciform

Pigmented

Leurkoplakia

Erythroplakia

SCC

Verrucous C

Spindle Cell C

Basaloid SCC

Adenosquamos

BCC

Nasopharyngeal

Carc of Max Sin

Merkel Cell

Melanoma

Ephelis

Actinic Lentigo

Melasma

Oral Melanotic Macule

Melanoacanthoma

Smokerrsquos Melanosis

Nevi

Fibroma

3 Prsquos

Epulis Fissuratum

IPH

Oral Mucosal

Lesions

Epithelial Soft Tissue

Neoplastic Reactive Reactive Neoplastic

Benign

Malignant

Benign Malignant

Pre-malignant

SDK

Oral Submuc Fibrosis

Nicotine Stomatitis

Solar Keratosis

Actinic Cheilitis

Keratoacanthoma

PVL

Epithelial Dysplasia

Frictional Hyperkeratosis

Linea Alba

Morsicatio Buccarum

Morsicatio Linguarum

Cotton Roll Burn

Aspirin Burn

Radiation Mucositis

Sanguinaria-ass keratosis

Pyrophosphate-ass keratosis

Hyperplastic Candidiasis

Infectious

Physical

Chemical

Leukoplakia

Diagnosis ndash ldquothrough knowledgerdquo

hellipA solid knowledge of the basic principles of

the various disease processes is essential for

obtaining a good history As Goethe stated

The eyes see what the mind knows

Consider

Anatomical Location

Biological Plausibility

Patient History

Taking the patients history is traditionally

the first step in virtually every clinical

encounter

Other than that Mrs Lincoln how was the play

Prescription Drug Information for Consumers amp Professionals

Popular

Searches

Viagra

Cialis

Levitra

Lipitor

Zoloft

Hair Transplant

Health

Insurance

Healthy Diet

Lose Weight

Pain Relief

Multiplicity of Presentation

Systemic Disease

Syndromic Presentation

A

Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis

ldquoaphthous ulcerationsrdquo

ldquocanker soresrdquo

Prevalence in the general population 5

to 66 with a mean of 20

Mucosal destruction ndash T-cell mediated

immunologic reaction

Etiologic Factors

Allergies

Genetic predisposition

Nutritional deficiencies ndash B12 B6 Fe ++

Hematological abnormalities

Hormonal influences

Infectious agents

Trauma

Stress

Four

Principal Categories

Primary immunodysregulation

Decrease of the mucosal barrier

Increase in antigenic exposure

Genetic predisposition HLA-12 HLA

- B51 and Cw7

Systemic Disorders Associated with

Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis

Behcetrsquos syndrome

Celiac disease

Cyclic neutropenia

Nutritional deficiencies

IgA deficiency

Immunoincompetence

Inflammatory bowel disease

Three Clinical Variations

Minor

Major ndash Suttonrsquos disease or PMNR

(periadenitis mucosa necrotica

recurrens)

Herpetiform

Minor Aphthous Ulcerations

Non-keratinized mucosa

Prodromal symptoms ndash burning itching

stinging

Erythematous macule ndash fibrinopurulent

membrane with a erythematous halo

except in immunocompromised

Major Aphthous Ulcerations

Larger - 1 to 3 cm

Deeper

Clinically persistent

Develop post pubertal

Recurrences for up to 20 years or more

Herpetiform Aphthous

Ulcerations

Greatest number of lesions

Increased frequency of occurrence

Superficial resemblance to herpes

simplex viral infection

Any mucosal surface may be involved

Behcetrsquos Syndrome

ldquothe silk routerdquo

Behcetrsquos Syndrome

1937 ndash Turkish dermatologist ndashHulusi

Behcet described this condition

Ocular Inflammation

Orogenital Inflammation

Multisystem Disorder

Behcetrsquos Disease

Highest Prevalence ndash Middle East and

Japan

Oral Involvement ndash primary

manifestation in 25 to 75 of the

cases

All three forms of aphthous stomatitis

may be seen

Behcetrsquos Disease

Genital lesions are clinically similar to

oral lesions

75 of the patients demonstrate the

genital lesions

Genital lesions are generally more

symptomatic in males

Behcetrsquos Disease

Criteria for the Diagnosis of Behcetrsquos

Disease (International Study Group)

Recurrent oral ulceration

Plus two of the following

Recurrent genital ulcerations

Eye lesions ndashanteriorposterior uveitis

Skin lesions

+ pathergy ndash read by 24-48 hours

Behcetrsquos Disease

Treament

Topical or intralesional corticosteriods

Oral colchicine

Thalidomide

Low-dose methotrexate

Systemic corticosteriods

Cyclosporine

Interferon alpha2A

Treatment

Triamcinolone 01 in Orabase (Kenalog

in Orabase) Apply to dried ulcer two to

four times daily until healed

Randomized controlled studies show decreased

pain

Dexamethasone elixir 05 mg per 5 ml

Swish and spit with 5 mL every 6 hours

As above

B

Burning Mouth Syndrome

About 13 million American adults mostly

postmenopausal women are afflicted with

Burning Mouth Syndrome a chronic often

debilitating condition whose cause remains a

medical mystery

Burning Mouth Syndrome

The main symptom of burning mouth

syndrome is a burning sensation involving the

tongue lips gums palate throat or

widespread areas of the whole mouth People

with the syndrome may describe the sensation

in the affected areas as hot or scalded as if

they had been burned with a hot liquid

Burning Mouth Syndrome

Dry mouth

Sore mouth

A tingling or numb sensation in your mouth

or on the tip of your tongue

A bitter or metallic taste

Causes

Dry mouth (xerostomia)

Nutritional deficiencies

Allergies

Psychological factors

Nerve disturbance or damage

(neuropathy)

Treatments

Potentially efficacious medicines include

tricyclic antidepressants (like amitriptyline -brand name Elavil)

benzodiazepines (like clonazepam - brand name Klonopin or

chlordiazepoxide brand name - Librium)

even anticonvulsants have proven effective in some cases

BMS Treatment

Tricyclic antidepressants

Amitriptyline (Elavil)10 to 150 mg per day

10 mg at bedtime increase dosage by 10 mg

every 4 to 7 days until oral burning is relieved

or side effects occur

BMS Treatment

Benzodiazepines

Clonazepam (Klonopin)025 to 2 mg per

day025 mg at bedtime increase dosage by

025 mg every 4 to 7 days until oral burning is

relieved or side effects occur as dosage

increases medication is taken as full dose or

in three divided doses

BMS Treatment

Anticonvulsants

Gabapentin (Neurontin) 300 to 1600 mg per

day100 mg at bedtime increase dosage by

100 mg every 4 to 7 days until oral burning is

relieved or side effects occur as dosage

increases medication is taken in three divided

doses

C

Candidiasis

Oral thrush and other Candida infections

occur when your immune system is

weakened by disease or drugs such as

prednisone or when antibiotics disturb the

natural balance of microorganisms in the

body

Predisposing factors for infection

Infancy or old age

Serious underlying disease such as cancer or infection with HIV

Dry mouth due to disease of the salivary glands or medications eg antihistamines diuretics

Dentures (especially if they are not regularly cleaned or fit badly)

Predisposing factors for infection

Smoking

Injury to the mouth

Nutritional deficiency eg iron ampor B-vitamin deficiency

Inhaled corticosteroids used to treat asthma eg beclometasone budesonide fluticasone Drink water after inhalation to reduce this complication

Clinical features

Acute pseudomembranous candidiasis There are

white patches on gums tongue amp inside the mouth

that can be peeled off leaving a raw area

Acute atrophic candidiasis There are smooth red

shiny patches on the tongue The mouth is very sore

Chronic atrophic candidiasis This is common in

those with dentures The underlying mucosa is red

and swollen

Clinical features

Angular cheilitis There are sore red splits at each side of the mouth more likely if there is overhang of the upper lip over the lower lip causing a moist deep furrow Angular cheilitis due to candida andor Staphylococcus aureus arises frequently in those taking the medication isotretinoin for acne this medication dries the lips

Chronic hyperplastic candidiasis This is a type of oral leukoplakia (white patch) inside the cheeks or on the tongue with persistent nodules or lumps It usually affects smokers and is pre-malignant Red patches (erythroplakia) as well as white patches may indicate malignant change

Clinical features

Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis presents

as a chronic pseudomembranous infection

The skin and nails are also affected

Median rhomboid glossitis - there is diamond-

shaped inflammation at the back of the

tongue

Severe infections may extend down the throat

(esophageal infection)

Rationale for Treatment Topical vs

Systemic Drugs

Topical antifungals are usually the drug of

choice for uncomplicated localized

candidiasis in patients with normal immune

function

Systemic antifungals are usually indicated in

cases of disseminated disease andor in

immunocompromised patients

Suggested Medications for the

Treatment of Candidiasis

Rx

Clotrimazole troches 10 mg

Disp 70 troches

Sig Let 1 troche dissolve in mouth 5 times

per day for 14 days Do not chew NPO 12

hour

Suggested Systemic Medications for

the Treatment of Candidiasis Rx

Ketoconazole tablets 200 mgDisp 14 tabletsSig Take 1 tab qd with a meal or orange juice for 14 days

RxFluconazole tablets 100 mgDisp 15 tabletsSig Take 2 tablets stat then 1 tablet qd for 14 days

RxItraconazole tablets 100 mgDisp 28 tabletsSig Take 1 tablet bid with a meal or orange juice for 14 days

CA

Head and Neck Cancer

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Intraoral Melanoma

Lymphoma

Intraoral Melanoma

The five year survival rate for oral melanoma

is less than 20 as compared to 75 for

Cutaneous melanomas The average time of

first local recurrence for oral melanoma is less

than one year and metastatic disease is usually

diagnosed within three months of the

recurrence The average survival rate after

metastasis is typically less than 6 months

Extranodal Lymphoma

Extranodal lymphomas usually develop as a

rapidly growing mass of the palate or

posterior tongue (area of Waldeyerrsquos ring)

Pain may or may not be a presenting sign

Clinically the lesion may present as an

erythematous mass with a boggy consistency

The average survival rate for AIDS patients

with an intraoral lymphoma is eight months

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Second primary ndash field cancerization

Incidence amp Mortality HampN Ca

41000 new cases annually

13000 affected will die of disease

Rates constant over last 20yrs

lt 5 of neoplasias US

Highest incidence southeastern amp south-

central Asia

Disease in Women

Prior to 1940 malefemale ratio - 101

1980s ratio 31

Reason tobacco use among women in early

decades of the century

Habits have stabilized ndash malefemale

incidence normalized

Tobacco Use

1956 Wynder et al HampN Ca 10-fold

increase among smokers

Most studies 5-fold to 25-fold increase

intensity and duration of tobacco

consumption

80-90 of HampN Ca patients use tobacco

Alcohol

Odds ratio increases 3- to 15-fold for HampN

Ca after adjusting for tobacco use with

consumption of alcohol

Multiplicative effect with tobacco and

alcohol

Location of cancer ndash oral

pharyngeal(topical mechanism)

Alcohol

Promotional effects independent of

initiation

-prostaglandin synthesis lipid peroxidation

free radical oxygen enhance cell turnover

Enhances cell permeability

Defective repair mechanisms

Depressed immunity

Dz

RISK FACTORS (RF)

1 RF

2 RF

3 RF

4 RF

The concept of

TUMOR

local

regional

systemic

local T

N

M

INFECTION PAIN

INFECTION NEOPLASM

CERVICAL LYMPH NODE ENLARGEMENT

bullbacterial

bullviral (local systemic)

bullfungal

bullpostinfect fibrosed node

bulllt 40 yrs lymphoma

bullgt 40 yrs metastatic SCC

OTHERS

bullleukemia

bullconnective tissue diseases (eg lupus)

bullsarcoidosis

Importance of early diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma

60

stage III amp IV

23 recurrence lt 2 yrs

lt 13 survive 3 yrs

40

stage I amp II

80-90 cure

Second primary tumor in successfully treated patients within 5-7

years up to 40 Follow-up important

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Mortality (8000) deaths per year

Mortality by Site

Tongue 432

Salivary 130

Floor of mouth 950

Lip 24

Other 319

Premalignant Lesions

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Erythroplasia

Carcinoma in situ

Verrucous Leukoplakia

Tobacco patch keratosis

Actinic cheilosis

Mouth wash (Viadent) dysplasia

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Defined as a red patch that can not be

clinically or pathologically diagnosed as any

other condition

Almost all erythroleukoplakia demonstrate

dysplasia or CIS

Etiology is similar to oral SCC

May occur in conjunction with leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Risk of malignant transformation in

erythroleukoplakia about 4x greater than

homogenous leukoplakia

Predominately disease of older men with peak

prevalence of 65 to 74 years

Floor of mouth tongue and soft palate are

most common sites of involvement

Erythroplakia

The Management of Head and

Neck Cancer

Major advances

Conservative or partial resections

Micro vascular free-tissue transfer in

reconstruction

Better definition of the roles of chemotherapy

and radiotherapy

Despite these advances the treatment of loco

regional recurrence remains a major challenge

success rates for salvage therapy are poor

Treatment

Surgery

Radiotherapy

Chemotherapy

Immunotherapy

at present the role of immunotherapy remains investigational

Chemotherapy

Several randomized and non-randomized trial have evaluated chemotherapy for the treatment of head and neck cancer

Various agents have been shown to produce a response

No agents either alone or in combination have demonstrated an improvement in survival

cisplatin and 5 - FU

Uses

Inoperable tumors

Salvage therapy for recurrent tumors

Treatment

The main treatment modalities for head and neck

cancer remain surgery and radiotherapy

Patient factors that merit consideration

Impact on the quality of life

Medical condition ndash ldquoco - morbiditiesrdquo

Patient preference

Treatment cost and convenience

Compliance

Treatment

Early stage disease (stage I and II) can be treated with either surgery or radiotherapy with equivalent control rates

Small lesions of the oral cavity wide local excision is preferred over radiotherapy

Radiotherapy can be delivered to a site generally only once

Reserve this modality for less operable lesions

Treatment Combined Modality

Surgery and RadiotherapyIndications for post operative radiotherapy

Primary Tumor

Advance T stage

High histologic grade

Positive surgical resection margins

Lymphatic permeation

Vascular invasion

Perineural spread

Radiotherapy

Daily dose of 180 cGy to 200 cGy

5000 cGy over a five week period

T1 ndash 6000 to 6600 cGy

T2 - 6600 to 7000 cGy

T3T4 - gt 7000 cGy

ldquoshrinking field techniquerdquo

hyperfractionation technique 200 cGy per day for 25 days followed by 400 cGy per day for 5 days

D

Desquamative gingivitis is a clinical term to describe red painful glazed and friable gingivae which may be a manifestation of some mucocutaneous conditions such as lichen planus or the vesiculobullous disorders

Clinical features of desquamative

gingivitis

Fiery red friable gingiva

Painful desquamates easily

Buccal aspect of anterior attached gingiva

affected

Marginal gingiva spared

Not significantly improved by oral hygiene

measures alone

Differential Diagnosis Erosive Lichen Planus

Immune-mediated blistering diseases

Intra-epithelial

Pemphigus

Subepithelial

Pemphigoid

Linear IgA disease

Dermatitis herpetiformis

Epidermolysis bullosa

Erythema multiforme

Treatment Topical Corticosteroids Recurrent aphthous ulcers

bull Oral manifestations of Behccedilets disease Reiters syndrome acute

vulvar ulcer MAGIC syndrome PFAPA syndrome ulcerative colitis

Crohns disease Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome Sweets

syndrome among others

bull Drug-induced ulcerations mediated by an immune mechanism

bull Lichen planus

bull Cicatricial pemphigoid

bull Mucous membrane pemphigoid

bull Bullous pemphigoid

bull Erythema multiforme

bull Linear IgA dermatosis

bull Pemphigus vulgaris

Topicals Temovate cream 005 Clobetasol propionate

Halog cream 01 Halcinonide

Lidex cream 005 Fluocinonide

Topicort cream 025 Desoximethasone

Lidex gel 005 Fluocinonide

Aristocort cream H-P 05 Triamcinolone acetinode

Diprosone cream 005 Betamethasone dipropionate

Florone cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Maxiflor cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Synalar cream H-P 02 Fluocinolone acetonide

Topicals Tropicort-LP cream 005 Desoxymethasone

Benisone cream 0025 Betamethasone benzoate

Cordran cream 0025 Flurandenolide

Kenalog cream 01 Triamcinolone acetonide

Locoid cream 01 Hydrocortisone butyrate

Synalar cream 0025 Fluocinolone acetonide

Valisone cream 01 Betamethasone valerate

Tridesilon cream 005 Desonide

Locorten cream 003 Flumetasone pivalate

1 Hydrocortisone

Topical Corticosteroids

Used to treat oral lesions

Clobetasol (Temovate) -- Suppresses mitosis and increases synthesis of proteins that decrease inflammation and cause vasoconstriction Class I superpotent topical steroid useful in treating oral lesions Topical corticosteroids commonly are used intraorally for oral manifestations of autoimmune blistering skin diseases Since these diseases are chronic inflammatory in nature topical corticosteroids are very useful as an adjunct treatment Patients with disease confined to the gingiva should see a dentist to have a custom-made soft tray to carry the medication

H

How does herpes simplex develop

overexposure to sunlight

overexposure to wind

colds influenza and similar infections

heavy alcohol use

fever from any cause

the menstrual period

physical stress

emotional stress

Symptoms

Primary (Initial) HSV I Fever

Adenopathy

Ulcers deep in mouth

Secondary (Later) HSV I (Recurrent labial lesions) Fever Blisters form on outer vermillion border

Cold Sores form on inner lip Initial Vesicle

Next Crust

Last Healing in 10-14 days

Differential Diagnosis

Differs from Aphthous Ulcers in that

Found on keratinized (bound-down) intraoral

mucosa

Vesicles rupture into coalescing ulcers

HSV lesions are anterior compared with

Herpangina

Hand Foot and Mouth Disease

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Oral acyclovir (Zovirax) or the recently

developed drugs valacyclovir (Valtrex) or

famciclovir (Famvir) lessen the symptoms

and frequency of fever blister recurrences for

some patients These drugs prevent HSV from

multiplying and are effective when taken in

pill form prior to an outbreak of the virus

Systemic Antivirals

Acyclovir

Dose 15 mgkg (max 200 mg) PO 5xday for 7 days

Shortens first HSV infection by 6 days in children

Famciclovir

Shortens healing time by 2 days in UV-induced cases

Spruance (1999) J Infect Dis 179303-10

Valacyclovir (FDA approved for age 12 and older)

Adult dose 2 g PO bid for one day

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Topical antiviral creams containing acyclovir

(Zovirax) or penciclovir (Denavir) may also

help in limiting the extent or duration of

lesions if applied promptly to affected areas

Topical Treatments

Penciclovir (Denavir) heals HSV-1 sores on average about half a day faster than without treatment stops viral shedding and reduces the duration of the pain Ideally the patient should apply the cream within the first hour of symptoms although benefits have also been noted with later application It is continued for four consecutive days and should be reapplied every two hours while awake

Docosanol cream (Abreva) is an over-the-counter agent for oral-facial herpes It helps resist infection by inhibiting the ability of the virus to become fully active after it has attached itself to the host cell It is applied five times a day beginning at the first sign of tingling or pain Studies have been mixed on it benefits

Topical Treatments

Acyclovir cream (Zovirax) has been approved It may speed healing of oral herpes lesions and lessen the duration of pain particularly if it is applied early on (at the first sign of pain or tingling)

Lidex is a gel that contains a fluocinonide as corticosteroid Corticosteroids commonly called steroids are anti-inflammatory agents and not ordinarily used for herpes Some evidence suggests it may be effective in combination with oral famciclovir

Topical Treatments

Over-the-counter topical anesthetics may provide

modest relief They include Anbesol gel Blistex lip

ointment Campho-phenique Herpecin-L

Viractin and Zilactin In one study Viractin

reduced the duration of the attack compared to

placebo by two days It also relieved itching but had

little effect on other symptoms In general however

few studies have been conducted on any of these

products

X

Xerostomia

Xerostomia is not a disease but can be a symptom

of certain diseases It can produce serious

negative effects on the patients quality of life

affecting dietary habits nutritional status

speech taste tolerance to dental prosthesis and

increases susceptibility to dental caries The

increase in dental caries can be devastating in

many patients and therefore special care must be

made to control this condition

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Medications - Several hundred current medications

can cause xerostomia antihypertensives

antidepressants analgesics tranquilizers diuretics

and antihistamines c

-Cancer Therapy - Chemotherapeutic drugs can

change the flow and composition of the saliva

Radiation treatment that is focused on or near the

salivary gland can temporarily or permanently

damage the salivary glands

-Sjogrens syndrome - An autoimmune disease causes

xerostomia and dry eyes

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Other conditions -such as bone marrow transplants endocrine disorders stress anxiety depression and nutritional deficiencies may cause xerostomia

-Nerve Damage - Trauma to the head and neck area from surgery or wounds can damage the nerves that supply sensation to the mouth While the salivary glands may be left intact they cannot function normally without the nerves that signal them to produce saliva

Treatment

Identify the xerostomic condition and the

cause Some of the causes may be

ameliorated and this will aid therapy But

in many situations it will be difficult to

eliminate the causes Thus it will be

necessary for the Dentist to control the

results of xerostomia This is especially

true about the increase in dental caries

Treatment -pilocarpine (Salagen) 5mg qid prescription required

-special food preparation - blended and moist foods are easier to swallow

artificial saliva (available over-the-counter)

-sipping plain water is usually preferred over artificial saliva by most patients

-Biotene brand over-the-counter dry mouth products (toothpaste alcohol- free mouth rinse and Oralbalance lubricating gel)

-avoidance of alcohol-based mouth rinses

-use of water and glycerin mixed in a small aerosol spray bottle

RX

Contains sorbitol sodium

carboxymethlcellulose and

methylparaben in a

pleasantly flavored

solution

120 mL (406 fl oz)

Z

Treatment

Acyclovir (Zovirax)dagger800 mg orally five times

daily for 7 to 10 days

10 mg per kg IV every 8 hours for 7 to 10

daysDagger

$174 to 248 (129 to 200)

Famciclovir (Famvir)dagger500 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$140

Treatment

Valacyclovir (Valtrex)dagger1000 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$84

Prednisone (Deltasone)30 mg orally twice

daily on days 1 through 7 then 15 mg twice

daily on days 8 through 14 then 75 mg twice

daily on days 15 through 21

Treatment

Lotions containing calamine (eg Caladryl)

may be used on open lesions to reduce pain

and pruritus

Once the lesions have crusted over capsaicin

cream (Zostrix) may be applied

Topically administered lidocaine (Xylocaine)

and nerve blocks have also been reported to

be effective in reducing pain

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Amitriptyline (Elavil) -- By inhibiting reuptake of serotonin andor norepinephrine by presynaptic neuronal membrane may increase synaptic concentration in CNS Useful as analgesic for certain types of chronic and neuropathic pain

Adult DoseEarly in course of HZ 25 mgd PO hs to prevent PHNAfter PHN develops 30-100 mg PO qhs

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Capsaicin cream (Dolorac Capsin Zostrix) --Natural chemical derived from plants of Solanaceae family By depleting and preventing reaccumulation of substance P in peripheral sensory neurons may render skin and joints insensitive to pain Substance P thought to be chemomediator of pain transmission from periphery to CNS

Adult DoseCream Apply to skin tidqid for 3-4 consecutive wk and evaluate efficacy not to exceed 4 applicationsd

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Lidocaine (DermaFlex gel Lidoderm 5 patch) --Several recent studies have advocated topical administration of lidocaine as treatment of PHN Lidocaine gel (5) in placebo-controlled study showed significant relief in 23 patients studied Lidocaine tape also decreases severity of pain

Adult DoseGel (5) Apply to affected area prnPatch (5) Apply to most painful area up to 3 patches per application patch may remain in place for up to 12 h in any 24 h period

Postherpetic Neuralgia Gabapentin (Neurontin) -- This medication has been

approved by the FDA for the treatment of PHN Has properties common to other anticonvulsants and antineuralgic effects Exact mechanism of action is not known Structurally gabapentin is related to GABA but it does not interact with GABA receptors Believed to have a binding site at the alpha 2-delta protein an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gaited calcium channels In the rat brain binding is localized on neuronal dendritic areas Relevance of these observations to treatment of PHN is not known

Adult Dose100 mg PO tid titrate dose prn recommended dose is 900-1800 mg PO qd not to exceed 900 mg PO qid

The 15 Most Common Oral Pathoses(Based on examination of 23616 US adults excludes caries amp periodontitis)

References Bouquot JE J Am Dent Assoc 1986 11250-57 wwworalpathcom

Diagnosis Rank

Number of Lesions per 1000 Adults

Males Females Both

Leukoplakia 1 425 131 237

Torus palatinus 2 132 217 187

Irritation fibroma 3 130 114 119

Fordyce granules 4 177 52 97

Torus mandibularis 5 96 79 85

Leaf-shaped fibroma (under denture) 6 04 129 67

Hemangioma 7 84 41 56

Inflammatory ulcer 8 54 51 52

Inflammatory erythema 9 45 48 47

Papilloma 10 53 42 46

Epulis fissuratum 11 34 44 40

Lingual varicosities 12 35 34 35

Fissured tongue 13 35 31 33

Geographic tongue 14 34 30 31

Papillary hyperplasia of palate 15 17 38 30

Differential DX

Deferential DX

Differential Diagnosis

M ndash Metabolic

I ndash Inflammatory

N ndash Neoplastic

D - Developmental

Developmental

Odontogenic

Mucosal

TeethPulpalPerio

Others

Infections

AllergyImmunologic

Bone

Heme DermatologicManifes of

Systemic Dis

Physical

ChemicalForensics

Salivary

Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology

Categories

Clefts

Fordyce Granules

Fissured Tongue

Hairy Tongue

Tori

Dentigerous Cyst

OKCKOT

COC

Odontoma

Ameloblastoma

AOT

CEOT

Myxoma

ErosionAbfractionAbrasion

Amelogenesis Imperfecta

Dentinogenesis Imperfecta

GeminationFusion

PulpalPeriapical Dis

Periodontal Dis

Osteogenesis Imp

Cleidocranial Dysplasia

Pagetrsquos Disease

CGCG

BFOL

Osteoma

Osteosarcoma

Chondrosarcoma

Ewingrsquos Sarcoma

Rec Apthous Stomatitis

Sarcoidosis

Wegnerrsquos Granulomatosis

Angioedema

Contact StomatitisLichen Planus Pemphigus

Pemphigoid Erythema Multiforme

Erythema Migrans Lupus

Ectodermal Dysplasia Cowden Syndrome

Developmental

Odontogenic

Mucosal

Teethpulpal perio

Others

Infections

AllergyImmunologic

Bone

Heme DermatologicManifes of

Systemic Dis

Physical

ChemicalForensics

Salivary

Oromaxillofacial Pathology

Categories

Amyloidosis Vitamin Deficiency

Diabetes Hyperparathyroidism

Inborn Errors of Metabolism Addisonrsquos Disease

Crohnrsquos Disease Iron Def Anemia

Oral Mucosal

Lesions

Epithelial Soft Tissue

Neoplastic Reactive Reactive Neoplastic

Benign

Malignant

Benign Malignant

Papillary

Verruciform

Pigmented

Leurkoplakia

Erythroplakia

SCC

Verrucous C

Spindle Cell C

Basaloid SCC

Adenosquamos

BCC

Nasopharyngeal

Carc of Max Sin

Merkel Cell

Melanoma

Ephelis

Actinic Lentigo

Melasma

Oral Melanotic Macule

Melanoacanthoma

Smokerrsquos Melanosis

Nevi

Fibroma

3 Prsquos

Epulis Fissuratum

IPH

Oral Mucosal

Lesions

Epithelial Soft Tissue

Neoplastic Reactive Reactive Neoplastic

Benign

Malignant

Benign Malignant

Pre-malignant

SDK

Oral Submuc Fibrosis

Nicotine Stomatitis

Solar Keratosis

Actinic Cheilitis

Keratoacanthoma

PVL

Epithelial Dysplasia

Frictional Hyperkeratosis

Linea Alba

Morsicatio Buccarum

Morsicatio Linguarum

Cotton Roll Burn

Aspirin Burn

Radiation Mucositis

Sanguinaria-ass keratosis

Pyrophosphate-ass keratosis

Hyperplastic Candidiasis

Infectious

Physical

Chemical

Leukoplakia

Diagnosis ndash ldquothrough knowledgerdquo

hellipA solid knowledge of the basic principles of

the various disease processes is essential for

obtaining a good history As Goethe stated

The eyes see what the mind knows

Consider

Anatomical Location

Biological Plausibility

Patient History

Taking the patients history is traditionally

the first step in virtually every clinical

encounter

Other than that Mrs Lincoln how was the play

Prescription Drug Information for Consumers amp Professionals

Popular

Searches

Viagra

Cialis

Levitra

Lipitor

Zoloft

Hair Transplant

Health

Insurance

Healthy Diet

Lose Weight

Pain Relief

Multiplicity of Presentation

Systemic Disease

Syndromic Presentation

A

Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis

ldquoaphthous ulcerationsrdquo

ldquocanker soresrdquo

Prevalence in the general population 5

to 66 with a mean of 20

Mucosal destruction ndash T-cell mediated

immunologic reaction

Etiologic Factors

Allergies

Genetic predisposition

Nutritional deficiencies ndash B12 B6 Fe ++

Hematological abnormalities

Hormonal influences

Infectious agents

Trauma

Stress

Four

Principal Categories

Primary immunodysregulation

Decrease of the mucosal barrier

Increase in antigenic exposure

Genetic predisposition HLA-12 HLA

- B51 and Cw7

Systemic Disorders Associated with

Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis

Behcetrsquos syndrome

Celiac disease

Cyclic neutropenia

Nutritional deficiencies

IgA deficiency

Immunoincompetence

Inflammatory bowel disease

Three Clinical Variations

Minor

Major ndash Suttonrsquos disease or PMNR

(periadenitis mucosa necrotica

recurrens)

Herpetiform

Minor Aphthous Ulcerations

Non-keratinized mucosa

Prodromal symptoms ndash burning itching

stinging

Erythematous macule ndash fibrinopurulent

membrane with a erythematous halo

except in immunocompromised

Major Aphthous Ulcerations

Larger - 1 to 3 cm

Deeper

Clinically persistent

Develop post pubertal

Recurrences for up to 20 years or more

Herpetiform Aphthous

Ulcerations

Greatest number of lesions

Increased frequency of occurrence

Superficial resemblance to herpes

simplex viral infection

Any mucosal surface may be involved

Behcetrsquos Syndrome

ldquothe silk routerdquo

Behcetrsquos Syndrome

1937 ndash Turkish dermatologist ndashHulusi

Behcet described this condition

Ocular Inflammation

Orogenital Inflammation

Multisystem Disorder

Behcetrsquos Disease

Highest Prevalence ndash Middle East and

Japan

Oral Involvement ndash primary

manifestation in 25 to 75 of the

cases

All three forms of aphthous stomatitis

may be seen

Behcetrsquos Disease

Genital lesions are clinically similar to

oral lesions

75 of the patients demonstrate the

genital lesions

Genital lesions are generally more

symptomatic in males

Behcetrsquos Disease

Criteria for the Diagnosis of Behcetrsquos

Disease (International Study Group)

Recurrent oral ulceration

Plus two of the following

Recurrent genital ulcerations

Eye lesions ndashanteriorposterior uveitis

Skin lesions

+ pathergy ndash read by 24-48 hours

Behcetrsquos Disease

Treament

Topical or intralesional corticosteriods

Oral colchicine

Thalidomide

Low-dose methotrexate

Systemic corticosteriods

Cyclosporine

Interferon alpha2A

Treatment

Triamcinolone 01 in Orabase (Kenalog

in Orabase) Apply to dried ulcer two to

four times daily until healed

Randomized controlled studies show decreased

pain

Dexamethasone elixir 05 mg per 5 ml

Swish and spit with 5 mL every 6 hours

As above

B

Burning Mouth Syndrome

About 13 million American adults mostly

postmenopausal women are afflicted with

Burning Mouth Syndrome a chronic often

debilitating condition whose cause remains a

medical mystery

Burning Mouth Syndrome

The main symptom of burning mouth

syndrome is a burning sensation involving the

tongue lips gums palate throat or

widespread areas of the whole mouth People

with the syndrome may describe the sensation

in the affected areas as hot or scalded as if

they had been burned with a hot liquid

Burning Mouth Syndrome

Dry mouth

Sore mouth

A tingling or numb sensation in your mouth

or on the tip of your tongue

A bitter or metallic taste

Causes

Dry mouth (xerostomia)

Nutritional deficiencies

Allergies

Psychological factors

Nerve disturbance or damage

(neuropathy)

Treatments

Potentially efficacious medicines include

tricyclic antidepressants (like amitriptyline -brand name Elavil)

benzodiazepines (like clonazepam - brand name Klonopin or

chlordiazepoxide brand name - Librium)

even anticonvulsants have proven effective in some cases

BMS Treatment

Tricyclic antidepressants

Amitriptyline (Elavil)10 to 150 mg per day

10 mg at bedtime increase dosage by 10 mg

every 4 to 7 days until oral burning is relieved

or side effects occur

BMS Treatment

Benzodiazepines

Clonazepam (Klonopin)025 to 2 mg per

day025 mg at bedtime increase dosage by

025 mg every 4 to 7 days until oral burning is

relieved or side effects occur as dosage

increases medication is taken as full dose or

in three divided doses

BMS Treatment

Anticonvulsants

Gabapentin (Neurontin) 300 to 1600 mg per

day100 mg at bedtime increase dosage by

100 mg every 4 to 7 days until oral burning is

relieved or side effects occur as dosage

increases medication is taken in three divided

doses

C

Candidiasis

Oral thrush and other Candida infections

occur when your immune system is

weakened by disease or drugs such as

prednisone or when antibiotics disturb the

natural balance of microorganisms in the

body

Predisposing factors for infection

Infancy or old age

Serious underlying disease such as cancer or infection with HIV

Dry mouth due to disease of the salivary glands or medications eg antihistamines diuretics

Dentures (especially if they are not regularly cleaned or fit badly)

Predisposing factors for infection

Smoking

Injury to the mouth

Nutritional deficiency eg iron ampor B-vitamin deficiency

Inhaled corticosteroids used to treat asthma eg beclometasone budesonide fluticasone Drink water after inhalation to reduce this complication

Clinical features

Acute pseudomembranous candidiasis There are

white patches on gums tongue amp inside the mouth

that can be peeled off leaving a raw area

Acute atrophic candidiasis There are smooth red

shiny patches on the tongue The mouth is very sore

Chronic atrophic candidiasis This is common in

those with dentures The underlying mucosa is red

and swollen

Clinical features

Angular cheilitis There are sore red splits at each side of the mouth more likely if there is overhang of the upper lip over the lower lip causing a moist deep furrow Angular cheilitis due to candida andor Staphylococcus aureus arises frequently in those taking the medication isotretinoin for acne this medication dries the lips

Chronic hyperplastic candidiasis This is a type of oral leukoplakia (white patch) inside the cheeks or on the tongue with persistent nodules or lumps It usually affects smokers and is pre-malignant Red patches (erythroplakia) as well as white patches may indicate malignant change

Clinical features

Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis presents

as a chronic pseudomembranous infection

The skin and nails are also affected

Median rhomboid glossitis - there is diamond-

shaped inflammation at the back of the

tongue

Severe infections may extend down the throat

(esophageal infection)

Rationale for Treatment Topical vs

Systemic Drugs

Topical antifungals are usually the drug of

choice for uncomplicated localized

candidiasis in patients with normal immune

function

Systemic antifungals are usually indicated in

cases of disseminated disease andor in

immunocompromised patients

Suggested Medications for the

Treatment of Candidiasis

Rx

Clotrimazole troches 10 mg

Disp 70 troches

Sig Let 1 troche dissolve in mouth 5 times

per day for 14 days Do not chew NPO 12

hour

Suggested Systemic Medications for

the Treatment of Candidiasis Rx

Ketoconazole tablets 200 mgDisp 14 tabletsSig Take 1 tab qd with a meal or orange juice for 14 days

RxFluconazole tablets 100 mgDisp 15 tabletsSig Take 2 tablets stat then 1 tablet qd for 14 days

RxItraconazole tablets 100 mgDisp 28 tabletsSig Take 1 tablet bid with a meal or orange juice for 14 days

CA

Head and Neck Cancer

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Intraoral Melanoma

Lymphoma

Intraoral Melanoma

The five year survival rate for oral melanoma

is less than 20 as compared to 75 for

Cutaneous melanomas The average time of

first local recurrence for oral melanoma is less

than one year and metastatic disease is usually

diagnosed within three months of the

recurrence The average survival rate after

metastasis is typically less than 6 months

Extranodal Lymphoma

Extranodal lymphomas usually develop as a

rapidly growing mass of the palate or

posterior tongue (area of Waldeyerrsquos ring)

Pain may or may not be a presenting sign

Clinically the lesion may present as an

erythematous mass with a boggy consistency

The average survival rate for AIDS patients

with an intraoral lymphoma is eight months

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Second primary ndash field cancerization

Incidence amp Mortality HampN Ca

41000 new cases annually

13000 affected will die of disease

Rates constant over last 20yrs

lt 5 of neoplasias US

Highest incidence southeastern amp south-

central Asia

Disease in Women

Prior to 1940 malefemale ratio - 101

1980s ratio 31

Reason tobacco use among women in early

decades of the century

Habits have stabilized ndash malefemale

incidence normalized

Tobacco Use

1956 Wynder et al HampN Ca 10-fold

increase among smokers

Most studies 5-fold to 25-fold increase

intensity and duration of tobacco

consumption

80-90 of HampN Ca patients use tobacco

Alcohol

Odds ratio increases 3- to 15-fold for HampN

Ca after adjusting for tobacco use with

consumption of alcohol

Multiplicative effect with tobacco and

alcohol

Location of cancer ndash oral

pharyngeal(topical mechanism)

Alcohol

Promotional effects independent of

initiation

-prostaglandin synthesis lipid peroxidation

free radical oxygen enhance cell turnover

Enhances cell permeability

Defective repair mechanisms

Depressed immunity

Dz

RISK FACTORS (RF)

1 RF

2 RF

3 RF

4 RF

The concept of

TUMOR

local

regional

systemic

local T

N

M

INFECTION PAIN

INFECTION NEOPLASM

CERVICAL LYMPH NODE ENLARGEMENT

bullbacterial

bullviral (local systemic)

bullfungal

bullpostinfect fibrosed node

bulllt 40 yrs lymphoma

bullgt 40 yrs metastatic SCC

OTHERS

bullleukemia

bullconnective tissue diseases (eg lupus)

bullsarcoidosis

Importance of early diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma

60

stage III amp IV

23 recurrence lt 2 yrs

lt 13 survive 3 yrs

40

stage I amp II

80-90 cure

Second primary tumor in successfully treated patients within 5-7

years up to 40 Follow-up important

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Mortality (8000) deaths per year

Mortality by Site

Tongue 432

Salivary 130

Floor of mouth 950

Lip 24

Other 319

Premalignant Lesions

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Erythroplasia

Carcinoma in situ

Verrucous Leukoplakia

Tobacco patch keratosis

Actinic cheilosis

Mouth wash (Viadent) dysplasia

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Defined as a red patch that can not be

clinically or pathologically diagnosed as any

other condition

Almost all erythroleukoplakia demonstrate

dysplasia or CIS

Etiology is similar to oral SCC

May occur in conjunction with leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Risk of malignant transformation in

erythroleukoplakia about 4x greater than

homogenous leukoplakia

Predominately disease of older men with peak

prevalence of 65 to 74 years

Floor of mouth tongue and soft palate are

most common sites of involvement

Erythroplakia

The Management of Head and

Neck Cancer

Major advances

Conservative or partial resections

Micro vascular free-tissue transfer in

reconstruction

Better definition of the roles of chemotherapy

and radiotherapy

Despite these advances the treatment of loco

regional recurrence remains a major challenge

success rates for salvage therapy are poor

Treatment

Surgery

Radiotherapy

Chemotherapy

Immunotherapy

at present the role of immunotherapy remains investigational

Chemotherapy

Several randomized and non-randomized trial have evaluated chemotherapy for the treatment of head and neck cancer

Various agents have been shown to produce a response

No agents either alone or in combination have demonstrated an improvement in survival

cisplatin and 5 - FU

Uses

Inoperable tumors

Salvage therapy for recurrent tumors

Treatment

The main treatment modalities for head and neck

cancer remain surgery and radiotherapy

Patient factors that merit consideration

Impact on the quality of life

Medical condition ndash ldquoco - morbiditiesrdquo

Patient preference

Treatment cost and convenience

Compliance

Treatment

Early stage disease (stage I and II) can be treated with either surgery or radiotherapy with equivalent control rates

Small lesions of the oral cavity wide local excision is preferred over radiotherapy

Radiotherapy can be delivered to a site generally only once

Reserve this modality for less operable lesions

Treatment Combined Modality

Surgery and RadiotherapyIndications for post operative radiotherapy

Primary Tumor

Advance T stage

High histologic grade

Positive surgical resection margins

Lymphatic permeation

Vascular invasion

Perineural spread

Radiotherapy

Daily dose of 180 cGy to 200 cGy

5000 cGy over a five week period

T1 ndash 6000 to 6600 cGy

T2 - 6600 to 7000 cGy

T3T4 - gt 7000 cGy

ldquoshrinking field techniquerdquo

hyperfractionation technique 200 cGy per day for 25 days followed by 400 cGy per day for 5 days

D

Desquamative gingivitis is a clinical term to describe red painful glazed and friable gingivae which may be a manifestation of some mucocutaneous conditions such as lichen planus or the vesiculobullous disorders

Clinical features of desquamative

gingivitis

Fiery red friable gingiva

Painful desquamates easily

Buccal aspect of anterior attached gingiva

affected

Marginal gingiva spared

Not significantly improved by oral hygiene

measures alone

Differential Diagnosis Erosive Lichen Planus

Immune-mediated blistering diseases

Intra-epithelial

Pemphigus

Subepithelial

Pemphigoid

Linear IgA disease

Dermatitis herpetiformis

Epidermolysis bullosa

Erythema multiforme

Treatment Topical Corticosteroids Recurrent aphthous ulcers

bull Oral manifestations of Behccedilets disease Reiters syndrome acute

vulvar ulcer MAGIC syndrome PFAPA syndrome ulcerative colitis

Crohns disease Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome Sweets

syndrome among others

bull Drug-induced ulcerations mediated by an immune mechanism

bull Lichen planus

bull Cicatricial pemphigoid

bull Mucous membrane pemphigoid

bull Bullous pemphigoid

bull Erythema multiforme

bull Linear IgA dermatosis

bull Pemphigus vulgaris

Topicals Temovate cream 005 Clobetasol propionate

Halog cream 01 Halcinonide

Lidex cream 005 Fluocinonide

Topicort cream 025 Desoximethasone

Lidex gel 005 Fluocinonide

Aristocort cream H-P 05 Triamcinolone acetinode

Diprosone cream 005 Betamethasone dipropionate

Florone cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Maxiflor cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Synalar cream H-P 02 Fluocinolone acetonide

Topicals Tropicort-LP cream 005 Desoxymethasone

Benisone cream 0025 Betamethasone benzoate

Cordran cream 0025 Flurandenolide

Kenalog cream 01 Triamcinolone acetonide

Locoid cream 01 Hydrocortisone butyrate

Synalar cream 0025 Fluocinolone acetonide

Valisone cream 01 Betamethasone valerate

Tridesilon cream 005 Desonide

Locorten cream 003 Flumetasone pivalate

1 Hydrocortisone

Topical Corticosteroids

Used to treat oral lesions

Clobetasol (Temovate) -- Suppresses mitosis and increases synthesis of proteins that decrease inflammation and cause vasoconstriction Class I superpotent topical steroid useful in treating oral lesions Topical corticosteroids commonly are used intraorally for oral manifestations of autoimmune blistering skin diseases Since these diseases are chronic inflammatory in nature topical corticosteroids are very useful as an adjunct treatment Patients with disease confined to the gingiva should see a dentist to have a custom-made soft tray to carry the medication

H

How does herpes simplex develop

overexposure to sunlight

overexposure to wind

colds influenza and similar infections

heavy alcohol use

fever from any cause

the menstrual period

physical stress

emotional stress

Symptoms

Primary (Initial) HSV I Fever

Adenopathy

Ulcers deep in mouth

Secondary (Later) HSV I (Recurrent labial lesions) Fever Blisters form on outer vermillion border

Cold Sores form on inner lip Initial Vesicle

Next Crust

Last Healing in 10-14 days

Differential Diagnosis

Differs from Aphthous Ulcers in that

Found on keratinized (bound-down) intraoral

mucosa

Vesicles rupture into coalescing ulcers

HSV lesions are anterior compared with

Herpangina

Hand Foot and Mouth Disease

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Oral acyclovir (Zovirax) or the recently

developed drugs valacyclovir (Valtrex) or

famciclovir (Famvir) lessen the symptoms

and frequency of fever blister recurrences for

some patients These drugs prevent HSV from

multiplying and are effective when taken in

pill form prior to an outbreak of the virus

Systemic Antivirals

Acyclovir

Dose 15 mgkg (max 200 mg) PO 5xday for 7 days

Shortens first HSV infection by 6 days in children

Famciclovir

Shortens healing time by 2 days in UV-induced cases

Spruance (1999) J Infect Dis 179303-10

Valacyclovir (FDA approved for age 12 and older)

Adult dose 2 g PO bid for one day

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Topical antiviral creams containing acyclovir

(Zovirax) or penciclovir (Denavir) may also

help in limiting the extent or duration of

lesions if applied promptly to affected areas

Topical Treatments

Penciclovir (Denavir) heals HSV-1 sores on average about half a day faster than without treatment stops viral shedding and reduces the duration of the pain Ideally the patient should apply the cream within the first hour of symptoms although benefits have also been noted with later application It is continued for four consecutive days and should be reapplied every two hours while awake

Docosanol cream (Abreva) is an over-the-counter agent for oral-facial herpes It helps resist infection by inhibiting the ability of the virus to become fully active after it has attached itself to the host cell It is applied five times a day beginning at the first sign of tingling or pain Studies have been mixed on it benefits

Topical Treatments

Acyclovir cream (Zovirax) has been approved It may speed healing of oral herpes lesions and lessen the duration of pain particularly if it is applied early on (at the first sign of pain or tingling)

Lidex is a gel that contains a fluocinonide as corticosteroid Corticosteroids commonly called steroids are anti-inflammatory agents and not ordinarily used for herpes Some evidence suggests it may be effective in combination with oral famciclovir

Topical Treatments

Over-the-counter topical anesthetics may provide

modest relief They include Anbesol gel Blistex lip

ointment Campho-phenique Herpecin-L

Viractin and Zilactin In one study Viractin

reduced the duration of the attack compared to

placebo by two days It also relieved itching but had

little effect on other symptoms In general however

few studies have been conducted on any of these

products

X

Xerostomia

Xerostomia is not a disease but can be a symptom

of certain diseases It can produce serious

negative effects on the patients quality of life

affecting dietary habits nutritional status

speech taste tolerance to dental prosthesis and

increases susceptibility to dental caries The

increase in dental caries can be devastating in

many patients and therefore special care must be

made to control this condition

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Medications - Several hundred current medications

can cause xerostomia antihypertensives

antidepressants analgesics tranquilizers diuretics

and antihistamines c

-Cancer Therapy - Chemotherapeutic drugs can

change the flow and composition of the saliva

Radiation treatment that is focused on or near the

salivary gland can temporarily or permanently

damage the salivary glands

-Sjogrens syndrome - An autoimmune disease causes

xerostomia and dry eyes

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Other conditions -such as bone marrow transplants endocrine disorders stress anxiety depression and nutritional deficiencies may cause xerostomia

-Nerve Damage - Trauma to the head and neck area from surgery or wounds can damage the nerves that supply sensation to the mouth While the salivary glands may be left intact they cannot function normally without the nerves that signal them to produce saliva

Treatment

Identify the xerostomic condition and the

cause Some of the causes may be

ameliorated and this will aid therapy But

in many situations it will be difficult to

eliminate the causes Thus it will be

necessary for the Dentist to control the

results of xerostomia This is especially

true about the increase in dental caries

Treatment -pilocarpine (Salagen) 5mg qid prescription required

-special food preparation - blended and moist foods are easier to swallow

artificial saliva (available over-the-counter)

-sipping plain water is usually preferred over artificial saliva by most patients

-Biotene brand over-the-counter dry mouth products (toothpaste alcohol- free mouth rinse and Oralbalance lubricating gel)

-avoidance of alcohol-based mouth rinses

-use of water and glycerin mixed in a small aerosol spray bottle

RX

Contains sorbitol sodium

carboxymethlcellulose and

methylparaben in a

pleasantly flavored

solution

120 mL (406 fl oz)

Z

Treatment

Acyclovir (Zovirax)dagger800 mg orally five times

daily for 7 to 10 days

10 mg per kg IV every 8 hours for 7 to 10

daysDagger

$174 to 248 (129 to 200)

Famciclovir (Famvir)dagger500 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$140

Treatment

Valacyclovir (Valtrex)dagger1000 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$84

Prednisone (Deltasone)30 mg orally twice

daily on days 1 through 7 then 15 mg twice

daily on days 8 through 14 then 75 mg twice

daily on days 15 through 21

Treatment

Lotions containing calamine (eg Caladryl)

may be used on open lesions to reduce pain

and pruritus

Once the lesions have crusted over capsaicin

cream (Zostrix) may be applied

Topically administered lidocaine (Xylocaine)

and nerve blocks have also been reported to

be effective in reducing pain

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Amitriptyline (Elavil) -- By inhibiting reuptake of serotonin andor norepinephrine by presynaptic neuronal membrane may increase synaptic concentration in CNS Useful as analgesic for certain types of chronic and neuropathic pain

Adult DoseEarly in course of HZ 25 mgd PO hs to prevent PHNAfter PHN develops 30-100 mg PO qhs

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Capsaicin cream (Dolorac Capsin Zostrix) --Natural chemical derived from plants of Solanaceae family By depleting and preventing reaccumulation of substance P in peripheral sensory neurons may render skin and joints insensitive to pain Substance P thought to be chemomediator of pain transmission from periphery to CNS

Adult DoseCream Apply to skin tidqid for 3-4 consecutive wk and evaluate efficacy not to exceed 4 applicationsd

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Lidocaine (DermaFlex gel Lidoderm 5 patch) --Several recent studies have advocated topical administration of lidocaine as treatment of PHN Lidocaine gel (5) in placebo-controlled study showed significant relief in 23 patients studied Lidocaine tape also decreases severity of pain

Adult DoseGel (5) Apply to affected area prnPatch (5) Apply to most painful area up to 3 patches per application patch may remain in place for up to 12 h in any 24 h period

Postherpetic Neuralgia Gabapentin (Neurontin) -- This medication has been

approved by the FDA for the treatment of PHN Has properties common to other anticonvulsants and antineuralgic effects Exact mechanism of action is not known Structurally gabapentin is related to GABA but it does not interact with GABA receptors Believed to have a binding site at the alpha 2-delta protein an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gaited calcium channels In the rat brain binding is localized on neuronal dendritic areas Relevance of these observations to treatment of PHN is not known

Adult Dose100 mg PO tid titrate dose prn recommended dose is 900-1800 mg PO qd not to exceed 900 mg PO qid

Differential DX

Deferential DX

Differential Diagnosis

M ndash Metabolic

I ndash Inflammatory

N ndash Neoplastic

D - Developmental

Developmental

Odontogenic

Mucosal

TeethPulpalPerio

Others

Infections

AllergyImmunologic

Bone

Heme DermatologicManifes of

Systemic Dis

Physical

ChemicalForensics

Salivary

Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology

Categories

Clefts

Fordyce Granules

Fissured Tongue

Hairy Tongue

Tori

Dentigerous Cyst

OKCKOT

COC

Odontoma

Ameloblastoma

AOT

CEOT

Myxoma

ErosionAbfractionAbrasion

Amelogenesis Imperfecta

Dentinogenesis Imperfecta

GeminationFusion

PulpalPeriapical Dis

Periodontal Dis

Osteogenesis Imp

Cleidocranial Dysplasia

Pagetrsquos Disease

CGCG

BFOL

Osteoma

Osteosarcoma

Chondrosarcoma

Ewingrsquos Sarcoma

Rec Apthous Stomatitis

Sarcoidosis

Wegnerrsquos Granulomatosis

Angioedema

Contact StomatitisLichen Planus Pemphigus

Pemphigoid Erythema Multiforme

Erythema Migrans Lupus

Ectodermal Dysplasia Cowden Syndrome

Developmental

Odontogenic

Mucosal

Teethpulpal perio

Others

Infections

AllergyImmunologic

Bone

Heme DermatologicManifes of

Systemic Dis

Physical

ChemicalForensics

Salivary

Oromaxillofacial Pathology

Categories

Amyloidosis Vitamin Deficiency

Diabetes Hyperparathyroidism

Inborn Errors of Metabolism Addisonrsquos Disease

Crohnrsquos Disease Iron Def Anemia

Oral Mucosal

Lesions

Epithelial Soft Tissue

Neoplastic Reactive Reactive Neoplastic

Benign

Malignant

Benign Malignant

Papillary

Verruciform

Pigmented

Leurkoplakia

Erythroplakia

SCC

Verrucous C

Spindle Cell C

Basaloid SCC

Adenosquamos

BCC

Nasopharyngeal

Carc of Max Sin

Merkel Cell

Melanoma

Ephelis

Actinic Lentigo

Melasma

Oral Melanotic Macule

Melanoacanthoma

Smokerrsquos Melanosis

Nevi

Fibroma

3 Prsquos

Epulis Fissuratum

IPH

Oral Mucosal

Lesions

Epithelial Soft Tissue

Neoplastic Reactive Reactive Neoplastic

Benign

Malignant

Benign Malignant

Pre-malignant

SDK

Oral Submuc Fibrosis

Nicotine Stomatitis

Solar Keratosis

Actinic Cheilitis

Keratoacanthoma

PVL

Epithelial Dysplasia

Frictional Hyperkeratosis

Linea Alba

Morsicatio Buccarum

Morsicatio Linguarum

Cotton Roll Burn

Aspirin Burn

Radiation Mucositis

Sanguinaria-ass keratosis

Pyrophosphate-ass keratosis

Hyperplastic Candidiasis

Infectious

Physical

Chemical

Leukoplakia

Diagnosis ndash ldquothrough knowledgerdquo

hellipA solid knowledge of the basic principles of

the various disease processes is essential for

obtaining a good history As Goethe stated

The eyes see what the mind knows

Consider

Anatomical Location

Biological Plausibility

Patient History

Taking the patients history is traditionally

the first step in virtually every clinical

encounter

Other than that Mrs Lincoln how was the play

Prescription Drug Information for Consumers amp Professionals

Popular

Searches

Viagra

Cialis

Levitra

Lipitor

Zoloft

Hair Transplant

Health

Insurance

Healthy Diet

Lose Weight

Pain Relief

Multiplicity of Presentation

Systemic Disease

Syndromic Presentation

A

Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis

ldquoaphthous ulcerationsrdquo

ldquocanker soresrdquo

Prevalence in the general population 5

to 66 with a mean of 20

Mucosal destruction ndash T-cell mediated

immunologic reaction

Etiologic Factors

Allergies

Genetic predisposition

Nutritional deficiencies ndash B12 B6 Fe ++

Hematological abnormalities

Hormonal influences

Infectious agents

Trauma

Stress

Four

Principal Categories

Primary immunodysregulation

Decrease of the mucosal barrier

Increase in antigenic exposure

Genetic predisposition HLA-12 HLA

- B51 and Cw7

Systemic Disorders Associated with

Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis

Behcetrsquos syndrome

Celiac disease

Cyclic neutropenia

Nutritional deficiencies

IgA deficiency

Immunoincompetence

Inflammatory bowel disease

Three Clinical Variations

Minor

Major ndash Suttonrsquos disease or PMNR

(periadenitis mucosa necrotica

recurrens)

Herpetiform

Minor Aphthous Ulcerations

Non-keratinized mucosa

Prodromal symptoms ndash burning itching

stinging

Erythematous macule ndash fibrinopurulent

membrane with a erythematous halo

except in immunocompromised

Major Aphthous Ulcerations

Larger - 1 to 3 cm

Deeper

Clinically persistent

Develop post pubertal

Recurrences for up to 20 years or more

Herpetiform Aphthous

Ulcerations

Greatest number of lesions

Increased frequency of occurrence

Superficial resemblance to herpes

simplex viral infection

Any mucosal surface may be involved

Behcetrsquos Syndrome

ldquothe silk routerdquo

Behcetrsquos Syndrome

1937 ndash Turkish dermatologist ndashHulusi

Behcet described this condition

Ocular Inflammation

Orogenital Inflammation

Multisystem Disorder

Behcetrsquos Disease

Highest Prevalence ndash Middle East and

Japan

Oral Involvement ndash primary

manifestation in 25 to 75 of the

cases

All three forms of aphthous stomatitis

may be seen

Behcetrsquos Disease

Genital lesions are clinically similar to

oral lesions

75 of the patients demonstrate the

genital lesions

Genital lesions are generally more

symptomatic in males

Behcetrsquos Disease

Criteria for the Diagnosis of Behcetrsquos

Disease (International Study Group)

Recurrent oral ulceration

Plus two of the following

Recurrent genital ulcerations

Eye lesions ndashanteriorposterior uveitis

Skin lesions

+ pathergy ndash read by 24-48 hours

Behcetrsquos Disease

Treament

Topical or intralesional corticosteriods

Oral colchicine

Thalidomide

Low-dose methotrexate

Systemic corticosteriods

Cyclosporine

Interferon alpha2A

Treatment

Triamcinolone 01 in Orabase (Kenalog

in Orabase) Apply to dried ulcer two to

four times daily until healed

Randomized controlled studies show decreased

pain

Dexamethasone elixir 05 mg per 5 ml

Swish and spit with 5 mL every 6 hours

As above

B

Burning Mouth Syndrome

About 13 million American adults mostly

postmenopausal women are afflicted with

Burning Mouth Syndrome a chronic often

debilitating condition whose cause remains a

medical mystery

Burning Mouth Syndrome

The main symptom of burning mouth

syndrome is a burning sensation involving the

tongue lips gums palate throat or

widespread areas of the whole mouth People

with the syndrome may describe the sensation

in the affected areas as hot or scalded as if

they had been burned with a hot liquid

Burning Mouth Syndrome

Dry mouth

Sore mouth

A tingling or numb sensation in your mouth

or on the tip of your tongue

A bitter or metallic taste

Causes

Dry mouth (xerostomia)

Nutritional deficiencies

Allergies

Psychological factors

Nerve disturbance or damage

(neuropathy)

Treatments

Potentially efficacious medicines include

tricyclic antidepressants (like amitriptyline -brand name Elavil)

benzodiazepines (like clonazepam - brand name Klonopin or

chlordiazepoxide brand name - Librium)

even anticonvulsants have proven effective in some cases

BMS Treatment

Tricyclic antidepressants

Amitriptyline (Elavil)10 to 150 mg per day

10 mg at bedtime increase dosage by 10 mg

every 4 to 7 days until oral burning is relieved

or side effects occur

BMS Treatment

Benzodiazepines

Clonazepam (Klonopin)025 to 2 mg per

day025 mg at bedtime increase dosage by

025 mg every 4 to 7 days until oral burning is

relieved or side effects occur as dosage

increases medication is taken as full dose or

in three divided doses

BMS Treatment

Anticonvulsants

Gabapentin (Neurontin) 300 to 1600 mg per

day100 mg at bedtime increase dosage by

100 mg every 4 to 7 days until oral burning is

relieved or side effects occur as dosage

increases medication is taken in three divided

doses

C

Candidiasis

Oral thrush and other Candida infections

occur when your immune system is

weakened by disease or drugs such as

prednisone or when antibiotics disturb the

natural balance of microorganisms in the

body

Predisposing factors for infection

Infancy or old age

Serious underlying disease such as cancer or infection with HIV

Dry mouth due to disease of the salivary glands or medications eg antihistamines diuretics

Dentures (especially if they are not regularly cleaned or fit badly)

Predisposing factors for infection

Smoking

Injury to the mouth

Nutritional deficiency eg iron ampor B-vitamin deficiency

Inhaled corticosteroids used to treat asthma eg beclometasone budesonide fluticasone Drink water after inhalation to reduce this complication

Clinical features

Acute pseudomembranous candidiasis There are

white patches on gums tongue amp inside the mouth

that can be peeled off leaving a raw area

Acute atrophic candidiasis There are smooth red

shiny patches on the tongue The mouth is very sore

Chronic atrophic candidiasis This is common in

those with dentures The underlying mucosa is red

and swollen

Clinical features

Angular cheilitis There are sore red splits at each side of the mouth more likely if there is overhang of the upper lip over the lower lip causing a moist deep furrow Angular cheilitis due to candida andor Staphylococcus aureus arises frequently in those taking the medication isotretinoin for acne this medication dries the lips

Chronic hyperplastic candidiasis This is a type of oral leukoplakia (white patch) inside the cheeks or on the tongue with persistent nodules or lumps It usually affects smokers and is pre-malignant Red patches (erythroplakia) as well as white patches may indicate malignant change

Clinical features

Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis presents

as a chronic pseudomembranous infection

The skin and nails are also affected

Median rhomboid glossitis - there is diamond-

shaped inflammation at the back of the

tongue

Severe infections may extend down the throat

(esophageal infection)

Rationale for Treatment Topical vs

Systemic Drugs

Topical antifungals are usually the drug of

choice for uncomplicated localized

candidiasis in patients with normal immune

function

Systemic antifungals are usually indicated in

cases of disseminated disease andor in

immunocompromised patients

Suggested Medications for the

Treatment of Candidiasis

Rx

Clotrimazole troches 10 mg

Disp 70 troches

Sig Let 1 troche dissolve in mouth 5 times

per day for 14 days Do not chew NPO 12

hour

Suggested Systemic Medications for

the Treatment of Candidiasis Rx

Ketoconazole tablets 200 mgDisp 14 tabletsSig Take 1 tab qd with a meal or orange juice for 14 days

RxFluconazole tablets 100 mgDisp 15 tabletsSig Take 2 tablets stat then 1 tablet qd for 14 days

RxItraconazole tablets 100 mgDisp 28 tabletsSig Take 1 tablet bid with a meal or orange juice for 14 days

CA

Head and Neck Cancer

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Intraoral Melanoma

Lymphoma

Intraoral Melanoma

The five year survival rate for oral melanoma

is less than 20 as compared to 75 for

Cutaneous melanomas The average time of

first local recurrence for oral melanoma is less

than one year and metastatic disease is usually

diagnosed within three months of the

recurrence The average survival rate after

metastasis is typically less than 6 months

Extranodal Lymphoma

Extranodal lymphomas usually develop as a

rapidly growing mass of the palate or

posterior tongue (area of Waldeyerrsquos ring)

Pain may or may not be a presenting sign

Clinically the lesion may present as an

erythematous mass with a boggy consistency

The average survival rate for AIDS patients

with an intraoral lymphoma is eight months

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Second primary ndash field cancerization

Incidence amp Mortality HampN Ca

41000 new cases annually

13000 affected will die of disease

Rates constant over last 20yrs

lt 5 of neoplasias US

Highest incidence southeastern amp south-

central Asia

Disease in Women

Prior to 1940 malefemale ratio - 101

1980s ratio 31

Reason tobacco use among women in early

decades of the century

Habits have stabilized ndash malefemale

incidence normalized

Tobacco Use

1956 Wynder et al HampN Ca 10-fold

increase among smokers

Most studies 5-fold to 25-fold increase

intensity and duration of tobacco

consumption

80-90 of HampN Ca patients use tobacco

Alcohol

Odds ratio increases 3- to 15-fold for HampN

Ca after adjusting for tobacco use with

consumption of alcohol

Multiplicative effect with tobacco and

alcohol

Location of cancer ndash oral

pharyngeal(topical mechanism)

Alcohol

Promotional effects independent of

initiation

-prostaglandin synthesis lipid peroxidation

free radical oxygen enhance cell turnover

Enhances cell permeability

Defective repair mechanisms

Depressed immunity

Dz

RISK FACTORS (RF)

1 RF

2 RF

3 RF

4 RF

The concept of

TUMOR

local

regional

systemic

local T

N

M

INFECTION PAIN

INFECTION NEOPLASM

CERVICAL LYMPH NODE ENLARGEMENT

bullbacterial

bullviral (local systemic)

bullfungal

bullpostinfect fibrosed node

bulllt 40 yrs lymphoma

bullgt 40 yrs metastatic SCC

OTHERS

bullleukemia

bullconnective tissue diseases (eg lupus)

bullsarcoidosis

Importance of early diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma

60

stage III amp IV

23 recurrence lt 2 yrs

lt 13 survive 3 yrs

40

stage I amp II

80-90 cure

Second primary tumor in successfully treated patients within 5-7

years up to 40 Follow-up important

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Mortality (8000) deaths per year

Mortality by Site

Tongue 432

Salivary 130

Floor of mouth 950

Lip 24

Other 319

Premalignant Lesions

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Erythroplasia

Carcinoma in situ

Verrucous Leukoplakia

Tobacco patch keratosis

Actinic cheilosis

Mouth wash (Viadent) dysplasia

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Defined as a red patch that can not be

clinically or pathologically diagnosed as any

other condition

Almost all erythroleukoplakia demonstrate

dysplasia or CIS

Etiology is similar to oral SCC

May occur in conjunction with leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Risk of malignant transformation in

erythroleukoplakia about 4x greater than

homogenous leukoplakia

Predominately disease of older men with peak

prevalence of 65 to 74 years

Floor of mouth tongue and soft palate are

most common sites of involvement

Erythroplakia

The Management of Head and

Neck Cancer

Major advances

Conservative or partial resections

Micro vascular free-tissue transfer in

reconstruction

Better definition of the roles of chemotherapy

and radiotherapy

Despite these advances the treatment of loco

regional recurrence remains a major challenge

success rates for salvage therapy are poor

Treatment

Surgery

Radiotherapy

Chemotherapy

Immunotherapy

at present the role of immunotherapy remains investigational

Chemotherapy

Several randomized and non-randomized trial have evaluated chemotherapy for the treatment of head and neck cancer

Various agents have been shown to produce a response

No agents either alone or in combination have demonstrated an improvement in survival

cisplatin and 5 - FU

Uses

Inoperable tumors

Salvage therapy for recurrent tumors

Treatment

The main treatment modalities for head and neck

cancer remain surgery and radiotherapy

Patient factors that merit consideration

Impact on the quality of life

Medical condition ndash ldquoco - morbiditiesrdquo

Patient preference

Treatment cost and convenience

Compliance

Treatment

Early stage disease (stage I and II) can be treated with either surgery or radiotherapy with equivalent control rates

Small lesions of the oral cavity wide local excision is preferred over radiotherapy

Radiotherapy can be delivered to a site generally only once

Reserve this modality for less operable lesions

Treatment Combined Modality

Surgery and RadiotherapyIndications for post operative radiotherapy

Primary Tumor

Advance T stage

High histologic grade

Positive surgical resection margins

Lymphatic permeation

Vascular invasion

Perineural spread

Radiotherapy

Daily dose of 180 cGy to 200 cGy

5000 cGy over a five week period

T1 ndash 6000 to 6600 cGy

T2 - 6600 to 7000 cGy

T3T4 - gt 7000 cGy

ldquoshrinking field techniquerdquo

hyperfractionation technique 200 cGy per day for 25 days followed by 400 cGy per day for 5 days

D

Desquamative gingivitis is a clinical term to describe red painful glazed and friable gingivae which may be a manifestation of some mucocutaneous conditions such as lichen planus or the vesiculobullous disorders

Clinical features of desquamative

gingivitis

Fiery red friable gingiva

Painful desquamates easily

Buccal aspect of anterior attached gingiva

affected

Marginal gingiva spared

Not significantly improved by oral hygiene

measures alone

Differential Diagnosis Erosive Lichen Planus

Immune-mediated blistering diseases

Intra-epithelial

Pemphigus

Subepithelial

Pemphigoid

Linear IgA disease

Dermatitis herpetiformis

Epidermolysis bullosa

Erythema multiforme

Treatment Topical Corticosteroids Recurrent aphthous ulcers

bull Oral manifestations of Behccedilets disease Reiters syndrome acute

vulvar ulcer MAGIC syndrome PFAPA syndrome ulcerative colitis

Crohns disease Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome Sweets

syndrome among others

bull Drug-induced ulcerations mediated by an immune mechanism

bull Lichen planus

bull Cicatricial pemphigoid

bull Mucous membrane pemphigoid

bull Bullous pemphigoid

bull Erythema multiforme

bull Linear IgA dermatosis

bull Pemphigus vulgaris

Topicals Temovate cream 005 Clobetasol propionate

Halog cream 01 Halcinonide

Lidex cream 005 Fluocinonide

Topicort cream 025 Desoximethasone

Lidex gel 005 Fluocinonide

Aristocort cream H-P 05 Triamcinolone acetinode

Diprosone cream 005 Betamethasone dipropionate

Florone cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Maxiflor cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Synalar cream H-P 02 Fluocinolone acetonide

Topicals Tropicort-LP cream 005 Desoxymethasone

Benisone cream 0025 Betamethasone benzoate

Cordran cream 0025 Flurandenolide

Kenalog cream 01 Triamcinolone acetonide

Locoid cream 01 Hydrocortisone butyrate

Synalar cream 0025 Fluocinolone acetonide

Valisone cream 01 Betamethasone valerate

Tridesilon cream 005 Desonide

Locorten cream 003 Flumetasone pivalate

1 Hydrocortisone

Topical Corticosteroids

Used to treat oral lesions

Clobetasol (Temovate) -- Suppresses mitosis and increases synthesis of proteins that decrease inflammation and cause vasoconstriction Class I superpotent topical steroid useful in treating oral lesions Topical corticosteroids commonly are used intraorally for oral manifestations of autoimmune blistering skin diseases Since these diseases are chronic inflammatory in nature topical corticosteroids are very useful as an adjunct treatment Patients with disease confined to the gingiva should see a dentist to have a custom-made soft tray to carry the medication

H

How does herpes simplex develop

overexposure to sunlight

overexposure to wind

colds influenza and similar infections

heavy alcohol use

fever from any cause

the menstrual period

physical stress

emotional stress

Symptoms

Primary (Initial) HSV I Fever

Adenopathy

Ulcers deep in mouth

Secondary (Later) HSV I (Recurrent labial lesions) Fever Blisters form on outer vermillion border

Cold Sores form on inner lip Initial Vesicle

Next Crust

Last Healing in 10-14 days

Differential Diagnosis

Differs from Aphthous Ulcers in that

Found on keratinized (bound-down) intraoral

mucosa

Vesicles rupture into coalescing ulcers

HSV lesions are anterior compared with

Herpangina

Hand Foot and Mouth Disease

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Oral acyclovir (Zovirax) or the recently

developed drugs valacyclovir (Valtrex) or

famciclovir (Famvir) lessen the symptoms

and frequency of fever blister recurrences for

some patients These drugs prevent HSV from

multiplying and are effective when taken in

pill form prior to an outbreak of the virus

Systemic Antivirals

Acyclovir

Dose 15 mgkg (max 200 mg) PO 5xday for 7 days

Shortens first HSV infection by 6 days in children

Famciclovir

Shortens healing time by 2 days in UV-induced cases

Spruance (1999) J Infect Dis 179303-10

Valacyclovir (FDA approved for age 12 and older)

Adult dose 2 g PO bid for one day

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Topical antiviral creams containing acyclovir

(Zovirax) or penciclovir (Denavir) may also

help in limiting the extent or duration of

lesions if applied promptly to affected areas

Topical Treatments

Penciclovir (Denavir) heals HSV-1 sores on average about half a day faster than without treatment stops viral shedding and reduces the duration of the pain Ideally the patient should apply the cream within the first hour of symptoms although benefits have also been noted with later application It is continued for four consecutive days and should be reapplied every two hours while awake

Docosanol cream (Abreva) is an over-the-counter agent for oral-facial herpes It helps resist infection by inhibiting the ability of the virus to become fully active after it has attached itself to the host cell It is applied five times a day beginning at the first sign of tingling or pain Studies have been mixed on it benefits

Topical Treatments

Acyclovir cream (Zovirax) has been approved It may speed healing of oral herpes lesions and lessen the duration of pain particularly if it is applied early on (at the first sign of pain or tingling)

Lidex is a gel that contains a fluocinonide as corticosteroid Corticosteroids commonly called steroids are anti-inflammatory agents and not ordinarily used for herpes Some evidence suggests it may be effective in combination with oral famciclovir

Topical Treatments

Over-the-counter topical anesthetics may provide

modest relief They include Anbesol gel Blistex lip

ointment Campho-phenique Herpecin-L

Viractin and Zilactin In one study Viractin

reduced the duration of the attack compared to

placebo by two days It also relieved itching but had

little effect on other symptoms In general however

few studies have been conducted on any of these

products

X

Xerostomia

Xerostomia is not a disease but can be a symptom

of certain diseases It can produce serious

negative effects on the patients quality of life

affecting dietary habits nutritional status

speech taste tolerance to dental prosthesis and

increases susceptibility to dental caries The

increase in dental caries can be devastating in

many patients and therefore special care must be

made to control this condition

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Medications - Several hundred current medications

can cause xerostomia antihypertensives

antidepressants analgesics tranquilizers diuretics

and antihistamines c

-Cancer Therapy - Chemotherapeutic drugs can

change the flow and composition of the saliva

Radiation treatment that is focused on or near the

salivary gland can temporarily or permanently

damage the salivary glands

-Sjogrens syndrome - An autoimmune disease causes

xerostomia and dry eyes

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Other conditions -such as bone marrow transplants endocrine disorders stress anxiety depression and nutritional deficiencies may cause xerostomia

-Nerve Damage - Trauma to the head and neck area from surgery or wounds can damage the nerves that supply sensation to the mouth While the salivary glands may be left intact they cannot function normally without the nerves that signal them to produce saliva

Treatment

Identify the xerostomic condition and the

cause Some of the causes may be

ameliorated and this will aid therapy But

in many situations it will be difficult to

eliminate the causes Thus it will be

necessary for the Dentist to control the

results of xerostomia This is especially

true about the increase in dental caries

Treatment -pilocarpine (Salagen) 5mg qid prescription required

-special food preparation - blended and moist foods are easier to swallow

artificial saliva (available over-the-counter)

-sipping plain water is usually preferred over artificial saliva by most patients

-Biotene brand over-the-counter dry mouth products (toothpaste alcohol- free mouth rinse and Oralbalance lubricating gel)

-avoidance of alcohol-based mouth rinses

-use of water and glycerin mixed in a small aerosol spray bottle

RX

Contains sorbitol sodium

carboxymethlcellulose and

methylparaben in a

pleasantly flavored

solution

120 mL (406 fl oz)

Z

Treatment

Acyclovir (Zovirax)dagger800 mg orally five times

daily for 7 to 10 days

10 mg per kg IV every 8 hours for 7 to 10

daysDagger

$174 to 248 (129 to 200)

Famciclovir (Famvir)dagger500 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$140

Treatment

Valacyclovir (Valtrex)dagger1000 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$84

Prednisone (Deltasone)30 mg orally twice

daily on days 1 through 7 then 15 mg twice

daily on days 8 through 14 then 75 mg twice

daily on days 15 through 21

Treatment

Lotions containing calamine (eg Caladryl)

may be used on open lesions to reduce pain

and pruritus

Once the lesions have crusted over capsaicin

cream (Zostrix) may be applied

Topically administered lidocaine (Xylocaine)

and nerve blocks have also been reported to

be effective in reducing pain

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Amitriptyline (Elavil) -- By inhibiting reuptake of serotonin andor norepinephrine by presynaptic neuronal membrane may increase synaptic concentration in CNS Useful as analgesic for certain types of chronic and neuropathic pain

Adult DoseEarly in course of HZ 25 mgd PO hs to prevent PHNAfter PHN develops 30-100 mg PO qhs

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Capsaicin cream (Dolorac Capsin Zostrix) --Natural chemical derived from plants of Solanaceae family By depleting and preventing reaccumulation of substance P in peripheral sensory neurons may render skin and joints insensitive to pain Substance P thought to be chemomediator of pain transmission from periphery to CNS

Adult DoseCream Apply to skin tidqid for 3-4 consecutive wk and evaluate efficacy not to exceed 4 applicationsd

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Lidocaine (DermaFlex gel Lidoderm 5 patch) --Several recent studies have advocated topical administration of lidocaine as treatment of PHN Lidocaine gel (5) in placebo-controlled study showed significant relief in 23 patients studied Lidocaine tape also decreases severity of pain

Adult DoseGel (5) Apply to affected area prnPatch (5) Apply to most painful area up to 3 patches per application patch may remain in place for up to 12 h in any 24 h period

Postherpetic Neuralgia Gabapentin (Neurontin) -- This medication has been

approved by the FDA for the treatment of PHN Has properties common to other anticonvulsants and antineuralgic effects Exact mechanism of action is not known Structurally gabapentin is related to GABA but it does not interact with GABA receptors Believed to have a binding site at the alpha 2-delta protein an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gaited calcium channels In the rat brain binding is localized on neuronal dendritic areas Relevance of these observations to treatment of PHN is not known

Adult Dose100 mg PO tid titrate dose prn recommended dose is 900-1800 mg PO qd not to exceed 900 mg PO qid

Differential Diagnosis

M ndash Metabolic

I ndash Inflammatory

N ndash Neoplastic

D - Developmental

Developmental

Odontogenic

Mucosal

TeethPulpalPerio

Others

Infections

AllergyImmunologic

Bone

Heme DermatologicManifes of

Systemic Dis

Physical

ChemicalForensics

Salivary

Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology

Categories

Clefts

Fordyce Granules

Fissured Tongue

Hairy Tongue

Tori

Dentigerous Cyst

OKCKOT

COC

Odontoma

Ameloblastoma

AOT

CEOT

Myxoma

ErosionAbfractionAbrasion

Amelogenesis Imperfecta

Dentinogenesis Imperfecta

GeminationFusion

PulpalPeriapical Dis

Periodontal Dis

Osteogenesis Imp

Cleidocranial Dysplasia

Pagetrsquos Disease

CGCG

BFOL

Osteoma

Osteosarcoma

Chondrosarcoma

Ewingrsquos Sarcoma

Rec Apthous Stomatitis

Sarcoidosis

Wegnerrsquos Granulomatosis

Angioedema

Contact StomatitisLichen Planus Pemphigus

Pemphigoid Erythema Multiforme

Erythema Migrans Lupus

Ectodermal Dysplasia Cowden Syndrome

Developmental

Odontogenic

Mucosal

Teethpulpal perio

Others

Infections

AllergyImmunologic

Bone

Heme DermatologicManifes of

Systemic Dis

Physical

ChemicalForensics

Salivary

Oromaxillofacial Pathology

Categories

Amyloidosis Vitamin Deficiency

Diabetes Hyperparathyroidism

Inborn Errors of Metabolism Addisonrsquos Disease

Crohnrsquos Disease Iron Def Anemia

Oral Mucosal

Lesions

Epithelial Soft Tissue

Neoplastic Reactive Reactive Neoplastic

Benign

Malignant

Benign Malignant

Papillary

Verruciform

Pigmented

Leurkoplakia

Erythroplakia

SCC

Verrucous C

Spindle Cell C

Basaloid SCC

Adenosquamos

BCC

Nasopharyngeal

Carc of Max Sin

Merkel Cell

Melanoma

Ephelis

Actinic Lentigo

Melasma

Oral Melanotic Macule

Melanoacanthoma

Smokerrsquos Melanosis

Nevi

Fibroma

3 Prsquos

Epulis Fissuratum

IPH

Oral Mucosal

Lesions

Epithelial Soft Tissue

Neoplastic Reactive Reactive Neoplastic

Benign

Malignant

Benign Malignant

Pre-malignant

SDK

Oral Submuc Fibrosis

Nicotine Stomatitis

Solar Keratosis

Actinic Cheilitis

Keratoacanthoma

PVL

Epithelial Dysplasia

Frictional Hyperkeratosis

Linea Alba

Morsicatio Buccarum

Morsicatio Linguarum

Cotton Roll Burn

Aspirin Burn

Radiation Mucositis

Sanguinaria-ass keratosis

Pyrophosphate-ass keratosis

Hyperplastic Candidiasis

Infectious

Physical

Chemical

Leukoplakia

Diagnosis ndash ldquothrough knowledgerdquo

hellipA solid knowledge of the basic principles of

the various disease processes is essential for

obtaining a good history As Goethe stated

The eyes see what the mind knows

Consider

Anatomical Location

Biological Plausibility

Patient History

Taking the patients history is traditionally

the first step in virtually every clinical

encounter

Other than that Mrs Lincoln how was the play

Prescription Drug Information for Consumers amp Professionals

Popular

Searches

Viagra

Cialis

Levitra

Lipitor

Zoloft

Hair Transplant

Health

Insurance

Healthy Diet

Lose Weight

Pain Relief

Multiplicity of Presentation

Systemic Disease

Syndromic Presentation

A

Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis

ldquoaphthous ulcerationsrdquo

ldquocanker soresrdquo

Prevalence in the general population 5

to 66 with a mean of 20

Mucosal destruction ndash T-cell mediated

immunologic reaction

Etiologic Factors

Allergies

Genetic predisposition

Nutritional deficiencies ndash B12 B6 Fe ++

Hematological abnormalities

Hormonal influences

Infectious agents

Trauma

Stress

Four

Principal Categories

Primary immunodysregulation

Decrease of the mucosal barrier

Increase in antigenic exposure

Genetic predisposition HLA-12 HLA

- B51 and Cw7

Systemic Disorders Associated with

Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis

Behcetrsquos syndrome

Celiac disease

Cyclic neutropenia

Nutritional deficiencies

IgA deficiency

Immunoincompetence

Inflammatory bowel disease

Three Clinical Variations

Minor

Major ndash Suttonrsquos disease or PMNR

(periadenitis mucosa necrotica

recurrens)

Herpetiform

Minor Aphthous Ulcerations

Non-keratinized mucosa

Prodromal symptoms ndash burning itching

stinging

Erythematous macule ndash fibrinopurulent

membrane with a erythematous halo

except in immunocompromised

Major Aphthous Ulcerations

Larger - 1 to 3 cm

Deeper

Clinically persistent

Develop post pubertal

Recurrences for up to 20 years or more

Herpetiform Aphthous

Ulcerations

Greatest number of lesions

Increased frequency of occurrence

Superficial resemblance to herpes

simplex viral infection

Any mucosal surface may be involved

Behcetrsquos Syndrome

ldquothe silk routerdquo

Behcetrsquos Syndrome

1937 ndash Turkish dermatologist ndashHulusi

Behcet described this condition

Ocular Inflammation

Orogenital Inflammation

Multisystem Disorder

Behcetrsquos Disease

Highest Prevalence ndash Middle East and

Japan

Oral Involvement ndash primary

manifestation in 25 to 75 of the

cases

All three forms of aphthous stomatitis

may be seen

Behcetrsquos Disease

Genital lesions are clinically similar to

oral lesions

75 of the patients demonstrate the

genital lesions

Genital lesions are generally more

symptomatic in males

Behcetrsquos Disease

Criteria for the Diagnosis of Behcetrsquos

Disease (International Study Group)

Recurrent oral ulceration

Plus two of the following

Recurrent genital ulcerations

Eye lesions ndashanteriorposterior uveitis

Skin lesions

+ pathergy ndash read by 24-48 hours

Behcetrsquos Disease

Treament

Topical or intralesional corticosteriods

Oral colchicine

Thalidomide

Low-dose methotrexate

Systemic corticosteriods

Cyclosporine

Interferon alpha2A

Treatment

Triamcinolone 01 in Orabase (Kenalog

in Orabase) Apply to dried ulcer two to

four times daily until healed

Randomized controlled studies show decreased

pain

Dexamethasone elixir 05 mg per 5 ml

Swish and spit with 5 mL every 6 hours

As above

B

Burning Mouth Syndrome

About 13 million American adults mostly

postmenopausal women are afflicted with

Burning Mouth Syndrome a chronic often

debilitating condition whose cause remains a

medical mystery

Burning Mouth Syndrome

The main symptom of burning mouth

syndrome is a burning sensation involving the

tongue lips gums palate throat or

widespread areas of the whole mouth People

with the syndrome may describe the sensation

in the affected areas as hot or scalded as if

they had been burned with a hot liquid

Burning Mouth Syndrome

Dry mouth

Sore mouth

A tingling or numb sensation in your mouth

or on the tip of your tongue

A bitter or metallic taste

Causes

Dry mouth (xerostomia)

Nutritional deficiencies

Allergies

Psychological factors

Nerve disturbance or damage

(neuropathy)

Treatments

Potentially efficacious medicines include

tricyclic antidepressants (like amitriptyline -brand name Elavil)

benzodiazepines (like clonazepam - brand name Klonopin or

chlordiazepoxide brand name - Librium)

even anticonvulsants have proven effective in some cases

BMS Treatment

Tricyclic antidepressants

Amitriptyline (Elavil)10 to 150 mg per day

10 mg at bedtime increase dosage by 10 mg

every 4 to 7 days until oral burning is relieved

or side effects occur

BMS Treatment

Benzodiazepines

Clonazepam (Klonopin)025 to 2 mg per

day025 mg at bedtime increase dosage by

025 mg every 4 to 7 days until oral burning is

relieved or side effects occur as dosage

increases medication is taken as full dose or

in three divided doses

BMS Treatment

Anticonvulsants

Gabapentin (Neurontin) 300 to 1600 mg per

day100 mg at bedtime increase dosage by

100 mg every 4 to 7 days until oral burning is

relieved or side effects occur as dosage

increases medication is taken in three divided

doses

C

Candidiasis

Oral thrush and other Candida infections

occur when your immune system is

weakened by disease or drugs such as

prednisone or when antibiotics disturb the

natural balance of microorganisms in the

body

Predisposing factors for infection

Infancy or old age

Serious underlying disease such as cancer or infection with HIV

Dry mouth due to disease of the salivary glands or medications eg antihistamines diuretics

Dentures (especially if they are not regularly cleaned or fit badly)

Predisposing factors for infection

Smoking

Injury to the mouth

Nutritional deficiency eg iron ampor B-vitamin deficiency

Inhaled corticosteroids used to treat asthma eg beclometasone budesonide fluticasone Drink water after inhalation to reduce this complication

Clinical features

Acute pseudomembranous candidiasis There are

white patches on gums tongue amp inside the mouth

that can be peeled off leaving a raw area

Acute atrophic candidiasis There are smooth red

shiny patches on the tongue The mouth is very sore

Chronic atrophic candidiasis This is common in

those with dentures The underlying mucosa is red

and swollen

Clinical features

Angular cheilitis There are sore red splits at each side of the mouth more likely if there is overhang of the upper lip over the lower lip causing a moist deep furrow Angular cheilitis due to candida andor Staphylococcus aureus arises frequently in those taking the medication isotretinoin for acne this medication dries the lips

Chronic hyperplastic candidiasis This is a type of oral leukoplakia (white patch) inside the cheeks or on the tongue with persistent nodules or lumps It usually affects smokers and is pre-malignant Red patches (erythroplakia) as well as white patches may indicate malignant change

Clinical features

Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis presents

as a chronic pseudomembranous infection

The skin and nails are also affected

Median rhomboid glossitis - there is diamond-

shaped inflammation at the back of the

tongue

Severe infections may extend down the throat

(esophageal infection)

Rationale for Treatment Topical vs

Systemic Drugs

Topical antifungals are usually the drug of

choice for uncomplicated localized

candidiasis in patients with normal immune

function

Systemic antifungals are usually indicated in

cases of disseminated disease andor in

immunocompromised patients

Suggested Medications for the

Treatment of Candidiasis

Rx

Clotrimazole troches 10 mg

Disp 70 troches

Sig Let 1 troche dissolve in mouth 5 times

per day for 14 days Do not chew NPO 12

hour

Suggested Systemic Medications for

the Treatment of Candidiasis Rx

Ketoconazole tablets 200 mgDisp 14 tabletsSig Take 1 tab qd with a meal or orange juice for 14 days

RxFluconazole tablets 100 mgDisp 15 tabletsSig Take 2 tablets stat then 1 tablet qd for 14 days

RxItraconazole tablets 100 mgDisp 28 tabletsSig Take 1 tablet bid with a meal or orange juice for 14 days

CA

Head and Neck Cancer

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Intraoral Melanoma

Lymphoma

Intraoral Melanoma

The five year survival rate for oral melanoma

is less than 20 as compared to 75 for

Cutaneous melanomas The average time of

first local recurrence for oral melanoma is less

than one year and metastatic disease is usually

diagnosed within three months of the

recurrence The average survival rate after

metastasis is typically less than 6 months

Extranodal Lymphoma

Extranodal lymphomas usually develop as a

rapidly growing mass of the palate or

posterior tongue (area of Waldeyerrsquos ring)

Pain may or may not be a presenting sign

Clinically the lesion may present as an

erythematous mass with a boggy consistency

The average survival rate for AIDS patients

with an intraoral lymphoma is eight months

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Second primary ndash field cancerization

Incidence amp Mortality HampN Ca

41000 new cases annually

13000 affected will die of disease

Rates constant over last 20yrs

lt 5 of neoplasias US

Highest incidence southeastern amp south-

central Asia

Disease in Women

Prior to 1940 malefemale ratio - 101

1980s ratio 31

Reason tobacco use among women in early

decades of the century

Habits have stabilized ndash malefemale

incidence normalized

Tobacco Use

1956 Wynder et al HampN Ca 10-fold

increase among smokers

Most studies 5-fold to 25-fold increase

intensity and duration of tobacco

consumption

80-90 of HampN Ca patients use tobacco

Alcohol

Odds ratio increases 3- to 15-fold for HampN

Ca after adjusting for tobacco use with

consumption of alcohol

Multiplicative effect with tobacco and

alcohol

Location of cancer ndash oral

pharyngeal(topical mechanism)

Alcohol

Promotional effects independent of

initiation

-prostaglandin synthesis lipid peroxidation

free radical oxygen enhance cell turnover

Enhances cell permeability

Defective repair mechanisms

Depressed immunity

Dz

RISK FACTORS (RF)

1 RF

2 RF

3 RF

4 RF

The concept of

TUMOR

local

regional

systemic

local T

N

M

INFECTION PAIN

INFECTION NEOPLASM

CERVICAL LYMPH NODE ENLARGEMENT

bullbacterial

bullviral (local systemic)

bullfungal

bullpostinfect fibrosed node

bulllt 40 yrs lymphoma

bullgt 40 yrs metastatic SCC

OTHERS

bullleukemia

bullconnective tissue diseases (eg lupus)

bullsarcoidosis

Importance of early diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma

60

stage III amp IV

23 recurrence lt 2 yrs

lt 13 survive 3 yrs

40

stage I amp II

80-90 cure

Second primary tumor in successfully treated patients within 5-7

years up to 40 Follow-up important

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Mortality (8000) deaths per year

Mortality by Site

Tongue 432

Salivary 130

Floor of mouth 950

Lip 24

Other 319

Premalignant Lesions

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Erythroplasia

Carcinoma in situ

Verrucous Leukoplakia

Tobacco patch keratosis

Actinic cheilosis

Mouth wash (Viadent) dysplasia

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Defined as a red patch that can not be

clinically or pathologically diagnosed as any

other condition

Almost all erythroleukoplakia demonstrate

dysplasia or CIS

Etiology is similar to oral SCC

May occur in conjunction with leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Risk of malignant transformation in

erythroleukoplakia about 4x greater than

homogenous leukoplakia

Predominately disease of older men with peak

prevalence of 65 to 74 years

Floor of mouth tongue and soft palate are

most common sites of involvement

Erythroplakia

The Management of Head and

Neck Cancer

Major advances

Conservative or partial resections

Micro vascular free-tissue transfer in

reconstruction

Better definition of the roles of chemotherapy

and radiotherapy

Despite these advances the treatment of loco

regional recurrence remains a major challenge

success rates for salvage therapy are poor

Treatment

Surgery

Radiotherapy

Chemotherapy

Immunotherapy

at present the role of immunotherapy remains investigational

Chemotherapy

Several randomized and non-randomized trial have evaluated chemotherapy for the treatment of head and neck cancer

Various agents have been shown to produce a response

No agents either alone or in combination have demonstrated an improvement in survival

cisplatin and 5 - FU

Uses

Inoperable tumors

Salvage therapy for recurrent tumors

Treatment

The main treatment modalities for head and neck

cancer remain surgery and radiotherapy

Patient factors that merit consideration

Impact on the quality of life

Medical condition ndash ldquoco - morbiditiesrdquo

Patient preference

Treatment cost and convenience

Compliance

Treatment

Early stage disease (stage I and II) can be treated with either surgery or radiotherapy with equivalent control rates

Small lesions of the oral cavity wide local excision is preferred over radiotherapy

Radiotherapy can be delivered to a site generally only once

Reserve this modality for less operable lesions

Treatment Combined Modality

Surgery and RadiotherapyIndications for post operative radiotherapy

Primary Tumor

Advance T stage

High histologic grade

Positive surgical resection margins

Lymphatic permeation

Vascular invasion

Perineural spread

Radiotherapy

Daily dose of 180 cGy to 200 cGy

5000 cGy over a five week period

T1 ndash 6000 to 6600 cGy

T2 - 6600 to 7000 cGy

T3T4 - gt 7000 cGy

ldquoshrinking field techniquerdquo

hyperfractionation technique 200 cGy per day for 25 days followed by 400 cGy per day for 5 days

D

Desquamative gingivitis is a clinical term to describe red painful glazed and friable gingivae which may be a manifestation of some mucocutaneous conditions such as lichen planus or the vesiculobullous disorders

Clinical features of desquamative

gingivitis

Fiery red friable gingiva

Painful desquamates easily

Buccal aspect of anterior attached gingiva

affected

Marginal gingiva spared

Not significantly improved by oral hygiene

measures alone

Differential Diagnosis Erosive Lichen Planus

Immune-mediated blistering diseases

Intra-epithelial

Pemphigus

Subepithelial

Pemphigoid

Linear IgA disease

Dermatitis herpetiformis

Epidermolysis bullosa

Erythema multiforme

Treatment Topical Corticosteroids Recurrent aphthous ulcers

bull Oral manifestations of Behccedilets disease Reiters syndrome acute

vulvar ulcer MAGIC syndrome PFAPA syndrome ulcerative colitis

Crohns disease Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome Sweets

syndrome among others

bull Drug-induced ulcerations mediated by an immune mechanism

bull Lichen planus

bull Cicatricial pemphigoid

bull Mucous membrane pemphigoid

bull Bullous pemphigoid

bull Erythema multiforme

bull Linear IgA dermatosis

bull Pemphigus vulgaris

Topicals Temovate cream 005 Clobetasol propionate

Halog cream 01 Halcinonide

Lidex cream 005 Fluocinonide

Topicort cream 025 Desoximethasone

Lidex gel 005 Fluocinonide

Aristocort cream H-P 05 Triamcinolone acetinode

Diprosone cream 005 Betamethasone dipropionate

Florone cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Maxiflor cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Synalar cream H-P 02 Fluocinolone acetonide

Topicals Tropicort-LP cream 005 Desoxymethasone

Benisone cream 0025 Betamethasone benzoate

Cordran cream 0025 Flurandenolide

Kenalog cream 01 Triamcinolone acetonide

Locoid cream 01 Hydrocortisone butyrate

Synalar cream 0025 Fluocinolone acetonide

Valisone cream 01 Betamethasone valerate

Tridesilon cream 005 Desonide

Locorten cream 003 Flumetasone pivalate

1 Hydrocortisone

Topical Corticosteroids

Used to treat oral lesions

Clobetasol (Temovate) -- Suppresses mitosis and increases synthesis of proteins that decrease inflammation and cause vasoconstriction Class I superpotent topical steroid useful in treating oral lesions Topical corticosteroids commonly are used intraorally for oral manifestations of autoimmune blistering skin diseases Since these diseases are chronic inflammatory in nature topical corticosteroids are very useful as an adjunct treatment Patients with disease confined to the gingiva should see a dentist to have a custom-made soft tray to carry the medication

H

How does herpes simplex develop

overexposure to sunlight

overexposure to wind

colds influenza and similar infections

heavy alcohol use

fever from any cause

the menstrual period

physical stress

emotional stress

Symptoms

Primary (Initial) HSV I Fever

Adenopathy

Ulcers deep in mouth

Secondary (Later) HSV I (Recurrent labial lesions) Fever Blisters form on outer vermillion border

Cold Sores form on inner lip Initial Vesicle

Next Crust

Last Healing in 10-14 days

Differential Diagnosis

Differs from Aphthous Ulcers in that

Found on keratinized (bound-down) intraoral

mucosa

Vesicles rupture into coalescing ulcers

HSV lesions are anterior compared with

Herpangina

Hand Foot and Mouth Disease

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Oral acyclovir (Zovirax) or the recently

developed drugs valacyclovir (Valtrex) or

famciclovir (Famvir) lessen the symptoms

and frequency of fever blister recurrences for

some patients These drugs prevent HSV from

multiplying and are effective when taken in

pill form prior to an outbreak of the virus

Systemic Antivirals

Acyclovir

Dose 15 mgkg (max 200 mg) PO 5xday for 7 days

Shortens first HSV infection by 6 days in children

Famciclovir

Shortens healing time by 2 days in UV-induced cases

Spruance (1999) J Infect Dis 179303-10

Valacyclovir (FDA approved for age 12 and older)

Adult dose 2 g PO bid for one day

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Topical antiviral creams containing acyclovir

(Zovirax) or penciclovir (Denavir) may also

help in limiting the extent or duration of

lesions if applied promptly to affected areas

Topical Treatments

Penciclovir (Denavir) heals HSV-1 sores on average about half a day faster than without treatment stops viral shedding and reduces the duration of the pain Ideally the patient should apply the cream within the first hour of symptoms although benefits have also been noted with later application It is continued for four consecutive days and should be reapplied every two hours while awake

Docosanol cream (Abreva) is an over-the-counter agent for oral-facial herpes It helps resist infection by inhibiting the ability of the virus to become fully active after it has attached itself to the host cell It is applied five times a day beginning at the first sign of tingling or pain Studies have been mixed on it benefits

Topical Treatments

Acyclovir cream (Zovirax) has been approved It may speed healing of oral herpes lesions and lessen the duration of pain particularly if it is applied early on (at the first sign of pain or tingling)

Lidex is a gel that contains a fluocinonide as corticosteroid Corticosteroids commonly called steroids are anti-inflammatory agents and not ordinarily used for herpes Some evidence suggests it may be effective in combination with oral famciclovir

Topical Treatments

Over-the-counter topical anesthetics may provide

modest relief They include Anbesol gel Blistex lip

ointment Campho-phenique Herpecin-L

Viractin and Zilactin In one study Viractin

reduced the duration of the attack compared to

placebo by two days It also relieved itching but had

little effect on other symptoms In general however

few studies have been conducted on any of these

products

X

Xerostomia

Xerostomia is not a disease but can be a symptom

of certain diseases It can produce serious

negative effects on the patients quality of life

affecting dietary habits nutritional status

speech taste tolerance to dental prosthesis and

increases susceptibility to dental caries The

increase in dental caries can be devastating in

many patients and therefore special care must be

made to control this condition

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Medications - Several hundred current medications

can cause xerostomia antihypertensives

antidepressants analgesics tranquilizers diuretics

and antihistamines c

-Cancer Therapy - Chemotherapeutic drugs can

change the flow and composition of the saliva

Radiation treatment that is focused on or near the

salivary gland can temporarily or permanently

damage the salivary glands

-Sjogrens syndrome - An autoimmune disease causes

xerostomia and dry eyes

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Other conditions -such as bone marrow transplants endocrine disorders stress anxiety depression and nutritional deficiencies may cause xerostomia

-Nerve Damage - Trauma to the head and neck area from surgery or wounds can damage the nerves that supply sensation to the mouth While the salivary glands may be left intact they cannot function normally without the nerves that signal them to produce saliva

Treatment

Identify the xerostomic condition and the

cause Some of the causes may be

ameliorated and this will aid therapy But

in many situations it will be difficult to

eliminate the causes Thus it will be

necessary for the Dentist to control the

results of xerostomia This is especially

true about the increase in dental caries

Treatment -pilocarpine (Salagen) 5mg qid prescription required

-special food preparation - blended and moist foods are easier to swallow

artificial saliva (available over-the-counter)

-sipping plain water is usually preferred over artificial saliva by most patients

-Biotene brand over-the-counter dry mouth products (toothpaste alcohol- free mouth rinse and Oralbalance lubricating gel)

-avoidance of alcohol-based mouth rinses

-use of water and glycerin mixed in a small aerosol spray bottle

RX

Contains sorbitol sodium

carboxymethlcellulose and

methylparaben in a

pleasantly flavored

solution

120 mL (406 fl oz)

Z

Treatment

Acyclovir (Zovirax)dagger800 mg orally five times

daily for 7 to 10 days

10 mg per kg IV every 8 hours for 7 to 10

daysDagger

$174 to 248 (129 to 200)

Famciclovir (Famvir)dagger500 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$140

Treatment

Valacyclovir (Valtrex)dagger1000 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$84

Prednisone (Deltasone)30 mg orally twice

daily on days 1 through 7 then 15 mg twice

daily on days 8 through 14 then 75 mg twice

daily on days 15 through 21

Treatment

Lotions containing calamine (eg Caladryl)

may be used on open lesions to reduce pain

and pruritus

Once the lesions have crusted over capsaicin

cream (Zostrix) may be applied

Topically administered lidocaine (Xylocaine)

and nerve blocks have also been reported to

be effective in reducing pain

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Amitriptyline (Elavil) -- By inhibiting reuptake of serotonin andor norepinephrine by presynaptic neuronal membrane may increase synaptic concentration in CNS Useful as analgesic for certain types of chronic and neuropathic pain

Adult DoseEarly in course of HZ 25 mgd PO hs to prevent PHNAfter PHN develops 30-100 mg PO qhs

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Capsaicin cream (Dolorac Capsin Zostrix) --Natural chemical derived from plants of Solanaceae family By depleting and preventing reaccumulation of substance P in peripheral sensory neurons may render skin and joints insensitive to pain Substance P thought to be chemomediator of pain transmission from periphery to CNS

Adult DoseCream Apply to skin tidqid for 3-4 consecutive wk and evaluate efficacy not to exceed 4 applicationsd

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Lidocaine (DermaFlex gel Lidoderm 5 patch) --Several recent studies have advocated topical administration of lidocaine as treatment of PHN Lidocaine gel (5) in placebo-controlled study showed significant relief in 23 patients studied Lidocaine tape also decreases severity of pain

Adult DoseGel (5) Apply to affected area prnPatch (5) Apply to most painful area up to 3 patches per application patch may remain in place for up to 12 h in any 24 h period

Postherpetic Neuralgia Gabapentin (Neurontin) -- This medication has been

approved by the FDA for the treatment of PHN Has properties common to other anticonvulsants and antineuralgic effects Exact mechanism of action is not known Structurally gabapentin is related to GABA but it does not interact with GABA receptors Believed to have a binding site at the alpha 2-delta protein an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gaited calcium channels In the rat brain binding is localized on neuronal dendritic areas Relevance of these observations to treatment of PHN is not known

Adult Dose100 mg PO tid titrate dose prn recommended dose is 900-1800 mg PO qd not to exceed 900 mg PO qid

Developmental

Odontogenic

Mucosal

TeethPulpalPerio

Others

Infections

AllergyImmunologic

Bone

Heme DermatologicManifes of

Systemic Dis

Physical

ChemicalForensics

Salivary

Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology

Categories

Clefts

Fordyce Granules

Fissured Tongue

Hairy Tongue

Tori

Dentigerous Cyst

OKCKOT

COC

Odontoma

Ameloblastoma

AOT

CEOT

Myxoma

ErosionAbfractionAbrasion

Amelogenesis Imperfecta

Dentinogenesis Imperfecta

GeminationFusion

PulpalPeriapical Dis

Periodontal Dis

Osteogenesis Imp

Cleidocranial Dysplasia

Pagetrsquos Disease

CGCG

BFOL

Osteoma

Osteosarcoma

Chondrosarcoma

Ewingrsquos Sarcoma

Rec Apthous Stomatitis

Sarcoidosis

Wegnerrsquos Granulomatosis

Angioedema

Contact StomatitisLichen Planus Pemphigus

Pemphigoid Erythema Multiforme

Erythema Migrans Lupus

Ectodermal Dysplasia Cowden Syndrome

Developmental

Odontogenic

Mucosal

Teethpulpal perio

Others

Infections

AllergyImmunologic

Bone

Heme DermatologicManifes of

Systemic Dis

Physical

ChemicalForensics

Salivary

Oromaxillofacial Pathology

Categories

Amyloidosis Vitamin Deficiency

Diabetes Hyperparathyroidism

Inborn Errors of Metabolism Addisonrsquos Disease

Crohnrsquos Disease Iron Def Anemia

Oral Mucosal

Lesions

Epithelial Soft Tissue

Neoplastic Reactive Reactive Neoplastic

Benign

Malignant

Benign Malignant

Papillary

Verruciform

Pigmented

Leurkoplakia

Erythroplakia

SCC

Verrucous C

Spindle Cell C

Basaloid SCC

Adenosquamos

BCC

Nasopharyngeal

Carc of Max Sin

Merkel Cell

Melanoma

Ephelis

Actinic Lentigo

Melasma

Oral Melanotic Macule

Melanoacanthoma

Smokerrsquos Melanosis

Nevi

Fibroma

3 Prsquos

Epulis Fissuratum

IPH

Oral Mucosal

Lesions

Epithelial Soft Tissue

Neoplastic Reactive Reactive Neoplastic

Benign

Malignant

Benign Malignant

Pre-malignant

SDK

Oral Submuc Fibrosis

Nicotine Stomatitis

Solar Keratosis

Actinic Cheilitis

Keratoacanthoma

PVL

Epithelial Dysplasia

Frictional Hyperkeratosis

Linea Alba

Morsicatio Buccarum

Morsicatio Linguarum

Cotton Roll Burn

Aspirin Burn

Radiation Mucositis

Sanguinaria-ass keratosis

Pyrophosphate-ass keratosis

Hyperplastic Candidiasis

Infectious

Physical

Chemical

Leukoplakia

Diagnosis ndash ldquothrough knowledgerdquo

hellipA solid knowledge of the basic principles of

the various disease processes is essential for

obtaining a good history As Goethe stated

The eyes see what the mind knows

Consider

Anatomical Location

Biological Plausibility

Patient History

Taking the patients history is traditionally

the first step in virtually every clinical

encounter

Other than that Mrs Lincoln how was the play

Prescription Drug Information for Consumers amp Professionals

Popular

Searches

Viagra

Cialis

Levitra

Lipitor

Zoloft

Hair Transplant

Health

Insurance

Healthy Diet

Lose Weight

Pain Relief

Multiplicity of Presentation

Systemic Disease

Syndromic Presentation

A

Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis

ldquoaphthous ulcerationsrdquo

ldquocanker soresrdquo

Prevalence in the general population 5

to 66 with a mean of 20

Mucosal destruction ndash T-cell mediated

immunologic reaction

Etiologic Factors

Allergies

Genetic predisposition

Nutritional deficiencies ndash B12 B6 Fe ++

Hematological abnormalities

Hormonal influences

Infectious agents

Trauma

Stress

Four

Principal Categories

Primary immunodysregulation

Decrease of the mucosal barrier

Increase in antigenic exposure

Genetic predisposition HLA-12 HLA

- B51 and Cw7

Systemic Disorders Associated with

Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis

Behcetrsquos syndrome

Celiac disease

Cyclic neutropenia

Nutritional deficiencies

IgA deficiency

Immunoincompetence

Inflammatory bowel disease

Three Clinical Variations

Minor

Major ndash Suttonrsquos disease or PMNR

(periadenitis mucosa necrotica

recurrens)

Herpetiform

Minor Aphthous Ulcerations

Non-keratinized mucosa

Prodromal symptoms ndash burning itching

stinging

Erythematous macule ndash fibrinopurulent

membrane with a erythematous halo

except in immunocompromised

Major Aphthous Ulcerations

Larger - 1 to 3 cm

Deeper

Clinically persistent

Develop post pubertal

Recurrences for up to 20 years or more

Herpetiform Aphthous

Ulcerations

Greatest number of lesions

Increased frequency of occurrence

Superficial resemblance to herpes

simplex viral infection

Any mucosal surface may be involved

Behcetrsquos Syndrome

ldquothe silk routerdquo

Behcetrsquos Syndrome

1937 ndash Turkish dermatologist ndashHulusi

Behcet described this condition

Ocular Inflammation

Orogenital Inflammation

Multisystem Disorder

Behcetrsquos Disease

Highest Prevalence ndash Middle East and

Japan

Oral Involvement ndash primary

manifestation in 25 to 75 of the

cases

All three forms of aphthous stomatitis

may be seen

Behcetrsquos Disease

Genital lesions are clinically similar to

oral lesions

75 of the patients demonstrate the

genital lesions

Genital lesions are generally more

symptomatic in males

Behcetrsquos Disease

Criteria for the Diagnosis of Behcetrsquos

Disease (International Study Group)

Recurrent oral ulceration

Plus two of the following

Recurrent genital ulcerations

Eye lesions ndashanteriorposterior uveitis

Skin lesions

+ pathergy ndash read by 24-48 hours

Behcetrsquos Disease

Treament

Topical or intralesional corticosteriods

Oral colchicine

Thalidomide

Low-dose methotrexate

Systemic corticosteriods

Cyclosporine

Interferon alpha2A

Treatment

Triamcinolone 01 in Orabase (Kenalog

in Orabase) Apply to dried ulcer two to

four times daily until healed

Randomized controlled studies show decreased

pain

Dexamethasone elixir 05 mg per 5 ml

Swish and spit with 5 mL every 6 hours

As above

B

Burning Mouth Syndrome

About 13 million American adults mostly

postmenopausal women are afflicted with

Burning Mouth Syndrome a chronic often

debilitating condition whose cause remains a

medical mystery

Burning Mouth Syndrome

The main symptom of burning mouth

syndrome is a burning sensation involving the

tongue lips gums palate throat or

widespread areas of the whole mouth People

with the syndrome may describe the sensation

in the affected areas as hot or scalded as if

they had been burned with a hot liquid

Burning Mouth Syndrome

Dry mouth

Sore mouth

A tingling or numb sensation in your mouth

or on the tip of your tongue

A bitter or metallic taste

Causes

Dry mouth (xerostomia)

Nutritional deficiencies

Allergies

Psychological factors

Nerve disturbance or damage

(neuropathy)

Treatments

Potentially efficacious medicines include

tricyclic antidepressants (like amitriptyline -brand name Elavil)

benzodiazepines (like clonazepam - brand name Klonopin or

chlordiazepoxide brand name - Librium)

even anticonvulsants have proven effective in some cases

BMS Treatment

Tricyclic antidepressants

Amitriptyline (Elavil)10 to 150 mg per day

10 mg at bedtime increase dosage by 10 mg

every 4 to 7 days until oral burning is relieved

or side effects occur

BMS Treatment

Benzodiazepines

Clonazepam (Klonopin)025 to 2 mg per

day025 mg at bedtime increase dosage by

025 mg every 4 to 7 days until oral burning is

relieved or side effects occur as dosage

increases medication is taken as full dose or

in three divided doses

BMS Treatment

Anticonvulsants

Gabapentin (Neurontin) 300 to 1600 mg per

day100 mg at bedtime increase dosage by

100 mg every 4 to 7 days until oral burning is

relieved or side effects occur as dosage

increases medication is taken in three divided

doses

C

Candidiasis

Oral thrush and other Candida infections

occur when your immune system is

weakened by disease or drugs such as

prednisone or when antibiotics disturb the

natural balance of microorganisms in the

body

Predisposing factors for infection

Infancy or old age

Serious underlying disease such as cancer or infection with HIV

Dry mouth due to disease of the salivary glands or medications eg antihistamines diuretics

Dentures (especially if they are not regularly cleaned or fit badly)

Predisposing factors for infection

Smoking

Injury to the mouth

Nutritional deficiency eg iron ampor B-vitamin deficiency

Inhaled corticosteroids used to treat asthma eg beclometasone budesonide fluticasone Drink water after inhalation to reduce this complication

Clinical features

Acute pseudomembranous candidiasis There are

white patches on gums tongue amp inside the mouth

that can be peeled off leaving a raw area

Acute atrophic candidiasis There are smooth red

shiny patches on the tongue The mouth is very sore

Chronic atrophic candidiasis This is common in

those with dentures The underlying mucosa is red

and swollen

Clinical features

Angular cheilitis There are sore red splits at each side of the mouth more likely if there is overhang of the upper lip over the lower lip causing a moist deep furrow Angular cheilitis due to candida andor Staphylococcus aureus arises frequently in those taking the medication isotretinoin for acne this medication dries the lips

Chronic hyperplastic candidiasis This is a type of oral leukoplakia (white patch) inside the cheeks or on the tongue with persistent nodules or lumps It usually affects smokers and is pre-malignant Red patches (erythroplakia) as well as white patches may indicate malignant change

Clinical features

Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis presents

as a chronic pseudomembranous infection

The skin and nails are also affected

Median rhomboid glossitis - there is diamond-

shaped inflammation at the back of the

tongue

Severe infections may extend down the throat

(esophageal infection)

Rationale for Treatment Topical vs

Systemic Drugs

Topical antifungals are usually the drug of

choice for uncomplicated localized

candidiasis in patients with normal immune

function

Systemic antifungals are usually indicated in

cases of disseminated disease andor in

immunocompromised patients

Suggested Medications for the

Treatment of Candidiasis

Rx

Clotrimazole troches 10 mg

Disp 70 troches

Sig Let 1 troche dissolve in mouth 5 times

per day for 14 days Do not chew NPO 12

hour

Suggested Systemic Medications for

the Treatment of Candidiasis Rx

Ketoconazole tablets 200 mgDisp 14 tabletsSig Take 1 tab qd with a meal or orange juice for 14 days

RxFluconazole tablets 100 mgDisp 15 tabletsSig Take 2 tablets stat then 1 tablet qd for 14 days

RxItraconazole tablets 100 mgDisp 28 tabletsSig Take 1 tablet bid with a meal or orange juice for 14 days

CA

Head and Neck Cancer

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Intraoral Melanoma

Lymphoma

Intraoral Melanoma

The five year survival rate for oral melanoma

is less than 20 as compared to 75 for

Cutaneous melanomas The average time of

first local recurrence for oral melanoma is less

than one year and metastatic disease is usually

diagnosed within three months of the

recurrence The average survival rate after

metastasis is typically less than 6 months

Extranodal Lymphoma

Extranodal lymphomas usually develop as a

rapidly growing mass of the palate or

posterior tongue (area of Waldeyerrsquos ring)

Pain may or may not be a presenting sign

Clinically the lesion may present as an

erythematous mass with a boggy consistency

The average survival rate for AIDS patients

with an intraoral lymphoma is eight months

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Second primary ndash field cancerization

Incidence amp Mortality HampN Ca

41000 new cases annually

13000 affected will die of disease

Rates constant over last 20yrs

lt 5 of neoplasias US

Highest incidence southeastern amp south-

central Asia

Disease in Women

Prior to 1940 malefemale ratio - 101

1980s ratio 31

Reason tobacco use among women in early

decades of the century

Habits have stabilized ndash malefemale

incidence normalized

Tobacco Use

1956 Wynder et al HampN Ca 10-fold

increase among smokers

Most studies 5-fold to 25-fold increase

intensity and duration of tobacco

consumption

80-90 of HampN Ca patients use tobacco

Alcohol

Odds ratio increases 3- to 15-fold for HampN

Ca after adjusting for tobacco use with

consumption of alcohol

Multiplicative effect with tobacco and

alcohol

Location of cancer ndash oral

pharyngeal(topical mechanism)

Alcohol

Promotional effects independent of

initiation

-prostaglandin synthesis lipid peroxidation

free radical oxygen enhance cell turnover

Enhances cell permeability

Defective repair mechanisms

Depressed immunity

Dz

RISK FACTORS (RF)

1 RF

2 RF

3 RF

4 RF

The concept of

TUMOR

local

regional

systemic

local T

N

M

INFECTION PAIN

INFECTION NEOPLASM

CERVICAL LYMPH NODE ENLARGEMENT

bullbacterial

bullviral (local systemic)

bullfungal

bullpostinfect fibrosed node

bulllt 40 yrs lymphoma

bullgt 40 yrs metastatic SCC

OTHERS

bullleukemia

bullconnective tissue diseases (eg lupus)

bullsarcoidosis

Importance of early diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma

60

stage III amp IV

23 recurrence lt 2 yrs

lt 13 survive 3 yrs

40

stage I amp II

80-90 cure

Second primary tumor in successfully treated patients within 5-7

years up to 40 Follow-up important

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Mortality (8000) deaths per year

Mortality by Site

Tongue 432

Salivary 130

Floor of mouth 950

Lip 24

Other 319

Premalignant Lesions

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Erythroplasia

Carcinoma in situ

Verrucous Leukoplakia

Tobacco patch keratosis

Actinic cheilosis

Mouth wash (Viadent) dysplasia

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Defined as a red patch that can not be

clinically or pathologically diagnosed as any

other condition

Almost all erythroleukoplakia demonstrate

dysplasia or CIS

Etiology is similar to oral SCC

May occur in conjunction with leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Risk of malignant transformation in

erythroleukoplakia about 4x greater than

homogenous leukoplakia

Predominately disease of older men with peak

prevalence of 65 to 74 years

Floor of mouth tongue and soft palate are

most common sites of involvement

Erythroplakia

The Management of Head and

Neck Cancer

Major advances

Conservative or partial resections

Micro vascular free-tissue transfer in

reconstruction

Better definition of the roles of chemotherapy

and radiotherapy

Despite these advances the treatment of loco

regional recurrence remains a major challenge

success rates for salvage therapy are poor

Treatment

Surgery

Radiotherapy

Chemotherapy

Immunotherapy

at present the role of immunotherapy remains investigational

Chemotherapy

Several randomized and non-randomized trial have evaluated chemotherapy for the treatment of head and neck cancer

Various agents have been shown to produce a response

No agents either alone or in combination have demonstrated an improvement in survival

cisplatin and 5 - FU

Uses

Inoperable tumors

Salvage therapy for recurrent tumors

Treatment

The main treatment modalities for head and neck

cancer remain surgery and radiotherapy

Patient factors that merit consideration

Impact on the quality of life

Medical condition ndash ldquoco - morbiditiesrdquo

Patient preference

Treatment cost and convenience

Compliance

Treatment

Early stage disease (stage I and II) can be treated with either surgery or radiotherapy with equivalent control rates

Small lesions of the oral cavity wide local excision is preferred over radiotherapy

Radiotherapy can be delivered to a site generally only once

Reserve this modality for less operable lesions

Treatment Combined Modality

Surgery and RadiotherapyIndications for post operative radiotherapy

Primary Tumor

Advance T stage

High histologic grade

Positive surgical resection margins

Lymphatic permeation

Vascular invasion

Perineural spread

Radiotherapy

Daily dose of 180 cGy to 200 cGy

5000 cGy over a five week period

T1 ndash 6000 to 6600 cGy

T2 - 6600 to 7000 cGy

T3T4 - gt 7000 cGy

ldquoshrinking field techniquerdquo

hyperfractionation technique 200 cGy per day for 25 days followed by 400 cGy per day for 5 days

D

Desquamative gingivitis is a clinical term to describe red painful glazed and friable gingivae which may be a manifestation of some mucocutaneous conditions such as lichen planus or the vesiculobullous disorders

Clinical features of desquamative

gingivitis

Fiery red friable gingiva

Painful desquamates easily

Buccal aspect of anterior attached gingiva

affected

Marginal gingiva spared

Not significantly improved by oral hygiene

measures alone

Differential Diagnosis Erosive Lichen Planus

Immune-mediated blistering diseases

Intra-epithelial

Pemphigus

Subepithelial

Pemphigoid

Linear IgA disease

Dermatitis herpetiformis

Epidermolysis bullosa

Erythema multiforme

Treatment Topical Corticosteroids Recurrent aphthous ulcers

bull Oral manifestations of Behccedilets disease Reiters syndrome acute

vulvar ulcer MAGIC syndrome PFAPA syndrome ulcerative colitis

Crohns disease Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome Sweets

syndrome among others

bull Drug-induced ulcerations mediated by an immune mechanism

bull Lichen planus

bull Cicatricial pemphigoid

bull Mucous membrane pemphigoid

bull Bullous pemphigoid

bull Erythema multiforme

bull Linear IgA dermatosis

bull Pemphigus vulgaris

Topicals Temovate cream 005 Clobetasol propionate

Halog cream 01 Halcinonide

Lidex cream 005 Fluocinonide

Topicort cream 025 Desoximethasone

Lidex gel 005 Fluocinonide

Aristocort cream H-P 05 Triamcinolone acetinode

Diprosone cream 005 Betamethasone dipropionate

Florone cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Maxiflor cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Synalar cream H-P 02 Fluocinolone acetonide

Topicals Tropicort-LP cream 005 Desoxymethasone

Benisone cream 0025 Betamethasone benzoate

Cordran cream 0025 Flurandenolide

Kenalog cream 01 Triamcinolone acetonide

Locoid cream 01 Hydrocortisone butyrate

Synalar cream 0025 Fluocinolone acetonide

Valisone cream 01 Betamethasone valerate

Tridesilon cream 005 Desonide

Locorten cream 003 Flumetasone pivalate

1 Hydrocortisone

Topical Corticosteroids

Used to treat oral lesions

Clobetasol (Temovate) -- Suppresses mitosis and increases synthesis of proteins that decrease inflammation and cause vasoconstriction Class I superpotent topical steroid useful in treating oral lesions Topical corticosteroids commonly are used intraorally for oral manifestations of autoimmune blistering skin diseases Since these diseases are chronic inflammatory in nature topical corticosteroids are very useful as an adjunct treatment Patients with disease confined to the gingiva should see a dentist to have a custom-made soft tray to carry the medication

H

How does herpes simplex develop

overexposure to sunlight

overexposure to wind

colds influenza and similar infections

heavy alcohol use

fever from any cause

the menstrual period

physical stress

emotional stress

Symptoms

Primary (Initial) HSV I Fever

Adenopathy

Ulcers deep in mouth

Secondary (Later) HSV I (Recurrent labial lesions) Fever Blisters form on outer vermillion border

Cold Sores form on inner lip Initial Vesicle

Next Crust

Last Healing in 10-14 days

Differential Diagnosis

Differs from Aphthous Ulcers in that

Found on keratinized (bound-down) intraoral

mucosa

Vesicles rupture into coalescing ulcers

HSV lesions are anterior compared with

Herpangina

Hand Foot and Mouth Disease

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Oral acyclovir (Zovirax) or the recently

developed drugs valacyclovir (Valtrex) or

famciclovir (Famvir) lessen the symptoms

and frequency of fever blister recurrences for

some patients These drugs prevent HSV from

multiplying and are effective when taken in

pill form prior to an outbreak of the virus

Systemic Antivirals

Acyclovir

Dose 15 mgkg (max 200 mg) PO 5xday for 7 days

Shortens first HSV infection by 6 days in children

Famciclovir

Shortens healing time by 2 days in UV-induced cases

Spruance (1999) J Infect Dis 179303-10

Valacyclovir (FDA approved for age 12 and older)

Adult dose 2 g PO bid for one day

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Topical antiviral creams containing acyclovir

(Zovirax) or penciclovir (Denavir) may also

help in limiting the extent or duration of

lesions if applied promptly to affected areas

Topical Treatments

Penciclovir (Denavir) heals HSV-1 sores on average about half a day faster than without treatment stops viral shedding and reduces the duration of the pain Ideally the patient should apply the cream within the first hour of symptoms although benefits have also been noted with later application It is continued for four consecutive days and should be reapplied every two hours while awake

Docosanol cream (Abreva) is an over-the-counter agent for oral-facial herpes It helps resist infection by inhibiting the ability of the virus to become fully active after it has attached itself to the host cell It is applied five times a day beginning at the first sign of tingling or pain Studies have been mixed on it benefits

Topical Treatments

Acyclovir cream (Zovirax) has been approved It may speed healing of oral herpes lesions and lessen the duration of pain particularly if it is applied early on (at the first sign of pain or tingling)

Lidex is a gel that contains a fluocinonide as corticosteroid Corticosteroids commonly called steroids are anti-inflammatory agents and not ordinarily used for herpes Some evidence suggests it may be effective in combination with oral famciclovir

Topical Treatments

Over-the-counter topical anesthetics may provide

modest relief They include Anbesol gel Blistex lip

ointment Campho-phenique Herpecin-L

Viractin and Zilactin In one study Viractin

reduced the duration of the attack compared to

placebo by two days It also relieved itching but had

little effect on other symptoms In general however

few studies have been conducted on any of these

products

X

Xerostomia

Xerostomia is not a disease but can be a symptom

of certain diseases It can produce serious

negative effects on the patients quality of life

affecting dietary habits nutritional status

speech taste tolerance to dental prosthesis and

increases susceptibility to dental caries The

increase in dental caries can be devastating in

many patients and therefore special care must be

made to control this condition

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Medications - Several hundred current medications

can cause xerostomia antihypertensives

antidepressants analgesics tranquilizers diuretics

and antihistamines c

-Cancer Therapy - Chemotherapeutic drugs can

change the flow and composition of the saliva

Radiation treatment that is focused on or near the

salivary gland can temporarily or permanently

damage the salivary glands

-Sjogrens syndrome - An autoimmune disease causes

xerostomia and dry eyes

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Other conditions -such as bone marrow transplants endocrine disorders stress anxiety depression and nutritional deficiencies may cause xerostomia

-Nerve Damage - Trauma to the head and neck area from surgery or wounds can damage the nerves that supply sensation to the mouth While the salivary glands may be left intact they cannot function normally without the nerves that signal them to produce saliva

Treatment

Identify the xerostomic condition and the

cause Some of the causes may be

ameliorated and this will aid therapy But

in many situations it will be difficult to

eliminate the causes Thus it will be

necessary for the Dentist to control the

results of xerostomia This is especially

true about the increase in dental caries

Treatment -pilocarpine (Salagen) 5mg qid prescription required

-special food preparation - blended and moist foods are easier to swallow

artificial saliva (available over-the-counter)

-sipping plain water is usually preferred over artificial saliva by most patients

-Biotene brand over-the-counter dry mouth products (toothpaste alcohol- free mouth rinse and Oralbalance lubricating gel)

-avoidance of alcohol-based mouth rinses

-use of water and glycerin mixed in a small aerosol spray bottle

RX

Contains sorbitol sodium

carboxymethlcellulose and

methylparaben in a

pleasantly flavored

solution

120 mL (406 fl oz)

Z

Treatment

Acyclovir (Zovirax)dagger800 mg orally five times

daily for 7 to 10 days

10 mg per kg IV every 8 hours for 7 to 10

daysDagger

$174 to 248 (129 to 200)

Famciclovir (Famvir)dagger500 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$140

Treatment

Valacyclovir (Valtrex)dagger1000 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$84

Prednisone (Deltasone)30 mg orally twice

daily on days 1 through 7 then 15 mg twice

daily on days 8 through 14 then 75 mg twice

daily on days 15 through 21

Treatment

Lotions containing calamine (eg Caladryl)

may be used on open lesions to reduce pain

and pruritus

Once the lesions have crusted over capsaicin

cream (Zostrix) may be applied

Topically administered lidocaine (Xylocaine)

and nerve blocks have also been reported to

be effective in reducing pain

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Amitriptyline (Elavil) -- By inhibiting reuptake of serotonin andor norepinephrine by presynaptic neuronal membrane may increase synaptic concentration in CNS Useful as analgesic for certain types of chronic and neuropathic pain

Adult DoseEarly in course of HZ 25 mgd PO hs to prevent PHNAfter PHN develops 30-100 mg PO qhs

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Capsaicin cream (Dolorac Capsin Zostrix) --Natural chemical derived from plants of Solanaceae family By depleting and preventing reaccumulation of substance P in peripheral sensory neurons may render skin and joints insensitive to pain Substance P thought to be chemomediator of pain transmission from periphery to CNS

Adult DoseCream Apply to skin tidqid for 3-4 consecutive wk and evaluate efficacy not to exceed 4 applicationsd

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Lidocaine (DermaFlex gel Lidoderm 5 patch) --Several recent studies have advocated topical administration of lidocaine as treatment of PHN Lidocaine gel (5) in placebo-controlled study showed significant relief in 23 patients studied Lidocaine tape also decreases severity of pain

Adult DoseGel (5) Apply to affected area prnPatch (5) Apply to most painful area up to 3 patches per application patch may remain in place for up to 12 h in any 24 h period

Postherpetic Neuralgia Gabapentin (Neurontin) -- This medication has been

approved by the FDA for the treatment of PHN Has properties common to other anticonvulsants and antineuralgic effects Exact mechanism of action is not known Structurally gabapentin is related to GABA but it does not interact with GABA receptors Believed to have a binding site at the alpha 2-delta protein an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gaited calcium channels In the rat brain binding is localized on neuronal dendritic areas Relevance of these observations to treatment of PHN is not known

Adult Dose100 mg PO tid titrate dose prn recommended dose is 900-1800 mg PO qd not to exceed 900 mg PO qid

Developmental

Odontogenic

Mucosal

Teethpulpal perio

Others

Infections

AllergyImmunologic

Bone

Heme DermatologicManifes of

Systemic Dis

Physical

ChemicalForensics

Salivary

Oromaxillofacial Pathology

Categories

Amyloidosis Vitamin Deficiency

Diabetes Hyperparathyroidism

Inborn Errors of Metabolism Addisonrsquos Disease

Crohnrsquos Disease Iron Def Anemia

Oral Mucosal

Lesions

Epithelial Soft Tissue

Neoplastic Reactive Reactive Neoplastic

Benign

Malignant

Benign Malignant

Papillary

Verruciform

Pigmented

Leurkoplakia

Erythroplakia

SCC

Verrucous C

Spindle Cell C

Basaloid SCC

Adenosquamos

BCC

Nasopharyngeal

Carc of Max Sin

Merkel Cell

Melanoma

Ephelis

Actinic Lentigo

Melasma

Oral Melanotic Macule

Melanoacanthoma

Smokerrsquos Melanosis

Nevi

Fibroma

3 Prsquos

Epulis Fissuratum

IPH

Oral Mucosal

Lesions

Epithelial Soft Tissue

Neoplastic Reactive Reactive Neoplastic

Benign

Malignant

Benign Malignant

Pre-malignant

SDK

Oral Submuc Fibrosis

Nicotine Stomatitis

Solar Keratosis

Actinic Cheilitis

Keratoacanthoma

PVL

Epithelial Dysplasia

Frictional Hyperkeratosis

Linea Alba

Morsicatio Buccarum

Morsicatio Linguarum

Cotton Roll Burn

Aspirin Burn

Radiation Mucositis

Sanguinaria-ass keratosis

Pyrophosphate-ass keratosis

Hyperplastic Candidiasis

Infectious

Physical

Chemical

Leukoplakia

Diagnosis ndash ldquothrough knowledgerdquo

hellipA solid knowledge of the basic principles of

the various disease processes is essential for

obtaining a good history As Goethe stated

The eyes see what the mind knows

Consider

Anatomical Location

Biological Plausibility

Patient History

Taking the patients history is traditionally

the first step in virtually every clinical

encounter

Other than that Mrs Lincoln how was the play

Prescription Drug Information for Consumers amp Professionals

Popular

Searches

Viagra

Cialis

Levitra

Lipitor

Zoloft

Hair Transplant

Health

Insurance

Healthy Diet

Lose Weight

Pain Relief

Multiplicity of Presentation

Systemic Disease

Syndromic Presentation

A

Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis

ldquoaphthous ulcerationsrdquo

ldquocanker soresrdquo

Prevalence in the general population 5

to 66 with a mean of 20

Mucosal destruction ndash T-cell mediated

immunologic reaction

Etiologic Factors

Allergies

Genetic predisposition

Nutritional deficiencies ndash B12 B6 Fe ++

Hematological abnormalities

Hormonal influences

Infectious agents

Trauma

Stress

Four

Principal Categories

Primary immunodysregulation

Decrease of the mucosal barrier

Increase in antigenic exposure

Genetic predisposition HLA-12 HLA

- B51 and Cw7

Systemic Disorders Associated with

Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis

Behcetrsquos syndrome

Celiac disease

Cyclic neutropenia

Nutritional deficiencies

IgA deficiency

Immunoincompetence

Inflammatory bowel disease

Three Clinical Variations

Minor

Major ndash Suttonrsquos disease or PMNR

(periadenitis mucosa necrotica

recurrens)

Herpetiform

Minor Aphthous Ulcerations

Non-keratinized mucosa

Prodromal symptoms ndash burning itching

stinging

Erythematous macule ndash fibrinopurulent

membrane with a erythematous halo

except in immunocompromised

Major Aphthous Ulcerations

Larger - 1 to 3 cm

Deeper

Clinically persistent

Develop post pubertal

Recurrences for up to 20 years or more

Herpetiform Aphthous

Ulcerations

Greatest number of lesions

Increased frequency of occurrence

Superficial resemblance to herpes

simplex viral infection

Any mucosal surface may be involved

Behcetrsquos Syndrome

ldquothe silk routerdquo

Behcetrsquos Syndrome

1937 ndash Turkish dermatologist ndashHulusi

Behcet described this condition

Ocular Inflammation

Orogenital Inflammation

Multisystem Disorder

Behcetrsquos Disease

Highest Prevalence ndash Middle East and

Japan

Oral Involvement ndash primary

manifestation in 25 to 75 of the

cases

All three forms of aphthous stomatitis

may be seen

Behcetrsquos Disease

Genital lesions are clinically similar to

oral lesions

75 of the patients demonstrate the

genital lesions

Genital lesions are generally more

symptomatic in males

Behcetrsquos Disease

Criteria for the Diagnosis of Behcetrsquos

Disease (International Study Group)

Recurrent oral ulceration

Plus two of the following

Recurrent genital ulcerations

Eye lesions ndashanteriorposterior uveitis

Skin lesions

+ pathergy ndash read by 24-48 hours

Behcetrsquos Disease

Treament

Topical or intralesional corticosteriods

Oral colchicine

Thalidomide

Low-dose methotrexate

Systemic corticosteriods

Cyclosporine

Interferon alpha2A

Treatment

Triamcinolone 01 in Orabase (Kenalog

in Orabase) Apply to dried ulcer two to

four times daily until healed

Randomized controlled studies show decreased

pain

Dexamethasone elixir 05 mg per 5 ml

Swish and spit with 5 mL every 6 hours

As above

B

Burning Mouth Syndrome

About 13 million American adults mostly

postmenopausal women are afflicted with

Burning Mouth Syndrome a chronic often

debilitating condition whose cause remains a

medical mystery

Burning Mouth Syndrome

The main symptom of burning mouth

syndrome is a burning sensation involving the

tongue lips gums palate throat or

widespread areas of the whole mouth People

with the syndrome may describe the sensation

in the affected areas as hot or scalded as if

they had been burned with a hot liquid

Burning Mouth Syndrome

Dry mouth

Sore mouth

A tingling or numb sensation in your mouth

or on the tip of your tongue

A bitter or metallic taste

Causes

Dry mouth (xerostomia)

Nutritional deficiencies

Allergies

Psychological factors

Nerve disturbance or damage

(neuropathy)

Treatments

Potentially efficacious medicines include

tricyclic antidepressants (like amitriptyline -brand name Elavil)

benzodiazepines (like clonazepam - brand name Klonopin or

chlordiazepoxide brand name - Librium)

even anticonvulsants have proven effective in some cases

BMS Treatment

Tricyclic antidepressants

Amitriptyline (Elavil)10 to 150 mg per day

10 mg at bedtime increase dosage by 10 mg

every 4 to 7 days until oral burning is relieved

or side effects occur

BMS Treatment

Benzodiazepines

Clonazepam (Klonopin)025 to 2 mg per

day025 mg at bedtime increase dosage by

025 mg every 4 to 7 days until oral burning is

relieved or side effects occur as dosage

increases medication is taken as full dose or

in three divided doses

BMS Treatment

Anticonvulsants

Gabapentin (Neurontin) 300 to 1600 mg per

day100 mg at bedtime increase dosage by

100 mg every 4 to 7 days until oral burning is

relieved or side effects occur as dosage

increases medication is taken in three divided

doses

C

Candidiasis

Oral thrush and other Candida infections

occur when your immune system is

weakened by disease or drugs such as

prednisone or when antibiotics disturb the

natural balance of microorganisms in the

body

Predisposing factors for infection

Infancy or old age

Serious underlying disease such as cancer or infection with HIV

Dry mouth due to disease of the salivary glands or medications eg antihistamines diuretics

Dentures (especially if they are not regularly cleaned or fit badly)

Predisposing factors for infection

Smoking

Injury to the mouth

Nutritional deficiency eg iron ampor B-vitamin deficiency

Inhaled corticosteroids used to treat asthma eg beclometasone budesonide fluticasone Drink water after inhalation to reduce this complication

Clinical features

Acute pseudomembranous candidiasis There are

white patches on gums tongue amp inside the mouth

that can be peeled off leaving a raw area

Acute atrophic candidiasis There are smooth red

shiny patches on the tongue The mouth is very sore

Chronic atrophic candidiasis This is common in

those with dentures The underlying mucosa is red

and swollen

Clinical features

Angular cheilitis There are sore red splits at each side of the mouth more likely if there is overhang of the upper lip over the lower lip causing a moist deep furrow Angular cheilitis due to candida andor Staphylococcus aureus arises frequently in those taking the medication isotretinoin for acne this medication dries the lips

Chronic hyperplastic candidiasis This is a type of oral leukoplakia (white patch) inside the cheeks or on the tongue with persistent nodules or lumps It usually affects smokers and is pre-malignant Red patches (erythroplakia) as well as white patches may indicate malignant change

Clinical features

Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis presents

as a chronic pseudomembranous infection

The skin and nails are also affected

Median rhomboid glossitis - there is diamond-

shaped inflammation at the back of the

tongue

Severe infections may extend down the throat

(esophageal infection)

Rationale for Treatment Topical vs

Systemic Drugs

Topical antifungals are usually the drug of

choice for uncomplicated localized

candidiasis in patients with normal immune

function

Systemic antifungals are usually indicated in

cases of disseminated disease andor in

immunocompromised patients

Suggested Medications for the

Treatment of Candidiasis

Rx

Clotrimazole troches 10 mg

Disp 70 troches

Sig Let 1 troche dissolve in mouth 5 times

per day for 14 days Do not chew NPO 12

hour

Suggested Systemic Medications for

the Treatment of Candidiasis Rx

Ketoconazole tablets 200 mgDisp 14 tabletsSig Take 1 tab qd with a meal or orange juice for 14 days

RxFluconazole tablets 100 mgDisp 15 tabletsSig Take 2 tablets stat then 1 tablet qd for 14 days

RxItraconazole tablets 100 mgDisp 28 tabletsSig Take 1 tablet bid with a meal or orange juice for 14 days

CA

Head and Neck Cancer

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Intraoral Melanoma

Lymphoma

Intraoral Melanoma

The five year survival rate for oral melanoma

is less than 20 as compared to 75 for

Cutaneous melanomas The average time of

first local recurrence for oral melanoma is less

than one year and metastatic disease is usually

diagnosed within three months of the

recurrence The average survival rate after

metastasis is typically less than 6 months

Extranodal Lymphoma

Extranodal lymphomas usually develop as a

rapidly growing mass of the palate or

posterior tongue (area of Waldeyerrsquos ring)

Pain may or may not be a presenting sign

Clinically the lesion may present as an

erythematous mass with a boggy consistency

The average survival rate for AIDS patients

with an intraoral lymphoma is eight months

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Second primary ndash field cancerization

Incidence amp Mortality HampN Ca

41000 new cases annually

13000 affected will die of disease

Rates constant over last 20yrs

lt 5 of neoplasias US

Highest incidence southeastern amp south-

central Asia

Disease in Women

Prior to 1940 malefemale ratio - 101

1980s ratio 31

Reason tobacco use among women in early

decades of the century

Habits have stabilized ndash malefemale

incidence normalized

Tobacco Use

1956 Wynder et al HampN Ca 10-fold

increase among smokers

Most studies 5-fold to 25-fold increase

intensity and duration of tobacco

consumption

80-90 of HampN Ca patients use tobacco

Alcohol

Odds ratio increases 3- to 15-fold for HampN

Ca after adjusting for tobacco use with

consumption of alcohol

Multiplicative effect with tobacco and

alcohol

Location of cancer ndash oral

pharyngeal(topical mechanism)

Alcohol

Promotional effects independent of

initiation

-prostaglandin synthesis lipid peroxidation

free radical oxygen enhance cell turnover

Enhances cell permeability

Defective repair mechanisms

Depressed immunity

Dz

RISK FACTORS (RF)

1 RF

2 RF

3 RF

4 RF

The concept of

TUMOR

local

regional

systemic

local T

N

M

INFECTION PAIN

INFECTION NEOPLASM

CERVICAL LYMPH NODE ENLARGEMENT

bullbacterial

bullviral (local systemic)

bullfungal

bullpostinfect fibrosed node

bulllt 40 yrs lymphoma

bullgt 40 yrs metastatic SCC

OTHERS

bullleukemia

bullconnective tissue diseases (eg lupus)

bullsarcoidosis

Importance of early diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma

60

stage III amp IV

23 recurrence lt 2 yrs

lt 13 survive 3 yrs

40

stage I amp II

80-90 cure

Second primary tumor in successfully treated patients within 5-7

years up to 40 Follow-up important

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Mortality (8000) deaths per year

Mortality by Site

Tongue 432

Salivary 130

Floor of mouth 950

Lip 24

Other 319

Premalignant Lesions

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Erythroplasia

Carcinoma in situ

Verrucous Leukoplakia

Tobacco patch keratosis

Actinic cheilosis

Mouth wash (Viadent) dysplasia

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Defined as a red patch that can not be

clinically or pathologically diagnosed as any

other condition

Almost all erythroleukoplakia demonstrate

dysplasia or CIS

Etiology is similar to oral SCC

May occur in conjunction with leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Risk of malignant transformation in

erythroleukoplakia about 4x greater than

homogenous leukoplakia

Predominately disease of older men with peak

prevalence of 65 to 74 years

Floor of mouth tongue and soft palate are

most common sites of involvement

Erythroplakia

The Management of Head and

Neck Cancer

Major advances

Conservative or partial resections

Micro vascular free-tissue transfer in

reconstruction

Better definition of the roles of chemotherapy

and radiotherapy

Despite these advances the treatment of loco

regional recurrence remains a major challenge

success rates for salvage therapy are poor

Treatment

Surgery

Radiotherapy

Chemotherapy

Immunotherapy

at present the role of immunotherapy remains investigational

Chemotherapy

Several randomized and non-randomized trial have evaluated chemotherapy for the treatment of head and neck cancer

Various agents have been shown to produce a response

No agents either alone or in combination have demonstrated an improvement in survival

cisplatin and 5 - FU

Uses

Inoperable tumors

Salvage therapy for recurrent tumors

Treatment

The main treatment modalities for head and neck

cancer remain surgery and radiotherapy

Patient factors that merit consideration

Impact on the quality of life

Medical condition ndash ldquoco - morbiditiesrdquo

Patient preference

Treatment cost and convenience

Compliance

Treatment

Early stage disease (stage I and II) can be treated with either surgery or radiotherapy with equivalent control rates

Small lesions of the oral cavity wide local excision is preferred over radiotherapy

Radiotherapy can be delivered to a site generally only once

Reserve this modality for less operable lesions

Treatment Combined Modality

Surgery and RadiotherapyIndications for post operative radiotherapy

Primary Tumor

Advance T stage

High histologic grade

Positive surgical resection margins

Lymphatic permeation

Vascular invasion

Perineural spread

Radiotherapy

Daily dose of 180 cGy to 200 cGy

5000 cGy over a five week period

T1 ndash 6000 to 6600 cGy

T2 - 6600 to 7000 cGy

T3T4 - gt 7000 cGy

ldquoshrinking field techniquerdquo

hyperfractionation technique 200 cGy per day for 25 days followed by 400 cGy per day for 5 days

D

Desquamative gingivitis is a clinical term to describe red painful glazed and friable gingivae which may be a manifestation of some mucocutaneous conditions such as lichen planus or the vesiculobullous disorders

Clinical features of desquamative

gingivitis

Fiery red friable gingiva

Painful desquamates easily

Buccal aspect of anterior attached gingiva

affected

Marginal gingiva spared

Not significantly improved by oral hygiene

measures alone

Differential Diagnosis Erosive Lichen Planus

Immune-mediated blistering diseases

Intra-epithelial

Pemphigus

Subepithelial

Pemphigoid

Linear IgA disease

Dermatitis herpetiformis

Epidermolysis bullosa

Erythema multiforme

Treatment Topical Corticosteroids Recurrent aphthous ulcers

bull Oral manifestations of Behccedilets disease Reiters syndrome acute

vulvar ulcer MAGIC syndrome PFAPA syndrome ulcerative colitis

Crohns disease Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome Sweets

syndrome among others

bull Drug-induced ulcerations mediated by an immune mechanism

bull Lichen planus

bull Cicatricial pemphigoid

bull Mucous membrane pemphigoid

bull Bullous pemphigoid

bull Erythema multiforme

bull Linear IgA dermatosis

bull Pemphigus vulgaris

Topicals Temovate cream 005 Clobetasol propionate

Halog cream 01 Halcinonide

Lidex cream 005 Fluocinonide

Topicort cream 025 Desoximethasone

Lidex gel 005 Fluocinonide

Aristocort cream H-P 05 Triamcinolone acetinode

Diprosone cream 005 Betamethasone dipropionate

Florone cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Maxiflor cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Synalar cream H-P 02 Fluocinolone acetonide

Topicals Tropicort-LP cream 005 Desoxymethasone

Benisone cream 0025 Betamethasone benzoate

Cordran cream 0025 Flurandenolide

Kenalog cream 01 Triamcinolone acetonide

Locoid cream 01 Hydrocortisone butyrate

Synalar cream 0025 Fluocinolone acetonide

Valisone cream 01 Betamethasone valerate

Tridesilon cream 005 Desonide

Locorten cream 003 Flumetasone pivalate

1 Hydrocortisone

Topical Corticosteroids

Used to treat oral lesions

Clobetasol (Temovate) -- Suppresses mitosis and increases synthesis of proteins that decrease inflammation and cause vasoconstriction Class I superpotent topical steroid useful in treating oral lesions Topical corticosteroids commonly are used intraorally for oral manifestations of autoimmune blistering skin diseases Since these diseases are chronic inflammatory in nature topical corticosteroids are very useful as an adjunct treatment Patients with disease confined to the gingiva should see a dentist to have a custom-made soft tray to carry the medication

H

How does herpes simplex develop

overexposure to sunlight

overexposure to wind

colds influenza and similar infections

heavy alcohol use

fever from any cause

the menstrual period

physical stress

emotional stress

Symptoms

Primary (Initial) HSV I Fever

Adenopathy

Ulcers deep in mouth

Secondary (Later) HSV I (Recurrent labial lesions) Fever Blisters form on outer vermillion border

Cold Sores form on inner lip Initial Vesicle

Next Crust

Last Healing in 10-14 days

Differential Diagnosis

Differs from Aphthous Ulcers in that

Found on keratinized (bound-down) intraoral

mucosa

Vesicles rupture into coalescing ulcers

HSV lesions are anterior compared with

Herpangina

Hand Foot and Mouth Disease

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Oral acyclovir (Zovirax) or the recently

developed drugs valacyclovir (Valtrex) or

famciclovir (Famvir) lessen the symptoms

and frequency of fever blister recurrences for

some patients These drugs prevent HSV from

multiplying and are effective when taken in

pill form prior to an outbreak of the virus

Systemic Antivirals

Acyclovir

Dose 15 mgkg (max 200 mg) PO 5xday for 7 days

Shortens first HSV infection by 6 days in children

Famciclovir

Shortens healing time by 2 days in UV-induced cases

Spruance (1999) J Infect Dis 179303-10

Valacyclovir (FDA approved for age 12 and older)

Adult dose 2 g PO bid for one day

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Topical antiviral creams containing acyclovir

(Zovirax) or penciclovir (Denavir) may also

help in limiting the extent or duration of

lesions if applied promptly to affected areas

Topical Treatments

Penciclovir (Denavir) heals HSV-1 sores on average about half a day faster than without treatment stops viral shedding and reduces the duration of the pain Ideally the patient should apply the cream within the first hour of symptoms although benefits have also been noted with later application It is continued for four consecutive days and should be reapplied every two hours while awake

Docosanol cream (Abreva) is an over-the-counter agent for oral-facial herpes It helps resist infection by inhibiting the ability of the virus to become fully active after it has attached itself to the host cell It is applied five times a day beginning at the first sign of tingling or pain Studies have been mixed on it benefits

Topical Treatments

Acyclovir cream (Zovirax) has been approved It may speed healing of oral herpes lesions and lessen the duration of pain particularly if it is applied early on (at the first sign of pain or tingling)

Lidex is a gel that contains a fluocinonide as corticosteroid Corticosteroids commonly called steroids are anti-inflammatory agents and not ordinarily used for herpes Some evidence suggests it may be effective in combination with oral famciclovir

Topical Treatments

Over-the-counter topical anesthetics may provide

modest relief They include Anbesol gel Blistex lip

ointment Campho-phenique Herpecin-L

Viractin and Zilactin In one study Viractin

reduced the duration of the attack compared to

placebo by two days It also relieved itching but had

little effect on other symptoms In general however

few studies have been conducted on any of these

products

X

Xerostomia

Xerostomia is not a disease but can be a symptom

of certain diseases It can produce serious

negative effects on the patients quality of life

affecting dietary habits nutritional status

speech taste tolerance to dental prosthesis and

increases susceptibility to dental caries The

increase in dental caries can be devastating in

many patients and therefore special care must be

made to control this condition

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Medications - Several hundred current medications

can cause xerostomia antihypertensives

antidepressants analgesics tranquilizers diuretics

and antihistamines c

-Cancer Therapy - Chemotherapeutic drugs can

change the flow and composition of the saliva

Radiation treatment that is focused on or near the

salivary gland can temporarily or permanently

damage the salivary glands

-Sjogrens syndrome - An autoimmune disease causes

xerostomia and dry eyes

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Other conditions -such as bone marrow transplants endocrine disorders stress anxiety depression and nutritional deficiencies may cause xerostomia

-Nerve Damage - Trauma to the head and neck area from surgery or wounds can damage the nerves that supply sensation to the mouth While the salivary glands may be left intact they cannot function normally without the nerves that signal them to produce saliva

Treatment

Identify the xerostomic condition and the

cause Some of the causes may be

ameliorated and this will aid therapy But

in many situations it will be difficult to

eliminate the causes Thus it will be

necessary for the Dentist to control the

results of xerostomia This is especially

true about the increase in dental caries

Treatment -pilocarpine (Salagen) 5mg qid prescription required

-special food preparation - blended and moist foods are easier to swallow

artificial saliva (available over-the-counter)

-sipping plain water is usually preferred over artificial saliva by most patients

-Biotene brand over-the-counter dry mouth products (toothpaste alcohol- free mouth rinse and Oralbalance lubricating gel)

-avoidance of alcohol-based mouth rinses

-use of water and glycerin mixed in a small aerosol spray bottle

RX

Contains sorbitol sodium

carboxymethlcellulose and

methylparaben in a

pleasantly flavored

solution

120 mL (406 fl oz)

Z

Treatment

Acyclovir (Zovirax)dagger800 mg orally five times

daily for 7 to 10 days

10 mg per kg IV every 8 hours for 7 to 10

daysDagger

$174 to 248 (129 to 200)

Famciclovir (Famvir)dagger500 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$140

Treatment

Valacyclovir (Valtrex)dagger1000 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$84

Prednisone (Deltasone)30 mg orally twice

daily on days 1 through 7 then 15 mg twice

daily on days 8 through 14 then 75 mg twice

daily on days 15 through 21

Treatment

Lotions containing calamine (eg Caladryl)

may be used on open lesions to reduce pain

and pruritus

Once the lesions have crusted over capsaicin

cream (Zostrix) may be applied

Topically administered lidocaine (Xylocaine)

and nerve blocks have also been reported to

be effective in reducing pain

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Amitriptyline (Elavil) -- By inhibiting reuptake of serotonin andor norepinephrine by presynaptic neuronal membrane may increase synaptic concentration in CNS Useful as analgesic for certain types of chronic and neuropathic pain

Adult DoseEarly in course of HZ 25 mgd PO hs to prevent PHNAfter PHN develops 30-100 mg PO qhs

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Capsaicin cream (Dolorac Capsin Zostrix) --Natural chemical derived from plants of Solanaceae family By depleting and preventing reaccumulation of substance P in peripheral sensory neurons may render skin and joints insensitive to pain Substance P thought to be chemomediator of pain transmission from periphery to CNS

Adult DoseCream Apply to skin tidqid for 3-4 consecutive wk and evaluate efficacy not to exceed 4 applicationsd

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Lidocaine (DermaFlex gel Lidoderm 5 patch) --Several recent studies have advocated topical administration of lidocaine as treatment of PHN Lidocaine gel (5) in placebo-controlled study showed significant relief in 23 patients studied Lidocaine tape also decreases severity of pain

Adult DoseGel (5) Apply to affected area prnPatch (5) Apply to most painful area up to 3 patches per application patch may remain in place for up to 12 h in any 24 h period

Postherpetic Neuralgia Gabapentin (Neurontin) -- This medication has been

approved by the FDA for the treatment of PHN Has properties common to other anticonvulsants and antineuralgic effects Exact mechanism of action is not known Structurally gabapentin is related to GABA but it does not interact with GABA receptors Believed to have a binding site at the alpha 2-delta protein an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gaited calcium channels In the rat brain binding is localized on neuronal dendritic areas Relevance of these observations to treatment of PHN is not known

Adult Dose100 mg PO tid titrate dose prn recommended dose is 900-1800 mg PO qd not to exceed 900 mg PO qid

Oral Mucosal

Lesions

Epithelial Soft Tissue

Neoplastic Reactive Reactive Neoplastic

Benign

Malignant

Benign Malignant

Papillary

Verruciform

Pigmented

Leurkoplakia

Erythroplakia

SCC

Verrucous C

Spindle Cell C

Basaloid SCC

Adenosquamos

BCC

Nasopharyngeal

Carc of Max Sin

Merkel Cell

Melanoma

Ephelis

Actinic Lentigo

Melasma

Oral Melanotic Macule

Melanoacanthoma

Smokerrsquos Melanosis

Nevi

Fibroma

3 Prsquos

Epulis Fissuratum

IPH

Oral Mucosal

Lesions

Epithelial Soft Tissue

Neoplastic Reactive Reactive Neoplastic

Benign

Malignant

Benign Malignant

Pre-malignant

SDK

Oral Submuc Fibrosis

Nicotine Stomatitis

Solar Keratosis

Actinic Cheilitis

Keratoacanthoma

PVL

Epithelial Dysplasia

Frictional Hyperkeratosis

Linea Alba

Morsicatio Buccarum

Morsicatio Linguarum

Cotton Roll Burn

Aspirin Burn

Radiation Mucositis

Sanguinaria-ass keratosis

Pyrophosphate-ass keratosis

Hyperplastic Candidiasis

Infectious

Physical

Chemical

Leukoplakia

Diagnosis ndash ldquothrough knowledgerdquo

hellipA solid knowledge of the basic principles of

the various disease processes is essential for

obtaining a good history As Goethe stated

The eyes see what the mind knows

Consider

Anatomical Location

Biological Plausibility

Patient History

Taking the patients history is traditionally

the first step in virtually every clinical

encounter

Other than that Mrs Lincoln how was the play

Prescription Drug Information for Consumers amp Professionals

Popular

Searches

Viagra

Cialis

Levitra

Lipitor

Zoloft

Hair Transplant

Health

Insurance

Healthy Diet

Lose Weight

Pain Relief

Multiplicity of Presentation

Systemic Disease

Syndromic Presentation

A

Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis

ldquoaphthous ulcerationsrdquo

ldquocanker soresrdquo

Prevalence in the general population 5

to 66 with a mean of 20

Mucosal destruction ndash T-cell mediated

immunologic reaction

Etiologic Factors

Allergies

Genetic predisposition

Nutritional deficiencies ndash B12 B6 Fe ++

Hematological abnormalities

Hormonal influences

Infectious agents

Trauma

Stress

Four

Principal Categories

Primary immunodysregulation

Decrease of the mucosal barrier

Increase in antigenic exposure

Genetic predisposition HLA-12 HLA

- B51 and Cw7

Systemic Disorders Associated with

Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis

Behcetrsquos syndrome

Celiac disease

Cyclic neutropenia

Nutritional deficiencies

IgA deficiency

Immunoincompetence

Inflammatory bowel disease

Three Clinical Variations

Minor

Major ndash Suttonrsquos disease or PMNR

(periadenitis mucosa necrotica

recurrens)

Herpetiform

Minor Aphthous Ulcerations

Non-keratinized mucosa

Prodromal symptoms ndash burning itching

stinging

Erythematous macule ndash fibrinopurulent

membrane with a erythematous halo

except in immunocompromised

Major Aphthous Ulcerations

Larger - 1 to 3 cm

Deeper

Clinically persistent

Develop post pubertal

Recurrences for up to 20 years or more

Herpetiform Aphthous

Ulcerations

Greatest number of lesions

Increased frequency of occurrence

Superficial resemblance to herpes

simplex viral infection

Any mucosal surface may be involved

Behcetrsquos Syndrome

ldquothe silk routerdquo

Behcetrsquos Syndrome

1937 ndash Turkish dermatologist ndashHulusi

Behcet described this condition

Ocular Inflammation

Orogenital Inflammation

Multisystem Disorder

Behcetrsquos Disease

Highest Prevalence ndash Middle East and

Japan

Oral Involvement ndash primary

manifestation in 25 to 75 of the

cases

All three forms of aphthous stomatitis

may be seen

Behcetrsquos Disease

Genital lesions are clinically similar to

oral lesions

75 of the patients demonstrate the

genital lesions

Genital lesions are generally more

symptomatic in males

Behcetrsquos Disease

Criteria for the Diagnosis of Behcetrsquos

Disease (International Study Group)

Recurrent oral ulceration

Plus two of the following

Recurrent genital ulcerations

Eye lesions ndashanteriorposterior uveitis

Skin lesions

+ pathergy ndash read by 24-48 hours

Behcetrsquos Disease

Treament

Topical or intralesional corticosteriods

Oral colchicine

Thalidomide

Low-dose methotrexate

Systemic corticosteriods

Cyclosporine

Interferon alpha2A

Treatment

Triamcinolone 01 in Orabase (Kenalog

in Orabase) Apply to dried ulcer two to

four times daily until healed

Randomized controlled studies show decreased

pain

Dexamethasone elixir 05 mg per 5 ml

Swish and spit with 5 mL every 6 hours

As above

B

Burning Mouth Syndrome

About 13 million American adults mostly

postmenopausal women are afflicted with

Burning Mouth Syndrome a chronic often

debilitating condition whose cause remains a

medical mystery

Burning Mouth Syndrome

The main symptom of burning mouth

syndrome is a burning sensation involving the

tongue lips gums palate throat or

widespread areas of the whole mouth People

with the syndrome may describe the sensation

in the affected areas as hot or scalded as if

they had been burned with a hot liquid

Burning Mouth Syndrome

Dry mouth

Sore mouth

A tingling or numb sensation in your mouth

or on the tip of your tongue

A bitter or metallic taste

Causes

Dry mouth (xerostomia)

Nutritional deficiencies

Allergies

Psychological factors

Nerve disturbance or damage

(neuropathy)

Treatments

Potentially efficacious medicines include

tricyclic antidepressants (like amitriptyline -brand name Elavil)

benzodiazepines (like clonazepam - brand name Klonopin or

chlordiazepoxide brand name - Librium)

even anticonvulsants have proven effective in some cases

BMS Treatment

Tricyclic antidepressants

Amitriptyline (Elavil)10 to 150 mg per day

10 mg at bedtime increase dosage by 10 mg

every 4 to 7 days until oral burning is relieved

or side effects occur

BMS Treatment

Benzodiazepines

Clonazepam (Klonopin)025 to 2 mg per

day025 mg at bedtime increase dosage by

025 mg every 4 to 7 days until oral burning is

relieved or side effects occur as dosage

increases medication is taken as full dose or

in three divided doses

BMS Treatment

Anticonvulsants

Gabapentin (Neurontin) 300 to 1600 mg per

day100 mg at bedtime increase dosage by

100 mg every 4 to 7 days until oral burning is

relieved or side effects occur as dosage

increases medication is taken in three divided

doses

C

Candidiasis

Oral thrush and other Candida infections

occur when your immune system is

weakened by disease or drugs such as

prednisone or when antibiotics disturb the

natural balance of microorganisms in the

body

Predisposing factors for infection

Infancy or old age

Serious underlying disease such as cancer or infection with HIV

Dry mouth due to disease of the salivary glands or medications eg antihistamines diuretics

Dentures (especially if they are not regularly cleaned or fit badly)

Predisposing factors for infection

Smoking

Injury to the mouth

Nutritional deficiency eg iron ampor B-vitamin deficiency

Inhaled corticosteroids used to treat asthma eg beclometasone budesonide fluticasone Drink water after inhalation to reduce this complication

Clinical features

Acute pseudomembranous candidiasis There are

white patches on gums tongue amp inside the mouth

that can be peeled off leaving a raw area

Acute atrophic candidiasis There are smooth red

shiny patches on the tongue The mouth is very sore

Chronic atrophic candidiasis This is common in

those with dentures The underlying mucosa is red

and swollen

Clinical features

Angular cheilitis There are sore red splits at each side of the mouth more likely if there is overhang of the upper lip over the lower lip causing a moist deep furrow Angular cheilitis due to candida andor Staphylococcus aureus arises frequently in those taking the medication isotretinoin for acne this medication dries the lips

Chronic hyperplastic candidiasis This is a type of oral leukoplakia (white patch) inside the cheeks or on the tongue with persistent nodules or lumps It usually affects smokers and is pre-malignant Red patches (erythroplakia) as well as white patches may indicate malignant change

Clinical features

Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis presents

as a chronic pseudomembranous infection

The skin and nails are also affected

Median rhomboid glossitis - there is diamond-

shaped inflammation at the back of the

tongue

Severe infections may extend down the throat

(esophageal infection)

Rationale for Treatment Topical vs

Systemic Drugs

Topical antifungals are usually the drug of

choice for uncomplicated localized

candidiasis in patients with normal immune

function

Systemic antifungals are usually indicated in

cases of disseminated disease andor in

immunocompromised patients

Suggested Medications for the

Treatment of Candidiasis

Rx

Clotrimazole troches 10 mg

Disp 70 troches

Sig Let 1 troche dissolve in mouth 5 times

per day for 14 days Do not chew NPO 12

hour

Suggested Systemic Medications for

the Treatment of Candidiasis Rx

Ketoconazole tablets 200 mgDisp 14 tabletsSig Take 1 tab qd with a meal or orange juice for 14 days

RxFluconazole tablets 100 mgDisp 15 tabletsSig Take 2 tablets stat then 1 tablet qd for 14 days

RxItraconazole tablets 100 mgDisp 28 tabletsSig Take 1 tablet bid with a meal or orange juice for 14 days

CA

Head and Neck Cancer

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Intraoral Melanoma

Lymphoma

Intraoral Melanoma

The five year survival rate for oral melanoma

is less than 20 as compared to 75 for

Cutaneous melanomas The average time of

first local recurrence for oral melanoma is less

than one year and metastatic disease is usually

diagnosed within three months of the

recurrence The average survival rate after

metastasis is typically less than 6 months

Extranodal Lymphoma

Extranodal lymphomas usually develop as a

rapidly growing mass of the palate or

posterior tongue (area of Waldeyerrsquos ring)

Pain may or may not be a presenting sign

Clinically the lesion may present as an

erythematous mass with a boggy consistency

The average survival rate for AIDS patients

with an intraoral lymphoma is eight months

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Second primary ndash field cancerization

Incidence amp Mortality HampN Ca

41000 new cases annually

13000 affected will die of disease

Rates constant over last 20yrs

lt 5 of neoplasias US

Highest incidence southeastern amp south-

central Asia

Disease in Women

Prior to 1940 malefemale ratio - 101

1980s ratio 31

Reason tobacco use among women in early

decades of the century

Habits have stabilized ndash malefemale

incidence normalized

Tobacco Use

1956 Wynder et al HampN Ca 10-fold

increase among smokers

Most studies 5-fold to 25-fold increase

intensity and duration of tobacco

consumption

80-90 of HampN Ca patients use tobacco

Alcohol

Odds ratio increases 3- to 15-fold for HampN

Ca after adjusting for tobacco use with

consumption of alcohol

Multiplicative effect with tobacco and

alcohol

Location of cancer ndash oral

pharyngeal(topical mechanism)

Alcohol

Promotional effects independent of

initiation

-prostaglandin synthesis lipid peroxidation

free radical oxygen enhance cell turnover

Enhances cell permeability

Defective repair mechanisms

Depressed immunity

Dz

RISK FACTORS (RF)

1 RF

2 RF

3 RF

4 RF

The concept of

TUMOR

local

regional

systemic

local T

N

M

INFECTION PAIN

INFECTION NEOPLASM

CERVICAL LYMPH NODE ENLARGEMENT

bullbacterial

bullviral (local systemic)

bullfungal

bullpostinfect fibrosed node

bulllt 40 yrs lymphoma

bullgt 40 yrs metastatic SCC

OTHERS

bullleukemia

bullconnective tissue diseases (eg lupus)

bullsarcoidosis

Importance of early diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma

60

stage III amp IV

23 recurrence lt 2 yrs

lt 13 survive 3 yrs

40

stage I amp II

80-90 cure

Second primary tumor in successfully treated patients within 5-7

years up to 40 Follow-up important

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Mortality (8000) deaths per year

Mortality by Site

Tongue 432

Salivary 130

Floor of mouth 950

Lip 24

Other 319

Premalignant Lesions

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Erythroplasia

Carcinoma in situ

Verrucous Leukoplakia

Tobacco patch keratosis

Actinic cheilosis

Mouth wash (Viadent) dysplasia

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Defined as a red patch that can not be

clinically or pathologically diagnosed as any

other condition

Almost all erythroleukoplakia demonstrate

dysplasia or CIS

Etiology is similar to oral SCC

May occur in conjunction with leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Risk of malignant transformation in

erythroleukoplakia about 4x greater than

homogenous leukoplakia

Predominately disease of older men with peak

prevalence of 65 to 74 years

Floor of mouth tongue and soft palate are

most common sites of involvement

Erythroplakia

The Management of Head and

Neck Cancer

Major advances

Conservative or partial resections

Micro vascular free-tissue transfer in

reconstruction

Better definition of the roles of chemotherapy

and radiotherapy

Despite these advances the treatment of loco

regional recurrence remains a major challenge

success rates for salvage therapy are poor

Treatment

Surgery

Radiotherapy

Chemotherapy

Immunotherapy

at present the role of immunotherapy remains investigational

Chemotherapy

Several randomized and non-randomized trial have evaluated chemotherapy for the treatment of head and neck cancer

Various agents have been shown to produce a response

No agents either alone or in combination have demonstrated an improvement in survival

cisplatin and 5 - FU

Uses

Inoperable tumors

Salvage therapy for recurrent tumors

Treatment

The main treatment modalities for head and neck

cancer remain surgery and radiotherapy

Patient factors that merit consideration

Impact on the quality of life

Medical condition ndash ldquoco - morbiditiesrdquo

Patient preference

Treatment cost and convenience

Compliance

Treatment

Early stage disease (stage I and II) can be treated with either surgery or radiotherapy with equivalent control rates

Small lesions of the oral cavity wide local excision is preferred over radiotherapy

Radiotherapy can be delivered to a site generally only once

Reserve this modality for less operable lesions

Treatment Combined Modality

Surgery and RadiotherapyIndications for post operative radiotherapy

Primary Tumor

Advance T stage

High histologic grade

Positive surgical resection margins

Lymphatic permeation

Vascular invasion

Perineural spread

Radiotherapy

Daily dose of 180 cGy to 200 cGy

5000 cGy over a five week period

T1 ndash 6000 to 6600 cGy

T2 - 6600 to 7000 cGy

T3T4 - gt 7000 cGy

ldquoshrinking field techniquerdquo

hyperfractionation technique 200 cGy per day for 25 days followed by 400 cGy per day for 5 days

D

Desquamative gingivitis is a clinical term to describe red painful glazed and friable gingivae which may be a manifestation of some mucocutaneous conditions such as lichen planus or the vesiculobullous disorders

Clinical features of desquamative

gingivitis

Fiery red friable gingiva

Painful desquamates easily

Buccal aspect of anterior attached gingiva

affected

Marginal gingiva spared

Not significantly improved by oral hygiene

measures alone

Differential Diagnosis Erosive Lichen Planus

Immune-mediated blistering diseases

Intra-epithelial

Pemphigus

Subepithelial

Pemphigoid

Linear IgA disease

Dermatitis herpetiformis

Epidermolysis bullosa

Erythema multiforme

Treatment Topical Corticosteroids Recurrent aphthous ulcers

bull Oral manifestations of Behccedilets disease Reiters syndrome acute

vulvar ulcer MAGIC syndrome PFAPA syndrome ulcerative colitis

Crohns disease Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome Sweets

syndrome among others

bull Drug-induced ulcerations mediated by an immune mechanism

bull Lichen planus

bull Cicatricial pemphigoid

bull Mucous membrane pemphigoid

bull Bullous pemphigoid

bull Erythema multiforme

bull Linear IgA dermatosis

bull Pemphigus vulgaris

Topicals Temovate cream 005 Clobetasol propionate

Halog cream 01 Halcinonide

Lidex cream 005 Fluocinonide

Topicort cream 025 Desoximethasone

Lidex gel 005 Fluocinonide

Aristocort cream H-P 05 Triamcinolone acetinode

Diprosone cream 005 Betamethasone dipropionate

Florone cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Maxiflor cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Synalar cream H-P 02 Fluocinolone acetonide

Topicals Tropicort-LP cream 005 Desoxymethasone

Benisone cream 0025 Betamethasone benzoate

Cordran cream 0025 Flurandenolide

Kenalog cream 01 Triamcinolone acetonide

Locoid cream 01 Hydrocortisone butyrate

Synalar cream 0025 Fluocinolone acetonide

Valisone cream 01 Betamethasone valerate

Tridesilon cream 005 Desonide

Locorten cream 003 Flumetasone pivalate

1 Hydrocortisone

Topical Corticosteroids

Used to treat oral lesions

Clobetasol (Temovate) -- Suppresses mitosis and increases synthesis of proteins that decrease inflammation and cause vasoconstriction Class I superpotent topical steroid useful in treating oral lesions Topical corticosteroids commonly are used intraorally for oral manifestations of autoimmune blistering skin diseases Since these diseases are chronic inflammatory in nature topical corticosteroids are very useful as an adjunct treatment Patients with disease confined to the gingiva should see a dentist to have a custom-made soft tray to carry the medication

H

How does herpes simplex develop

overexposure to sunlight

overexposure to wind

colds influenza and similar infections

heavy alcohol use

fever from any cause

the menstrual period

physical stress

emotional stress

Symptoms

Primary (Initial) HSV I Fever

Adenopathy

Ulcers deep in mouth

Secondary (Later) HSV I (Recurrent labial lesions) Fever Blisters form on outer vermillion border

Cold Sores form on inner lip Initial Vesicle

Next Crust

Last Healing in 10-14 days

Differential Diagnosis

Differs from Aphthous Ulcers in that

Found on keratinized (bound-down) intraoral

mucosa

Vesicles rupture into coalescing ulcers

HSV lesions are anterior compared with

Herpangina

Hand Foot and Mouth Disease

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Oral acyclovir (Zovirax) or the recently

developed drugs valacyclovir (Valtrex) or

famciclovir (Famvir) lessen the symptoms

and frequency of fever blister recurrences for

some patients These drugs prevent HSV from

multiplying and are effective when taken in

pill form prior to an outbreak of the virus

Systemic Antivirals

Acyclovir

Dose 15 mgkg (max 200 mg) PO 5xday for 7 days

Shortens first HSV infection by 6 days in children

Famciclovir

Shortens healing time by 2 days in UV-induced cases

Spruance (1999) J Infect Dis 179303-10

Valacyclovir (FDA approved for age 12 and older)

Adult dose 2 g PO bid for one day

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Topical antiviral creams containing acyclovir

(Zovirax) or penciclovir (Denavir) may also

help in limiting the extent or duration of

lesions if applied promptly to affected areas

Topical Treatments

Penciclovir (Denavir) heals HSV-1 sores on average about half a day faster than without treatment stops viral shedding and reduces the duration of the pain Ideally the patient should apply the cream within the first hour of symptoms although benefits have also been noted with later application It is continued for four consecutive days and should be reapplied every two hours while awake

Docosanol cream (Abreva) is an over-the-counter agent for oral-facial herpes It helps resist infection by inhibiting the ability of the virus to become fully active after it has attached itself to the host cell It is applied five times a day beginning at the first sign of tingling or pain Studies have been mixed on it benefits

Topical Treatments

Acyclovir cream (Zovirax) has been approved It may speed healing of oral herpes lesions and lessen the duration of pain particularly if it is applied early on (at the first sign of pain or tingling)

Lidex is a gel that contains a fluocinonide as corticosteroid Corticosteroids commonly called steroids are anti-inflammatory agents and not ordinarily used for herpes Some evidence suggests it may be effective in combination with oral famciclovir

Topical Treatments

Over-the-counter topical anesthetics may provide

modest relief They include Anbesol gel Blistex lip

ointment Campho-phenique Herpecin-L

Viractin and Zilactin In one study Viractin

reduced the duration of the attack compared to

placebo by two days It also relieved itching but had

little effect on other symptoms In general however

few studies have been conducted on any of these

products

X

Xerostomia

Xerostomia is not a disease but can be a symptom

of certain diseases It can produce serious

negative effects on the patients quality of life

affecting dietary habits nutritional status

speech taste tolerance to dental prosthesis and

increases susceptibility to dental caries The

increase in dental caries can be devastating in

many patients and therefore special care must be

made to control this condition

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Medications - Several hundred current medications

can cause xerostomia antihypertensives

antidepressants analgesics tranquilizers diuretics

and antihistamines c

-Cancer Therapy - Chemotherapeutic drugs can

change the flow and composition of the saliva

Radiation treatment that is focused on or near the

salivary gland can temporarily or permanently

damage the salivary glands

-Sjogrens syndrome - An autoimmune disease causes

xerostomia and dry eyes

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Other conditions -such as bone marrow transplants endocrine disorders stress anxiety depression and nutritional deficiencies may cause xerostomia

-Nerve Damage - Trauma to the head and neck area from surgery or wounds can damage the nerves that supply sensation to the mouth While the salivary glands may be left intact they cannot function normally without the nerves that signal them to produce saliva

Treatment

Identify the xerostomic condition and the

cause Some of the causes may be

ameliorated and this will aid therapy But

in many situations it will be difficult to

eliminate the causes Thus it will be

necessary for the Dentist to control the

results of xerostomia This is especially

true about the increase in dental caries

Treatment -pilocarpine (Salagen) 5mg qid prescription required

-special food preparation - blended and moist foods are easier to swallow

artificial saliva (available over-the-counter)

-sipping plain water is usually preferred over artificial saliva by most patients

-Biotene brand over-the-counter dry mouth products (toothpaste alcohol- free mouth rinse and Oralbalance lubricating gel)

-avoidance of alcohol-based mouth rinses

-use of water and glycerin mixed in a small aerosol spray bottle

RX

Contains sorbitol sodium

carboxymethlcellulose and

methylparaben in a

pleasantly flavored

solution

120 mL (406 fl oz)

Z

Treatment

Acyclovir (Zovirax)dagger800 mg orally five times

daily for 7 to 10 days

10 mg per kg IV every 8 hours for 7 to 10

daysDagger

$174 to 248 (129 to 200)

Famciclovir (Famvir)dagger500 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$140

Treatment

Valacyclovir (Valtrex)dagger1000 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$84

Prednisone (Deltasone)30 mg orally twice

daily on days 1 through 7 then 15 mg twice

daily on days 8 through 14 then 75 mg twice

daily on days 15 through 21

Treatment

Lotions containing calamine (eg Caladryl)

may be used on open lesions to reduce pain

and pruritus

Once the lesions have crusted over capsaicin

cream (Zostrix) may be applied

Topically administered lidocaine (Xylocaine)

and nerve blocks have also been reported to

be effective in reducing pain

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Amitriptyline (Elavil) -- By inhibiting reuptake of serotonin andor norepinephrine by presynaptic neuronal membrane may increase synaptic concentration in CNS Useful as analgesic for certain types of chronic and neuropathic pain

Adult DoseEarly in course of HZ 25 mgd PO hs to prevent PHNAfter PHN develops 30-100 mg PO qhs

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Capsaicin cream (Dolorac Capsin Zostrix) --Natural chemical derived from plants of Solanaceae family By depleting and preventing reaccumulation of substance P in peripheral sensory neurons may render skin and joints insensitive to pain Substance P thought to be chemomediator of pain transmission from periphery to CNS

Adult DoseCream Apply to skin tidqid for 3-4 consecutive wk and evaluate efficacy not to exceed 4 applicationsd

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Lidocaine (DermaFlex gel Lidoderm 5 patch) --Several recent studies have advocated topical administration of lidocaine as treatment of PHN Lidocaine gel (5) in placebo-controlled study showed significant relief in 23 patients studied Lidocaine tape also decreases severity of pain

Adult DoseGel (5) Apply to affected area prnPatch (5) Apply to most painful area up to 3 patches per application patch may remain in place for up to 12 h in any 24 h period

Postherpetic Neuralgia Gabapentin (Neurontin) -- This medication has been

approved by the FDA for the treatment of PHN Has properties common to other anticonvulsants and antineuralgic effects Exact mechanism of action is not known Structurally gabapentin is related to GABA but it does not interact with GABA receptors Believed to have a binding site at the alpha 2-delta protein an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gaited calcium channels In the rat brain binding is localized on neuronal dendritic areas Relevance of these observations to treatment of PHN is not known

Adult Dose100 mg PO tid titrate dose prn recommended dose is 900-1800 mg PO qd not to exceed 900 mg PO qid

Oral Mucosal

Lesions

Epithelial Soft Tissue

Neoplastic Reactive Reactive Neoplastic

Benign

Malignant

Benign Malignant

Pre-malignant

SDK

Oral Submuc Fibrosis

Nicotine Stomatitis

Solar Keratosis

Actinic Cheilitis

Keratoacanthoma

PVL

Epithelial Dysplasia

Frictional Hyperkeratosis

Linea Alba

Morsicatio Buccarum

Morsicatio Linguarum

Cotton Roll Burn

Aspirin Burn

Radiation Mucositis

Sanguinaria-ass keratosis

Pyrophosphate-ass keratosis

Hyperplastic Candidiasis

Infectious

Physical

Chemical

Leukoplakia

Diagnosis ndash ldquothrough knowledgerdquo

hellipA solid knowledge of the basic principles of

the various disease processes is essential for

obtaining a good history As Goethe stated

The eyes see what the mind knows

Consider

Anatomical Location

Biological Plausibility

Patient History

Taking the patients history is traditionally

the first step in virtually every clinical

encounter

Other than that Mrs Lincoln how was the play

Prescription Drug Information for Consumers amp Professionals

Popular

Searches

Viagra

Cialis

Levitra

Lipitor

Zoloft

Hair Transplant

Health

Insurance

Healthy Diet

Lose Weight

Pain Relief

Multiplicity of Presentation

Systemic Disease

Syndromic Presentation

A

Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis

ldquoaphthous ulcerationsrdquo

ldquocanker soresrdquo

Prevalence in the general population 5

to 66 with a mean of 20

Mucosal destruction ndash T-cell mediated

immunologic reaction

Etiologic Factors

Allergies

Genetic predisposition

Nutritional deficiencies ndash B12 B6 Fe ++

Hematological abnormalities

Hormonal influences

Infectious agents

Trauma

Stress

Four

Principal Categories

Primary immunodysregulation

Decrease of the mucosal barrier

Increase in antigenic exposure

Genetic predisposition HLA-12 HLA

- B51 and Cw7

Systemic Disorders Associated with

Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis

Behcetrsquos syndrome

Celiac disease

Cyclic neutropenia

Nutritional deficiencies

IgA deficiency

Immunoincompetence

Inflammatory bowel disease

Three Clinical Variations

Minor

Major ndash Suttonrsquos disease or PMNR

(periadenitis mucosa necrotica

recurrens)

Herpetiform

Minor Aphthous Ulcerations

Non-keratinized mucosa

Prodromal symptoms ndash burning itching

stinging

Erythematous macule ndash fibrinopurulent

membrane with a erythematous halo

except in immunocompromised

Major Aphthous Ulcerations

Larger - 1 to 3 cm

Deeper

Clinically persistent

Develop post pubertal

Recurrences for up to 20 years or more

Herpetiform Aphthous

Ulcerations

Greatest number of lesions

Increased frequency of occurrence

Superficial resemblance to herpes

simplex viral infection

Any mucosal surface may be involved

Behcetrsquos Syndrome

ldquothe silk routerdquo

Behcetrsquos Syndrome

1937 ndash Turkish dermatologist ndashHulusi

Behcet described this condition

Ocular Inflammation

Orogenital Inflammation

Multisystem Disorder

Behcetrsquos Disease

Highest Prevalence ndash Middle East and

Japan

Oral Involvement ndash primary

manifestation in 25 to 75 of the

cases

All three forms of aphthous stomatitis

may be seen

Behcetrsquos Disease

Genital lesions are clinically similar to

oral lesions

75 of the patients demonstrate the

genital lesions

Genital lesions are generally more

symptomatic in males

Behcetrsquos Disease

Criteria for the Diagnosis of Behcetrsquos

Disease (International Study Group)

Recurrent oral ulceration

Plus two of the following

Recurrent genital ulcerations

Eye lesions ndashanteriorposterior uveitis

Skin lesions

+ pathergy ndash read by 24-48 hours

Behcetrsquos Disease

Treament

Topical or intralesional corticosteriods

Oral colchicine

Thalidomide

Low-dose methotrexate

Systemic corticosteriods

Cyclosporine

Interferon alpha2A

Treatment

Triamcinolone 01 in Orabase (Kenalog

in Orabase) Apply to dried ulcer two to

four times daily until healed

Randomized controlled studies show decreased

pain

Dexamethasone elixir 05 mg per 5 ml

Swish and spit with 5 mL every 6 hours

As above

B

Burning Mouth Syndrome

About 13 million American adults mostly

postmenopausal women are afflicted with

Burning Mouth Syndrome a chronic often

debilitating condition whose cause remains a

medical mystery

Burning Mouth Syndrome

The main symptom of burning mouth

syndrome is a burning sensation involving the

tongue lips gums palate throat or

widespread areas of the whole mouth People

with the syndrome may describe the sensation

in the affected areas as hot or scalded as if

they had been burned with a hot liquid

Burning Mouth Syndrome

Dry mouth

Sore mouth

A tingling or numb sensation in your mouth

or on the tip of your tongue

A bitter or metallic taste

Causes

Dry mouth (xerostomia)

Nutritional deficiencies

Allergies

Psychological factors

Nerve disturbance or damage

(neuropathy)

Treatments

Potentially efficacious medicines include

tricyclic antidepressants (like amitriptyline -brand name Elavil)

benzodiazepines (like clonazepam - brand name Klonopin or

chlordiazepoxide brand name - Librium)

even anticonvulsants have proven effective in some cases

BMS Treatment

Tricyclic antidepressants

Amitriptyline (Elavil)10 to 150 mg per day

10 mg at bedtime increase dosage by 10 mg

every 4 to 7 days until oral burning is relieved

or side effects occur

BMS Treatment

Benzodiazepines

Clonazepam (Klonopin)025 to 2 mg per

day025 mg at bedtime increase dosage by

025 mg every 4 to 7 days until oral burning is

relieved or side effects occur as dosage

increases medication is taken as full dose or

in three divided doses

BMS Treatment

Anticonvulsants

Gabapentin (Neurontin) 300 to 1600 mg per

day100 mg at bedtime increase dosage by

100 mg every 4 to 7 days until oral burning is

relieved or side effects occur as dosage

increases medication is taken in three divided

doses

C

Candidiasis

Oral thrush and other Candida infections

occur when your immune system is

weakened by disease or drugs such as

prednisone or when antibiotics disturb the

natural balance of microorganisms in the

body

Predisposing factors for infection

Infancy or old age

Serious underlying disease such as cancer or infection with HIV

Dry mouth due to disease of the salivary glands or medications eg antihistamines diuretics

Dentures (especially if they are not regularly cleaned or fit badly)

Predisposing factors for infection

Smoking

Injury to the mouth

Nutritional deficiency eg iron ampor B-vitamin deficiency

Inhaled corticosteroids used to treat asthma eg beclometasone budesonide fluticasone Drink water after inhalation to reduce this complication

Clinical features

Acute pseudomembranous candidiasis There are

white patches on gums tongue amp inside the mouth

that can be peeled off leaving a raw area

Acute atrophic candidiasis There are smooth red

shiny patches on the tongue The mouth is very sore

Chronic atrophic candidiasis This is common in

those with dentures The underlying mucosa is red

and swollen

Clinical features

Angular cheilitis There are sore red splits at each side of the mouth more likely if there is overhang of the upper lip over the lower lip causing a moist deep furrow Angular cheilitis due to candida andor Staphylococcus aureus arises frequently in those taking the medication isotretinoin for acne this medication dries the lips

Chronic hyperplastic candidiasis This is a type of oral leukoplakia (white patch) inside the cheeks or on the tongue with persistent nodules or lumps It usually affects smokers and is pre-malignant Red patches (erythroplakia) as well as white patches may indicate malignant change

Clinical features

Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis presents

as a chronic pseudomembranous infection

The skin and nails are also affected

Median rhomboid glossitis - there is diamond-

shaped inflammation at the back of the

tongue

Severe infections may extend down the throat

(esophageal infection)

Rationale for Treatment Topical vs

Systemic Drugs

Topical antifungals are usually the drug of

choice for uncomplicated localized

candidiasis in patients with normal immune

function

Systemic antifungals are usually indicated in

cases of disseminated disease andor in

immunocompromised patients

Suggested Medications for the

Treatment of Candidiasis

Rx

Clotrimazole troches 10 mg

Disp 70 troches

Sig Let 1 troche dissolve in mouth 5 times

per day for 14 days Do not chew NPO 12

hour

Suggested Systemic Medications for

the Treatment of Candidiasis Rx

Ketoconazole tablets 200 mgDisp 14 tabletsSig Take 1 tab qd with a meal or orange juice for 14 days

RxFluconazole tablets 100 mgDisp 15 tabletsSig Take 2 tablets stat then 1 tablet qd for 14 days

RxItraconazole tablets 100 mgDisp 28 tabletsSig Take 1 tablet bid with a meal or orange juice for 14 days

CA

Head and Neck Cancer

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Intraoral Melanoma

Lymphoma

Intraoral Melanoma

The five year survival rate for oral melanoma

is less than 20 as compared to 75 for

Cutaneous melanomas The average time of

first local recurrence for oral melanoma is less

than one year and metastatic disease is usually

diagnosed within three months of the

recurrence The average survival rate after

metastasis is typically less than 6 months

Extranodal Lymphoma

Extranodal lymphomas usually develop as a

rapidly growing mass of the palate or

posterior tongue (area of Waldeyerrsquos ring)

Pain may or may not be a presenting sign

Clinically the lesion may present as an

erythematous mass with a boggy consistency

The average survival rate for AIDS patients

with an intraoral lymphoma is eight months

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Second primary ndash field cancerization

Incidence amp Mortality HampN Ca

41000 new cases annually

13000 affected will die of disease

Rates constant over last 20yrs

lt 5 of neoplasias US

Highest incidence southeastern amp south-

central Asia

Disease in Women

Prior to 1940 malefemale ratio - 101

1980s ratio 31

Reason tobacco use among women in early

decades of the century

Habits have stabilized ndash malefemale

incidence normalized

Tobacco Use

1956 Wynder et al HampN Ca 10-fold

increase among smokers

Most studies 5-fold to 25-fold increase

intensity and duration of tobacco

consumption

80-90 of HampN Ca patients use tobacco

Alcohol

Odds ratio increases 3- to 15-fold for HampN

Ca after adjusting for tobacco use with

consumption of alcohol

Multiplicative effect with tobacco and

alcohol

Location of cancer ndash oral

pharyngeal(topical mechanism)

Alcohol

Promotional effects independent of

initiation

-prostaglandin synthesis lipid peroxidation

free radical oxygen enhance cell turnover

Enhances cell permeability

Defective repair mechanisms

Depressed immunity

Dz

RISK FACTORS (RF)

1 RF

2 RF

3 RF

4 RF

The concept of

TUMOR

local

regional

systemic

local T

N

M

INFECTION PAIN

INFECTION NEOPLASM

CERVICAL LYMPH NODE ENLARGEMENT

bullbacterial

bullviral (local systemic)

bullfungal

bullpostinfect fibrosed node

bulllt 40 yrs lymphoma

bullgt 40 yrs metastatic SCC

OTHERS

bullleukemia

bullconnective tissue diseases (eg lupus)

bullsarcoidosis

Importance of early diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma

60

stage III amp IV

23 recurrence lt 2 yrs

lt 13 survive 3 yrs

40

stage I amp II

80-90 cure

Second primary tumor in successfully treated patients within 5-7

years up to 40 Follow-up important

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Mortality (8000) deaths per year

Mortality by Site

Tongue 432

Salivary 130

Floor of mouth 950

Lip 24

Other 319

Premalignant Lesions

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Erythroplasia

Carcinoma in situ

Verrucous Leukoplakia

Tobacco patch keratosis

Actinic cheilosis

Mouth wash (Viadent) dysplasia

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Defined as a red patch that can not be

clinically or pathologically diagnosed as any

other condition

Almost all erythroleukoplakia demonstrate

dysplasia or CIS

Etiology is similar to oral SCC

May occur in conjunction with leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Risk of malignant transformation in

erythroleukoplakia about 4x greater than

homogenous leukoplakia

Predominately disease of older men with peak

prevalence of 65 to 74 years

Floor of mouth tongue and soft palate are

most common sites of involvement

Erythroplakia

The Management of Head and

Neck Cancer

Major advances

Conservative or partial resections

Micro vascular free-tissue transfer in

reconstruction

Better definition of the roles of chemotherapy

and radiotherapy

Despite these advances the treatment of loco

regional recurrence remains a major challenge

success rates for salvage therapy are poor

Treatment

Surgery

Radiotherapy

Chemotherapy

Immunotherapy

at present the role of immunotherapy remains investigational

Chemotherapy

Several randomized and non-randomized trial have evaluated chemotherapy for the treatment of head and neck cancer

Various agents have been shown to produce a response

No agents either alone or in combination have demonstrated an improvement in survival

cisplatin and 5 - FU

Uses

Inoperable tumors

Salvage therapy for recurrent tumors

Treatment

The main treatment modalities for head and neck

cancer remain surgery and radiotherapy

Patient factors that merit consideration

Impact on the quality of life

Medical condition ndash ldquoco - morbiditiesrdquo

Patient preference

Treatment cost and convenience

Compliance

Treatment

Early stage disease (stage I and II) can be treated with either surgery or radiotherapy with equivalent control rates

Small lesions of the oral cavity wide local excision is preferred over radiotherapy

Radiotherapy can be delivered to a site generally only once

Reserve this modality for less operable lesions

Treatment Combined Modality

Surgery and RadiotherapyIndications for post operative radiotherapy

Primary Tumor

Advance T stage

High histologic grade

Positive surgical resection margins

Lymphatic permeation

Vascular invasion

Perineural spread

Radiotherapy

Daily dose of 180 cGy to 200 cGy

5000 cGy over a five week period

T1 ndash 6000 to 6600 cGy

T2 - 6600 to 7000 cGy

T3T4 - gt 7000 cGy

ldquoshrinking field techniquerdquo

hyperfractionation technique 200 cGy per day for 25 days followed by 400 cGy per day for 5 days

D

Desquamative gingivitis is a clinical term to describe red painful glazed and friable gingivae which may be a manifestation of some mucocutaneous conditions such as lichen planus or the vesiculobullous disorders

Clinical features of desquamative

gingivitis

Fiery red friable gingiva

Painful desquamates easily

Buccal aspect of anterior attached gingiva

affected

Marginal gingiva spared

Not significantly improved by oral hygiene

measures alone

Differential Diagnosis Erosive Lichen Planus

Immune-mediated blistering diseases

Intra-epithelial

Pemphigus

Subepithelial

Pemphigoid

Linear IgA disease

Dermatitis herpetiformis

Epidermolysis bullosa

Erythema multiforme

Treatment Topical Corticosteroids Recurrent aphthous ulcers

bull Oral manifestations of Behccedilets disease Reiters syndrome acute

vulvar ulcer MAGIC syndrome PFAPA syndrome ulcerative colitis

Crohns disease Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome Sweets

syndrome among others

bull Drug-induced ulcerations mediated by an immune mechanism

bull Lichen planus

bull Cicatricial pemphigoid

bull Mucous membrane pemphigoid

bull Bullous pemphigoid

bull Erythema multiforme

bull Linear IgA dermatosis

bull Pemphigus vulgaris

Topicals Temovate cream 005 Clobetasol propionate

Halog cream 01 Halcinonide

Lidex cream 005 Fluocinonide

Topicort cream 025 Desoximethasone

Lidex gel 005 Fluocinonide

Aristocort cream H-P 05 Triamcinolone acetinode

Diprosone cream 005 Betamethasone dipropionate

Florone cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Maxiflor cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Synalar cream H-P 02 Fluocinolone acetonide

Topicals Tropicort-LP cream 005 Desoxymethasone

Benisone cream 0025 Betamethasone benzoate

Cordran cream 0025 Flurandenolide

Kenalog cream 01 Triamcinolone acetonide

Locoid cream 01 Hydrocortisone butyrate

Synalar cream 0025 Fluocinolone acetonide

Valisone cream 01 Betamethasone valerate

Tridesilon cream 005 Desonide

Locorten cream 003 Flumetasone pivalate

1 Hydrocortisone

Topical Corticosteroids

Used to treat oral lesions

Clobetasol (Temovate) -- Suppresses mitosis and increases synthesis of proteins that decrease inflammation and cause vasoconstriction Class I superpotent topical steroid useful in treating oral lesions Topical corticosteroids commonly are used intraorally for oral manifestations of autoimmune blistering skin diseases Since these diseases are chronic inflammatory in nature topical corticosteroids are very useful as an adjunct treatment Patients with disease confined to the gingiva should see a dentist to have a custom-made soft tray to carry the medication

H

How does herpes simplex develop

overexposure to sunlight

overexposure to wind

colds influenza and similar infections

heavy alcohol use

fever from any cause

the menstrual period

physical stress

emotional stress

Symptoms

Primary (Initial) HSV I Fever

Adenopathy

Ulcers deep in mouth

Secondary (Later) HSV I (Recurrent labial lesions) Fever Blisters form on outer vermillion border

Cold Sores form on inner lip Initial Vesicle

Next Crust

Last Healing in 10-14 days

Differential Diagnosis

Differs from Aphthous Ulcers in that

Found on keratinized (bound-down) intraoral

mucosa

Vesicles rupture into coalescing ulcers

HSV lesions are anterior compared with

Herpangina

Hand Foot and Mouth Disease

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Oral acyclovir (Zovirax) or the recently

developed drugs valacyclovir (Valtrex) or

famciclovir (Famvir) lessen the symptoms

and frequency of fever blister recurrences for

some patients These drugs prevent HSV from

multiplying and are effective when taken in

pill form prior to an outbreak of the virus

Systemic Antivirals

Acyclovir

Dose 15 mgkg (max 200 mg) PO 5xday for 7 days

Shortens first HSV infection by 6 days in children

Famciclovir

Shortens healing time by 2 days in UV-induced cases

Spruance (1999) J Infect Dis 179303-10

Valacyclovir (FDA approved for age 12 and older)

Adult dose 2 g PO bid for one day

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Topical antiviral creams containing acyclovir

(Zovirax) or penciclovir (Denavir) may also

help in limiting the extent or duration of

lesions if applied promptly to affected areas

Topical Treatments

Penciclovir (Denavir) heals HSV-1 sores on average about half a day faster than without treatment stops viral shedding and reduces the duration of the pain Ideally the patient should apply the cream within the first hour of symptoms although benefits have also been noted with later application It is continued for four consecutive days and should be reapplied every two hours while awake

Docosanol cream (Abreva) is an over-the-counter agent for oral-facial herpes It helps resist infection by inhibiting the ability of the virus to become fully active after it has attached itself to the host cell It is applied five times a day beginning at the first sign of tingling or pain Studies have been mixed on it benefits

Topical Treatments

Acyclovir cream (Zovirax) has been approved It may speed healing of oral herpes lesions and lessen the duration of pain particularly if it is applied early on (at the first sign of pain or tingling)

Lidex is a gel that contains a fluocinonide as corticosteroid Corticosteroids commonly called steroids are anti-inflammatory agents and not ordinarily used for herpes Some evidence suggests it may be effective in combination with oral famciclovir

Topical Treatments

Over-the-counter topical anesthetics may provide

modest relief They include Anbesol gel Blistex lip

ointment Campho-phenique Herpecin-L

Viractin and Zilactin In one study Viractin

reduced the duration of the attack compared to

placebo by two days It also relieved itching but had

little effect on other symptoms In general however

few studies have been conducted on any of these

products

X

Xerostomia

Xerostomia is not a disease but can be a symptom

of certain diseases It can produce serious

negative effects on the patients quality of life

affecting dietary habits nutritional status

speech taste tolerance to dental prosthesis and

increases susceptibility to dental caries The

increase in dental caries can be devastating in

many patients and therefore special care must be

made to control this condition

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Medications - Several hundred current medications

can cause xerostomia antihypertensives

antidepressants analgesics tranquilizers diuretics

and antihistamines c

-Cancer Therapy - Chemotherapeutic drugs can

change the flow and composition of the saliva

Radiation treatment that is focused on or near the

salivary gland can temporarily or permanently

damage the salivary glands

-Sjogrens syndrome - An autoimmune disease causes

xerostomia and dry eyes

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Other conditions -such as bone marrow transplants endocrine disorders stress anxiety depression and nutritional deficiencies may cause xerostomia

-Nerve Damage - Trauma to the head and neck area from surgery or wounds can damage the nerves that supply sensation to the mouth While the salivary glands may be left intact they cannot function normally without the nerves that signal them to produce saliva

Treatment

Identify the xerostomic condition and the

cause Some of the causes may be

ameliorated and this will aid therapy But

in many situations it will be difficult to

eliminate the causes Thus it will be

necessary for the Dentist to control the

results of xerostomia This is especially

true about the increase in dental caries

Treatment -pilocarpine (Salagen) 5mg qid prescription required

-special food preparation - blended and moist foods are easier to swallow

artificial saliva (available over-the-counter)

-sipping plain water is usually preferred over artificial saliva by most patients

-Biotene brand over-the-counter dry mouth products (toothpaste alcohol- free mouth rinse and Oralbalance lubricating gel)

-avoidance of alcohol-based mouth rinses

-use of water and glycerin mixed in a small aerosol spray bottle

RX

Contains sorbitol sodium

carboxymethlcellulose and

methylparaben in a

pleasantly flavored

solution

120 mL (406 fl oz)

Z

Treatment

Acyclovir (Zovirax)dagger800 mg orally five times

daily for 7 to 10 days

10 mg per kg IV every 8 hours for 7 to 10

daysDagger

$174 to 248 (129 to 200)

Famciclovir (Famvir)dagger500 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$140

Treatment

Valacyclovir (Valtrex)dagger1000 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$84

Prednisone (Deltasone)30 mg orally twice

daily on days 1 through 7 then 15 mg twice

daily on days 8 through 14 then 75 mg twice

daily on days 15 through 21

Treatment

Lotions containing calamine (eg Caladryl)

may be used on open lesions to reduce pain

and pruritus

Once the lesions have crusted over capsaicin

cream (Zostrix) may be applied

Topically administered lidocaine (Xylocaine)

and nerve blocks have also been reported to

be effective in reducing pain

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Amitriptyline (Elavil) -- By inhibiting reuptake of serotonin andor norepinephrine by presynaptic neuronal membrane may increase synaptic concentration in CNS Useful as analgesic for certain types of chronic and neuropathic pain

Adult DoseEarly in course of HZ 25 mgd PO hs to prevent PHNAfter PHN develops 30-100 mg PO qhs

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Capsaicin cream (Dolorac Capsin Zostrix) --Natural chemical derived from plants of Solanaceae family By depleting and preventing reaccumulation of substance P in peripheral sensory neurons may render skin and joints insensitive to pain Substance P thought to be chemomediator of pain transmission from periphery to CNS

Adult DoseCream Apply to skin tidqid for 3-4 consecutive wk and evaluate efficacy not to exceed 4 applicationsd

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Lidocaine (DermaFlex gel Lidoderm 5 patch) --Several recent studies have advocated topical administration of lidocaine as treatment of PHN Lidocaine gel (5) in placebo-controlled study showed significant relief in 23 patients studied Lidocaine tape also decreases severity of pain

Adult DoseGel (5) Apply to affected area prnPatch (5) Apply to most painful area up to 3 patches per application patch may remain in place for up to 12 h in any 24 h period

Postherpetic Neuralgia Gabapentin (Neurontin) -- This medication has been

approved by the FDA for the treatment of PHN Has properties common to other anticonvulsants and antineuralgic effects Exact mechanism of action is not known Structurally gabapentin is related to GABA but it does not interact with GABA receptors Believed to have a binding site at the alpha 2-delta protein an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gaited calcium channels In the rat brain binding is localized on neuronal dendritic areas Relevance of these observations to treatment of PHN is not known

Adult Dose100 mg PO tid titrate dose prn recommended dose is 900-1800 mg PO qd not to exceed 900 mg PO qid

Diagnosis ndash ldquothrough knowledgerdquo

hellipA solid knowledge of the basic principles of

the various disease processes is essential for

obtaining a good history As Goethe stated

The eyes see what the mind knows

Consider

Anatomical Location

Biological Plausibility

Patient History

Taking the patients history is traditionally

the first step in virtually every clinical

encounter

Other than that Mrs Lincoln how was the play

Prescription Drug Information for Consumers amp Professionals

Popular

Searches

Viagra

Cialis

Levitra

Lipitor

Zoloft

Hair Transplant

Health

Insurance

Healthy Diet

Lose Weight

Pain Relief

Multiplicity of Presentation

Systemic Disease

Syndromic Presentation

A

Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis

ldquoaphthous ulcerationsrdquo

ldquocanker soresrdquo

Prevalence in the general population 5

to 66 with a mean of 20

Mucosal destruction ndash T-cell mediated

immunologic reaction

Etiologic Factors

Allergies

Genetic predisposition

Nutritional deficiencies ndash B12 B6 Fe ++

Hematological abnormalities

Hormonal influences

Infectious agents

Trauma

Stress

Four

Principal Categories

Primary immunodysregulation

Decrease of the mucosal barrier

Increase in antigenic exposure

Genetic predisposition HLA-12 HLA

- B51 and Cw7

Systemic Disorders Associated with

Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis

Behcetrsquos syndrome

Celiac disease

Cyclic neutropenia

Nutritional deficiencies

IgA deficiency

Immunoincompetence

Inflammatory bowel disease

Three Clinical Variations

Minor

Major ndash Suttonrsquos disease or PMNR

(periadenitis mucosa necrotica

recurrens)

Herpetiform

Minor Aphthous Ulcerations

Non-keratinized mucosa

Prodromal symptoms ndash burning itching

stinging

Erythematous macule ndash fibrinopurulent

membrane with a erythematous halo

except in immunocompromised

Major Aphthous Ulcerations

Larger - 1 to 3 cm

Deeper

Clinically persistent

Develop post pubertal

Recurrences for up to 20 years or more

Herpetiform Aphthous

Ulcerations

Greatest number of lesions

Increased frequency of occurrence

Superficial resemblance to herpes

simplex viral infection

Any mucosal surface may be involved

Behcetrsquos Syndrome

ldquothe silk routerdquo

Behcetrsquos Syndrome

1937 ndash Turkish dermatologist ndashHulusi

Behcet described this condition

Ocular Inflammation

Orogenital Inflammation

Multisystem Disorder

Behcetrsquos Disease

Highest Prevalence ndash Middle East and

Japan

Oral Involvement ndash primary

manifestation in 25 to 75 of the

cases

All three forms of aphthous stomatitis

may be seen

Behcetrsquos Disease

Genital lesions are clinically similar to

oral lesions

75 of the patients demonstrate the

genital lesions

Genital lesions are generally more

symptomatic in males

Behcetrsquos Disease

Criteria for the Diagnosis of Behcetrsquos

Disease (International Study Group)

Recurrent oral ulceration

Plus two of the following

Recurrent genital ulcerations

Eye lesions ndashanteriorposterior uveitis

Skin lesions

+ pathergy ndash read by 24-48 hours

Behcetrsquos Disease

Treament

Topical or intralesional corticosteriods

Oral colchicine

Thalidomide

Low-dose methotrexate

Systemic corticosteriods

Cyclosporine

Interferon alpha2A

Treatment

Triamcinolone 01 in Orabase (Kenalog

in Orabase) Apply to dried ulcer two to

four times daily until healed

Randomized controlled studies show decreased

pain

Dexamethasone elixir 05 mg per 5 ml

Swish and spit with 5 mL every 6 hours

As above

B

Burning Mouth Syndrome

About 13 million American adults mostly

postmenopausal women are afflicted with

Burning Mouth Syndrome a chronic often

debilitating condition whose cause remains a

medical mystery

Burning Mouth Syndrome

The main symptom of burning mouth

syndrome is a burning sensation involving the

tongue lips gums palate throat or

widespread areas of the whole mouth People

with the syndrome may describe the sensation

in the affected areas as hot or scalded as if

they had been burned with a hot liquid

Burning Mouth Syndrome

Dry mouth

Sore mouth

A tingling or numb sensation in your mouth

or on the tip of your tongue

A bitter or metallic taste

Causes

Dry mouth (xerostomia)

Nutritional deficiencies

Allergies

Psychological factors

Nerve disturbance or damage

(neuropathy)

Treatments

Potentially efficacious medicines include

tricyclic antidepressants (like amitriptyline -brand name Elavil)

benzodiazepines (like clonazepam - brand name Klonopin or

chlordiazepoxide brand name - Librium)

even anticonvulsants have proven effective in some cases

BMS Treatment

Tricyclic antidepressants

Amitriptyline (Elavil)10 to 150 mg per day

10 mg at bedtime increase dosage by 10 mg

every 4 to 7 days until oral burning is relieved

or side effects occur

BMS Treatment

Benzodiazepines

Clonazepam (Klonopin)025 to 2 mg per

day025 mg at bedtime increase dosage by

025 mg every 4 to 7 days until oral burning is

relieved or side effects occur as dosage

increases medication is taken as full dose or

in three divided doses

BMS Treatment

Anticonvulsants

Gabapentin (Neurontin) 300 to 1600 mg per

day100 mg at bedtime increase dosage by

100 mg every 4 to 7 days until oral burning is

relieved or side effects occur as dosage

increases medication is taken in three divided

doses

C

Candidiasis

Oral thrush and other Candida infections

occur when your immune system is

weakened by disease or drugs such as

prednisone or when antibiotics disturb the

natural balance of microorganisms in the

body

Predisposing factors for infection

Infancy or old age

Serious underlying disease such as cancer or infection with HIV

Dry mouth due to disease of the salivary glands or medications eg antihistamines diuretics

Dentures (especially if they are not regularly cleaned or fit badly)

Predisposing factors for infection

Smoking

Injury to the mouth

Nutritional deficiency eg iron ampor B-vitamin deficiency

Inhaled corticosteroids used to treat asthma eg beclometasone budesonide fluticasone Drink water after inhalation to reduce this complication

Clinical features

Acute pseudomembranous candidiasis There are

white patches on gums tongue amp inside the mouth

that can be peeled off leaving a raw area

Acute atrophic candidiasis There are smooth red

shiny patches on the tongue The mouth is very sore

Chronic atrophic candidiasis This is common in

those with dentures The underlying mucosa is red

and swollen

Clinical features

Angular cheilitis There are sore red splits at each side of the mouth more likely if there is overhang of the upper lip over the lower lip causing a moist deep furrow Angular cheilitis due to candida andor Staphylococcus aureus arises frequently in those taking the medication isotretinoin for acne this medication dries the lips

Chronic hyperplastic candidiasis This is a type of oral leukoplakia (white patch) inside the cheeks or on the tongue with persistent nodules or lumps It usually affects smokers and is pre-malignant Red patches (erythroplakia) as well as white patches may indicate malignant change

Clinical features

Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis presents

as a chronic pseudomembranous infection

The skin and nails are also affected

Median rhomboid glossitis - there is diamond-

shaped inflammation at the back of the

tongue

Severe infections may extend down the throat

(esophageal infection)

Rationale for Treatment Topical vs

Systemic Drugs

Topical antifungals are usually the drug of

choice for uncomplicated localized

candidiasis in patients with normal immune

function

Systemic antifungals are usually indicated in

cases of disseminated disease andor in

immunocompromised patients

Suggested Medications for the

Treatment of Candidiasis

Rx

Clotrimazole troches 10 mg

Disp 70 troches

Sig Let 1 troche dissolve in mouth 5 times

per day for 14 days Do not chew NPO 12

hour

Suggested Systemic Medications for

the Treatment of Candidiasis Rx

Ketoconazole tablets 200 mgDisp 14 tabletsSig Take 1 tab qd with a meal or orange juice for 14 days

RxFluconazole tablets 100 mgDisp 15 tabletsSig Take 2 tablets stat then 1 tablet qd for 14 days

RxItraconazole tablets 100 mgDisp 28 tabletsSig Take 1 tablet bid with a meal or orange juice for 14 days

CA

Head and Neck Cancer

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Intraoral Melanoma

Lymphoma

Intraoral Melanoma

The five year survival rate for oral melanoma

is less than 20 as compared to 75 for

Cutaneous melanomas The average time of

first local recurrence for oral melanoma is less

than one year and metastatic disease is usually

diagnosed within three months of the

recurrence The average survival rate after

metastasis is typically less than 6 months

Extranodal Lymphoma

Extranodal lymphomas usually develop as a

rapidly growing mass of the palate or

posterior tongue (area of Waldeyerrsquos ring)

Pain may or may not be a presenting sign

Clinically the lesion may present as an

erythematous mass with a boggy consistency

The average survival rate for AIDS patients

with an intraoral lymphoma is eight months

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Second primary ndash field cancerization

Incidence amp Mortality HampN Ca

41000 new cases annually

13000 affected will die of disease

Rates constant over last 20yrs

lt 5 of neoplasias US

Highest incidence southeastern amp south-

central Asia

Disease in Women

Prior to 1940 malefemale ratio - 101

1980s ratio 31

Reason tobacco use among women in early

decades of the century

Habits have stabilized ndash malefemale

incidence normalized

Tobacco Use

1956 Wynder et al HampN Ca 10-fold

increase among smokers

Most studies 5-fold to 25-fold increase

intensity and duration of tobacco

consumption

80-90 of HampN Ca patients use tobacco

Alcohol

Odds ratio increases 3- to 15-fold for HampN

Ca after adjusting for tobacco use with

consumption of alcohol

Multiplicative effect with tobacco and

alcohol

Location of cancer ndash oral

pharyngeal(topical mechanism)

Alcohol

Promotional effects independent of

initiation

-prostaglandin synthesis lipid peroxidation

free radical oxygen enhance cell turnover

Enhances cell permeability

Defective repair mechanisms

Depressed immunity

Dz

RISK FACTORS (RF)

1 RF

2 RF

3 RF

4 RF

The concept of

TUMOR

local

regional

systemic

local T

N

M

INFECTION PAIN

INFECTION NEOPLASM

CERVICAL LYMPH NODE ENLARGEMENT

bullbacterial

bullviral (local systemic)

bullfungal

bullpostinfect fibrosed node

bulllt 40 yrs lymphoma

bullgt 40 yrs metastatic SCC

OTHERS

bullleukemia

bullconnective tissue diseases (eg lupus)

bullsarcoidosis

Importance of early diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma

60

stage III amp IV

23 recurrence lt 2 yrs

lt 13 survive 3 yrs

40

stage I amp II

80-90 cure

Second primary tumor in successfully treated patients within 5-7

years up to 40 Follow-up important

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Mortality (8000) deaths per year

Mortality by Site

Tongue 432

Salivary 130

Floor of mouth 950

Lip 24

Other 319

Premalignant Lesions

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Erythroplasia

Carcinoma in situ

Verrucous Leukoplakia

Tobacco patch keratosis

Actinic cheilosis

Mouth wash (Viadent) dysplasia

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Defined as a red patch that can not be

clinically or pathologically diagnosed as any

other condition

Almost all erythroleukoplakia demonstrate

dysplasia or CIS

Etiology is similar to oral SCC

May occur in conjunction with leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Risk of malignant transformation in

erythroleukoplakia about 4x greater than

homogenous leukoplakia

Predominately disease of older men with peak

prevalence of 65 to 74 years

Floor of mouth tongue and soft palate are

most common sites of involvement

Erythroplakia

The Management of Head and

Neck Cancer

Major advances

Conservative or partial resections

Micro vascular free-tissue transfer in

reconstruction

Better definition of the roles of chemotherapy

and radiotherapy

Despite these advances the treatment of loco

regional recurrence remains a major challenge

success rates for salvage therapy are poor

Treatment

Surgery

Radiotherapy

Chemotherapy

Immunotherapy

at present the role of immunotherapy remains investigational

Chemotherapy

Several randomized and non-randomized trial have evaluated chemotherapy for the treatment of head and neck cancer

Various agents have been shown to produce a response

No agents either alone or in combination have demonstrated an improvement in survival

cisplatin and 5 - FU

Uses

Inoperable tumors

Salvage therapy for recurrent tumors

Treatment

The main treatment modalities for head and neck

cancer remain surgery and radiotherapy

Patient factors that merit consideration

Impact on the quality of life

Medical condition ndash ldquoco - morbiditiesrdquo

Patient preference

Treatment cost and convenience

Compliance

Treatment

Early stage disease (stage I and II) can be treated with either surgery or radiotherapy with equivalent control rates

Small lesions of the oral cavity wide local excision is preferred over radiotherapy

Radiotherapy can be delivered to a site generally only once

Reserve this modality for less operable lesions

Treatment Combined Modality

Surgery and RadiotherapyIndications for post operative radiotherapy

Primary Tumor

Advance T stage

High histologic grade

Positive surgical resection margins

Lymphatic permeation

Vascular invasion

Perineural spread

Radiotherapy

Daily dose of 180 cGy to 200 cGy

5000 cGy over a five week period

T1 ndash 6000 to 6600 cGy

T2 - 6600 to 7000 cGy

T3T4 - gt 7000 cGy

ldquoshrinking field techniquerdquo

hyperfractionation technique 200 cGy per day for 25 days followed by 400 cGy per day for 5 days

D

Desquamative gingivitis is a clinical term to describe red painful glazed and friable gingivae which may be a manifestation of some mucocutaneous conditions such as lichen planus or the vesiculobullous disorders

Clinical features of desquamative

gingivitis

Fiery red friable gingiva

Painful desquamates easily

Buccal aspect of anterior attached gingiva

affected

Marginal gingiva spared

Not significantly improved by oral hygiene

measures alone

Differential Diagnosis Erosive Lichen Planus

Immune-mediated blistering diseases

Intra-epithelial

Pemphigus

Subepithelial

Pemphigoid

Linear IgA disease

Dermatitis herpetiformis

Epidermolysis bullosa

Erythema multiforme

Treatment Topical Corticosteroids Recurrent aphthous ulcers

bull Oral manifestations of Behccedilets disease Reiters syndrome acute

vulvar ulcer MAGIC syndrome PFAPA syndrome ulcerative colitis

Crohns disease Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome Sweets

syndrome among others

bull Drug-induced ulcerations mediated by an immune mechanism

bull Lichen planus

bull Cicatricial pemphigoid

bull Mucous membrane pemphigoid

bull Bullous pemphigoid

bull Erythema multiforme

bull Linear IgA dermatosis

bull Pemphigus vulgaris

Topicals Temovate cream 005 Clobetasol propionate

Halog cream 01 Halcinonide

Lidex cream 005 Fluocinonide

Topicort cream 025 Desoximethasone

Lidex gel 005 Fluocinonide

Aristocort cream H-P 05 Triamcinolone acetinode

Diprosone cream 005 Betamethasone dipropionate

Florone cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Maxiflor cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Synalar cream H-P 02 Fluocinolone acetonide

Topicals Tropicort-LP cream 005 Desoxymethasone

Benisone cream 0025 Betamethasone benzoate

Cordran cream 0025 Flurandenolide

Kenalog cream 01 Triamcinolone acetonide

Locoid cream 01 Hydrocortisone butyrate

Synalar cream 0025 Fluocinolone acetonide

Valisone cream 01 Betamethasone valerate

Tridesilon cream 005 Desonide

Locorten cream 003 Flumetasone pivalate

1 Hydrocortisone

Topical Corticosteroids

Used to treat oral lesions

Clobetasol (Temovate) -- Suppresses mitosis and increases synthesis of proteins that decrease inflammation and cause vasoconstriction Class I superpotent topical steroid useful in treating oral lesions Topical corticosteroids commonly are used intraorally for oral manifestations of autoimmune blistering skin diseases Since these diseases are chronic inflammatory in nature topical corticosteroids are very useful as an adjunct treatment Patients with disease confined to the gingiva should see a dentist to have a custom-made soft tray to carry the medication

H

How does herpes simplex develop

overexposure to sunlight

overexposure to wind

colds influenza and similar infections

heavy alcohol use

fever from any cause

the menstrual period

physical stress

emotional stress

Symptoms

Primary (Initial) HSV I Fever

Adenopathy

Ulcers deep in mouth

Secondary (Later) HSV I (Recurrent labial lesions) Fever Blisters form on outer vermillion border

Cold Sores form on inner lip Initial Vesicle

Next Crust

Last Healing in 10-14 days

Differential Diagnosis

Differs from Aphthous Ulcers in that

Found on keratinized (bound-down) intraoral

mucosa

Vesicles rupture into coalescing ulcers

HSV lesions are anterior compared with

Herpangina

Hand Foot and Mouth Disease

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Oral acyclovir (Zovirax) or the recently

developed drugs valacyclovir (Valtrex) or

famciclovir (Famvir) lessen the symptoms

and frequency of fever blister recurrences for

some patients These drugs prevent HSV from

multiplying and are effective when taken in

pill form prior to an outbreak of the virus

Systemic Antivirals

Acyclovir

Dose 15 mgkg (max 200 mg) PO 5xday for 7 days

Shortens first HSV infection by 6 days in children

Famciclovir

Shortens healing time by 2 days in UV-induced cases

Spruance (1999) J Infect Dis 179303-10

Valacyclovir (FDA approved for age 12 and older)

Adult dose 2 g PO bid for one day

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Topical antiviral creams containing acyclovir

(Zovirax) or penciclovir (Denavir) may also

help in limiting the extent or duration of

lesions if applied promptly to affected areas

Topical Treatments

Penciclovir (Denavir) heals HSV-1 sores on average about half a day faster than without treatment stops viral shedding and reduces the duration of the pain Ideally the patient should apply the cream within the first hour of symptoms although benefits have also been noted with later application It is continued for four consecutive days and should be reapplied every two hours while awake

Docosanol cream (Abreva) is an over-the-counter agent for oral-facial herpes It helps resist infection by inhibiting the ability of the virus to become fully active after it has attached itself to the host cell It is applied five times a day beginning at the first sign of tingling or pain Studies have been mixed on it benefits

Topical Treatments

Acyclovir cream (Zovirax) has been approved It may speed healing of oral herpes lesions and lessen the duration of pain particularly if it is applied early on (at the first sign of pain or tingling)

Lidex is a gel that contains a fluocinonide as corticosteroid Corticosteroids commonly called steroids are anti-inflammatory agents and not ordinarily used for herpes Some evidence suggests it may be effective in combination with oral famciclovir

Topical Treatments

Over-the-counter topical anesthetics may provide

modest relief They include Anbesol gel Blistex lip

ointment Campho-phenique Herpecin-L

Viractin and Zilactin In one study Viractin

reduced the duration of the attack compared to

placebo by two days It also relieved itching but had

little effect on other symptoms In general however

few studies have been conducted on any of these

products

X

Xerostomia

Xerostomia is not a disease but can be a symptom

of certain diseases It can produce serious

negative effects on the patients quality of life

affecting dietary habits nutritional status

speech taste tolerance to dental prosthesis and

increases susceptibility to dental caries The

increase in dental caries can be devastating in

many patients and therefore special care must be

made to control this condition

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Medications - Several hundred current medications

can cause xerostomia antihypertensives

antidepressants analgesics tranquilizers diuretics

and antihistamines c

-Cancer Therapy - Chemotherapeutic drugs can

change the flow and composition of the saliva

Radiation treatment that is focused on or near the

salivary gland can temporarily or permanently

damage the salivary glands

-Sjogrens syndrome - An autoimmune disease causes

xerostomia and dry eyes

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Other conditions -such as bone marrow transplants endocrine disorders stress anxiety depression and nutritional deficiencies may cause xerostomia

-Nerve Damage - Trauma to the head and neck area from surgery or wounds can damage the nerves that supply sensation to the mouth While the salivary glands may be left intact they cannot function normally without the nerves that signal them to produce saliva

Treatment

Identify the xerostomic condition and the

cause Some of the causes may be

ameliorated and this will aid therapy But

in many situations it will be difficult to

eliminate the causes Thus it will be

necessary for the Dentist to control the

results of xerostomia This is especially

true about the increase in dental caries

Treatment -pilocarpine (Salagen) 5mg qid prescription required

-special food preparation - blended and moist foods are easier to swallow

artificial saliva (available over-the-counter)

-sipping plain water is usually preferred over artificial saliva by most patients

-Biotene brand over-the-counter dry mouth products (toothpaste alcohol- free mouth rinse and Oralbalance lubricating gel)

-avoidance of alcohol-based mouth rinses

-use of water and glycerin mixed in a small aerosol spray bottle

RX

Contains sorbitol sodium

carboxymethlcellulose and

methylparaben in a

pleasantly flavored

solution

120 mL (406 fl oz)

Z

Treatment

Acyclovir (Zovirax)dagger800 mg orally five times

daily for 7 to 10 days

10 mg per kg IV every 8 hours for 7 to 10

daysDagger

$174 to 248 (129 to 200)

Famciclovir (Famvir)dagger500 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$140

Treatment

Valacyclovir (Valtrex)dagger1000 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$84

Prednisone (Deltasone)30 mg orally twice

daily on days 1 through 7 then 15 mg twice

daily on days 8 through 14 then 75 mg twice

daily on days 15 through 21

Treatment

Lotions containing calamine (eg Caladryl)

may be used on open lesions to reduce pain

and pruritus

Once the lesions have crusted over capsaicin

cream (Zostrix) may be applied

Topically administered lidocaine (Xylocaine)

and nerve blocks have also been reported to

be effective in reducing pain

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Amitriptyline (Elavil) -- By inhibiting reuptake of serotonin andor norepinephrine by presynaptic neuronal membrane may increase synaptic concentration in CNS Useful as analgesic for certain types of chronic and neuropathic pain

Adult DoseEarly in course of HZ 25 mgd PO hs to prevent PHNAfter PHN develops 30-100 mg PO qhs

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Capsaicin cream (Dolorac Capsin Zostrix) --Natural chemical derived from plants of Solanaceae family By depleting and preventing reaccumulation of substance P in peripheral sensory neurons may render skin and joints insensitive to pain Substance P thought to be chemomediator of pain transmission from periphery to CNS

Adult DoseCream Apply to skin tidqid for 3-4 consecutive wk and evaluate efficacy not to exceed 4 applicationsd

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Lidocaine (DermaFlex gel Lidoderm 5 patch) --Several recent studies have advocated topical administration of lidocaine as treatment of PHN Lidocaine gel (5) in placebo-controlled study showed significant relief in 23 patients studied Lidocaine tape also decreases severity of pain

Adult DoseGel (5) Apply to affected area prnPatch (5) Apply to most painful area up to 3 patches per application patch may remain in place for up to 12 h in any 24 h period

Postherpetic Neuralgia Gabapentin (Neurontin) -- This medication has been

approved by the FDA for the treatment of PHN Has properties common to other anticonvulsants and antineuralgic effects Exact mechanism of action is not known Structurally gabapentin is related to GABA but it does not interact with GABA receptors Believed to have a binding site at the alpha 2-delta protein an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gaited calcium channels In the rat brain binding is localized on neuronal dendritic areas Relevance of these observations to treatment of PHN is not known

Adult Dose100 mg PO tid titrate dose prn recommended dose is 900-1800 mg PO qd not to exceed 900 mg PO qid

Consider

Anatomical Location

Biological Plausibility

Patient History

Taking the patients history is traditionally

the first step in virtually every clinical

encounter

Other than that Mrs Lincoln how was the play

Prescription Drug Information for Consumers amp Professionals

Popular

Searches

Viagra

Cialis

Levitra

Lipitor

Zoloft

Hair Transplant

Health

Insurance

Healthy Diet

Lose Weight

Pain Relief

Multiplicity of Presentation

Systemic Disease

Syndromic Presentation

A

Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis

ldquoaphthous ulcerationsrdquo

ldquocanker soresrdquo

Prevalence in the general population 5

to 66 with a mean of 20

Mucosal destruction ndash T-cell mediated

immunologic reaction

Etiologic Factors

Allergies

Genetic predisposition

Nutritional deficiencies ndash B12 B6 Fe ++

Hematological abnormalities

Hormonal influences

Infectious agents

Trauma

Stress

Four

Principal Categories

Primary immunodysregulation

Decrease of the mucosal barrier

Increase in antigenic exposure

Genetic predisposition HLA-12 HLA

- B51 and Cw7

Systemic Disorders Associated with

Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis

Behcetrsquos syndrome

Celiac disease

Cyclic neutropenia

Nutritional deficiencies

IgA deficiency

Immunoincompetence

Inflammatory bowel disease

Three Clinical Variations

Minor

Major ndash Suttonrsquos disease or PMNR

(periadenitis mucosa necrotica

recurrens)

Herpetiform

Minor Aphthous Ulcerations

Non-keratinized mucosa

Prodromal symptoms ndash burning itching

stinging

Erythematous macule ndash fibrinopurulent

membrane with a erythematous halo

except in immunocompromised

Major Aphthous Ulcerations

Larger - 1 to 3 cm

Deeper

Clinically persistent

Develop post pubertal

Recurrences for up to 20 years or more

Herpetiform Aphthous

Ulcerations

Greatest number of lesions

Increased frequency of occurrence

Superficial resemblance to herpes

simplex viral infection

Any mucosal surface may be involved

Behcetrsquos Syndrome

ldquothe silk routerdquo

Behcetrsquos Syndrome

1937 ndash Turkish dermatologist ndashHulusi

Behcet described this condition

Ocular Inflammation

Orogenital Inflammation

Multisystem Disorder

Behcetrsquos Disease

Highest Prevalence ndash Middle East and

Japan

Oral Involvement ndash primary

manifestation in 25 to 75 of the

cases

All three forms of aphthous stomatitis

may be seen

Behcetrsquos Disease

Genital lesions are clinically similar to

oral lesions

75 of the patients demonstrate the

genital lesions

Genital lesions are generally more

symptomatic in males

Behcetrsquos Disease

Criteria for the Diagnosis of Behcetrsquos

Disease (International Study Group)

Recurrent oral ulceration

Plus two of the following

Recurrent genital ulcerations

Eye lesions ndashanteriorposterior uveitis

Skin lesions

+ pathergy ndash read by 24-48 hours

Behcetrsquos Disease

Treament

Topical or intralesional corticosteriods

Oral colchicine

Thalidomide

Low-dose methotrexate

Systemic corticosteriods

Cyclosporine

Interferon alpha2A

Treatment

Triamcinolone 01 in Orabase (Kenalog

in Orabase) Apply to dried ulcer two to

four times daily until healed

Randomized controlled studies show decreased

pain

Dexamethasone elixir 05 mg per 5 ml

Swish and spit with 5 mL every 6 hours

As above

B

Burning Mouth Syndrome

About 13 million American adults mostly

postmenopausal women are afflicted with

Burning Mouth Syndrome a chronic often

debilitating condition whose cause remains a

medical mystery

Burning Mouth Syndrome

The main symptom of burning mouth

syndrome is a burning sensation involving the

tongue lips gums palate throat or

widespread areas of the whole mouth People

with the syndrome may describe the sensation

in the affected areas as hot or scalded as if

they had been burned with a hot liquid

Burning Mouth Syndrome

Dry mouth

Sore mouth

A tingling or numb sensation in your mouth

or on the tip of your tongue

A bitter or metallic taste

Causes

Dry mouth (xerostomia)

Nutritional deficiencies

Allergies

Psychological factors

Nerve disturbance or damage

(neuropathy)

Treatments

Potentially efficacious medicines include

tricyclic antidepressants (like amitriptyline -brand name Elavil)

benzodiazepines (like clonazepam - brand name Klonopin or

chlordiazepoxide brand name - Librium)

even anticonvulsants have proven effective in some cases

BMS Treatment

Tricyclic antidepressants

Amitriptyline (Elavil)10 to 150 mg per day

10 mg at bedtime increase dosage by 10 mg

every 4 to 7 days until oral burning is relieved

or side effects occur

BMS Treatment

Benzodiazepines

Clonazepam (Klonopin)025 to 2 mg per

day025 mg at bedtime increase dosage by

025 mg every 4 to 7 days until oral burning is

relieved or side effects occur as dosage

increases medication is taken as full dose or

in three divided doses

BMS Treatment

Anticonvulsants

Gabapentin (Neurontin) 300 to 1600 mg per

day100 mg at bedtime increase dosage by

100 mg every 4 to 7 days until oral burning is

relieved or side effects occur as dosage

increases medication is taken in three divided

doses

C

Candidiasis

Oral thrush and other Candida infections

occur when your immune system is

weakened by disease or drugs such as

prednisone or when antibiotics disturb the

natural balance of microorganisms in the

body

Predisposing factors for infection

Infancy or old age

Serious underlying disease such as cancer or infection with HIV

Dry mouth due to disease of the salivary glands or medications eg antihistamines diuretics

Dentures (especially if they are not regularly cleaned or fit badly)

Predisposing factors for infection

Smoking

Injury to the mouth

Nutritional deficiency eg iron ampor B-vitamin deficiency

Inhaled corticosteroids used to treat asthma eg beclometasone budesonide fluticasone Drink water after inhalation to reduce this complication

Clinical features

Acute pseudomembranous candidiasis There are

white patches on gums tongue amp inside the mouth

that can be peeled off leaving a raw area

Acute atrophic candidiasis There are smooth red

shiny patches on the tongue The mouth is very sore

Chronic atrophic candidiasis This is common in

those with dentures The underlying mucosa is red

and swollen

Clinical features

Angular cheilitis There are sore red splits at each side of the mouth more likely if there is overhang of the upper lip over the lower lip causing a moist deep furrow Angular cheilitis due to candida andor Staphylococcus aureus arises frequently in those taking the medication isotretinoin for acne this medication dries the lips

Chronic hyperplastic candidiasis This is a type of oral leukoplakia (white patch) inside the cheeks or on the tongue with persistent nodules or lumps It usually affects smokers and is pre-malignant Red patches (erythroplakia) as well as white patches may indicate malignant change

Clinical features

Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis presents

as a chronic pseudomembranous infection

The skin and nails are also affected

Median rhomboid glossitis - there is diamond-

shaped inflammation at the back of the

tongue

Severe infections may extend down the throat

(esophageal infection)

Rationale for Treatment Topical vs

Systemic Drugs

Topical antifungals are usually the drug of

choice for uncomplicated localized

candidiasis in patients with normal immune

function

Systemic antifungals are usually indicated in

cases of disseminated disease andor in

immunocompromised patients

Suggested Medications for the

Treatment of Candidiasis

Rx

Clotrimazole troches 10 mg

Disp 70 troches

Sig Let 1 troche dissolve in mouth 5 times

per day for 14 days Do not chew NPO 12

hour

Suggested Systemic Medications for

the Treatment of Candidiasis Rx

Ketoconazole tablets 200 mgDisp 14 tabletsSig Take 1 tab qd with a meal or orange juice for 14 days

RxFluconazole tablets 100 mgDisp 15 tabletsSig Take 2 tablets stat then 1 tablet qd for 14 days

RxItraconazole tablets 100 mgDisp 28 tabletsSig Take 1 tablet bid with a meal or orange juice for 14 days

CA

Head and Neck Cancer

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Intraoral Melanoma

Lymphoma

Intraoral Melanoma

The five year survival rate for oral melanoma

is less than 20 as compared to 75 for

Cutaneous melanomas The average time of

first local recurrence for oral melanoma is less

than one year and metastatic disease is usually

diagnosed within three months of the

recurrence The average survival rate after

metastasis is typically less than 6 months

Extranodal Lymphoma

Extranodal lymphomas usually develop as a

rapidly growing mass of the palate or

posterior tongue (area of Waldeyerrsquos ring)

Pain may or may not be a presenting sign

Clinically the lesion may present as an

erythematous mass with a boggy consistency

The average survival rate for AIDS patients

with an intraoral lymphoma is eight months

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Second primary ndash field cancerization

Incidence amp Mortality HampN Ca

41000 new cases annually

13000 affected will die of disease

Rates constant over last 20yrs

lt 5 of neoplasias US

Highest incidence southeastern amp south-

central Asia

Disease in Women

Prior to 1940 malefemale ratio - 101

1980s ratio 31

Reason tobacco use among women in early

decades of the century

Habits have stabilized ndash malefemale

incidence normalized

Tobacco Use

1956 Wynder et al HampN Ca 10-fold

increase among smokers

Most studies 5-fold to 25-fold increase

intensity and duration of tobacco

consumption

80-90 of HampN Ca patients use tobacco

Alcohol

Odds ratio increases 3- to 15-fold for HampN

Ca after adjusting for tobacco use with

consumption of alcohol

Multiplicative effect with tobacco and

alcohol

Location of cancer ndash oral

pharyngeal(topical mechanism)

Alcohol

Promotional effects independent of

initiation

-prostaglandin synthesis lipid peroxidation

free radical oxygen enhance cell turnover

Enhances cell permeability

Defective repair mechanisms

Depressed immunity

Dz

RISK FACTORS (RF)

1 RF

2 RF

3 RF

4 RF

The concept of

TUMOR

local

regional

systemic

local T

N

M

INFECTION PAIN

INFECTION NEOPLASM

CERVICAL LYMPH NODE ENLARGEMENT

bullbacterial

bullviral (local systemic)

bullfungal

bullpostinfect fibrosed node

bulllt 40 yrs lymphoma

bullgt 40 yrs metastatic SCC

OTHERS

bullleukemia

bullconnective tissue diseases (eg lupus)

bullsarcoidosis

Importance of early diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma

60

stage III amp IV

23 recurrence lt 2 yrs

lt 13 survive 3 yrs

40

stage I amp II

80-90 cure

Second primary tumor in successfully treated patients within 5-7

years up to 40 Follow-up important

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Mortality (8000) deaths per year

Mortality by Site

Tongue 432

Salivary 130

Floor of mouth 950

Lip 24

Other 319

Premalignant Lesions

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Erythroplasia

Carcinoma in situ

Verrucous Leukoplakia

Tobacco patch keratosis

Actinic cheilosis

Mouth wash (Viadent) dysplasia

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Defined as a red patch that can not be

clinically or pathologically diagnosed as any

other condition

Almost all erythroleukoplakia demonstrate

dysplasia or CIS

Etiology is similar to oral SCC

May occur in conjunction with leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Risk of malignant transformation in

erythroleukoplakia about 4x greater than

homogenous leukoplakia

Predominately disease of older men with peak

prevalence of 65 to 74 years

Floor of mouth tongue and soft palate are

most common sites of involvement

Erythroplakia

The Management of Head and

Neck Cancer

Major advances

Conservative or partial resections

Micro vascular free-tissue transfer in

reconstruction

Better definition of the roles of chemotherapy

and radiotherapy

Despite these advances the treatment of loco

regional recurrence remains a major challenge

success rates for salvage therapy are poor

Treatment

Surgery

Radiotherapy

Chemotherapy

Immunotherapy

at present the role of immunotherapy remains investigational

Chemotherapy

Several randomized and non-randomized trial have evaluated chemotherapy for the treatment of head and neck cancer

Various agents have been shown to produce a response

No agents either alone or in combination have demonstrated an improvement in survival

cisplatin and 5 - FU

Uses

Inoperable tumors

Salvage therapy for recurrent tumors

Treatment

The main treatment modalities for head and neck

cancer remain surgery and radiotherapy

Patient factors that merit consideration

Impact on the quality of life

Medical condition ndash ldquoco - morbiditiesrdquo

Patient preference

Treatment cost and convenience

Compliance

Treatment

Early stage disease (stage I and II) can be treated with either surgery or radiotherapy with equivalent control rates

Small lesions of the oral cavity wide local excision is preferred over radiotherapy

Radiotherapy can be delivered to a site generally only once

Reserve this modality for less operable lesions

Treatment Combined Modality

Surgery and RadiotherapyIndications for post operative radiotherapy

Primary Tumor

Advance T stage

High histologic grade

Positive surgical resection margins

Lymphatic permeation

Vascular invasion

Perineural spread

Radiotherapy

Daily dose of 180 cGy to 200 cGy

5000 cGy over a five week period

T1 ndash 6000 to 6600 cGy

T2 - 6600 to 7000 cGy

T3T4 - gt 7000 cGy

ldquoshrinking field techniquerdquo

hyperfractionation technique 200 cGy per day for 25 days followed by 400 cGy per day for 5 days

D

Desquamative gingivitis is a clinical term to describe red painful glazed and friable gingivae which may be a manifestation of some mucocutaneous conditions such as lichen planus or the vesiculobullous disorders

Clinical features of desquamative

gingivitis

Fiery red friable gingiva

Painful desquamates easily

Buccal aspect of anterior attached gingiva

affected

Marginal gingiva spared

Not significantly improved by oral hygiene

measures alone

Differential Diagnosis Erosive Lichen Planus

Immune-mediated blistering diseases

Intra-epithelial

Pemphigus

Subepithelial

Pemphigoid

Linear IgA disease

Dermatitis herpetiformis

Epidermolysis bullosa

Erythema multiforme

Treatment Topical Corticosteroids Recurrent aphthous ulcers

bull Oral manifestations of Behccedilets disease Reiters syndrome acute

vulvar ulcer MAGIC syndrome PFAPA syndrome ulcerative colitis

Crohns disease Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome Sweets

syndrome among others

bull Drug-induced ulcerations mediated by an immune mechanism

bull Lichen planus

bull Cicatricial pemphigoid

bull Mucous membrane pemphigoid

bull Bullous pemphigoid

bull Erythema multiforme

bull Linear IgA dermatosis

bull Pemphigus vulgaris

Topicals Temovate cream 005 Clobetasol propionate

Halog cream 01 Halcinonide

Lidex cream 005 Fluocinonide

Topicort cream 025 Desoximethasone

Lidex gel 005 Fluocinonide

Aristocort cream H-P 05 Triamcinolone acetinode

Diprosone cream 005 Betamethasone dipropionate

Florone cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Maxiflor cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Synalar cream H-P 02 Fluocinolone acetonide

Topicals Tropicort-LP cream 005 Desoxymethasone

Benisone cream 0025 Betamethasone benzoate

Cordran cream 0025 Flurandenolide

Kenalog cream 01 Triamcinolone acetonide

Locoid cream 01 Hydrocortisone butyrate

Synalar cream 0025 Fluocinolone acetonide

Valisone cream 01 Betamethasone valerate

Tridesilon cream 005 Desonide

Locorten cream 003 Flumetasone pivalate

1 Hydrocortisone

Topical Corticosteroids

Used to treat oral lesions

Clobetasol (Temovate) -- Suppresses mitosis and increases synthesis of proteins that decrease inflammation and cause vasoconstriction Class I superpotent topical steroid useful in treating oral lesions Topical corticosteroids commonly are used intraorally for oral manifestations of autoimmune blistering skin diseases Since these diseases are chronic inflammatory in nature topical corticosteroids are very useful as an adjunct treatment Patients with disease confined to the gingiva should see a dentist to have a custom-made soft tray to carry the medication

H

How does herpes simplex develop

overexposure to sunlight

overexposure to wind

colds influenza and similar infections

heavy alcohol use

fever from any cause

the menstrual period

physical stress

emotional stress

Symptoms

Primary (Initial) HSV I Fever

Adenopathy

Ulcers deep in mouth

Secondary (Later) HSV I (Recurrent labial lesions) Fever Blisters form on outer vermillion border

Cold Sores form on inner lip Initial Vesicle

Next Crust

Last Healing in 10-14 days

Differential Diagnosis

Differs from Aphthous Ulcers in that

Found on keratinized (bound-down) intraoral

mucosa

Vesicles rupture into coalescing ulcers

HSV lesions are anterior compared with

Herpangina

Hand Foot and Mouth Disease

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Oral acyclovir (Zovirax) or the recently

developed drugs valacyclovir (Valtrex) or

famciclovir (Famvir) lessen the symptoms

and frequency of fever blister recurrences for

some patients These drugs prevent HSV from

multiplying and are effective when taken in

pill form prior to an outbreak of the virus

Systemic Antivirals

Acyclovir

Dose 15 mgkg (max 200 mg) PO 5xday for 7 days

Shortens first HSV infection by 6 days in children

Famciclovir

Shortens healing time by 2 days in UV-induced cases

Spruance (1999) J Infect Dis 179303-10

Valacyclovir (FDA approved for age 12 and older)

Adult dose 2 g PO bid for one day

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Topical antiviral creams containing acyclovir

(Zovirax) or penciclovir (Denavir) may also

help in limiting the extent or duration of

lesions if applied promptly to affected areas

Topical Treatments

Penciclovir (Denavir) heals HSV-1 sores on average about half a day faster than without treatment stops viral shedding and reduces the duration of the pain Ideally the patient should apply the cream within the first hour of symptoms although benefits have also been noted with later application It is continued for four consecutive days and should be reapplied every two hours while awake

Docosanol cream (Abreva) is an over-the-counter agent for oral-facial herpes It helps resist infection by inhibiting the ability of the virus to become fully active after it has attached itself to the host cell It is applied five times a day beginning at the first sign of tingling or pain Studies have been mixed on it benefits

Topical Treatments

Acyclovir cream (Zovirax) has been approved It may speed healing of oral herpes lesions and lessen the duration of pain particularly if it is applied early on (at the first sign of pain or tingling)

Lidex is a gel that contains a fluocinonide as corticosteroid Corticosteroids commonly called steroids are anti-inflammatory agents and not ordinarily used for herpes Some evidence suggests it may be effective in combination with oral famciclovir

Topical Treatments

Over-the-counter topical anesthetics may provide

modest relief They include Anbesol gel Blistex lip

ointment Campho-phenique Herpecin-L

Viractin and Zilactin In one study Viractin

reduced the duration of the attack compared to

placebo by two days It also relieved itching but had

little effect on other symptoms In general however

few studies have been conducted on any of these

products

X

Xerostomia

Xerostomia is not a disease but can be a symptom

of certain diseases It can produce serious

negative effects on the patients quality of life

affecting dietary habits nutritional status

speech taste tolerance to dental prosthesis and

increases susceptibility to dental caries The

increase in dental caries can be devastating in

many patients and therefore special care must be

made to control this condition

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Medications - Several hundred current medications

can cause xerostomia antihypertensives

antidepressants analgesics tranquilizers diuretics

and antihistamines c

-Cancer Therapy - Chemotherapeutic drugs can

change the flow and composition of the saliva

Radiation treatment that is focused on or near the

salivary gland can temporarily or permanently

damage the salivary glands

-Sjogrens syndrome - An autoimmune disease causes

xerostomia and dry eyes

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Other conditions -such as bone marrow transplants endocrine disorders stress anxiety depression and nutritional deficiencies may cause xerostomia

-Nerve Damage - Trauma to the head and neck area from surgery or wounds can damage the nerves that supply sensation to the mouth While the salivary glands may be left intact they cannot function normally without the nerves that signal them to produce saliva

Treatment

Identify the xerostomic condition and the

cause Some of the causes may be

ameliorated and this will aid therapy But

in many situations it will be difficult to

eliminate the causes Thus it will be

necessary for the Dentist to control the

results of xerostomia This is especially

true about the increase in dental caries

Treatment -pilocarpine (Salagen) 5mg qid prescription required

-special food preparation - blended and moist foods are easier to swallow

artificial saliva (available over-the-counter)

-sipping plain water is usually preferred over artificial saliva by most patients

-Biotene brand over-the-counter dry mouth products (toothpaste alcohol- free mouth rinse and Oralbalance lubricating gel)

-avoidance of alcohol-based mouth rinses

-use of water and glycerin mixed in a small aerosol spray bottle

RX

Contains sorbitol sodium

carboxymethlcellulose and

methylparaben in a

pleasantly flavored

solution

120 mL (406 fl oz)

Z

Treatment

Acyclovir (Zovirax)dagger800 mg orally five times

daily for 7 to 10 days

10 mg per kg IV every 8 hours for 7 to 10

daysDagger

$174 to 248 (129 to 200)

Famciclovir (Famvir)dagger500 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$140

Treatment

Valacyclovir (Valtrex)dagger1000 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$84

Prednisone (Deltasone)30 mg orally twice

daily on days 1 through 7 then 15 mg twice

daily on days 8 through 14 then 75 mg twice

daily on days 15 through 21

Treatment

Lotions containing calamine (eg Caladryl)

may be used on open lesions to reduce pain

and pruritus

Once the lesions have crusted over capsaicin

cream (Zostrix) may be applied

Topically administered lidocaine (Xylocaine)

and nerve blocks have also been reported to

be effective in reducing pain

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Amitriptyline (Elavil) -- By inhibiting reuptake of serotonin andor norepinephrine by presynaptic neuronal membrane may increase synaptic concentration in CNS Useful as analgesic for certain types of chronic and neuropathic pain

Adult DoseEarly in course of HZ 25 mgd PO hs to prevent PHNAfter PHN develops 30-100 mg PO qhs

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Capsaicin cream (Dolorac Capsin Zostrix) --Natural chemical derived from plants of Solanaceae family By depleting and preventing reaccumulation of substance P in peripheral sensory neurons may render skin and joints insensitive to pain Substance P thought to be chemomediator of pain transmission from periphery to CNS

Adult DoseCream Apply to skin tidqid for 3-4 consecutive wk and evaluate efficacy not to exceed 4 applicationsd

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Lidocaine (DermaFlex gel Lidoderm 5 patch) --Several recent studies have advocated topical administration of lidocaine as treatment of PHN Lidocaine gel (5) in placebo-controlled study showed significant relief in 23 patients studied Lidocaine tape also decreases severity of pain

Adult DoseGel (5) Apply to affected area prnPatch (5) Apply to most painful area up to 3 patches per application patch may remain in place for up to 12 h in any 24 h period

Postherpetic Neuralgia Gabapentin (Neurontin) -- This medication has been

approved by the FDA for the treatment of PHN Has properties common to other anticonvulsants and antineuralgic effects Exact mechanism of action is not known Structurally gabapentin is related to GABA but it does not interact with GABA receptors Believed to have a binding site at the alpha 2-delta protein an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gaited calcium channels In the rat brain binding is localized on neuronal dendritic areas Relevance of these observations to treatment of PHN is not known

Adult Dose100 mg PO tid titrate dose prn recommended dose is 900-1800 mg PO qd not to exceed 900 mg PO qid

Patient History

Taking the patients history is traditionally

the first step in virtually every clinical

encounter

Other than that Mrs Lincoln how was the play

Prescription Drug Information for Consumers amp Professionals

Popular

Searches

Viagra

Cialis

Levitra

Lipitor

Zoloft

Hair Transplant

Health

Insurance

Healthy Diet

Lose Weight

Pain Relief

Multiplicity of Presentation

Systemic Disease

Syndromic Presentation

A

Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis

ldquoaphthous ulcerationsrdquo

ldquocanker soresrdquo

Prevalence in the general population 5

to 66 with a mean of 20

Mucosal destruction ndash T-cell mediated

immunologic reaction

Etiologic Factors

Allergies

Genetic predisposition

Nutritional deficiencies ndash B12 B6 Fe ++

Hematological abnormalities

Hormonal influences

Infectious agents

Trauma

Stress

Four

Principal Categories

Primary immunodysregulation

Decrease of the mucosal barrier

Increase in antigenic exposure

Genetic predisposition HLA-12 HLA

- B51 and Cw7

Systemic Disorders Associated with

Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis

Behcetrsquos syndrome

Celiac disease

Cyclic neutropenia

Nutritional deficiencies

IgA deficiency

Immunoincompetence

Inflammatory bowel disease

Three Clinical Variations

Minor

Major ndash Suttonrsquos disease or PMNR

(periadenitis mucosa necrotica

recurrens)

Herpetiform

Minor Aphthous Ulcerations

Non-keratinized mucosa

Prodromal symptoms ndash burning itching

stinging

Erythematous macule ndash fibrinopurulent

membrane with a erythematous halo

except in immunocompromised

Major Aphthous Ulcerations

Larger - 1 to 3 cm

Deeper

Clinically persistent

Develop post pubertal

Recurrences for up to 20 years or more

Herpetiform Aphthous

Ulcerations

Greatest number of lesions

Increased frequency of occurrence

Superficial resemblance to herpes

simplex viral infection

Any mucosal surface may be involved

Behcetrsquos Syndrome

ldquothe silk routerdquo

Behcetrsquos Syndrome

1937 ndash Turkish dermatologist ndashHulusi

Behcet described this condition

Ocular Inflammation

Orogenital Inflammation

Multisystem Disorder

Behcetrsquos Disease

Highest Prevalence ndash Middle East and

Japan

Oral Involvement ndash primary

manifestation in 25 to 75 of the

cases

All three forms of aphthous stomatitis

may be seen

Behcetrsquos Disease

Genital lesions are clinically similar to

oral lesions

75 of the patients demonstrate the

genital lesions

Genital lesions are generally more

symptomatic in males

Behcetrsquos Disease

Criteria for the Diagnosis of Behcetrsquos

Disease (International Study Group)

Recurrent oral ulceration

Plus two of the following

Recurrent genital ulcerations

Eye lesions ndashanteriorposterior uveitis

Skin lesions

+ pathergy ndash read by 24-48 hours

Behcetrsquos Disease

Treament

Topical or intralesional corticosteriods

Oral colchicine

Thalidomide

Low-dose methotrexate

Systemic corticosteriods

Cyclosporine

Interferon alpha2A

Treatment

Triamcinolone 01 in Orabase (Kenalog

in Orabase) Apply to dried ulcer two to

four times daily until healed

Randomized controlled studies show decreased

pain

Dexamethasone elixir 05 mg per 5 ml

Swish and spit with 5 mL every 6 hours

As above

B

Burning Mouth Syndrome

About 13 million American adults mostly

postmenopausal women are afflicted with

Burning Mouth Syndrome a chronic often

debilitating condition whose cause remains a

medical mystery

Burning Mouth Syndrome

The main symptom of burning mouth

syndrome is a burning sensation involving the

tongue lips gums palate throat or

widespread areas of the whole mouth People

with the syndrome may describe the sensation

in the affected areas as hot or scalded as if

they had been burned with a hot liquid

Burning Mouth Syndrome

Dry mouth

Sore mouth

A tingling or numb sensation in your mouth

or on the tip of your tongue

A bitter or metallic taste

Causes

Dry mouth (xerostomia)

Nutritional deficiencies

Allergies

Psychological factors

Nerve disturbance or damage

(neuropathy)

Treatments

Potentially efficacious medicines include

tricyclic antidepressants (like amitriptyline -brand name Elavil)

benzodiazepines (like clonazepam - brand name Klonopin or

chlordiazepoxide brand name - Librium)

even anticonvulsants have proven effective in some cases

BMS Treatment

Tricyclic antidepressants

Amitriptyline (Elavil)10 to 150 mg per day

10 mg at bedtime increase dosage by 10 mg

every 4 to 7 days until oral burning is relieved

or side effects occur

BMS Treatment

Benzodiazepines

Clonazepam (Klonopin)025 to 2 mg per

day025 mg at bedtime increase dosage by

025 mg every 4 to 7 days until oral burning is

relieved or side effects occur as dosage

increases medication is taken as full dose or

in three divided doses

BMS Treatment

Anticonvulsants

Gabapentin (Neurontin) 300 to 1600 mg per

day100 mg at bedtime increase dosage by

100 mg every 4 to 7 days until oral burning is

relieved or side effects occur as dosage

increases medication is taken in three divided

doses

C

Candidiasis

Oral thrush and other Candida infections

occur when your immune system is

weakened by disease or drugs such as

prednisone or when antibiotics disturb the

natural balance of microorganisms in the

body

Predisposing factors for infection

Infancy or old age

Serious underlying disease such as cancer or infection with HIV

Dry mouth due to disease of the salivary glands or medications eg antihistamines diuretics

Dentures (especially if they are not regularly cleaned or fit badly)

Predisposing factors for infection

Smoking

Injury to the mouth

Nutritional deficiency eg iron ampor B-vitamin deficiency

Inhaled corticosteroids used to treat asthma eg beclometasone budesonide fluticasone Drink water after inhalation to reduce this complication

Clinical features

Acute pseudomembranous candidiasis There are

white patches on gums tongue amp inside the mouth

that can be peeled off leaving a raw area

Acute atrophic candidiasis There are smooth red

shiny patches on the tongue The mouth is very sore

Chronic atrophic candidiasis This is common in

those with dentures The underlying mucosa is red

and swollen

Clinical features

Angular cheilitis There are sore red splits at each side of the mouth more likely if there is overhang of the upper lip over the lower lip causing a moist deep furrow Angular cheilitis due to candida andor Staphylococcus aureus arises frequently in those taking the medication isotretinoin for acne this medication dries the lips

Chronic hyperplastic candidiasis This is a type of oral leukoplakia (white patch) inside the cheeks or on the tongue with persistent nodules or lumps It usually affects smokers and is pre-malignant Red patches (erythroplakia) as well as white patches may indicate malignant change

Clinical features

Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis presents

as a chronic pseudomembranous infection

The skin and nails are also affected

Median rhomboid glossitis - there is diamond-

shaped inflammation at the back of the

tongue

Severe infections may extend down the throat

(esophageal infection)

Rationale for Treatment Topical vs

Systemic Drugs

Topical antifungals are usually the drug of

choice for uncomplicated localized

candidiasis in patients with normal immune

function

Systemic antifungals are usually indicated in

cases of disseminated disease andor in

immunocompromised patients

Suggested Medications for the

Treatment of Candidiasis

Rx

Clotrimazole troches 10 mg

Disp 70 troches

Sig Let 1 troche dissolve in mouth 5 times

per day for 14 days Do not chew NPO 12

hour

Suggested Systemic Medications for

the Treatment of Candidiasis Rx

Ketoconazole tablets 200 mgDisp 14 tabletsSig Take 1 tab qd with a meal or orange juice for 14 days

RxFluconazole tablets 100 mgDisp 15 tabletsSig Take 2 tablets stat then 1 tablet qd for 14 days

RxItraconazole tablets 100 mgDisp 28 tabletsSig Take 1 tablet bid with a meal or orange juice for 14 days

CA

Head and Neck Cancer

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Intraoral Melanoma

Lymphoma

Intraoral Melanoma

The five year survival rate for oral melanoma

is less than 20 as compared to 75 for

Cutaneous melanomas The average time of

first local recurrence for oral melanoma is less

than one year and metastatic disease is usually

diagnosed within three months of the

recurrence The average survival rate after

metastasis is typically less than 6 months

Extranodal Lymphoma

Extranodal lymphomas usually develop as a

rapidly growing mass of the palate or

posterior tongue (area of Waldeyerrsquos ring)

Pain may or may not be a presenting sign

Clinically the lesion may present as an

erythematous mass with a boggy consistency

The average survival rate for AIDS patients

with an intraoral lymphoma is eight months

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Second primary ndash field cancerization

Incidence amp Mortality HampN Ca

41000 new cases annually

13000 affected will die of disease

Rates constant over last 20yrs

lt 5 of neoplasias US

Highest incidence southeastern amp south-

central Asia

Disease in Women

Prior to 1940 malefemale ratio - 101

1980s ratio 31

Reason tobacco use among women in early

decades of the century

Habits have stabilized ndash malefemale

incidence normalized

Tobacco Use

1956 Wynder et al HampN Ca 10-fold

increase among smokers

Most studies 5-fold to 25-fold increase

intensity and duration of tobacco

consumption

80-90 of HampN Ca patients use tobacco

Alcohol

Odds ratio increases 3- to 15-fold for HampN

Ca after adjusting for tobacco use with

consumption of alcohol

Multiplicative effect with tobacco and

alcohol

Location of cancer ndash oral

pharyngeal(topical mechanism)

Alcohol

Promotional effects independent of

initiation

-prostaglandin synthesis lipid peroxidation

free radical oxygen enhance cell turnover

Enhances cell permeability

Defective repair mechanisms

Depressed immunity

Dz

RISK FACTORS (RF)

1 RF

2 RF

3 RF

4 RF

The concept of

TUMOR

local

regional

systemic

local T

N

M

INFECTION PAIN

INFECTION NEOPLASM

CERVICAL LYMPH NODE ENLARGEMENT

bullbacterial

bullviral (local systemic)

bullfungal

bullpostinfect fibrosed node

bulllt 40 yrs lymphoma

bullgt 40 yrs metastatic SCC

OTHERS

bullleukemia

bullconnective tissue diseases (eg lupus)

bullsarcoidosis

Importance of early diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma

60

stage III amp IV

23 recurrence lt 2 yrs

lt 13 survive 3 yrs

40

stage I amp II

80-90 cure

Second primary tumor in successfully treated patients within 5-7

years up to 40 Follow-up important

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Mortality (8000) deaths per year

Mortality by Site

Tongue 432

Salivary 130

Floor of mouth 950

Lip 24

Other 319

Premalignant Lesions

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Erythroplasia

Carcinoma in situ

Verrucous Leukoplakia

Tobacco patch keratosis

Actinic cheilosis

Mouth wash (Viadent) dysplasia

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Defined as a red patch that can not be

clinically or pathologically diagnosed as any

other condition

Almost all erythroleukoplakia demonstrate

dysplasia or CIS

Etiology is similar to oral SCC

May occur in conjunction with leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Risk of malignant transformation in

erythroleukoplakia about 4x greater than

homogenous leukoplakia

Predominately disease of older men with peak

prevalence of 65 to 74 years

Floor of mouth tongue and soft palate are

most common sites of involvement

Erythroplakia

The Management of Head and

Neck Cancer

Major advances

Conservative or partial resections

Micro vascular free-tissue transfer in

reconstruction

Better definition of the roles of chemotherapy

and radiotherapy

Despite these advances the treatment of loco

regional recurrence remains a major challenge

success rates for salvage therapy are poor

Treatment

Surgery

Radiotherapy

Chemotherapy

Immunotherapy

at present the role of immunotherapy remains investigational

Chemotherapy

Several randomized and non-randomized trial have evaluated chemotherapy for the treatment of head and neck cancer

Various agents have been shown to produce a response

No agents either alone or in combination have demonstrated an improvement in survival

cisplatin and 5 - FU

Uses

Inoperable tumors

Salvage therapy for recurrent tumors

Treatment

The main treatment modalities for head and neck

cancer remain surgery and radiotherapy

Patient factors that merit consideration

Impact on the quality of life

Medical condition ndash ldquoco - morbiditiesrdquo

Patient preference

Treatment cost and convenience

Compliance

Treatment

Early stage disease (stage I and II) can be treated with either surgery or radiotherapy with equivalent control rates

Small lesions of the oral cavity wide local excision is preferred over radiotherapy

Radiotherapy can be delivered to a site generally only once

Reserve this modality for less operable lesions

Treatment Combined Modality

Surgery and RadiotherapyIndications for post operative radiotherapy

Primary Tumor

Advance T stage

High histologic grade

Positive surgical resection margins

Lymphatic permeation

Vascular invasion

Perineural spread

Radiotherapy

Daily dose of 180 cGy to 200 cGy

5000 cGy over a five week period

T1 ndash 6000 to 6600 cGy

T2 - 6600 to 7000 cGy

T3T4 - gt 7000 cGy

ldquoshrinking field techniquerdquo

hyperfractionation technique 200 cGy per day for 25 days followed by 400 cGy per day for 5 days

D

Desquamative gingivitis is a clinical term to describe red painful glazed and friable gingivae which may be a manifestation of some mucocutaneous conditions such as lichen planus or the vesiculobullous disorders

Clinical features of desquamative

gingivitis

Fiery red friable gingiva

Painful desquamates easily

Buccal aspect of anterior attached gingiva

affected

Marginal gingiva spared

Not significantly improved by oral hygiene

measures alone

Differential Diagnosis Erosive Lichen Planus

Immune-mediated blistering diseases

Intra-epithelial

Pemphigus

Subepithelial

Pemphigoid

Linear IgA disease

Dermatitis herpetiformis

Epidermolysis bullosa

Erythema multiforme

Treatment Topical Corticosteroids Recurrent aphthous ulcers

bull Oral manifestations of Behccedilets disease Reiters syndrome acute

vulvar ulcer MAGIC syndrome PFAPA syndrome ulcerative colitis

Crohns disease Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome Sweets

syndrome among others

bull Drug-induced ulcerations mediated by an immune mechanism

bull Lichen planus

bull Cicatricial pemphigoid

bull Mucous membrane pemphigoid

bull Bullous pemphigoid

bull Erythema multiforme

bull Linear IgA dermatosis

bull Pemphigus vulgaris

Topicals Temovate cream 005 Clobetasol propionate

Halog cream 01 Halcinonide

Lidex cream 005 Fluocinonide

Topicort cream 025 Desoximethasone

Lidex gel 005 Fluocinonide

Aristocort cream H-P 05 Triamcinolone acetinode

Diprosone cream 005 Betamethasone dipropionate

Florone cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Maxiflor cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Synalar cream H-P 02 Fluocinolone acetonide

Topicals Tropicort-LP cream 005 Desoxymethasone

Benisone cream 0025 Betamethasone benzoate

Cordran cream 0025 Flurandenolide

Kenalog cream 01 Triamcinolone acetonide

Locoid cream 01 Hydrocortisone butyrate

Synalar cream 0025 Fluocinolone acetonide

Valisone cream 01 Betamethasone valerate

Tridesilon cream 005 Desonide

Locorten cream 003 Flumetasone pivalate

1 Hydrocortisone

Topical Corticosteroids

Used to treat oral lesions

Clobetasol (Temovate) -- Suppresses mitosis and increases synthesis of proteins that decrease inflammation and cause vasoconstriction Class I superpotent topical steroid useful in treating oral lesions Topical corticosteroids commonly are used intraorally for oral manifestations of autoimmune blistering skin diseases Since these diseases are chronic inflammatory in nature topical corticosteroids are very useful as an adjunct treatment Patients with disease confined to the gingiva should see a dentist to have a custom-made soft tray to carry the medication

H

How does herpes simplex develop

overexposure to sunlight

overexposure to wind

colds influenza and similar infections

heavy alcohol use

fever from any cause

the menstrual period

physical stress

emotional stress

Symptoms

Primary (Initial) HSV I Fever

Adenopathy

Ulcers deep in mouth

Secondary (Later) HSV I (Recurrent labial lesions) Fever Blisters form on outer vermillion border

Cold Sores form on inner lip Initial Vesicle

Next Crust

Last Healing in 10-14 days

Differential Diagnosis

Differs from Aphthous Ulcers in that

Found on keratinized (bound-down) intraoral

mucosa

Vesicles rupture into coalescing ulcers

HSV lesions are anterior compared with

Herpangina

Hand Foot and Mouth Disease

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Oral acyclovir (Zovirax) or the recently

developed drugs valacyclovir (Valtrex) or

famciclovir (Famvir) lessen the symptoms

and frequency of fever blister recurrences for

some patients These drugs prevent HSV from

multiplying and are effective when taken in

pill form prior to an outbreak of the virus

Systemic Antivirals

Acyclovir

Dose 15 mgkg (max 200 mg) PO 5xday for 7 days

Shortens first HSV infection by 6 days in children

Famciclovir

Shortens healing time by 2 days in UV-induced cases

Spruance (1999) J Infect Dis 179303-10

Valacyclovir (FDA approved for age 12 and older)

Adult dose 2 g PO bid for one day

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Topical antiviral creams containing acyclovir

(Zovirax) or penciclovir (Denavir) may also

help in limiting the extent or duration of

lesions if applied promptly to affected areas

Topical Treatments

Penciclovir (Denavir) heals HSV-1 sores on average about half a day faster than without treatment stops viral shedding and reduces the duration of the pain Ideally the patient should apply the cream within the first hour of symptoms although benefits have also been noted with later application It is continued for four consecutive days and should be reapplied every two hours while awake

Docosanol cream (Abreva) is an over-the-counter agent for oral-facial herpes It helps resist infection by inhibiting the ability of the virus to become fully active after it has attached itself to the host cell It is applied five times a day beginning at the first sign of tingling or pain Studies have been mixed on it benefits

Topical Treatments

Acyclovir cream (Zovirax) has been approved It may speed healing of oral herpes lesions and lessen the duration of pain particularly if it is applied early on (at the first sign of pain or tingling)

Lidex is a gel that contains a fluocinonide as corticosteroid Corticosteroids commonly called steroids are anti-inflammatory agents and not ordinarily used for herpes Some evidence suggests it may be effective in combination with oral famciclovir

Topical Treatments

Over-the-counter topical anesthetics may provide

modest relief They include Anbesol gel Blistex lip

ointment Campho-phenique Herpecin-L

Viractin and Zilactin In one study Viractin

reduced the duration of the attack compared to

placebo by two days It also relieved itching but had

little effect on other symptoms In general however

few studies have been conducted on any of these

products

X

Xerostomia

Xerostomia is not a disease but can be a symptom

of certain diseases It can produce serious

negative effects on the patients quality of life

affecting dietary habits nutritional status

speech taste tolerance to dental prosthesis and

increases susceptibility to dental caries The

increase in dental caries can be devastating in

many patients and therefore special care must be

made to control this condition

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Medications - Several hundred current medications

can cause xerostomia antihypertensives

antidepressants analgesics tranquilizers diuretics

and antihistamines c

-Cancer Therapy - Chemotherapeutic drugs can

change the flow and composition of the saliva

Radiation treatment that is focused on or near the

salivary gland can temporarily or permanently

damage the salivary glands

-Sjogrens syndrome - An autoimmune disease causes

xerostomia and dry eyes

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Other conditions -such as bone marrow transplants endocrine disorders stress anxiety depression and nutritional deficiencies may cause xerostomia

-Nerve Damage - Trauma to the head and neck area from surgery or wounds can damage the nerves that supply sensation to the mouth While the salivary glands may be left intact they cannot function normally without the nerves that signal them to produce saliva

Treatment

Identify the xerostomic condition and the

cause Some of the causes may be

ameliorated and this will aid therapy But

in many situations it will be difficult to

eliminate the causes Thus it will be

necessary for the Dentist to control the

results of xerostomia This is especially

true about the increase in dental caries

Treatment -pilocarpine (Salagen) 5mg qid prescription required

-special food preparation - blended and moist foods are easier to swallow

artificial saliva (available over-the-counter)

-sipping plain water is usually preferred over artificial saliva by most patients

-Biotene brand over-the-counter dry mouth products (toothpaste alcohol- free mouth rinse and Oralbalance lubricating gel)

-avoidance of alcohol-based mouth rinses

-use of water and glycerin mixed in a small aerosol spray bottle

RX

Contains sorbitol sodium

carboxymethlcellulose and

methylparaben in a

pleasantly flavored

solution

120 mL (406 fl oz)

Z

Treatment

Acyclovir (Zovirax)dagger800 mg orally five times

daily for 7 to 10 days

10 mg per kg IV every 8 hours for 7 to 10

daysDagger

$174 to 248 (129 to 200)

Famciclovir (Famvir)dagger500 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$140

Treatment

Valacyclovir (Valtrex)dagger1000 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$84

Prednisone (Deltasone)30 mg orally twice

daily on days 1 through 7 then 15 mg twice

daily on days 8 through 14 then 75 mg twice

daily on days 15 through 21

Treatment

Lotions containing calamine (eg Caladryl)

may be used on open lesions to reduce pain

and pruritus

Once the lesions have crusted over capsaicin

cream (Zostrix) may be applied

Topically administered lidocaine (Xylocaine)

and nerve blocks have also been reported to

be effective in reducing pain

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Amitriptyline (Elavil) -- By inhibiting reuptake of serotonin andor norepinephrine by presynaptic neuronal membrane may increase synaptic concentration in CNS Useful as analgesic for certain types of chronic and neuropathic pain

Adult DoseEarly in course of HZ 25 mgd PO hs to prevent PHNAfter PHN develops 30-100 mg PO qhs

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Capsaicin cream (Dolorac Capsin Zostrix) --Natural chemical derived from plants of Solanaceae family By depleting and preventing reaccumulation of substance P in peripheral sensory neurons may render skin and joints insensitive to pain Substance P thought to be chemomediator of pain transmission from periphery to CNS

Adult DoseCream Apply to skin tidqid for 3-4 consecutive wk and evaluate efficacy not to exceed 4 applicationsd

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Lidocaine (DermaFlex gel Lidoderm 5 patch) --Several recent studies have advocated topical administration of lidocaine as treatment of PHN Lidocaine gel (5) in placebo-controlled study showed significant relief in 23 patients studied Lidocaine tape also decreases severity of pain

Adult DoseGel (5) Apply to affected area prnPatch (5) Apply to most painful area up to 3 patches per application patch may remain in place for up to 12 h in any 24 h period

Postherpetic Neuralgia Gabapentin (Neurontin) -- This medication has been

approved by the FDA for the treatment of PHN Has properties common to other anticonvulsants and antineuralgic effects Exact mechanism of action is not known Structurally gabapentin is related to GABA but it does not interact with GABA receptors Believed to have a binding site at the alpha 2-delta protein an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gaited calcium channels In the rat brain binding is localized on neuronal dendritic areas Relevance of these observations to treatment of PHN is not known

Adult Dose100 mg PO tid titrate dose prn recommended dose is 900-1800 mg PO qd not to exceed 900 mg PO qid

Other than that Mrs Lincoln how was the play

Prescription Drug Information for Consumers amp Professionals

Popular

Searches

Viagra

Cialis

Levitra

Lipitor

Zoloft

Hair Transplant

Health

Insurance

Healthy Diet

Lose Weight

Pain Relief

Multiplicity of Presentation

Systemic Disease

Syndromic Presentation

A

Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis

ldquoaphthous ulcerationsrdquo

ldquocanker soresrdquo

Prevalence in the general population 5

to 66 with a mean of 20

Mucosal destruction ndash T-cell mediated

immunologic reaction

Etiologic Factors

Allergies

Genetic predisposition

Nutritional deficiencies ndash B12 B6 Fe ++

Hematological abnormalities

Hormonal influences

Infectious agents

Trauma

Stress

Four

Principal Categories

Primary immunodysregulation

Decrease of the mucosal barrier

Increase in antigenic exposure

Genetic predisposition HLA-12 HLA

- B51 and Cw7

Systemic Disorders Associated with

Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis

Behcetrsquos syndrome

Celiac disease

Cyclic neutropenia

Nutritional deficiencies

IgA deficiency

Immunoincompetence

Inflammatory bowel disease

Three Clinical Variations

Minor

Major ndash Suttonrsquos disease or PMNR

(periadenitis mucosa necrotica

recurrens)

Herpetiform

Minor Aphthous Ulcerations

Non-keratinized mucosa

Prodromal symptoms ndash burning itching

stinging

Erythematous macule ndash fibrinopurulent

membrane with a erythematous halo

except in immunocompromised

Major Aphthous Ulcerations

Larger - 1 to 3 cm

Deeper

Clinically persistent

Develop post pubertal

Recurrences for up to 20 years or more

Herpetiform Aphthous

Ulcerations

Greatest number of lesions

Increased frequency of occurrence

Superficial resemblance to herpes

simplex viral infection

Any mucosal surface may be involved

Behcetrsquos Syndrome

ldquothe silk routerdquo

Behcetrsquos Syndrome

1937 ndash Turkish dermatologist ndashHulusi

Behcet described this condition

Ocular Inflammation

Orogenital Inflammation

Multisystem Disorder

Behcetrsquos Disease

Highest Prevalence ndash Middle East and

Japan

Oral Involvement ndash primary

manifestation in 25 to 75 of the

cases

All three forms of aphthous stomatitis

may be seen

Behcetrsquos Disease

Genital lesions are clinically similar to

oral lesions

75 of the patients demonstrate the

genital lesions

Genital lesions are generally more

symptomatic in males

Behcetrsquos Disease

Criteria for the Diagnosis of Behcetrsquos

Disease (International Study Group)

Recurrent oral ulceration

Plus two of the following

Recurrent genital ulcerations

Eye lesions ndashanteriorposterior uveitis

Skin lesions

+ pathergy ndash read by 24-48 hours

Behcetrsquos Disease

Treament

Topical or intralesional corticosteriods

Oral colchicine

Thalidomide

Low-dose methotrexate

Systemic corticosteriods

Cyclosporine

Interferon alpha2A

Treatment

Triamcinolone 01 in Orabase (Kenalog

in Orabase) Apply to dried ulcer two to

four times daily until healed

Randomized controlled studies show decreased

pain

Dexamethasone elixir 05 mg per 5 ml

Swish and spit with 5 mL every 6 hours

As above

B

Burning Mouth Syndrome

About 13 million American adults mostly

postmenopausal women are afflicted with

Burning Mouth Syndrome a chronic often

debilitating condition whose cause remains a

medical mystery

Burning Mouth Syndrome

The main symptom of burning mouth

syndrome is a burning sensation involving the

tongue lips gums palate throat or

widespread areas of the whole mouth People

with the syndrome may describe the sensation

in the affected areas as hot or scalded as if

they had been burned with a hot liquid

Burning Mouth Syndrome

Dry mouth

Sore mouth

A tingling or numb sensation in your mouth

or on the tip of your tongue

A bitter or metallic taste

Causes

Dry mouth (xerostomia)

Nutritional deficiencies

Allergies

Psychological factors

Nerve disturbance or damage

(neuropathy)

Treatments

Potentially efficacious medicines include

tricyclic antidepressants (like amitriptyline -brand name Elavil)

benzodiazepines (like clonazepam - brand name Klonopin or

chlordiazepoxide brand name - Librium)

even anticonvulsants have proven effective in some cases

BMS Treatment

Tricyclic antidepressants

Amitriptyline (Elavil)10 to 150 mg per day

10 mg at bedtime increase dosage by 10 mg

every 4 to 7 days until oral burning is relieved

or side effects occur

BMS Treatment

Benzodiazepines

Clonazepam (Klonopin)025 to 2 mg per

day025 mg at bedtime increase dosage by

025 mg every 4 to 7 days until oral burning is

relieved or side effects occur as dosage

increases medication is taken as full dose or

in three divided doses

BMS Treatment

Anticonvulsants

Gabapentin (Neurontin) 300 to 1600 mg per

day100 mg at bedtime increase dosage by

100 mg every 4 to 7 days until oral burning is

relieved or side effects occur as dosage

increases medication is taken in three divided

doses

C

Candidiasis

Oral thrush and other Candida infections

occur when your immune system is

weakened by disease or drugs such as

prednisone or when antibiotics disturb the

natural balance of microorganisms in the

body

Predisposing factors for infection

Infancy or old age

Serious underlying disease such as cancer or infection with HIV

Dry mouth due to disease of the salivary glands or medications eg antihistamines diuretics

Dentures (especially if they are not regularly cleaned or fit badly)

Predisposing factors for infection

Smoking

Injury to the mouth

Nutritional deficiency eg iron ampor B-vitamin deficiency

Inhaled corticosteroids used to treat asthma eg beclometasone budesonide fluticasone Drink water after inhalation to reduce this complication

Clinical features

Acute pseudomembranous candidiasis There are

white patches on gums tongue amp inside the mouth

that can be peeled off leaving a raw area

Acute atrophic candidiasis There are smooth red

shiny patches on the tongue The mouth is very sore

Chronic atrophic candidiasis This is common in

those with dentures The underlying mucosa is red

and swollen

Clinical features

Angular cheilitis There are sore red splits at each side of the mouth more likely if there is overhang of the upper lip over the lower lip causing a moist deep furrow Angular cheilitis due to candida andor Staphylococcus aureus arises frequently in those taking the medication isotretinoin for acne this medication dries the lips

Chronic hyperplastic candidiasis This is a type of oral leukoplakia (white patch) inside the cheeks or on the tongue with persistent nodules or lumps It usually affects smokers and is pre-malignant Red patches (erythroplakia) as well as white patches may indicate malignant change

Clinical features

Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis presents

as a chronic pseudomembranous infection

The skin and nails are also affected

Median rhomboid glossitis - there is diamond-

shaped inflammation at the back of the

tongue

Severe infections may extend down the throat

(esophageal infection)

Rationale for Treatment Topical vs

Systemic Drugs

Topical antifungals are usually the drug of

choice for uncomplicated localized

candidiasis in patients with normal immune

function

Systemic antifungals are usually indicated in

cases of disseminated disease andor in

immunocompromised patients

Suggested Medications for the

Treatment of Candidiasis

Rx

Clotrimazole troches 10 mg

Disp 70 troches

Sig Let 1 troche dissolve in mouth 5 times

per day for 14 days Do not chew NPO 12

hour

Suggested Systemic Medications for

the Treatment of Candidiasis Rx

Ketoconazole tablets 200 mgDisp 14 tabletsSig Take 1 tab qd with a meal or orange juice for 14 days

RxFluconazole tablets 100 mgDisp 15 tabletsSig Take 2 tablets stat then 1 tablet qd for 14 days

RxItraconazole tablets 100 mgDisp 28 tabletsSig Take 1 tablet bid with a meal or orange juice for 14 days

CA

Head and Neck Cancer

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Intraoral Melanoma

Lymphoma

Intraoral Melanoma

The five year survival rate for oral melanoma

is less than 20 as compared to 75 for

Cutaneous melanomas The average time of

first local recurrence for oral melanoma is less

than one year and metastatic disease is usually

diagnosed within three months of the

recurrence The average survival rate after

metastasis is typically less than 6 months

Extranodal Lymphoma

Extranodal lymphomas usually develop as a

rapidly growing mass of the palate or

posterior tongue (area of Waldeyerrsquos ring)

Pain may or may not be a presenting sign

Clinically the lesion may present as an

erythematous mass with a boggy consistency

The average survival rate for AIDS patients

with an intraoral lymphoma is eight months

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Second primary ndash field cancerization

Incidence amp Mortality HampN Ca

41000 new cases annually

13000 affected will die of disease

Rates constant over last 20yrs

lt 5 of neoplasias US

Highest incidence southeastern amp south-

central Asia

Disease in Women

Prior to 1940 malefemale ratio - 101

1980s ratio 31

Reason tobacco use among women in early

decades of the century

Habits have stabilized ndash malefemale

incidence normalized

Tobacco Use

1956 Wynder et al HampN Ca 10-fold

increase among smokers

Most studies 5-fold to 25-fold increase

intensity and duration of tobacco

consumption

80-90 of HampN Ca patients use tobacco

Alcohol

Odds ratio increases 3- to 15-fold for HampN

Ca after adjusting for tobacco use with

consumption of alcohol

Multiplicative effect with tobacco and

alcohol

Location of cancer ndash oral

pharyngeal(topical mechanism)

Alcohol

Promotional effects independent of

initiation

-prostaglandin synthesis lipid peroxidation

free radical oxygen enhance cell turnover

Enhances cell permeability

Defective repair mechanisms

Depressed immunity

Dz

RISK FACTORS (RF)

1 RF

2 RF

3 RF

4 RF

The concept of

TUMOR

local

regional

systemic

local T

N

M

INFECTION PAIN

INFECTION NEOPLASM

CERVICAL LYMPH NODE ENLARGEMENT

bullbacterial

bullviral (local systemic)

bullfungal

bullpostinfect fibrosed node

bulllt 40 yrs lymphoma

bullgt 40 yrs metastatic SCC

OTHERS

bullleukemia

bullconnective tissue diseases (eg lupus)

bullsarcoidosis

Importance of early diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma

60

stage III amp IV

23 recurrence lt 2 yrs

lt 13 survive 3 yrs

40

stage I amp II

80-90 cure

Second primary tumor in successfully treated patients within 5-7

years up to 40 Follow-up important

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Mortality (8000) deaths per year

Mortality by Site

Tongue 432

Salivary 130

Floor of mouth 950

Lip 24

Other 319

Premalignant Lesions

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Erythroplasia

Carcinoma in situ

Verrucous Leukoplakia

Tobacco patch keratosis

Actinic cheilosis

Mouth wash (Viadent) dysplasia

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Defined as a red patch that can not be

clinically or pathologically diagnosed as any

other condition

Almost all erythroleukoplakia demonstrate

dysplasia or CIS

Etiology is similar to oral SCC

May occur in conjunction with leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Risk of malignant transformation in

erythroleukoplakia about 4x greater than

homogenous leukoplakia

Predominately disease of older men with peak

prevalence of 65 to 74 years

Floor of mouth tongue and soft palate are

most common sites of involvement

Erythroplakia

The Management of Head and

Neck Cancer

Major advances

Conservative or partial resections

Micro vascular free-tissue transfer in

reconstruction

Better definition of the roles of chemotherapy

and radiotherapy

Despite these advances the treatment of loco

regional recurrence remains a major challenge

success rates for salvage therapy are poor

Treatment

Surgery

Radiotherapy

Chemotherapy

Immunotherapy

at present the role of immunotherapy remains investigational

Chemotherapy

Several randomized and non-randomized trial have evaluated chemotherapy for the treatment of head and neck cancer

Various agents have been shown to produce a response

No agents either alone or in combination have demonstrated an improvement in survival

cisplatin and 5 - FU

Uses

Inoperable tumors

Salvage therapy for recurrent tumors

Treatment

The main treatment modalities for head and neck

cancer remain surgery and radiotherapy

Patient factors that merit consideration

Impact on the quality of life

Medical condition ndash ldquoco - morbiditiesrdquo

Patient preference

Treatment cost and convenience

Compliance

Treatment

Early stage disease (stage I and II) can be treated with either surgery or radiotherapy with equivalent control rates

Small lesions of the oral cavity wide local excision is preferred over radiotherapy

Radiotherapy can be delivered to a site generally only once

Reserve this modality for less operable lesions

Treatment Combined Modality

Surgery and RadiotherapyIndications for post operative radiotherapy

Primary Tumor

Advance T stage

High histologic grade

Positive surgical resection margins

Lymphatic permeation

Vascular invasion

Perineural spread

Radiotherapy

Daily dose of 180 cGy to 200 cGy

5000 cGy over a five week period

T1 ndash 6000 to 6600 cGy

T2 - 6600 to 7000 cGy

T3T4 - gt 7000 cGy

ldquoshrinking field techniquerdquo

hyperfractionation technique 200 cGy per day for 25 days followed by 400 cGy per day for 5 days

D

Desquamative gingivitis is a clinical term to describe red painful glazed and friable gingivae which may be a manifestation of some mucocutaneous conditions such as lichen planus or the vesiculobullous disorders

Clinical features of desquamative

gingivitis

Fiery red friable gingiva

Painful desquamates easily

Buccal aspect of anterior attached gingiva

affected

Marginal gingiva spared

Not significantly improved by oral hygiene

measures alone

Differential Diagnosis Erosive Lichen Planus

Immune-mediated blistering diseases

Intra-epithelial

Pemphigus

Subepithelial

Pemphigoid

Linear IgA disease

Dermatitis herpetiformis

Epidermolysis bullosa

Erythema multiforme

Treatment Topical Corticosteroids Recurrent aphthous ulcers

bull Oral manifestations of Behccedilets disease Reiters syndrome acute

vulvar ulcer MAGIC syndrome PFAPA syndrome ulcerative colitis

Crohns disease Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome Sweets

syndrome among others

bull Drug-induced ulcerations mediated by an immune mechanism

bull Lichen planus

bull Cicatricial pemphigoid

bull Mucous membrane pemphigoid

bull Bullous pemphigoid

bull Erythema multiforme

bull Linear IgA dermatosis

bull Pemphigus vulgaris

Topicals Temovate cream 005 Clobetasol propionate

Halog cream 01 Halcinonide

Lidex cream 005 Fluocinonide

Topicort cream 025 Desoximethasone

Lidex gel 005 Fluocinonide

Aristocort cream H-P 05 Triamcinolone acetinode

Diprosone cream 005 Betamethasone dipropionate

Florone cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Maxiflor cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Synalar cream H-P 02 Fluocinolone acetonide

Topicals Tropicort-LP cream 005 Desoxymethasone

Benisone cream 0025 Betamethasone benzoate

Cordran cream 0025 Flurandenolide

Kenalog cream 01 Triamcinolone acetonide

Locoid cream 01 Hydrocortisone butyrate

Synalar cream 0025 Fluocinolone acetonide

Valisone cream 01 Betamethasone valerate

Tridesilon cream 005 Desonide

Locorten cream 003 Flumetasone pivalate

1 Hydrocortisone

Topical Corticosteroids

Used to treat oral lesions

Clobetasol (Temovate) -- Suppresses mitosis and increases synthesis of proteins that decrease inflammation and cause vasoconstriction Class I superpotent topical steroid useful in treating oral lesions Topical corticosteroids commonly are used intraorally for oral manifestations of autoimmune blistering skin diseases Since these diseases are chronic inflammatory in nature topical corticosteroids are very useful as an adjunct treatment Patients with disease confined to the gingiva should see a dentist to have a custom-made soft tray to carry the medication

H

How does herpes simplex develop

overexposure to sunlight

overexposure to wind

colds influenza and similar infections

heavy alcohol use

fever from any cause

the menstrual period

physical stress

emotional stress

Symptoms

Primary (Initial) HSV I Fever

Adenopathy

Ulcers deep in mouth

Secondary (Later) HSV I (Recurrent labial lesions) Fever Blisters form on outer vermillion border

Cold Sores form on inner lip Initial Vesicle

Next Crust

Last Healing in 10-14 days

Differential Diagnosis

Differs from Aphthous Ulcers in that

Found on keratinized (bound-down) intraoral

mucosa

Vesicles rupture into coalescing ulcers

HSV lesions are anterior compared with

Herpangina

Hand Foot and Mouth Disease

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Oral acyclovir (Zovirax) or the recently

developed drugs valacyclovir (Valtrex) or

famciclovir (Famvir) lessen the symptoms

and frequency of fever blister recurrences for

some patients These drugs prevent HSV from

multiplying and are effective when taken in

pill form prior to an outbreak of the virus

Systemic Antivirals

Acyclovir

Dose 15 mgkg (max 200 mg) PO 5xday for 7 days

Shortens first HSV infection by 6 days in children

Famciclovir

Shortens healing time by 2 days in UV-induced cases

Spruance (1999) J Infect Dis 179303-10

Valacyclovir (FDA approved for age 12 and older)

Adult dose 2 g PO bid for one day

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Topical antiviral creams containing acyclovir

(Zovirax) or penciclovir (Denavir) may also

help in limiting the extent or duration of

lesions if applied promptly to affected areas

Topical Treatments

Penciclovir (Denavir) heals HSV-1 sores on average about half a day faster than without treatment stops viral shedding and reduces the duration of the pain Ideally the patient should apply the cream within the first hour of symptoms although benefits have also been noted with later application It is continued for four consecutive days and should be reapplied every two hours while awake

Docosanol cream (Abreva) is an over-the-counter agent for oral-facial herpes It helps resist infection by inhibiting the ability of the virus to become fully active after it has attached itself to the host cell It is applied five times a day beginning at the first sign of tingling or pain Studies have been mixed on it benefits

Topical Treatments

Acyclovir cream (Zovirax) has been approved It may speed healing of oral herpes lesions and lessen the duration of pain particularly if it is applied early on (at the first sign of pain or tingling)

Lidex is a gel that contains a fluocinonide as corticosteroid Corticosteroids commonly called steroids are anti-inflammatory agents and not ordinarily used for herpes Some evidence suggests it may be effective in combination with oral famciclovir

Topical Treatments

Over-the-counter topical anesthetics may provide

modest relief They include Anbesol gel Blistex lip

ointment Campho-phenique Herpecin-L

Viractin and Zilactin In one study Viractin

reduced the duration of the attack compared to

placebo by two days It also relieved itching but had

little effect on other symptoms In general however

few studies have been conducted on any of these

products

X

Xerostomia

Xerostomia is not a disease but can be a symptom

of certain diseases It can produce serious

negative effects on the patients quality of life

affecting dietary habits nutritional status

speech taste tolerance to dental prosthesis and

increases susceptibility to dental caries The

increase in dental caries can be devastating in

many patients and therefore special care must be

made to control this condition

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Medications - Several hundred current medications

can cause xerostomia antihypertensives

antidepressants analgesics tranquilizers diuretics

and antihistamines c

-Cancer Therapy - Chemotherapeutic drugs can

change the flow and composition of the saliva

Radiation treatment that is focused on or near the

salivary gland can temporarily or permanently

damage the salivary glands

-Sjogrens syndrome - An autoimmune disease causes

xerostomia and dry eyes

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Other conditions -such as bone marrow transplants endocrine disorders stress anxiety depression and nutritional deficiencies may cause xerostomia

-Nerve Damage - Trauma to the head and neck area from surgery or wounds can damage the nerves that supply sensation to the mouth While the salivary glands may be left intact they cannot function normally without the nerves that signal them to produce saliva

Treatment

Identify the xerostomic condition and the

cause Some of the causes may be

ameliorated and this will aid therapy But

in many situations it will be difficult to

eliminate the causes Thus it will be

necessary for the Dentist to control the

results of xerostomia This is especially

true about the increase in dental caries

Treatment -pilocarpine (Salagen) 5mg qid prescription required

-special food preparation - blended and moist foods are easier to swallow

artificial saliva (available over-the-counter)

-sipping plain water is usually preferred over artificial saliva by most patients

-Biotene brand over-the-counter dry mouth products (toothpaste alcohol- free mouth rinse and Oralbalance lubricating gel)

-avoidance of alcohol-based mouth rinses

-use of water and glycerin mixed in a small aerosol spray bottle

RX

Contains sorbitol sodium

carboxymethlcellulose and

methylparaben in a

pleasantly flavored

solution

120 mL (406 fl oz)

Z

Treatment

Acyclovir (Zovirax)dagger800 mg orally five times

daily for 7 to 10 days

10 mg per kg IV every 8 hours for 7 to 10

daysDagger

$174 to 248 (129 to 200)

Famciclovir (Famvir)dagger500 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$140

Treatment

Valacyclovir (Valtrex)dagger1000 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$84

Prednisone (Deltasone)30 mg orally twice

daily on days 1 through 7 then 15 mg twice

daily on days 8 through 14 then 75 mg twice

daily on days 15 through 21

Treatment

Lotions containing calamine (eg Caladryl)

may be used on open lesions to reduce pain

and pruritus

Once the lesions have crusted over capsaicin

cream (Zostrix) may be applied

Topically administered lidocaine (Xylocaine)

and nerve blocks have also been reported to

be effective in reducing pain

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Amitriptyline (Elavil) -- By inhibiting reuptake of serotonin andor norepinephrine by presynaptic neuronal membrane may increase synaptic concentration in CNS Useful as analgesic for certain types of chronic and neuropathic pain

Adult DoseEarly in course of HZ 25 mgd PO hs to prevent PHNAfter PHN develops 30-100 mg PO qhs

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Capsaicin cream (Dolorac Capsin Zostrix) --Natural chemical derived from plants of Solanaceae family By depleting and preventing reaccumulation of substance P in peripheral sensory neurons may render skin and joints insensitive to pain Substance P thought to be chemomediator of pain transmission from periphery to CNS

Adult DoseCream Apply to skin tidqid for 3-4 consecutive wk and evaluate efficacy not to exceed 4 applicationsd

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Lidocaine (DermaFlex gel Lidoderm 5 patch) --Several recent studies have advocated topical administration of lidocaine as treatment of PHN Lidocaine gel (5) in placebo-controlled study showed significant relief in 23 patients studied Lidocaine tape also decreases severity of pain

Adult DoseGel (5) Apply to affected area prnPatch (5) Apply to most painful area up to 3 patches per application patch may remain in place for up to 12 h in any 24 h period

Postherpetic Neuralgia Gabapentin (Neurontin) -- This medication has been

approved by the FDA for the treatment of PHN Has properties common to other anticonvulsants and antineuralgic effects Exact mechanism of action is not known Structurally gabapentin is related to GABA but it does not interact with GABA receptors Believed to have a binding site at the alpha 2-delta protein an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gaited calcium channels In the rat brain binding is localized on neuronal dendritic areas Relevance of these observations to treatment of PHN is not known

Adult Dose100 mg PO tid titrate dose prn recommended dose is 900-1800 mg PO qd not to exceed 900 mg PO qid

Prescription Drug Information for Consumers amp Professionals

Popular

Searches

Viagra

Cialis

Levitra

Lipitor

Zoloft

Hair Transplant

Health

Insurance

Healthy Diet

Lose Weight

Pain Relief

Multiplicity of Presentation

Systemic Disease

Syndromic Presentation

A

Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis

ldquoaphthous ulcerationsrdquo

ldquocanker soresrdquo

Prevalence in the general population 5

to 66 with a mean of 20

Mucosal destruction ndash T-cell mediated

immunologic reaction

Etiologic Factors

Allergies

Genetic predisposition

Nutritional deficiencies ndash B12 B6 Fe ++

Hematological abnormalities

Hormonal influences

Infectious agents

Trauma

Stress

Four

Principal Categories

Primary immunodysregulation

Decrease of the mucosal barrier

Increase in antigenic exposure

Genetic predisposition HLA-12 HLA

- B51 and Cw7

Systemic Disorders Associated with

Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis

Behcetrsquos syndrome

Celiac disease

Cyclic neutropenia

Nutritional deficiencies

IgA deficiency

Immunoincompetence

Inflammatory bowel disease

Three Clinical Variations

Minor

Major ndash Suttonrsquos disease or PMNR

(periadenitis mucosa necrotica

recurrens)

Herpetiform

Minor Aphthous Ulcerations

Non-keratinized mucosa

Prodromal symptoms ndash burning itching

stinging

Erythematous macule ndash fibrinopurulent

membrane with a erythematous halo

except in immunocompromised

Major Aphthous Ulcerations

Larger - 1 to 3 cm

Deeper

Clinically persistent

Develop post pubertal

Recurrences for up to 20 years or more

Herpetiform Aphthous

Ulcerations

Greatest number of lesions

Increased frequency of occurrence

Superficial resemblance to herpes

simplex viral infection

Any mucosal surface may be involved

Behcetrsquos Syndrome

ldquothe silk routerdquo

Behcetrsquos Syndrome

1937 ndash Turkish dermatologist ndashHulusi

Behcet described this condition

Ocular Inflammation

Orogenital Inflammation

Multisystem Disorder

Behcetrsquos Disease

Highest Prevalence ndash Middle East and

Japan

Oral Involvement ndash primary

manifestation in 25 to 75 of the

cases

All three forms of aphthous stomatitis

may be seen

Behcetrsquos Disease

Genital lesions are clinically similar to

oral lesions

75 of the patients demonstrate the

genital lesions

Genital lesions are generally more

symptomatic in males

Behcetrsquos Disease

Criteria for the Diagnosis of Behcetrsquos

Disease (International Study Group)

Recurrent oral ulceration

Plus two of the following

Recurrent genital ulcerations

Eye lesions ndashanteriorposterior uveitis

Skin lesions

+ pathergy ndash read by 24-48 hours

Behcetrsquos Disease

Treament

Topical or intralesional corticosteriods

Oral colchicine

Thalidomide

Low-dose methotrexate

Systemic corticosteriods

Cyclosporine

Interferon alpha2A

Treatment

Triamcinolone 01 in Orabase (Kenalog

in Orabase) Apply to dried ulcer two to

four times daily until healed

Randomized controlled studies show decreased

pain

Dexamethasone elixir 05 mg per 5 ml

Swish and spit with 5 mL every 6 hours

As above

B

Burning Mouth Syndrome

About 13 million American adults mostly

postmenopausal women are afflicted with

Burning Mouth Syndrome a chronic often

debilitating condition whose cause remains a

medical mystery

Burning Mouth Syndrome

The main symptom of burning mouth

syndrome is a burning sensation involving the

tongue lips gums palate throat or

widespread areas of the whole mouth People

with the syndrome may describe the sensation

in the affected areas as hot or scalded as if

they had been burned with a hot liquid

Burning Mouth Syndrome

Dry mouth

Sore mouth

A tingling or numb sensation in your mouth

or on the tip of your tongue

A bitter or metallic taste

Causes

Dry mouth (xerostomia)

Nutritional deficiencies

Allergies

Psychological factors

Nerve disturbance or damage

(neuropathy)

Treatments

Potentially efficacious medicines include

tricyclic antidepressants (like amitriptyline -brand name Elavil)

benzodiazepines (like clonazepam - brand name Klonopin or

chlordiazepoxide brand name - Librium)

even anticonvulsants have proven effective in some cases

BMS Treatment

Tricyclic antidepressants

Amitriptyline (Elavil)10 to 150 mg per day

10 mg at bedtime increase dosage by 10 mg

every 4 to 7 days until oral burning is relieved

or side effects occur

BMS Treatment

Benzodiazepines

Clonazepam (Klonopin)025 to 2 mg per

day025 mg at bedtime increase dosage by

025 mg every 4 to 7 days until oral burning is

relieved or side effects occur as dosage

increases medication is taken as full dose or

in three divided doses

BMS Treatment

Anticonvulsants

Gabapentin (Neurontin) 300 to 1600 mg per

day100 mg at bedtime increase dosage by

100 mg every 4 to 7 days until oral burning is

relieved or side effects occur as dosage

increases medication is taken in three divided

doses

C

Candidiasis

Oral thrush and other Candida infections

occur when your immune system is

weakened by disease or drugs such as

prednisone or when antibiotics disturb the

natural balance of microorganisms in the

body

Predisposing factors for infection

Infancy or old age

Serious underlying disease such as cancer or infection with HIV

Dry mouth due to disease of the salivary glands or medications eg antihistamines diuretics

Dentures (especially if they are not regularly cleaned or fit badly)

Predisposing factors for infection

Smoking

Injury to the mouth

Nutritional deficiency eg iron ampor B-vitamin deficiency

Inhaled corticosteroids used to treat asthma eg beclometasone budesonide fluticasone Drink water after inhalation to reduce this complication

Clinical features

Acute pseudomembranous candidiasis There are

white patches on gums tongue amp inside the mouth

that can be peeled off leaving a raw area

Acute atrophic candidiasis There are smooth red

shiny patches on the tongue The mouth is very sore

Chronic atrophic candidiasis This is common in

those with dentures The underlying mucosa is red

and swollen

Clinical features

Angular cheilitis There are sore red splits at each side of the mouth more likely if there is overhang of the upper lip over the lower lip causing a moist deep furrow Angular cheilitis due to candida andor Staphylococcus aureus arises frequently in those taking the medication isotretinoin for acne this medication dries the lips

Chronic hyperplastic candidiasis This is a type of oral leukoplakia (white patch) inside the cheeks or on the tongue with persistent nodules or lumps It usually affects smokers and is pre-malignant Red patches (erythroplakia) as well as white patches may indicate malignant change

Clinical features

Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis presents

as a chronic pseudomembranous infection

The skin and nails are also affected

Median rhomboid glossitis - there is diamond-

shaped inflammation at the back of the

tongue

Severe infections may extend down the throat

(esophageal infection)

Rationale for Treatment Topical vs

Systemic Drugs

Topical antifungals are usually the drug of

choice for uncomplicated localized

candidiasis in patients with normal immune

function

Systemic antifungals are usually indicated in

cases of disseminated disease andor in

immunocompromised patients

Suggested Medications for the

Treatment of Candidiasis

Rx

Clotrimazole troches 10 mg

Disp 70 troches

Sig Let 1 troche dissolve in mouth 5 times

per day for 14 days Do not chew NPO 12

hour

Suggested Systemic Medications for

the Treatment of Candidiasis Rx

Ketoconazole tablets 200 mgDisp 14 tabletsSig Take 1 tab qd with a meal or orange juice for 14 days

RxFluconazole tablets 100 mgDisp 15 tabletsSig Take 2 tablets stat then 1 tablet qd for 14 days

RxItraconazole tablets 100 mgDisp 28 tabletsSig Take 1 tablet bid with a meal or orange juice for 14 days

CA

Head and Neck Cancer

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Intraoral Melanoma

Lymphoma

Intraoral Melanoma

The five year survival rate for oral melanoma

is less than 20 as compared to 75 for

Cutaneous melanomas The average time of

first local recurrence for oral melanoma is less

than one year and metastatic disease is usually

diagnosed within three months of the

recurrence The average survival rate after

metastasis is typically less than 6 months

Extranodal Lymphoma

Extranodal lymphomas usually develop as a

rapidly growing mass of the palate or

posterior tongue (area of Waldeyerrsquos ring)

Pain may or may not be a presenting sign

Clinically the lesion may present as an

erythematous mass with a boggy consistency

The average survival rate for AIDS patients

with an intraoral lymphoma is eight months

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Second primary ndash field cancerization

Incidence amp Mortality HampN Ca

41000 new cases annually

13000 affected will die of disease

Rates constant over last 20yrs

lt 5 of neoplasias US

Highest incidence southeastern amp south-

central Asia

Disease in Women

Prior to 1940 malefemale ratio - 101

1980s ratio 31

Reason tobacco use among women in early

decades of the century

Habits have stabilized ndash malefemale

incidence normalized

Tobacco Use

1956 Wynder et al HampN Ca 10-fold

increase among smokers

Most studies 5-fold to 25-fold increase

intensity and duration of tobacco

consumption

80-90 of HampN Ca patients use tobacco

Alcohol

Odds ratio increases 3- to 15-fold for HampN

Ca after adjusting for tobacco use with

consumption of alcohol

Multiplicative effect with tobacco and

alcohol

Location of cancer ndash oral

pharyngeal(topical mechanism)

Alcohol

Promotional effects independent of

initiation

-prostaglandin synthesis lipid peroxidation

free radical oxygen enhance cell turnover

Enhances cell permeability

Defective repair mechanisms

Depressed immunity

Dz

RISK FACTORS (RF)

1 RF

2 RF

3 RF

4 RF

The concept of

TUMOR

local

regional

systemic

local T

N

M

INFECTION PAIN

INFECTION NEOPLASM

CERVICAL LYMPH NODE ENLARGEMENT

bullbacterial

bullviral (local systemic)

bullfungal

bullpostinfect fibrosed node

bulllt 40 yrs lymphoma

bullgt 40 yrs metastatic SCC

OTHERS

bullleukemia

bullconnective tissue diseases (eg lupus)

bullsarcoidosis

Importance of early diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma

60

stage III amp IV

23 recurrence lt 2 yrs

lt 13 survive 3 yrs

40

stage I amp II

80-90 cure

Second primary tumor in successfully treated patients within 5-7

years up to 40 Follow-up important

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Mortality (8000) deaths per year

Mortality by Site

Tongue 432

Salivary 130

Floor of mouth 950

Lip 24

Other 319

Premalignant Lesions

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Erythroplasia

Carcinoma in situ

Verrucous Leukoplakia

Tobacco patch keratosis

Actinic cheilosis

Mouth wash (Viadent) dysplasia

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Defined as a red patch that can not be

clinically or pathologically diagnosed as any

other condition

Almost all erythroleukoplakia demonstrate

dysplasia or CIS

Etiology is similar to oral SCC

May occur in conjunction with leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Risk of malignant transformation in

erythroleukoplakia about 4x greater than

homogenous leukoplakia

Predominately disease of older men with peak

prevalence of 65 to 74 years

Floor of mouth tongue and soft palate are

most common sites of involvement

Erythroplakia

The Management of Head and

Neck Cancer

Major advances

Conservative or partial resections

Micro vascular free-tissue transfer in

reconstruction

Better definition of the roles of chemotherapy

and radiotherapy

Despite these advances the treatment of loco

regional recurrence remains a major challenge

success rates for salvage therapy are poor

Treatment

Surgery

Radiotherapy

Chemotherapy

Immunotherapy

at present the role of immunotherapy remains investigational

Chemotherapy

Several randomized and non-randomized trial have evaluated chemotherapy for the treatment of head and neck cancer

Various agents have been shown to produce a response

No agents either alone or in combination have demonstrated an improvement in survival

cisplatin and 5 - FU

Uses

Inoperable tumors

Salvage therapy for recurrent tumors

Treatment

The main treatment modalities for head and neck

cancer remain surgery and radiotherapy

Patient factors that merit consideration

Impact on the quality of life

Medical condition ndash ldquoco - morbiditiesrdquo

Patient preference

Treatment cost and convenience

Compliance

Treatment

Early stage disease (stage I and II) can be treated with either surgery or radiotherapy with equivalent control rates

Small lesions of the oral cavity wide local excision is preferred over radiotherapy

Radiotherapy can be delivered to a site generally only once

Reserve this modality for less operable lesions

Treatment Combined Modality

Surgery and RadiotherapyIndications for post operative radiotherapy

Primary Tumor

Advance T stage

High histologic grade

Positive surgical resection margins

Lymphatic permeation

Vascular invasion

Perineural spread

Radiotherapy

Daily dose of 180 cGy to 200 cGy

5000 cGy over a five week period

T1 ndash 6000 to 6600 cGy

T2 - 6600 to 7000 cGy

T3T4 - gt 7000 cGy

ldquoshrinking field techniquerdquo

hyperfractionation technique 200 cGy per day for 25 days followed by 400 cGy per day for 5 days

D

Desquamative gingivitis is a clinical term to describe red painful glazed and friable gingivae which may be a manifestation of some mucocutaneous conditions such as lichen planus or the vesiculobullous disorders

Clinical features of desquamative

gingivitis

Fiery red friable gingiva

Painful desquamates easily

Buccal aspect of anterior attached gingiva

affected

Marginal gingiva spared

Not significantly improved by oral hygiene

measures alone

Differential Diagnosis Erosive Lichen Planus

Immune-mediated blistering diseases

Intra-epithelial

Pemphigus

Subepithelial

Pemphigoid

Linear IgA disease

Dermatitis herpetiformis

Epidermolysis bullosa

Erythema multiforme

Treatment Topical Corticosteroids Recurrent aphthous ulcers

bull Oral manifestations of Behccedilets disease Reiters syndrome acute

vulvar ulcer MAGIC syndrome PFAPA syndrome ulcerative colitis

Crohns disease Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome Sweets

syndrome among others

bull Drug-induced ulcerations mediated by an immune mechanism

bull Lichen planus

bull Cicatricial pemphigoid

bull Mucous membrane pemphigoid

bull Bullous pemphigoid

bull Erythema multiforme

bull Linear IgA dermatosis

bull Pemphigus vulgaris

Topicals Temovate cream 005 Clobetasol propionate

Halog cream 01 Halcinonide

Lidex cream 005 Fluocinonide

Topicort cream 025 Desoximethasone

Lidex gel 005 Fluocinonide

Aristocort cream H-P 05 Triamcinolone acetinode

Diprosone cream 005 Betamethasone dipropionate

Florone cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Maxiflor cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Synalar cream H-P 02 Fluocinolone acetonide

Topicals Tropicort-LP cream 005 Desoxymethasone

Benisone cream 0025 Betamethasone benzoate

Cordran cream 0025 Flurandenolide

Kenalog cream 01 Triamcinolone acetonide

Locoid cream 01 Hydrocortisone butyrate

Synalar cream 0025 Fluocinolone acetonide

Valisone cream 01 Betamethasone valerate

Tridesilon cream 005 Desonide

Locorten cream 003 Flumetasone pivalate

1 Hydrocortisone

Topical Corticosteroids

Used to treat oral lesions

Clobetasol (Temovate) -- Suppresses mitosis and increases synthesis of proteins that decrease inflammation and cause vasoconstriction Class I superpotent topical steroid useful in treating oral lesions Topical corticosteroids commonly are used intraorally for oral manifestations of autoimmune blistering skin diseases Since these diseases are chronic inflammatory in nature topical corticosteroids are very useful as an adjunct treatment Patients with disease confined to the gingiva should see a dentist to have a custom-made soft tray to carry the medication

H

How does herpes simplex develop

overexposure to sunlight

overexposure to wind

colds influenza and similar infections

heavy alcohol use

fever from any cause

the menstrual period

physical stress

emotional stress

Symptoms

Primary (Initial) HSV I Fever

Adenopathy

Ulcers deep in mouth

Secondary (Later) HSV I (Recurrent labial lesions) Fever Blisters form on outer vermillion border

Cold Sores form on inner lip Initial Vesicle

Next Crust

Last Healing in 10-14 days

Differential Diagnosis

Differs from Aphthous Ulcers in that

Found on keratinized (bound-down) intraoral

mucosa

Vesicles rupture into coalescing ulcers

HSV lesions are anterior compared with

Herpangina

Hand Foot and Mouth Disease

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Oral acyclovir (Zovirax) or the recently

developed drugs valacyclovir (Valtrex) or

famciclovir (Famvir) lessen the symptoms

and frequency of fever blister recurrences for

some patients These drugs prevent HSV from

multiplying and are effective when taken in

pill form prior to an outbreak of the virus

Systemic Antivirals

Acyclovir

Dose 15 mgkg (max 200 mg) PO 5xday for 7 days

Shortens first HSV infection by 6 days in children

Famciclovir

Shortens healing time by 2 days in UV-induced cases

Spruance (1999) J Infect Dis 179303-10

Valacyclovir (FDA approved for age 12 and older)

Adult dose 2 g PO bid for one day

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Topical antiviral creams containing acyclovir

(Zovirax) or penciclovir (Denavir) may also

help in limiting the extent or duration of

lesions if applied promptly to affected areas

Topical Treatments

Penciclovir (Denavir) heals HSV-1 sores on average about half a day faster than without treatment stops viral shedding and reduces the duration of the pain Ideally the patient should apply the cream within the first hour of symptoms although benefits have also been noted with later application It is continued for four consecutive days and should be reapplied every two hours while awake

Docosanol cream (Abreva) is an over-the-counter agent for oral-facial herpes It helps resist infection by inhibiting the ability of the virus to become fully active after it has attached itself to the host cell It is applied five times a day beginning at the first sign of tingling or pain Studies have been mixed on it benefits

Topical Treatments

Acyclovir cream (Zovirax) has been approved It may speed healing of oral herpes lesions and lessen the duration of pain particularly if it is applied early on (at the first sign of pain or tingling)

Lidex is a gel that contains a fluocinonide as corticosteroid Corticosteroids commonly called steroids are anti-inflammatory agents and not ordinarily used for herpes Some evidence suggests it may be effective in combination with oral famciclovir

Topical Treatments

Over-the-counter topical anesthetics may provide

modest relief They include Anbesol gel Blistex lip

ointment Campho-phenique Herpecin-L

Viractin and Zilactin In one study Viractin

reduced the duration of the attack compared to

placebo by two days It also relieved itching but had

little effect on other symptoms In general however

few studies have been conducted on any of these

products

X

Xerostomia

Xerostomia is not a disease but can be a symptom

of certain diseases It can produce serious

negative effects on the patients quality of life

affecting dietary habits nutritional status

speech taste tolerance to dental prosthesis and

increases susceptibility to dental caries The

increase in dental caries can be devastating in

many patients and therefore special care must be

made to control this condition

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Medications - Several hundred current medications

can cause xerostomia antihypertensives

antidepressants analgesics tranquilizers diuretics

and antihistamines c

-Cancer Therapy - Chemotherapeutic drugs can

change the flow and composition of the saliva

Radiation treatment that is focused on or near the

salivary gland can temporarily or permanently

damage the salivary glands

-Sjogrens syndrome - An autoimmune disease causes

xerostomia and dry eyes

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Other conditions -such as bone marrow transplants endocrine disorders stress anxiety depression and nutritional deficiencies may cause xerostomia

-Nerve Damage - Trauma to the head and neck area from surgery or wounds can damage the nerves that supply sensation to the mouth While the salivary glands may be left intact they cannot function normally without the nerves that signal them to produce saliva

Treatment

Identify the xerostomic condition and the

cause Some of the causes may be

ameliorated and this will aid therapy But

in many situations it will be difficult to

eliminate the causes Thus it will be

necessary for the Dentist to control the

results of xerostomia This is especially

true about the increase in dental caries

Treatment -pilocarpine (Salagen) 5mg qid prescription required

-special food preparation - blended and moist foods are easier to swallow

artificial saliva (available over-the-counter)

-sipping plain water is usually preferred over artificial saliva by most patients

-Biotene brand over-the-counter dry mouth products (toothpaste alcohol- free mouth rinse and Oralbalance lubricating gel)

-avoidance of alcohol-based mouth rinses

-use of water and glycerin mixed in a small aerosol spray bottle

RX

Contains sorbitol sodium

carboxymethlcellulose and

methylparaben in a

pleasantly flavored

solution

120 mL (406 fl oz)

Z

Treatment

Acyclovir (Zovirax)dagger800 mg orally five times

daily for 7 to 10 days

10 mg per kg IV every 8 hours for 7 to 10

daysDagger

$174 to 248 (129 to 200)

Famciclovir (Famvir)dagger500 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$140

Treatment

Valacyclovir (Valtrex)dagger1000 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$84

Prednisone (Deltasone)30 mg orally twice

daily on days 1 through 7 then 15 mg twice

daily on days 8 through 14 then 75 mg twice

daily on days 15 through 21

Treatment

Lotions containing calamine (eg Caladryl)

may be used on open lesions to reduce pain

and pruritus

Once the lesions have crusted over capsaicin

cream (Zostrix) may be applied

Topically administered lidocaine (Xylocaine)

and nerve blocks have also been reported to

be effective in reducing pain

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Amitriptyline (Elavil) -- By inhibiting reuptake of serotonin andor norepinephrine by presynaptic neuronal membrane may increase synaptic concentration in CNS Useful as analgesic for certain types of chronic and neuropathic pain

Adult DoseEarly in course of HZ 25 mgd PO hs to prevent PHNAfter PHN develops 30-100 mg PO qhs

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Capsaicin cream (Dolorac Capsin Zostrix) --Natural chemical derived from plants of Solanaceae family By depleting and preventing reaccumulation of substance P in peripheral sensory neurons may render skin and joints insensitive to pain Substance P thought to be chemomediator of pain transmission from periphery to CNS

Adult DoseCream Apply to skin tidqid for 3-4 consecutive wk and evaluate efficacy not to exceed 4 applicationsd

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Lidocaine (DermaFlex gel Lidoderm 5 patch) --Several recent studies have advocated topical administration of lidocaine as treatment of PHN Lidocaine gel (5) in placebo-controlled study showed significant relief in 23 patients studied Lidocaine tape also decreases severity of pain

Adult DoseGel (5) Apply to affected area prnPatch (5) Apply to most painful area up to 3 patches per application patch may remain in place for up to 12 h in any 24 h period

Postherpetic Neuralgia Gabapentin (Neurontin) -- This medication has been

approved by the FDA for the treatment of PHN Has properties common to other anticonvulsants and antineuralgic effects Exact mechanism of action is not known Structurally gabapentin is related to GABA but it does not interact with GABA receptors Believed to have a binding site at the alpha 2-delta protein an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gaited calcium channels In the rat brain binding is localized on neuronal dendritic areas Relevance of these observations to treatment of PHN is not known

Adult Dose100 mg PO tid titrate dose prn recommended dose is 900-1800 mg PO qd not to exceed 900 mg PO qid

Multiplicity of Presentation

Systemic Disease

Syndromic Presentation

A

Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis

ldquoaphthous ulcerationsrdquo

ldquocanker soresrdquo

Prevalence in the general population 5

to 66 with a mean of 20

Mucosal destruction ndash T-cell mediated

immunologic reaction

Etiologic Factors

Allergies

Genetic predisposition

Nutritional deficiencies ndash B12 B6 Fe ++

Hematological abnormalities

Hormonal influences

Infectious agents

Trauma

Stress

Four

Principal Categories

Primary immunodysregulation

Decrease of the mucosal barrier

Increase in antigenic exposure

Genetic predisposition HLA-12 HLA

- B51 and Cw7

Systemic Disorders Associated with

Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis

Behcetrsquos syndrome

Celiac disease

Cyclic neutropenia

Nutritional deficiencies

IgA deficiency

Immunoincompetence

Inflammatory bowel disease

Three Clinical Variations

Minor

Major ndash Suttonrsquos disease or PMNR

(periadenitis mucosa necrotica

recurrens)

Herpetiform

Minor Aphthous Ulcerations

Non-keratinized mucosa

Prodromal symptoms ndash burning itching

stinging

Erythematous macule ndash fibrinopurulent

membrane with a erythematous halo

except in immunocompromised

Major Aphthous Ulcerations

Larger - 1 to 3 cm

Deeper

Clinically persistent

Develop post pubertal

Recurrences for up to 20 years or more

Herpetiform Aphthous

Ulcerations

Greatest number of lesions

Increased frequency of occurrence

Superficial resemblance to herpes

simplex viral infection

Any mucosal surface may be involved

Behcetrsquos Syndrome

ldquothe silk routerdquo

Behcetrsquos Syndrome

1937 ndash Turkish dermatologist ndashHulusi

Behcet described this condition

Ocular Inflammation

Orogenital Inflammation

Multisystem Disorder

Behcetrsquos Disease

Highest Prevalence ndash Middle East and

Japan

Oral Involvement ndash primary

manifestation in 25 to 75 of the

cases

All three forms of aphthous stomatitis

may be seen

Behcetrsquos Disease

Genital lesions are clinically similar to

oral lesions

75 of the patients demonstrate the

genital lesions

Genital lesions are generally more

symptomatic in males

Behcetrsquos Disease

Criteria for the Diagnosis of Behcetrsquos

Disease (International Study Group)

Recurrent oral ulceration

Plus two of the following

Recurrent genital ulcerations

Eye lesions ndashanteriorposterior uveitis

Skin lesions

+ pathergy ndash read by 24-48 hours

Behcetrsquos Disease

Treament

Topical or intralesional corticosteriods

Oral colchicine

Thalidomide

Low-dose methotrexate

Systemic corticosteriods

Cyclosporine

Interferon alpha2A

Treatment

Triamcinolone 01 in Orabase (Kenalog

in Orabase) Apply to dried ulcer two to

four times daily until healed

Randomized controlled studies show decreased

pain

Dexamethasone elixir 05 mg per 5 ml

Swish and spit with 5 mL every 6 hours

As above

B

Burning Mouth Syndrome

About 13 million American adults mostly

postmenopausal women are afflicted with

Burning Mouth Syndrome a chronic often

debilitating condition whose cause remains a

medical mystery

Burning Mouth Syndrome

The main symptom of burning mouth

syndrome is a burning sensation involving the

tongue lips gums palate throat or

widespread areas of the whole mouth People

with the syndrome may describe the sensation

in the affected areas as hot or scalded as if

they had been burned with a hot liquid

Burning Mouth Syndrome

Dry mouth

Sore mouth

A tingling or numb sensation in your mouth

or on the tip of your tongue

A bitter or metallic taste

Causes

Dry mouth (xerostomia)

Nutritional deficiencies

Allergies

Psychological factors

Nerve disturbance or damage

(neuropathy)

Treatments

Potentially efficacious medicines include

tricyclic antidepressants (like amitriptyline -brand name Elavil)

benzodiazepines (like clonazepam - brand name Klonopin or

chlordiazepoxide brand name - Librium)

even anticonvulsants have proven effective in some cases

BMS Treatment

Tricyclic antidepressants

Amitriptyline (Elavil)10 to 150 mg per day

10 mg at bedtime increase dosage by 10 mg

every 4 to 7 days until oral burning is relieved

or side effects occur

BMS Treatment

Benzodiazepines

Clonazepam (Klonopin)025 to 2 mg per

day025 mg at bedtime increase dosage by

025 mg every 4 to 7 days until oral burning is

relieved or side effects occur as dosage

increases medication is taken as full dose or

in three divided doses

BMS Treatment

Anticonvulsants

Gabapentin (Neurontin) 300 to 1600 mg per

day100 mg at bedtime increase dosage by

100 mg every 4 to 7 days until oral burning is

relieved or side effects occur as dosage

increases medication is taken in three divided

doses

C

Candidiasis

Oral thrush and other Candida infections

occur when your immune system is

weakened by disease or drugs such as

prednisone or when antibiotics disturb the

natural balance of microorganisms in the

body

Predisposing factors for infection

Infancy or old age

Serious underlying disease such as cancer or infection with HIV

Dry mouth due to disease of the salivary glands or medications eg antihistamines diuretics

Dentures (especially if they are not regularly cleaned or fit badly)

Predisposing factors for infection

Smoking

Injury to the mouth

Nutritional deficiency eg iron ampor B-vitamin deficiency

Inhaled corticosteroids used to treat asthma eg beclometasone budesonide fluticasone Drink water after inhalation to reduce this complication

Clinical features

Acute pseudomembranous candidiasis There are

white patches on gums tongue amp inside the mouth

that can be peeled off leaving a raw area

Acute atrophic candidiasis There are smooth red

shiny patches on the tongue The mouth is very sore

Chronic atrophic candidiasis This is common in

those with dentures The underlying mucosa is red

and swollen

Clinical features

Angular cheilitis There are sore red splits at each side of the mouth more likely if there is overhang of the upper lip over the lower lip causing a moist deep furrow Angular cheilitis due to candida andor Staphylococcus aureus arises frequently in those taking the medication isotretinoin for acne this medication dries the lips

Chronic hyperplastic candidiasis This is a type of oral leukoplakia (white patch) inside the cheeks or on the tongue with persistent nodules or lumps It usually affects smokers and is pre-malignant Red patches (erythroplakia) as well as white patches may indicate malignant change

Clinical features

Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis presents

as a chronic pseudomembranous infection

The skin and nails are also affected

Median rhomboid glossitis - there is diamond-

shaped inflammation at the back of the

tongue

Severe infections may extend down the throat

(esophageal infection)

Rationale for Treatment Topical vs

Systemic Drugs

Topical antifungals are usually the drug of

choice for uncomplicated localized

candidiasis in patients with normal immune

function

Systemic antifungals are usually indicated in

cases of disseminated disease andor in

immunocompromised patients

Suggested Medications for the

Treatment of Candidiasis

Rx

Clotrimazole troches 10 mg

Disp 70 troches

Sig Let 1 troche dissolve in mouth 5 times

per day for 14 days Do not chew NPO 12

hour

Suggested Systemic Medications for

the Treatment of Candidiasis Rx

Ketoconazole tablets 200 mgDisp 14 tabletsSig Take 1 tab qd with a meal or orange juice for 14 days

RxFluconazole tablets 100 mgDisp 15 tabletsSig Take 2 tablets stat then 1 tablet qd for 14 days

RxItraconazole tablets 100 mgDisp 28 tabletsSig Take 1 tablet bid with a meal or orange juice for 14 days

CA

Head and Neck Cancer

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Intraoral Melanoma

Lymphoma

Intraoral Melanoma

The five year survival rate for oral melanoma

is less than 20 as compared to 75 for

Cutaneous melanomas The average time of

first local recurrence for oral melanoma is less

than one year and metastatic disease is usually

diagnosed within three months of the

recurrence The average survival rate after

metastasis is typically less than 6 months

Extranodal Lymphoma

Extranodal lymphomas usually develop as a

rapidly growing mass of the palate or

posterior tongue (area of Waldeyerrsquos ring)

Pain may or may not be a presenting sign

Clinically the lesion may present as an

erythematous mass with a boggy consistency

The average survival rate for AIDS patients

with an intraoral lymphoma is eight months

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Second primary ndash field cancerization

Incidence amp Mortality HampN Ca

41000 new cases annually

13000 affected will die of disease

Rates constant over last 20yrs

lt 5 of neoplasias US

Highest incidence southeastern amp south-

central Asia

Disease in Women

Prior to 1940 malefemale ratio - 101

1980s ratio 31

Reason tobacco use among women in early

decades of the century

Habits have stabilized ndash malefemale

incidence normalized

Tobacco Use

1956 Wynder et al HampN Ca 10-fold

increase among smokers

Most studies 5-fold to 25-fold increase

intensity and duration of tobacco

consumption

80-90 of HampN Ca patients use tobacco

Alcohol

Odds ratio increases 3- to 15-fold for HampN

Ca after adjusting for tobacco use with

consumption of alcohol

Multiplicative effect with tobacco and

alcohol

Location of cancer ndash oral

pharyngeal(topical mechanism)

Alcohol

Promotional effects independent of

initiation

-prostaglandin synthesis lipid peroxidation

free radical oxygen enhance cell turnover

Enhances cell permeability

Defective repair mechanisms

Depressed immunity

Dz

RISK FACTORS (RF)

1 RF

2 RF

3 RF

4 RF

The concept of

TUMOR

local

regional

systemic

local T

N

M

INFECTION PAIN

INFECTION NEOPLASM

CERVICAL LYMPH NODE ENLARGEMENT

bullbacterial

bullviral (local systemic)

bullfungal

bullpostinfect fibrosed node

bulllt 40 yrs lymphoma

bullgt 40 yrs metastatic SCC

OTHERS

bullleukemia

bullconnective tissue diseases (eg lupus)

bullsarcoidosis

Importance of early diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma

60

stage III amp IV

23 recurrence lt 2 yrs

lt 13 survive 3 yrs

40

stage I amp II

80-90 cure

Second primary tumor in successfully treated patients within 5-7

years up to 40 Follow-up important

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Mortality (8000) deaths per year

Mortality by Site

Tongue 432

Salivary 130

Floor of mouth 950

Lip 24

Other 319

Premalignant Lesions

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Erythroplasia

Carcinoma in situ

Verrucous Leukoplakia

Tobacco patch keratosis

Actinic cheilosis

Mouth wash (Viadent) dysplasia

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Defined as a red patch that can not be

clinically or pathologically diagnosed as any

other condition

Almost all erythroleukoplakia demonstrate

dysplasia or CIS

Etiology is similar to oral SCC

May occur in conjunction with leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Risk of malignant transformation in

erythroleukoplakia about 4x greater than

homogenous leukoplakia

Predominately disease of older men with peak

prevalence of 65 to 74 years

Floor of mouth tongue and soft palate are

most common sites of involvement

Erythroplakia

The Management of Head and

Neck Cancer

Major advances

Conservative or partial resections

Micro vascular free-tissue transfer in

reconstruction

Better definition of the roles of chemotherapy

and radiotherapy

Despite these advances the treatment of loco

regional recurrence remains a major challenge

success rates for salvage therapy are poor

Treatment

Surgery

Radiotherapy

Chemotherapy

Immunotherapy

at present the role of immunotherapy remains investigational

Chemotherapy

Several randomized and non-randomized trial have evaluated chemotherapy for the treatment of head and neck cancer

Various agents have been shown to produce a response

No agents either alone or in combination have demonstrated an improvement in survival

cisplatin and 5 - FU

Uses

Inoperable tumors

Salvage therapy for recurrent tumors

Treatment

The main treatment modalities for head and neck

cancer remain surgery and radiotherapy

Patient factors that merit consideration

Impact on the quality of life

Medical condition ndash ldquoco - morbiditiesrdquo

Patient preference

Treatment cost and convenience

Compliance

Treatment

Early stage disease (stage I and II) can be treated with either surgery or radiotherapy with equivalent control rates

Small lesions of the oral cavity wide local excision is preferred over radiotherapy

Radiotherapy can be delivered to a site generally only once

Reserve this modality for less operable lesions

Treatment Combined Modality

Surgery and RadiotherapyIndications for post operative radiotherapy

Primary Tumor

Advance T stage

High histologic grade

Positive surgical resection margins

Lymphatic permeation

Vascular invasion

Perineural spread

Radiotherapy

Daily dose of 180 cGy to 200 cGy

5000 cGy over a five week period

T1 ndash 6000 to 6600 cGy

T2 - 6600 to 7000 cGy

T3T4 - gt 7000 cGy

ldquoshrinking field techniquerdquo

hyperfractionation technique 200 cGy per day for 25 days followed by 400 cGy per day for 5 days

D

Desquamative gingivitis is a clinical term to describe red painful glazed and friable gingivae which may be a manifestation of some mucocutaneous conditions such as lichen planus or the vesiculobullous disorders

Clinical features of desquamative

gingivitis

Fiery red friable gingiva

Painful desquamates easily

Buccal aspect of anterior attached gingiva

affected

Marginal gingiva spared

Not significantly improved by oral hygiene

measures alone

Differential Diagnosis Erosive Lichen Planus

Immune-mediated blistering diseases

Intra-epithelial

Pemphigus

Subepithelial

Pemphigoid

Linear IgA disease

Dermatitis herpetiformis

Epidermolysis bullosa

Erythema multiforme

Treatment Topical Corticosteroids Recurrent aphthous ulcers

bull Oral manifestations of Behccedilets disease Reiters syndrome acute

vulvar ulcer MAGIC syndrome PFAPA syndrome ulcerative colitis

Crohns disease Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome Sweets

syndrome among others

bull Drug-induced ulcerations mediated by an immune mechanism

bull Lichen planus

bull Cicatricial pemphigoid

bull Mucous membrane pemphigoid

bull Bullous pemphigoid

bull Erythema multiforme

bull Linear IgA dermatosis

bull Pemphigus vulgaris

Topicals Temovate cream 005 Clobetasol propionate

Halog cream 01 Halcinonide

Lidex cream 005 Fluocinonide

Topicort cream 025 Desoximethasone

Lidex gel 005 Fluocinonide

Aristocort cream H-P 05 Triamcinolone acetinode

Diprosone cream 005 Betamethasone dipropionate

Florone cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Maxiflor cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Synalar cream H-P 02 Fluocinolone acetonide

Topicals Tropicort-LP cream 005 Desoxymethasone

Benisone cream 0025 Betamethasone benzoate

Cordran cream 0025 Flurandenolide

Kenalog cream 01 Triamcinolone acetonide

Locoid cream 01 Hydrocortisone butyrate

Synalar cream 0025 Fluocinolone acetonide

Valisone cream 01 Betamethasone valerate

Tridesilon cream 005 Desonide

Locorten cream 003 Flumetasone pivalate

1 Hydrocortisone

Topical Corticosteroids

Used to treat oral lesions

Clobetasol (Temovate) -- Suppresses mitosis and increases synthesis of proteins that decrease inflammation and cause vasoconstriction Class I superpotent topical steroid useful in treating oral lesions Topical corticosteroids commonly are used intraorally for oral manifestations of autoimmune blistering skin diseases Since these diseases are chronic inflammatory in nature topical corticosteroids are very useful as an adjunct treatment Patients with disease confined to the gingiva should see a dentist to have a custom-made soft tray to carry the medication

H

How does herpes simplex develop

overexposure to sunlight

overexposure to wind

colds influenza and similar infections

heavy alcohol use

fever from any cause

the menstrual period

physical stress

emotional stress

Symptoms

Primary (Initial) HSV I Fever

Adenopathy

Ulcers deep in mouth

Secondary (Later) HSV I (Recurrent labial lesions) Fever Blisters form on outer vermillion border

Cold Sores form on inner lip Initial Vesicle

Next Crust

Last Healing in 10-14 days

Differential Diagnosis

Differs from Aphthous Ulcers in that

Found on keratinized (bound-down) intraoral

mucosa

Vesicles rupture into coalescing ulcers

HSV lesions are anterior compared with

Herpangina

Hand Foot and Mouth Disease

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Oral acyclovir (Zovirax) or the recently

developed drugs valacyclovir (Valtrex) or

famciclovir (Famvir) lessen the symptoms

and frequency of fever blister recurrences for

some patients These drugs prevent HSV from

multiplying and are effective when taken in

pill form prior to an outbreak of the virus

Systemic Antivirals

Acyclovir

Dose 15 mgkg (max 200 mg) PO 5xday for 7 days

Shortens first HSV infection by 6 days in children

Famciclovir

Shortens healing time by 2 days in UV-induced cases

Spruance (1999) J Infect Dis 179303-10

Valacyclovir (FDA approved for age 12 and older)

Adult dose 2 g PO bid for one day

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Topical antiviral creams containing acyclovir

(Zovirax) or penciclovir (Denavir) may also

help in limiting the extent or duration of

lesions if applied promptly to affected areas

Topical Treatments

Penciclovir (Denavir) heals HSV-1 sores on average about half a day faster than without treatment stops viral shedding and reduces the duration of the pain Ideally the patient should apply the cream within the first hour of symptoms although benefits have also been noted with later application It is continued for four consecutive days and should be reapplied every two hours while awake

Docosanol cream (Abreva) is an over-the-counter agent for oral-facial herpes It helps resist infection by inhibiting the ability of the virus to become fully active after it has attached itself to the host cell It is applied five times a day beginning at the first sign of tingling or pain Studies have been mixed on it benefits

Topical Treatments

Acyclovir cream (Zovirax) has been approved It may speed healing of oral herpes lesions and lessen the duration of pain particularly if it is applied early on (at the first sign of pain or tingling)

Lidex is a gel that contains a fluocinonide as corticosteroid Corticosteroids commonly called steroids are anti-inflammatory agents and not ordinarily used for herpes Some evidence suggests it may be effective in combination with oral famciclovir

Topical Treatments

Over-the-counter topical anesthetics may provide

modest relief They include Anbesol gel Blistex lip

ointment Campho-phenique Herpecin-L

Viractin and Zilactin In one study Viractin

reduced the duration of the attack compared to

placebo by two days It also relieved itching but had

little effect on other symptoms In general however

few studies have been conducted on any of these

products

X

Xerostomia

Xerostomia is not a disease but can be a symptom

of certain diseases It can produce serious

negative effects on the patients quality of life

affecting dietary habits nutritional status

speech taste tolerance to dental prosthesis and

increases susceptibility to dental caries The

increase in dental caries can be devastating in

many patients and therefore special care must be

made to control this condition

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Medications - Several hundred current medications

can cause xerostomia antihypertensives

antidepressants analgesics tranquilizers diuretics

and antihistamines c

-Cancer Therapy - Chemotherapeutic drugs can

change the flow and composition of the saliva

Radiation treatment that is focused on or near the

salivary gland can temporarily or permanently

damage the salivary glands

-Sjogrens syndrome - An autoimmune disease causes

xerostomia and dry eyes

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Other conditions -such as bone marrow transplants endocrine disorders stress anxiety depression and nutritional deficiencies may cause xerostomia

-Nerve Damage - Trauma to the head and neck area from surgery or wounds can damage the nerves that supply sensation to the mouth While the salivary glands may be left intact they cannot function normally without the nerves that signal them to produce saliva

Treatment

Identify the xerostomic condition and the

cause Some of the causes may be

ameliorated and this will aid therapy But

in many situations it will be difficult to

eliminate the causes Thus it will be

necessary for the Dentist to control the

results of xerostomia This is especially

true about the increase in dental caries

Treatment -pilocarpine (Salagen) 5mg qid prescription required

-special food preparation - blended and moist foods are easier to swallow

artificial saliva (available over-the-counter)

-sipping plain water is usually preferred over artificial saliva by most patients

-Biotene brand over-the-counter dry mouth products (toothpaste alcohol- free mouth rinse and Oralbalance lubricating gel)

-avoidance of alcohol-based mouth rinses

-use of water and glycerin mixed in a small aerosol spray bottle

RX

Contains sorbitol sodium

carboxymethlcellulose and

methylparaben in a

pleasantly flavored

solution

120 mL (406 fl oz)

Z

Treatment

Acyclovir (Zovirax)dagger800 mg orally five times

daily for 7 to 10 days

10 mg per kg IV every 8 hours for 7 to 10

daysDagger

$174 to 248 (129 to 200)

Famciclovir (Famvir)dagger500 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$140

Treatment

Valacyclovir (Valtrex)dagger1000 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$84

Prednisone (Deltasone)30 mg orally twice

daily on days 1 through 7 then 15 mg twice

daily on days 8 through 14 then 75 mg twice

daily on days 15 through 21

Treatment

Lotions containing calamine (eg Caladryl)

may be used on open lesions to reduce pain

and pruritus

Once the lesions have crusted over capsaicin

cream (Zostrix) may be applied

Topically administered lidocaine (Xylocaine)

and nerve blocks have also been reported to

be effective in reducing pain

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Amitriptyline (Elavil) -- By inhibiting reuptake of serotonin andor norepinephrine by presynaptic neuronal membrane may increase synaptic concentration in CNS Useful as analgesic for certain types of chronic and neuropathic pain

Adult DoseEarly in course of HZ 25 mgd PO hs to prevent PHNAfter PHN develops 30-100 mg PO qhs

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Capsaicin cream (Dolorac Capsin Zostrix) --Natural chemical derived from plants of Solanaceae family By depleting and preventing reaccumulation of substance P in peripheral sensory neurons may render skin and joints insensitive to pain Substance P thought to be chemomediator of pain transmission from periphery to CNS

Adult DoseCream Apply to skin tidqid for 3-4 consecutive wk and evaluate efficacy not to exceed 4 applicationsd

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Lidocaine (DermaFlex gel Lidoderm 5 patch) --Several recent studies have advocated topical administration of lidocaine as treatment of PHN Lidocaine gel (5) in placebo-controlled study showed significant relief in 23 patients studied Lidocaine tape also decreases severity of pain

Adult DoseGel (5) Apply to affected area prnPatch (5) Apply to most painful area up to 3 patches per application patch may remain in place for up to 12 h in any 24 h period

Postherpetic Neuralgia Gabapentin (Neurontin) -- This medication has been

approved by the FDA for the treatment of PHN Has properties common to other anticonvulsants and antineuralgic effects Exact mechanism of action is not known Structurally gabapentin is related to GABA but it does not interact with GABA receptors Believed to have a binding site at the alpha 2-delta protein an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gaited calcium channels In the rat brain binding is localized on neuronal dendritic areas Relevance of these observations to treatment of PHN is not known

Adult Dose100 mg PO tid titrate dose prn recommended dose is 900-1800 mg PO qd not to exceed 900 mg PO qid

A

Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis

ldquoaphthous ulcerationsrdquo

ldquocanker soresrdquo

Prevalence in the general population 5

to 66 with a mean of 20

Mucosal destruction ndash T-cell mediated

immunologic reaction

Etiologic Factors

Allergies

Genetic predisposition

Nutritional deficiencies ndash B12 B6 Fe ++

Hematological abnormalities

Hormonal influences

Infectious agents

Trauma

Stress

Four

Principal Categories

Primary immunodysregulation

Decrease of the mucosal barrier

Increase in antigenic exposure

Genetic predisposition HLA-12 HLA

- B51 and Cw7

Systemic Disorders Associated with

Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis

Behcetrsquos syndrome

Celiac disease

Cyclic neutropenia

Nutritional deficiencies

IgA deficiency

Immunoincompetence

Inflammatory bowel disease

Three Clinical Variations

Minor

Major ndash Suttonrsquos disease or PMNR

(periadenitis mucosa necrotica

recurrens)

Herpetiform

Minor Aphthous Ulcerations

Non-keratinized mucosa

Prodromal symptoms ndash burning itching

stinging

Erythematous macule ndash fibrinopurulent

membrane with a erythematous halo

except in immunocompromised

Major Aphthous Ulcerations

Larger - 1 to 3 cm

Deeper

Clinically persistent

Develop post pubertal

Recurrences for up to 20 years or more

Herpetiform Aphthous

Ulcerations

Greatest number of lesions

Increased frequency of occurrence

Superficial resemblance to herpes

simplex viral infection

Any mucosal surface may be involved

Behcetrsquos Syndrome

ldquothe silk routerdquo

Behcetrsquos Syndrome

1937 ndash Turkish dermatologist ndashHulusi

Behcet described this condition

Ocular Inflammation

Orogenital Inflammation

Multisystem Disorder

Behcetrsquos Disease

Highest Prevalence ndash Middle East and

Japan

Oral Involvement ndash primary

manifestation in 25 to 75 of the

cases

All three forms of aphthous stomatitis

may be seen

Behcetrsquos Disease

Genital lesions are clinically similar to

oral lesions

75 of the patients demonstrate the

genital lesions

Genital lesions are generally more

symptomatic in males

Behcetrsquos Disease

Criteria for the Diagnosis of Behcetrsquos

Disease (International Study Group)

Recurrent oral ulceration

Plus two of the following

Recurrent genital ulcerations

Eye lesions ndashanteriorposterior uveitis

Skin lesions

+ pathergy ndash read by 24-48 hours

Behcetrsquos Disease

Treament

Topical or intralesional corticosteriods

Oral colchicine

Thalidomide

Low-dose methotrexate

Systemic corticosteriods

Cyclosporine

Interferon alpha2A

Treatment

Triamcinolone 01 in Orabase (Kenalog

in Orabase) Apply to dried ulcer two to

four times daily until healed

Randomized controlled studies show decreased

pain

Dexamethasone elixir 05 mg per 5 ml

Swish and spit with 5 mL every 6 hours

As above

B

Burning Mouth Syndrome

About 13 million American adults mostly

postmenopausal women are afflicted with

Burning Mouth Syndrome a chronic often

debilitating condition whose cause remains a

medical mystery

Burning Mouth Syndrome

The main symptom of burning mouth

syndrome is a burning sensation involving the

tongue lips gums palate throat or

widespread areas of the whole mouth People

with the syndrome may describe the sensation

in the affected areas as hot or scalded as if

they had been burned with a hot liquid

Burning Mouth Syndrome

Dry mouth

Sore mouth

A tingling or numb sensation in your mouth

or on the tip of your tongue

A bitter or metallic taste

Causes

Dry mouth (xerostomia)

Nutritional deficiencies

Allergies

Psychological factors

Nerve disturbance or damage

(neuropathy)

Treatments

Potentially efficacious medicines include

tricyclic antidepressants (like amitriptyline -brand name Elavil)

benzodiazepines (like clonazepam - brand name Klonopin or

chlordiazepoxide brand name - Librium)

even anticonvulsants have proven effective in some cases

BMS Treatment

Tricyclic antidepressants

Amitriptyline (Elavil)10 to 150 mg per day

10 mg at bedtime increase dosage by 10 mg

every 4 to 7 days until oral burning is relieved

or side effects occur

BMS Treatment

Benzodiazepines

Clonazepam (Klonopin)025 to 2 mg per

day025 mg at bedtime increase dosage by

025 mg every 4 to 7 days until oral burning is

relieved or side effects occur as dosage

increases medication is taken as full dose or

in three divided doses

BMS Treatment

Anticonvulsants

Gabapentin (Neurontin) 300 to 1600 mg per

day100 mg at bedtime increase dosage by

100 mg every 4 to 7 days until oral burning is

relieved or side effects occur as dosage

increases medication is taken in three divided

doses

C

Candidiasis

Oral thrush and other Candida infections

occur when your immune system is

weakened by disease or drugs such as

prednisone or when antibiotics disturb the

natural balance of microorganisms in the

body

Predisposing factors for infection

Infancy or old age

Serious underlying disease such as cancer or infection with HIV

Dry mouth due to disease of the salivary glands or medications eg antihistamines diuretics

Dentures (especially if they are not regularly cleaned or fit badly)

Predisposing factors for infection

Smoking

Injury to the mouth

Nutritional deficiency eg iron ampor B-vitamin deficiency

Inhaled corticosteroids used to treat asthma eg beclometasone budesonide fluticasone Drink water after inhalation to reduce this complication

Clinical features

Acute pseudomembranous candidiasis There are

white patches on gums tongue amp inside the mouth

that can be peeled off leaving a raw area

Acute atrophic candidiasis There are smooth red

shiny patches on the tongue The mouth is very sore

Chronic atrophic candidiasis This is common in

those with dentures The underlying mucosa is red

and swollen

Clinical features

Angular cheilitis There are sore red splits at each side of the mouth more likely if there is overhang of the upper lip over the lower lip causing a moist deep furrow Angular cheilitis due to candida andor Staphylococcus aureus arises frequently in those taking the medication isotretinoin for acne this medication dries the lips

Chronic hyperplastic candidiasis This is a type of oral leukoplakia (white patch) inside the cheeks or on the tongue with persistent nodules or lumps It usually affects smokers and is pre-malignant Red patches (erythroplakia) as well as white patches may indicate malignant change

Clinical features

Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis presents

as a chronic pseudomembranous infection

The skin and nails are also affected

Median rhomboid glossitis - there is diamond-

shaped inflammation at the back of the

tongue

Severe infections may extend down the throat

(esophageal infection)

Rationale for Treatment Topical vs

Systemic Drugs

Topical antifungals are usually the drug of

choice for uncomplicated localized

candidiasis in patients with normal immune

function

Systemic antifungals are usually indicated in

cases of disseminated disease andor in

immunocompromised patients

Suggested Medications for the

Treatment of Candidiasis

Rx

Clotrimazole troches 10 mg

Disp 70 troches

Sig Let 1 troche dissolve in mouth 5 times

per day for 14 days Do not chew NPO 12

hour

Suggested Systemic Medications for

the Treatment of Candidiasis Rx

Ketoconazole tablets 200 mgDisp 14 tabletsSig Take 1 tab qd with a meal or orange juice for 14 days

RxFluconazole tablets 100 mgDisp 15 tabletsSig Take 2 tablets stat then 1 tablet qd for 14 days

RxItraconazole tablets 100 mgDisp 28 tabletsSig Take 1 tablet bid with a meal or orange juice for 14 days

CA

Head and Neck Cancer

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Intraoral Melanoma

Lymphoma

Intraoral Melanoma

The five year survival rate for oral melanoma

is less than 20 as compared to 75 for

Cutaneous melanomas The average time of

first local recurrence for oral melanoma is less

than one year and metastatic disease is usually

diagnosed within three months of the

recurrence The average survival rate after

metastasis is typically less than 6 months

Extranodal Lymphoma

Extranodal lymphomas usually develop as a

rapidly growing mass of the palate or

posterior tongue (area of Waldeyerrsquos ring)

Pain may or may not be a presenting sign

Clinically the lesion may present as an

erythematous mass with a boggy consistency

The average survival rate for AIDS patients

with an intraoral lymphoma is eight months

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Second primary ndash field cancerization

Incidence amp Mortality HampN Ca

41000 new cases annually

13000 affected will die of disease

Rates constant over last 20yrs

lt 5 of neoplasias US

Highest incidence southeastern amp south-

central Asia

Disease in Women

Prior to 1940 malefemale ratio - 101

1980s ratio 31

Reason tobacco use among women in early

decades of the century

Habits have stabilized ndash malefemale

incidence normalized

Tobacco Use

1956 Wynder et al HampN Ca 10-fold

increase among smokers

Most studies 5-fold to 25-fold increase

intensity and duration of tobacco

consumption

80-90 of HampN Ca patients use tobacco

Alcohol

Odds ratio increases 3- to 15-fold for HampN

Ca after adjusting for tobacco use with

consumption of alcohol

Multiplicative effect with tobacco and

alcohol

Location of cancer ndash oral

pharyngeal(topical mechanism)

Alcohol

Promotional effects independent of

initiation

-prostaglandin synthesis lipid peroxidation

free radical oxygen enhance cell turnover

Enhances cell permeability

Defective repair mechanisms

Depressed immunity

Dz

RISK FACTORS (RF)

1 RF

2 RF

3 RF

4 RF

The concept of

TUMOR

local

regional

systemic

local T

N

M

INFECTION PAIN

INFECTION NEOPLASM

CERVICAL LYMPH NODE ENLARGEMENT

bullbacterial

bullviral (local systemic)

bullfungal

bullpostinfect fibrosed node

bulllt 40 yrs lymphoma

bullgt 40 yrs metastatic SCC

OTHERS

bullleukemia

bullconnective tissue diseases (eg lupus)

bullsarcoidosis

Importance of early diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma

60

stage III amp IV

23 recurrence lt 2 yrs

lt 13 survive 3 yrs

40

stage I amp II

80-90 cure

Second primary tumor in successfully treated patients within 5-7

years up to 40 Follow-up important

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Mortality (8000) deaths per year

Mortality by Site

Tongue 432

Salivary 130

Floor of mouth 950

Lip 24

Other 319

Premalignant Lesions

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Erythroplasia

Carcinoma in situ

Verrucous Leukoplakia

Tobacco patch keratosis

Actinic cheilosis

Mouth wash (Viadent) dysplasia

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Defined as a red patch that can not be

clinically or pathologically diagnosed as any

other condition

Almost all erythroleukoplakia demonstrate

dysplasia or CIS

Etiology is similar to oral SCC

May occur in conjunction with leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Risk of malignant transformation in

erythroleukoplakia about 4x greater than

homogenous leukoplakia

Predominately disease of older men with peak

prevalence of 65 to 74 years

Floor of mouth tongue and soft palate are

most common sites of involvement

Erythroplakia

The Management of Head and

Neck Cancer

Major advances

Conservative or partial resections

Micro vascular free-tissue transfer in

reconstruction

Better definition of the roles of chemotherapy

and radiotherapy

Despite these advances the treatment of loco

regional recurrence remains a major challenge

success rates for salvage therapy are poor

Treatment

Surgery

Radiotherapy

Chemotherapy

Immunotherapy

at present the role of immunotherapy remains investigational

Chemotherapy

Several randomized and non-randomized trial have evaluated chemotherapy for the treatment of head and neck cancer

Various agents have been shown to produce a response

No agents either alone or in combination have demonstrated an improvement in survival

cisplatin and 5 - FU

Uses

Inoperable tumors

Salvage therapy for recurrent tumors

Treatment

The main treatment modalities for head and neck

cancer remain surgery and radiotherapy

Patient factors that merit consideration

Impact on the quality of life

Medical condition ndash ldquoco - morbiditiesrdquo

Patient preference

Treatment cost and convenience

Compliance

Treatment

Early stage disease (stage I and II) can be treated with either surgery or radiotherapy with equivalent control rates

Small lesions of the oral cavity wide local excision is preferred over radiotherapy

Radiotherapy can be delivered to a site generally only once

Reserve this modality for less operable lesions

Treatment Combined Modality

Surgery and RadiotherapyIndications for post operative radiotherapy

Primary Tumor

Advance T stage

High histologic grade

Positive surgical resection margins

Lymphatic permeation

Vascular invasion

Perineural spread

Radiotherapy

Daily dose of 180 cGy to 200 cGy

5000 cGy over a five week period

T1 ndash 6000 to 6600 cGy

T2 - 6600 to 7000 cGy

T3T4 - gt 7000 cGy

ldquoshrinking field techniquerdquo

hyperfractionation technique 200 cGy per day for 25 days followed by 400 cGy per day for 5 days

D

Desquamative gingivitis is a clinical term to describe red painful glazed and friable gingivae which may be a manifestation of some mucocutaneous conditions such as lichen planus or the vesiculobullous disorders

Clinical features of desquamative

gingivitis

Fiery red friable gingiva

Painful desquamates easily

Buccal aspect of anterior attached gingiva

affected

Marginal gingiva spared

Not significantly improved by oral hygiene

measures alone

Differential Diagnosis Erosive Lichen Planus

Immune-mediated blistering diseases

Intra-epithelial

Pemphigus

Subepithelial

Pemphigoid

Linear IgA disease

Dermatitis herpetiformis

Epidermolysis bullosa

Erythema multiforme

Treatment Topical Corticosteroids Recurrent aphthous ulcers

bull Oral manifestations of Behccedilets disease Reiters syndrome acute

vulvar ulcer MAGIC syndrome PFAPA syndrome ulcerative colitis

Crohns disease Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome Sweets

syndrome among others

bull Drug-induced ulcerations mediated by an immune mechanism

bull Lichen planus

bull Cicatricial pemphigoid

bull Mucous membrane pemphigoid

bull Bullous pemphigoid

bull Erythema multiforme

bull Linear IgA dermatosis

bull Pemphigus vulgaris

Topicals Temovate cream 005 Clobetasol propionate

Halog cream 01 Halcinonide

Lidex cream 005 Fluocinonide

Topicort cream 025 Desoximethasone

Lidex gel 005 Fluocinonide

Aristocort cream H-P 05 Triamcinolone acetinode

Diprosone cream 005 Betamethasone dipropionate

Florone cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Maxiflor cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Synalar cream H-P 02 Fluocinolone acetonide

Topicals Tropicort-LP cream 005 Desoxymethasone

Benisone cream 0025 Betamethasone benzoate

Cordran cream 0025 Flurandenolide

Kenalog cream 01 Triamcinolone acetonide

Locoid cream 01 Hydrocortisone butyrate

Synalar cream 0025 Fluocinolone acetonide

Valisone cream 01 Betamethasone valerate

Tridesilon cream 005 Desonide

Locorten cream 003 Flumetasone pivalate

1 Hydrocortisone

Topical Corticosteroids

Used to treat oral lesions

Clobetasol (Temovate) -- Suppresses mitosis and increases synthesis of proteins that decrease inflammation and cause vasoconstriction Class I superpotent topical steroid useful in treating oral lesions Topical corticosteroids commonly are used intraorally for oral manifestations of autoimmune blistering skin diseases Since these diseases are chronic inflammatory in nature topical corticosteroids are very useful as an adjunct treatment Patients with disease confined to the gingiva should see a dentist to have a custom-made soft tray to carry the medication

H

How does herpes simplex develop

overexposure to sunlight

overexposure to wind

colds influenza and similar infections

heavy alcohol use

fever from any cause

the menstrual period

physical stress

emotional stress

Symptoms

Primary (Initial) HSV I Fever

Adenopathy

Ulcers deep in mouth

Secondary (Later) HSV I (Recurrent labial lesions) Fever Blisters form on outer vermillion border

Cold Sores form on inner lip Initial Vesicle

Next Crust

Last Healing in 10-14 days

Differential Diagnosis

Differs from Aphthous Ulcers in that

Found on keratinized (bound-down) intraoral

mucosa

Vesicles rupture into coalescing ulcers

HSV lesions are anterior compared with

Herpangina

Hand Foot and Mouth Disease

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Oral acyclovir (Zovirax) or the recently

developed drugs valacyclovir (Valtrex) or

famciclovir (Famvir) lessen the symptoms

and frequency of fever blister recurrences for

some patients These drugs prevent HSV from

multiplying and are effective when taken in

pill form prior to an outbreak of the virus

Systemic Antivirals

Acyclovir

Dose 15 mgkg (max 200 mg) PO 5xday for 7 days

Shortens first HSV infection by 6 days in children

Famciclovir

Shortens healing time by 2 days in UV-induced cases

Spruance (1999) J Infect Dis 179303-10

Valacyclovir (FDA approved for age 12 and older)

Adult dose 2 g PO bid for one day

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Topical antiviral creams containing acyclovir

(Zovirax) or penciclovir (Denavir) may also

help in limiting the extent or duration of

lesions if applied promptly to affected areas

Topical Treatments

Penciclovir (Denavir) heals HSV-1 sores on average about half a day faster than without treatment stops viral shedding and reduces the duration of the pain Ideally the patient should apply the cream within the first hour of symptoms although benefits have also been noted with later application It is continued for four consecutive days and should be reapplied every two hours while awake

Docosanol cream (Abreva) is an over-the-counter agent for oral-facial herpes It helps resist infection by inhibiting the ability of the virus to become fully active after it has attached itself to the host cell It is applied five times a day beginning at the first sign of tingling or pain Studies have been mixed on it benefits

Topical Treatments

Acyclovir cream (Zovirax) has been approved It may speed healing of oral herpes lesions and lessen the duration of pain particularly if it is applied early on (at the first sign of pain or tingling)

Lidex is a gel that contains a fluocinonide as corticosteroid Corticosteroids commonly called steroids are anti-inflammatory agents and not ordinarily used for herpes Some evidence suggests it may be effective in combination with oral famciclovir

Topical Treatments

Over-the-counter topical anesthetics may provide

modest relief They include Anbesol gel Blistex lip

ointment Campho-phenique Herpecin-L

Viractin and Zilactin In one study Viractin

reduced the duration of the attack compared to

placebo by two days It also relieved itching but had

little effect on other symptoms In general however

few studies have been conducted on any of these

products

X

Xerostomia

Xerostomia is not a disease but can be a symptom

of certain diseases It can produce serious

negative effects on the patients quality of life

affecting dietary habits nutritional status

speech taste tolerance to dental prosthesis and

increases susceptibility to dental caries The

increase in dental caries can be devastating in

many patients and therefore special care must be

made to control this condition

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Medications - Several hundred current medications

can cause xerostomia antihypertensives

antidepressants analgesics tranquilizers diuretics

and antihistamines c

-Cancer Therapy - Chemotherapeutic drugs can

change the flow and composition of the saliva

Radiation treatment that is focused on or near the

salivary gland can temporarily or permanently

damage the salivary glands

-Sjogrens syndrome - An autoimmune disease causes

xerostomia and dry eyes

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Other conditions -such as bone marrow transplants endocrine disorders stress anxiety depression and nutritional deficiencies may cause xerostomia

-Nerve Damage - Trauma to the head and neck area from surgery or wounds can damage the nerves that supply sensation to the mouth While the salivary glands may be left intact they cannot function normally without the nerves that signal them to produce saliva

Treatment

Identify the xerostomic condition and the

cause Some of the causes may be

ameliorated and this will aid therapy But

in many situations it will be difficult to

eliminate the causes Thus it will be

necessary for the Dentist to control the

results of xerostomia This is especially

true about the increase in dental caries

Treatment -pilocarpine (Salagen) 5mg qid prescription required

-special food preparation - blended and moist foods are easier to swallow

artificial saliva (available over-the-counter)

-sipping plain water is usually preferred over artificial saliva by most patients

-Biotene brand over-the-counter dry mouth products (toothpaste alcohol- free mouth rinse and Oralbalance lubricating gel)

-avoidance of alcohol-based mouth rinses

-use of water and glycerin mixed in a small aerosol spray bottle

RX

Contains sorbitol sodium

carboxymethlcellulose and

methylparaben in a

pleasantly flavored

solution

120 mL (406 fl oz)

Z

Treatment

Acyclovir (Zovirax)dagger800 mg orally five times

daily for 7 to 10 days

10 mg per kg IV every 8 hours for 7 to 10

daysDagger

$174 to 248 (129 to 200)

Famciclovir (Famvir)dagger500 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$140

Treatment

Valacyclovir (Valtrex)dagger1000 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$84

Prednisone (Deltasone)30 mg orally twice

daily on days 1 through 7 then 15 mg twice

daily on days 8 through 14 then 75 mg twice

daily on days 15 through 21

Treatment

Lotions containing calamine (eg Caladryl)

may be used on open lesions to reduce pain

and pruritus

Once the lesions have crusted over capsaicin

cream (Zostrix) may be applied

Topically administered lidocaine (Xylocaine)

and nerve blocks have also been reported to

be effective in reducing pain

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Amitriptyline (Elavil) -- By inhibiting reuptake of serotonin andor norepinephrine by presynaptic neuronal membrane may increase synaptic concentration in CNS Useful as analgesic for certain types of chronic and neuropathic pain

Adult DoseEarly in course of HZ 25 mgd PO hs to prevent PHNAfter PHN develops 30-100 mg PO qhs

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Capsaicin cream (Dolorac Capsin Zostrix) --Natural chemical derived from plants of Solanaceae family By depleting and preventing reaccumulation of substance P in peripheral sensory neurons may render skin and joints insensitive to pain Substance P thought to be chemomediator of pain transmission from periphery to CNS

Adult DoseCream Apply to skin tidqid for 3-4 consecutive wk and evaluate efficacy not to exceed 4 applicationsd

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Lidocaine (DermaFlex gel Lidoderm 5 patch) --Several recent studies have advocated topical administration of lidocaine as treatment of PHN Lidocaine gel (5) in placebo-controlled study showed significant relief in 23 patients studied Lidocaine tape also decreases severity of pain

Adult DoseGel (5) Apply to affected area prnPatch (5) Apply to most painful area up to 3 patches per application patch may remain in place for up to 12 h in any 24 h period

Postherpetic Neuralgia Gabapentin (Neurontin) -- This medication has been

approved by the FDA for the treatment of PHN Has properties common to other anticonvulsants and antineuralgic effects Exact mechanism of action is not known Structurally gabapentin is related to GABA but it does not interact with GABA receptors Believed to have a binding site at the alpha 2-delta protein an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gaited calcium channels In the rat brain binding is localized on neuronal dendritic areas Relevance of these observations to treatment of PHN is not known

Adult Dose100 mg PO tid titrate dose prn recommended dose is 900-1800 mg PO qd not to exceed 900 mg PO qid

Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis

ldquoaphthous ulcerationsrdquo

ldquocanker soresrdquo

Prevalence in the general population 5

to 66 with a mean of 20

Mucosal destruction ndash T-cell mediated

immunologic reaction

Etiologic Factors

Allergies

Genetic predisposition

Nutritional deficiencies ndash B12 B6 Fe ++

Hematological abnormalities

Hormonal influences

Infectious agents

Trauma

Stress

Four

Principal Categories

Primary immunodysregulation

Decrease of the mucosal barrier

Increase in antigenic exposure

Genetic predisposition HLA-12 HLA

- B51 and Cw7

Systemic Disorders Associated with

Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis

Behcetrsquos syndrome

Celiac disease

Cyclic neutropenia

Nutritional deficiencies

IgA deficiency

Immunoincompetence

Inflammatory bowel disease

Three Clinical Variations

Minor

Major ndash Suttonrsquos disease or PMNR

(periadenitis mucosa necrotica

recurrens)

Herpetiform

Minor Aphthous Ulcerations

Non-keratinized mucosa

Prodromal symptoms ndash burning itching

stinging

Erythematous macule ndash fibrinopurulent

membrane with a erythematous halo

except in immunocompromised

Major Aphthous Ulcerations

Larger - 1 to 3 cm

Deeper

Clinically persistent

Develop post pubertal

Recurrences for up to 20 years or more

Herpetiform Aphthous

Ulcerations

Greatest number of lesions

Increased frequency of occurrence

Superficial resemblance to herpes

simplex viral infection

Any mucosal surface may be involved

Behcetrsquos Syndrome

ldquothe silk routerdquo

Behcetrsquos Syndrome

1937 ndash Turkish dermatologist ndashHulusi

Behcet described this condition

Ocular Inflammation

Orogenital Inflammation

Multisystem Disorder

Behcetrsquos Disease

Highest Prevalence ndash Middle East and

Japan

Oral Involvement ndash primary

manifestation in 25 to 75 of the

cases

All three forms of aphthous stomatitis

may be seen

Behcetrsquos Disease

Genital lesions are clinically similar to

oral lesions

75 of the patients demonstrate the

genital lesions

Genital lesions are generally more

symptomatic in males

Behcetrsquos Disease

Criteria for the Diagnosis of Behcetrsquos

Disease (International Study Group)

Recurrent oral ulceration

Plus two of the following

Recurrent genital ulcerations

Eye lesions ndashanteriorposterior uveitis

Skin lesions

+ pathergy ndash read by 24-48 hours

Behcetrsquos Disease

Treament

Topical or intralesional corticosteriods

Oral colchicine

Thalidomide

Low-dose methotrexate

Systemic corticosteriods

Cyclosporine

Interferon alpha2A

Treatment

Triamcinolone 01 in Orabase (Kenalog

in Orabase) Apply to dried ulcer two to

four times daily until healed

Randomized controlled studies show decreased

pain

Dexamethasone elixir 05 mg per 5 ml

Swish and spit with 5 mL every 6 hours

As above

B

Burning Mouth Syndrome

About 13 million American adults mostly

postmenopausal women are afflicted with

Burning Mouth Syndrome a chronic often

debilitating condition whose cause remains a

medical mystery

Burning Mouth Syndrome

The main symptom of burning mouth

syndrome is a burning sensation involving the

tongue lips gums palate throat or

widespread areas of the whole mouth People

with the syndrome may describe the sensation

in the affected areas as hot or scalded as if

they had been burned with a hot liquid

Burning Mouth Syndrome

Dry mouth

Sore mouth

A tingling or numb sensation in your mouth

or on the tip of your tongue

A bitter or metallic taste

Causes

Dry mouth (xerostomia)

Nutritional deficiencies

Allergies

Psychological factors

Nerve disturbance or damage

(neuropathy)

Treatments

Potentially efficacious medicines include

tricyclic antidepressants (like amitriptyline -brand name Elavil)

benzodiazepines (like clonazepam - brand name Klonopin or

chlordiazepoxide brand name - Librium)

even anticonvulsants have proven effective in some cases

BMS Treatment

Tricyclic antidepressants

Amitriptyline (Elavil)10 to 150 mg per day

10 mg at bedtime increase dosage by 10 mg

every 4 to 7 days until oral burning is relieved

or side effects occur

BMS Treatment

Benzodiazepines

Clonazepam (Klonopin)025 to 2 mg per

day025 mg at bedtime increase dosage by

025 mg every 4 to 7 days until oral burning is

relieved or side effects occur as dosage

increases medication is taken as full dose or

in three divided doses

BMS Treatment

Anticonvulsants

Gabapentin (Neurontin) 300 to 1600 mg per

day100 mg at bedtime increase dosage by

100 mg every 4 to 7 days until oral burning is

relieved or side effects occur as dosage

increases medication is taken in three divided

doses

C

Candidiasis

Oral thrush and other Candida infections

occur when your immune system is

weakened by disease or drugs such as

prednisone or when antibiotics disturb the

natural balance of microorganisms in the

body

Predisposing factors for infection

Infancy or old age

Serious underlying disease such as cancer or infection with HIV

Dry mouth due to disease of the salivary glands or medications eg antihistamines diuretics

Dentures (especially if they are not regularly cleaned or fit badly)

Predisposing factors for infection

Smoking

Injury to the mouth

Nutritional deficiency eg iron ampor B-vitamin deficiency

Inhaled corticosteroids used to treat asthma eg beclometasone budesonide fluticasone Drink water after inhalation to reduce this complication

Clinical features

Acute pseudomembranous candidiasis There are

white patches on gums tongue amp inside the mouth

that can be peeled off leaving a raw area

Acute atrophic candidiasis There are smooth red

shiny patches on the tongue The mouth is very sore

Chronic atrophic candidiasis This is common in

those with dentures The underlying mucosa is red

and swollen

Clinical features

Angular cheilitis There are sore red splits at each side of the mouth more likely if there is overhang of the upper lip over the lower lip causing a moist deep furrow Angular cheilitis due to candida andor Staphylococcus aureus arises frequently in those taking the medication isotretinoin for acne this medication dries the lips

Chronic hyperplastic candidiasis This is a type of oral leukoplakia (white patch) inside the cheeks or on the tongue with persistent nodules or lumps It usually affects smokers and is pre-malignant Red patches (erythroplakia) as well as white patches may indicate malignant change

Clinical features

Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis presents

as a chronic pseudomembranous infection

The skin and nails are also affected

Median rhomboid glossitis - there is diamond-

shaped inflammation at the back of the

tongue

Severe infections may extend down the throat

(esophageal infection)

Rationale for Treatment Topical vs

Systemic Drugs

Topical antifungals are usually the drug of

choice for uncomplicated localized

candidiasis in patients with normal immune

function

Systemic antifungals are usually indicated in

cases of disseminated disease andor in

immunocompromised patients

Suggested Medications for the

Treatment of Candidiasis

Rx

Clotrimazole troches 10 mg

Disp 70 troches

Sig Let 1 troche dissolve in mouth 5 times

per day for 14 days Do not chew NPO 12

hour

Suggested Systemic Medications for

the Treatment of Candidiasis Rx

Ketoconazole tablets 200 mgDisp 14 tabletsSig Take 1 tab qd with a meal or orange juice for 14 days

RxFluconazole tablets 100 mgDisp 15 tabletsSig Take 2 tablets stat then 1 tablet qd for 14 days

RxItraconazole tablets 100 mgDisp 28 tabletsSig Take 1 tablet bid with a meal or orange juice for 14 days

CA

Head and Neck Cancer

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Intraoral Melanoma

Lymphoma

Intraoral Melanoma

The five year survival rate for oral melanoma

is less than 20 as compared to 75 for

Cutaneous melanomas The average time of

first local recurrence for oral melanoma is less

than one year and metastatic disease is usually

diagnosed within three months of the

recurrence The average survival rate after

metastasis is typically less than 6 months

Extranodal Lymphoma

Extranodal lymphomas usually develop as a

rapidly growing mass of the palate or

posterior tongue (area of Waldeyerrsquos ring)

Pain may or may not be a presenting sign

Clinically the lesion may present as an

erythematous mass with a boggy consistency

The average survival rate for AIDS patients

with an intraoral lymphoma is eight months

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Second primary ndash field cancerization

Incidence amp Mortality HampN Ca

41000 new cases annually

13000 affected will die of disease

Rates constant over last 20yrs

lt 5 of neoplasias US

Highest incidence southeastern amp south-

central Asia

Disease in Women

Prior to 1940 malefemale ratio - 101

1980s ratio 31

Reason tobacco use among women in early

decades of the century

Habits have stabilized ndash malefemale

incidence normalized

Tobacco Use

1956 Wynder et al HampN Ca 10-fold

increase among smokers

Most studies 5-fold to 25-fold increase

intensity and duration of tobacco

consumption

80-90 of HampN Ca patients use tobacco

Alcohol

Odds ratio increases 3- to 15-fold for HampN

Ca after adjusting for tobacco use with

consumption of alcohol

Multiplicative effect with tobacco and

alcohol

Location of cancer ndash oral

pharyngeal(topical mechanism)

Alcohol

Promotional effects independent of

initiation

-prostaglandin synthesis lipid peroxidation

free radical oxygen enhance cell turnover

Enhances cell permeability

Defective repair mechanisms

Depressed immunity

Dz

RISK FACTORS (RF)

1 RF

2 RF

3 RF

4 RF

The concept of

TUMOR

local

regional

systemic

local T

N

M

INFECTION PAIN

INFECTION NEOPLASM

CERVICAL LYMPH NODE ENLARGEMENT

bullbacterial

bullviral (local systemic)

bullfungal

bullpostinfect fibrosed node

bulllt 40 yrs lymphoma

bullgt 40 yrs metastatic SCC

OTHERS

bullleukemia

bullconnective tissue diseases (eg lupus)

bullsarcoidosis

Importance of early diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma

60

stage III amp IV

23 recurrence lt 2 yrs

lt 13 survive 3 yrs

40

stage I amp II

80-90 cure

Second primary tumor in successfully treated patients within 5-7

years up to 40 Follow-up important

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Mortality (8000) deaths per year

Mortality by Site

Tongue 432

Salivary 130

Floor of mouth 950

Lip 24

Other 319

Premalignant Lesions

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Erythroplasia

Carcinoma in situ

Verrucous Leukoplakia

Tobacco patch keratosis

Actinic cheilosis

Mouth wash (Viadent) dysplasia

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Defined as a red patch that can not be

clinically or pathologically diagnosed as any

other condition

Almost all erythroleukoplakia demonstrate

dysplasia or CIS

Etiology is similar to oral SCC

May occur in conjunction with leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Risk of malignant transformation in

erythroleukoplakia about 4x greater than

homogenous leukoplakia

Predominately disease of older men with peak

prevalence of 65 to 74 years

Floor of mouth tongue and soft palate are

most common sites of involvement

Erythroplakia

The Management of Head and

Neck Cancer

Major advances

Conservative or partial resections

Micro vascular free-tissue transfer in

reconstruction

Better definition of the roles of chemotherapy

and radiotherapy

Despite these advances the treatment of loco

regional recurrence remains a major challenge

success rates for salvage therapy are poor

Treatment

Surgery

Radiotherapy

Chemotherapy

Immunotherapy

at present the role of immunotherapy remains investigational

Chemotherapy

Several randomized and non-randomized trial have evaluated chemotherapy for the treatment of head and neck cancer

Various agents have been shown to produce a response

No agents either alone or in combination have demonstrated an improvement in survival

cisplatin and 5 - FU

Uses

Inoperable tumors

Salvage therapy for recurrent tumors

Treatment

The main treatment modalities for head and neck

cancer remain surgery and radiotherapy

Patient factors that merit consideration

Impact on the quality of life

Medical condition ndash ldquoco - morbiditiesrdquo

Patient preference

Treatment cost and convenience

Compliance

Treatment

Early stage disease (stage I and II) can be treated with either surgery or radiotherapy with equivalent control rates

Small lesions of the oral cavity wide local excision is preferred over radiotherapy

Radiotherapy can be delivered to a site generally only once

Reserve this modality for less operable lesions

Treatment Combined Modality

Surgery and RadiotherapyIndications for post operative radiotherapy

Primary Tumor

Advance T stage

High histologic grade

Positive surgical resection margins

Lymphatic permeation

Vascular invasion

Perineural spread

Radiotherapy

Daily dose of 180 cGy to 200 cGy

5000 cGy over a five week period

T1 ndash 6000 to 6600 cGy

T2 - 6600 to 7000 cGy

T3T4 - gt 7000 cGy

ldquoshrinking field techniquerdquo

hyperfractionation technique 200 cGy per day for 25 days followed by 400 cGy per day for 5 days

D

Desquamative gingivitis is a clinical term to describe red painful glazed and friable gingivae which may be a manifestation of some mucocutaneous conditions such as lichen planus or the vesiculobullous disorders

Clinical features of desquamative

gingivitis

Fiery red friable gingiva

Painful desquamates easily

Buccal aspect of anterior attached gingiva

affected

Marginal gingiva spared

Not significantly improved by oral hygiene

measures alone

Differential Diagnosis Erosive Lichen Planus

Immune-mediated blistering diseases

Intra-epithelial

Pemphigus

Subepithelial

Pemphigoid

Linear IgA disease

Dermatitis herpetiformis

Epidermolysis bullosa

Erythema multiforme

Treatment Topical Corticosteroids Recurrent aphthous ulcers

bull Oral manifestations of Behccedilets disease Reiters syndrome acute

vulvar ulcer MAGIC syndrome PFAPA syndrome ulcerative colitis

Crohns disease Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome Sweets

syndrome among others

bull Drug-induced ulcerations mediated by an immune mechanism

bull Lichen planus

bull Cicatricial pemphigoid

bull Mucous membrane pemphigoid

bull Bullous pemphigoid

bull Erythema multiforme

bull Linear IgA dermatosis

bull Pemphigus vulgaris

Topicals Temovate cream 005 Clobetasol propionate

Halog cream 01 Halcinonide

Lidex cream 005 Fluocinonide

Topicort cream 025 Desoximethasone

Lidex gel 005 Fluocinonide

Aristocort cream H-P 05 Triamcinolone acetinode

Diprosone cream 005 Betamethasone dipropionate

Florone cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Maxiflor cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Synalar cream H-P 02 Fluocinolone acetonide

Topicals Tropicort-LP cream 005 Desoxymethasone

Benisone cream 0025 Betamethasone benzoate

Cordran cream 0025 Flurandenolide

Kenalog cream 01 Triamcinolone acetonide

Locoid cream 01 Hydrocortisone butyrate

Synalar cream 0025 Fluocinolone acetonide

Valisone cream 01 Betamethasone valerate

Tridesilon cream 005 Desonide

Locorten cream 003 Flumetasone pivalate

1 Hydrocortisone

Topical Corticosteroids

Used to treat oral lesions

Clobetasol (Temovate) -- Suppresses mitosis and increases synthesis of proteins that decrease inflammation and cause vasoconstriction Class I superpotent topical steroid useful in treating oral lesions Topical corticosteroids commonly are used intraorally for oral manifestations of autoimmune blistering skin diseases Since these diseases are chronic inflammatory in nature topical corticosteroids are very useful as an adjunct treatment Patients with disease confined to the gingiva should see a dentist to have a custom-made soft tray to carry the medication

H

How does herpes simplex develop

overexposure to sunlight

overexposure to wind

colds influenza and similar infections

heavy alcohol use

fever from any cause

the menstrual period

physical stress

emotional stress

Symptoms

Primary (Initial) HSV I Fever

Adenopathy

Ulcers deep in mouth

Secondary (Later) HSV I (Recurrent labial lesions) Fever Blisters form on outer vermillion border

Cold Sores form on inner lip Initial Vesicle

Next Crust

Last Healing in 10-14 days

Differential Diagnosis

Differs from Aphthous Ulcers in that

Found on keratinized (bound-down) intraoral

mucosa

Vesicles rupture into coalescing ulcers

HSV lesions are anterior compared with

Herpangina

Hand Foot and Mouth Disease

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Oral acyclovir (Zovirax) or the recently

developed drugs valacyclovir (Valtrex) or

famciclovir (Famvir) lessen the symptoms

and frequency of fever blister recurrences for

some patients These drugs prevent HSV from

multiplying and are effective when taken in

pill form prior to an outbreak of the virus

Systemic Antivirals

Acyclovir

Dose 15 mgkg (max 200 mg) PO 5xday for 7 days

Shortens first HSV infection by 6 days in children

Famciclovir

Shortens healing time by 2 days in UV-induced cases

Spruance (1999) J Infect Dis 179303-10

Valacyclovir (FDA approved for age 12 and older)

Adult dose 2 g PO bid for one day

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Topical antiviral creams containing acyclovir

(Zovirax) or penciclovir (Denavir) may also

help in limiting the extent or duration of

lesions if applied promptly to affected areas

Topical Treatments

Penciclovir (Denavir) heals HSV-1 sores on average about half a day faster than without treatment stops viral shedding and reduces the duration of the pain Ideally the patient should apply the cream within the first hour of symptoms although benefits have also been noted with later application It is continued for four consecutive days and should be reapplied every two hours while awake

Docosanol cream (Abreva) is an over-the-counter agent for oral-facial herpes It helps resist infection by inhibiting the ability of the virus to become fully active after it has attached itself to the host cell It is applied five times a day beginning at the first sign of tingling or pain Studies have been mixed on it benefits

Topical Treatments

Acyclovir cream (Zovirax) has been approved It may speed healing of oral herpes lesions and lessen the duration of pain particularly if it is applied early on (at the first sign of pain or tingling)

Lidex is a gel that contains a fluocinonide as corticosteroid Corticosteroids commonly called steroids are anti-inflammatory agents and not ordinarily used for herpes Some evidence suggests it may be effective in combination with oral famciclovir

Topical Treatments

Over-the-counter topical anesthetics may provide

modest relief They include Anbesol gel Blistex lip

ointment Campho-phenique Herpecin-L

Viractin and Zilactin In one study Viractin

reduced the duration of the attack compared to

placebo by two days It also relieved itching but had

little effect on other symptoms In general however

few studies have been conducted on any of these

products

X

Xerostomia

Xerostomia is not a disease but can be a symptom

of certain diseases It can produce serious

negative effects on the patients quality of life

affecting dietary habits nutritional status

speech taste tolerance to dental prosthesis and

increases susceptibility to dental caries The

increase in dental caries can be devastating in

many patients and therefore special care must be

made to control this condition

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Medications - Several hundred current medications

can cause xerostomia antihypertensives

antidepressants analgesics tranquilizers diuretics

and antihistamines c

-Cancer Therapy - Chemotherapeutic drugs can

change the flow and composition of the saliva

Radiation treatment that is focused on or near the

salivary gland can temporarily or permanently

damage the salivary glands

-Sjogrens syndrome - An autoimmune disease causes

xerostomia and dry eyes

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Other conditions -such as bone marrow transplants endocrine disorders stress anxiety depression and nutritional deficiencies may cause xerostomia

-Nerve Damage - Trauma to the head and neck area from surgery or wounds can damage the nerves that supply sensation to the mouth While the salivary glands may be left intact they cannot function normally without the nerves that signal them to produce saliva

Treatment

Identify the xerostomic condition and the

cause Some of the causes may be

ameliorated and this will aid therapy But

in many situations it will be difficult to

eliminate the causes Thus it will be

necessary for the Dentist to control the

results of xerostomia This is especially

true about the increase in dental caries

Treatment -pilocarpine (Salagen) 5mg qid prescription required

-special food preparation - blended and moist foods are easier to swallow

artificial saliva (available over-the-counter)

-sipping plain water is usually preferred over artificial saliva by most patients

-Biotene brand over-the-counter dry mouth products (toothpaste alcohol- free mouth rinse and Oralbalance lubricating gel)

-avoidance of alcohol-based mouth rinses

-use of water and glycerin mixed in a small aerosol spray bottle

RX

Contains sorbitol sodium

carboxymethlcellulose and

methylparaben in a

pleasantly flavored

solution

120 mL (406 fl oz)

Z

Treatment

Acyclovir (Zovirax)dagger800 mg orally five times

daily for 7 to 10 days

10 mg per kg IV every 8 hours for 7 to 10

daysDagger

$174 to 248 (129 to 200)

Famciclovir (Famvir)dagger500 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$140

Treatment

Valacyclovir (Valtrex)dagger1000 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$84

Prednisone (Deltasone)30 mg orally twice

daily on days 1 through 7 then 15 mg twice

daily on days 8 through 14 then 75 mg twice

daily on days 15 through 21

Treatment

Lotions containing calamine (eg Caladryl)

may be used on open lesions to reduce pain

and pruritus

Once the lesions have crusted over capsaicin

cream (Zostrix) may be applied

Topically administered lidocaine (Xylocaine)

and nerve blocks have also been reported to

be effective in reducing pain

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Amitriptyline (Elavil) -- By inhibiting reuptake of serotonin andor norepinephrine by presynaptic neuronal membrane may increase synaptic concentration in CNS Useful as analgesic for certain types of chronic and neuropathic pain

Adult DoseEarly in course of HZ 25 mgd PO hs to prevent PHNAfter PHN develops 30-100 mg PO qhs

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Capsaicin cream (Dolorac Capsin Zostrix) --Natural chemical derived from plants of Solanaceae family By depleting and preventing reaccumulation of substance P in peripheral sensory neurons may render skin and joints insensitive to pain Substance P thought to be chemomediator of pain transmission from periphery to CNS

Adult DoseCream Apply to skin tidqid for 3-4 consecutive wk and evaluate efficacy not to exceed 4 applicationsd

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Lidocaine (DermaFlex gel Lidoderm 5 patch) --Several recent studies have advocated topical administration of lidocaine as treatment of PHN Lidocaine gel (5) in placebo-controlled study showed significant relief in 23 patients studied Lidocaine tape also decreases severity of pain

Adult DoseGel (5) Apply to affected area prnPatch (5) Apply to most painful area up to 3 patches per application patch may remain in place for up to 12 h in any 24 h period

Postherpetic Neuralgia Gabapentin (Neurontin) -- This medication has been

approved by the FDA for the treatment of PHN Has properties common to other anticonvulsants and antineuralgic effects Exact mechanism of action is not known Structurally gabapentin is related to GABA but it does not interact with GABA receptors Believed to have a binding site at the alpha 2-delta protein an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gaited calcium channels In the rat brain binding is localized on neuronal dendritic areas Relevance of these observations to treatment of PHN is not known

Adult Dose100 mg PO tid titrate dose prn recommended dose is 900-1800 mg PO qd not to exceed 900 mg PO qid

Etiologic Factors

Allergies

Genetic predisposition

Nutritional deficiencies ndash B12 B6 Fe ++

Hematological abnormalities

Hormonal influences

Infectious agents

Trauma

Stress

Four

Principal Categories

Primary immunodysregulation

Decrease of the mucosal barrier

Increase in antigenic exposure

Genetic predisposition HLA-12 HLA

- B51 and Cw7

Systemic Disorders Associated with

Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis

Behcetrsquos syndrome

Celiac disease

Cyclic neutropenia

Nutritional deficiencies

IgA deficiency

Immunoincompetence

Inflammatory bowel disease

Three Clinical Variations

Minor

Major ndash Suttonrsquos disease or PMNR

(periadenitis mucosa necrotica

recurrens)

Herpetiform

Minor Aphthous Ulcerations

Non-keratinized mucosa

Prodromal symptoms ndash burning itching

stinging

Erythematous macule ndash fibrinopurulent

membrane with a erythematous halo

except in immunocompromised

Major Aphthous Ulcerations

Larger - 1 to 3 cm

Deeper

Clinically persistent

Develop post pubertal

Recurrences for up to 20 years or more

Herpetiform Aphthous

Ulcerations

Greatest number of lesions

Increased frequency of occurrence

Superficial resemblance to herpes

simplex viral infection

Any mucosal surface may be involved

Behcetrsquos Syndrome

ldquothe silk routerdquo

Behcetrsquos Syndrome

1937 ndash Turkish dermatologist ndashHulusi

Behcet described this condition

Ocular Inflammation

Orogenital Inflammation

Multisystem Disorder

Behcetrsquos Disease

Highest Prevalence ndash Middle East and

Japan

Oral Involvement ndash primary

manifestation in 25 to 75 of the

cases

All three forms of aphthous stomatitis

may be seen

Behcetrsquos Disease

Genital lesions are clinically similar to

oral lesions

75 of the patients demonstrate the

genital lesions

Genital lesions are generally more

symptomatic in males

Behcetrsquos Disease

Criteria for the Diagnosis of Behcetrsquos

Disease (International Study Group)

Recurrent oral ulceration

Plus two of the following

Recurrent genital ulcerations

Eye lesions ndashanteriorposterior uveitis

Skin lesions

+ pathergy ndash read by 24-48 hours

Behcetrsquos Disease

Treament

Topical or intralesional corticosteriods

Oral colchicine

Thalidomide

Low-dose methotrexate

Systemic corticosteriods

Cyclosporine

Interferon alpha2A

Treatment

Triamcinolone 01 in Orabase (Kenalog

in Orabase) Apply to dried ulcer two to

four times daily until healed

Randomized controlled studies show decreased

pain

Dexamethasone elixir 05 mg per 5 ml

Swish and spit with 5 mL every 6 hours

As above

B

Burning Mouth Syndrome

About 13 million American adults mostly

postmenopausal women are afflicted with

Burning Mouth Syndrome a chronic often

debilitating condition whose cause remains a

medical mystery

Burning Mouth Syndrome

The main symptom of burning mouth

syndrome is a burning sensation involving the

tongue lips gums palate throat or

widespread areas of the whole mouth People

with the syndrome may describe the sensation

in the affected areas as hot or scalded as if

they had been burned with a hot liquid

Burning Mouth Syndrome

Dry mouth

Sore mouth

A tingling or numb sensation in your mouth

or on the tip of your tongue

A bitter or metallic taste

Causes

Dry mouth (xerostomia)

Nutritional deficiencies

Allergies

Psychological factors

Nerve disturbance or damage

(neuropathy)

Treatments

Potentially efficacious medicines include

tricyclic antidepressants (like amitriptyline -brand name Elavil)

benzodiazepines (like clonazepam - brand name Klonopin or

chlordiazepoxide brand name - Librium)

even anticonvulsants have proven effective in some cases

BMS Treatment

Tricyclic antidepressants

Amitriptyline (Elavil)10 to 150 mg per day

10 mg at bedtime increase dosage by 10 mg

every 4 to 7 days until oral burning is relieved

or side effects occur

BMS Treatment

Benzodiazepines

Clonazepam (Klonopin)025 to 2 mg per

day025 mg at bedtime increase dosage by

025 mg every 4 to 7 days until oral burning is

relieved or side effects occur as dosage

increases medication is taken as full dose or

in three divided doses

BMS Treatment

Anticonvulsants

Gabapentin (Neurontin) 300 to 1600 mg per

day100 mg at bedtime increase dosage by

100 mg every 4 to 7 days until oral burning is

relieved or side effects occur as dosage

increases medication is taken in three divided

doses

C

Candidiasis

Oral thrush and other Candida infections

occur when your immune system is

weakened by disease or drugs such as

prednisone or when antibiotics disturb the

natural balance of microorganisms in the

body

Predisposing factors for infection

Infancy or old age

Serious underlying disease such as cancer or infection with HIV

Dry mouth due to disease of the salivary glands or medications eg antihistamines diuretics

Dentures (especially if they are not regularly cleaned or fit badly)

Predisposing factors for infection

Smoking

Injury to the mouth

Nutritional deficiency eg iron ampor B-vitamin deficiency

Inhaled corticosteroids used to treat asthma eg beclometasone budesonide fluticasone Drink water after inhalation to reduce this complication

Clinical features

Acute pseudomembranous candidiasis There are

white patches on gums tongue amp inside the mouth

that can be peeled off leaving a raw area

Acute atrophic candidiasis There are smooth red

shiny patches on the tongue The mouth is very sore

Chronic atrophic candidiasis This is common in

those with dentures The underlying mucosa is red

and swollen

Clinical features

Angular cheilitis There are sore red splits at each side of the mouth more likely if there is overhang of the upper lip over the lower lip causing a moist deep furrow Angular cheilitis due to candida andor Staphylococcus aureus arises frequently in those taking the medication isotretinoin for acne this medication dries the lips

Chronic hyperplastic candidiasis This is a type of oral leukoplakia (white patch) inside the cheeks or on the tongue with persistent nodules or lumps It usually affects smokers and is pre-malignant Red patches (erythroplakia) as well as white patches may indicate malignant change

Clinical features

Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis presents

as a chronic pseudomembranous infection

The skin and nails are also affected

Median rhomboid glossitis - there is diamond-

shaped inflammation at the back of the

tongue

Severe infections may extend down the throat

(esophageal infection)

Rationale for Treatment Topical vs

Systemic Drugs

Topical antifungals are usually the drug of

choice for uncomplicated localized

candidiasis in patients with normal immune

function

Systemic antifungals are usually indicated in

cases of disseminated disease andor in

immunocompromised patients

Suggested Medications for the

Treatment of Candidiasis

Rx

Clotrimazole troches 10 mg

Disp 70 troches

Sig Let 1 troche dissolve in mouth 5 times

per day for 14 days Do not chew NPO 12

hour

Suggested Systemic Medications for

the Treatment of Candidiasis Rx

Ketoconazole tablets 200 mgDisp 14 tabletsSig Take 1 tab qd with a meal or orange juice for 14 days

RxFluconazole tablets 100 mgDisp 15 tabletsSig Take 2 tablets stat then 1 tablet qd for 14 days

RxItraconazole tablets 100 mgDisp 28 tabletsSig Take 1 tablet bid with a meal or orange juice for 14 days

CA

Head and Neck Cancer

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Intraoral Melanoma

Lymphoma

Intraoral Melanoma

The five year survival rate for oral melanoma

is less than 20 as compared to 75 for

Cutaneous melanomas The average time of

first local recurrence for oral melanoma is less

than one year and metastatic disease is usually

diagnosed within three months of the

recurrence The average survival rate after

metastasis is typically less than 6 months

Extranodal Lymphoma

Extranodal lymphomas usually develop as a

rapidly growing mass of the palate or

posterior tongue (area of Waldeyerrsquos ring)

Pain may or may not be a presenting sign

Clinically the lesion may present as an

erythematous mass with a boggy consistency

The average survival rate for AIDS patients

with an intraoral lymphoma is eight months

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Second primary ndash field cancerization

Incidence amp Mortality HampN Ca

41000 new cases annually

13000 affected will die of disease

Rates constant over last 20yrs

lt 5 of neoplasias US

Highest incidence southeastern amp south-

central Asia

Disease in Women

Prior to 1940 malefemale ratio - 101

1980s ratio 31

Reason tobacco use among women in early

decades of the century

Habits have stabilized ndash malefemale

incidence normalized

Tobacco Use

1956 Wynder et al HampN Ca 10-fold

increase among smokers

Most studies 5-fold to 25-fold increase

intensity and duration of tobacco

consumption

80-90 of HampN Ca patients use tobacco

Alcohol

Odds ratio increases 3- to 15-fold for HampN

Ca after adjusting for tobacco use with

consumption of alcohol

Multiplicative effect with tobacco and

alcohol

Location of cancer ndash oral

pharyngeal(topical mechanism)

Alcohol

Promotional effects independent of

initiation

-prostaglandin synthesis lipid peroxidation

free radical oxygen enhance cell turnover

Enhances cell permeability

Defective repair mechanisms

Depressed immunity

Dz

RISK FACTORS (RF)

1 RF

2 RF

3 RF

4 RF

The concept of

TUMOR

local

regional

systemic

local T

N

M

INFECTION PAIN

INFECTION NEOPLASM

CERVICAL LYMPH NODE ENLARGEMENT

bullbacterial

bullviral (local systemic)

bullfungal

bullpostinfect fibrosed node

bulllt 40 yrs lymphoma

bullgt 40 yrs metastatic SCC

OTHERS

bullleukemia

bullconnective tissue diseases (eg lupus)

bullsarcoidosis

Importance of early diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma

60

stage III amp IV

23 recurrence lt 2 yrs

lt 13 survive 3 yrs

40

stage I amp II

80-90 cure

Second primary tumor in successfully treated patients within 5-7

years up to 40 Follow-up important

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Mortality (8000) deaths per year

Mortality by Site

Tongue 432

Salivary 130

Floor of mouth 950

Lip 24

Other 319

Premalignant Lesions

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Erythroplasia

Carcinoma in situ

Verrucous Leukoplakia

Tobacco patch keratosis

Actinic cheilosis

Mouth wash (Viadent) dysplasia

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Defined as a red patch that can not be

clinically or pathologically diagnosed as any

other condition

Almost all erythroleukoplakia demonstrate

dysplasia or CIS

Etiology is similar to oral SCC

May occur in conjunction with leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Risk of malignant transformation in

erythroleukoplakia about 4x greater than

homogenous leukoplakia

Predominately disease of older men with peak

prevalence of 65 to 74 years

Floor of mouth tongue and soft palate are

most common sites of involvement

Erythroplakia

The Management of Head and

Neck Cancer

Major advances

Conservative or partial resections

Micro vascular free-tissue transfer in

reconstruction

Better definition of the roles of chemotherapy

and radiotherapy

Despite these advances the treatment of loco

regional recurrence remains a major challenge

success rates for salvage therapy are poor

Treatment

Surgery

Radiotherapy

Chemotherapy

Immunotherapy

at present the role of immunotherapy remains investigational

Chemotherapy

Several randomized and non-randomized trial have evaluated chemotherapy for the treatment of head and neck cancer

Various agents have been shown to produce a response

No agents either alone or in combination have demonstrated an improvement in survival

cisplatin and 5 - FU

Uses

Inoperable tumors

Salvage therapy for recurrent tumors

Treatment

The main treatment modalities for head and neck

cancer remain surgery and radiotherapy

Patient factors that merit consideration

Impact on the quality of life

Medical condition ndash ldquoco - morbiditiesrdquo

Patient preference

Treatment cost and convenience

Compliance

Treatment

Early stage disease (stage I and II) can be treated with either surgery or radiotherapy with equivalent control rates

Small lesions of the oral cavity wide local excision is preferred over radiotherapy

Radiotherapy can be delivered to a site generally only once

Reserve this modality for less operable lesions

Treatment Combined Modality

Surgery and RadiotherapyIndications for post operative radiotherapy

Primary Tumor

Advance T stage

High histologic grade

Positive surgical resection margins

Lymphatic permeation

Vascular invasion

Perineural spread

Radiotherapy

Daily dose of 180 cGy to 200 cGy

5000 cGy over a five week period

T1 ndash 6000 to 6600 cGy

T2 - 6600 to 7000 cGy

T3T4 - gt 7000 cGy

ldquoshrinking field techniquerdquo

hyperfractionation technique 200 cGy per day for 25 days followed by 400 cGy per day for 5 days

D

Desquamative gingivitis is a clinical term to describe red painful glazed and friable gingivae which may be a manifestation of some mucocutaneous conditions such as lichen planus or the vesiculobullous disorders

Clinical features of desquamative

gingivitis

Fiery red friable gingiva

Painful desquamates easily

Buccal aspect of anterior attached gingiva

affected

Marginal gingiva spared

Not significantly improved by oral hygiene

measures alone

Differential Diagnosis Erosive Lichen Planus

Immune-mediated blistering diseases

Intra-epithelial

Pemphigus

Subepithelial

Pemphigoid

Linear IgA disease

Dermatitis herpetiformis

Epidermolysis bullosa

Erythema multiforme

Treatment Topical Corticosteroids Recurrent aphthous ulcers

bull Oral manifestations of Behccedilets disease Reiters syndrome acute

vulvar ulcer MAGIC syndrome PFAPA syndrome ulcerative colitis

Crohns disease Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome Sweets

syndrome among others

bull Drug-induced ulcerations mediated by an immune mechanism

bull Lichen planus

bull Cicatricial pemphigoid

bull Mucous membrane pemphigoid

bull Bullous pemphigoid

bull Erythema multiforme

bull Linear IgA dermatosis

bull Pemphigus vulgaris

Topicals Temovate cream 005 Clobetasol propionate

Halog cream 01 Halcinonide

Lidex cream 005 Fluocinonide

Topicort cream 025 Desoximethasone

Lidex gel 005 Fluocinonide

Aristocort cream H-P 05 Triamcinolone acetinode

Diprosone cream 005 Betamethasone dipropionate

Florone cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Maxiflor cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Synalar cream H-P 02 Fluocinolone acetonide

Topicals Tropicort-LP cream 005 Desoxymethasone

Benisone cream 0025 Betamethasone benzoate

Cordran cream 0025 Flurandenolide

Kenalog cream 01 Triamcinolone acetonide

Locoid cream 01 Hydrocortisone butyrate

Synalar cream 0025 Fluocinolone acetonide

Valisone cream 01 Betamethasone valerate

Tridesilon cream 005 Desonide

Locorten cream 003 Flumetasone pivalate

1 Hydrocortisone

Topical Corticosteroids

Used to treat oral lesions

Clobetasol (Temovate) -- Suppresses mitosis and increases synthesis of proteins that decrease inflammation and cause vasoconstriction Class I superpotent topical steroid useful in treating oral lesions Topical corticosteroids commonly are used intraorally for oral manifestations of autoimmune blistering skin diseases Since these diseases are chronic inflammatory in nature topical corticosteroids are very useful as an adjunct treatment Patients with disease confined to the gingiva should see a dentist to have a custom-made soft tray to carry the medication

H

How does herpes simplex develop

overexposure to sunlight

overexposure to wind

colds influenza and similar infections

heavy alcohol use

fever from any cause

the menstrual period

physical stress

emotional stress

Symptoms

Primary (Initial) HSV I Fever

Adenopathy

Ulcers deep in mouth

Secondary (Later) HSV I (Recurrent labial lesions) Fever Blisters form on outer vermillion border

Cold Sores form on inner lip Initial Vesicle

Next Crust

Last Healing in 10-14 days

Differential Diagnosis

Differs from Aphthous Ulcers in that

Found on keratinized (bound-down) intraoral

mucosa

Vesicles rupture into coalescing ulcers

HSV lesions are anterior compared with

Herpangina

Hand Foot and Mouth Disease

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Oral acyclovir (Zovirax) or the recently

developed drugs valacyclovir (Valtrex) or

famciclovir (Famvir) lessen the symptoms

and frequency of fever blister recurrences for

some patients These drugs prevent HSV from

multiplying and are effective when taken in

pill form prior to an outbreak of the virus

Systemic Antivirals

Acyclovir

Dose 15 mgkg (max 200 mg) PO 5xday for 7 days

Shortens first HSV infection by 6 days in children

Famciclovir

Shortens healing time by 2 days in UV-induced cases

Spruance (1999) J Infect Dis 179303-10

Valacyclovir (FDA approved for age 12 and older)

Adult dose 2 g PO bid for one day

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Topical antiviral creams containing acyclovir

(Zovirax) or penciclovir (Denavir) may also

help in limiting the extent or duration of

lesions if applied promptly to affected areas

Topical Treatments

Penciclovir (Denavir) heals HSV-1 sores on average about half a day faster than without treatment stops viral shedding and reduces the duration of the pain Ideally the patient should apply the cream within the first hour of symptoms although benefits have also been noted with later application It is continued for four consecutive days and should be reapplied every two hours while awake

Docosanol cream (Abreva) is an over-the-counter agent for oral-facial herpes It helps resist infection by inhibiting the ability of the virus to become fully active after it has attached itself to the host cell It is applied five times a day beginning at the first sign of tingling or pain Studies have been mixed on it benefits

Topical Treatments

Acyclovir cream (Zovirax) has been approved It may speed healing of oral herpes lesions and lessen the duration of pain particularly if it is applied early on (at the first sign of pain or tingling)

Lidex is a gel that contains a fluocinonide as corticosteroid Corticosteroids commonly called steroids are anti-inflammatory agents and not ordinarily used for herpes Some evidence suggests it may be effective in combination with oral famciclovir

Topical Treatments

Over-the-counter topical anesthetics may provide

modest relief They include Anbesol gel Blistex lip

ointment Campho-phenique Herpecin-L

Viractin and Zilactin In one study Viractin

reduced the duration of the attack compared to

placebo by two days It also relieved itching but had

little effect on other symptoms In general however

few studies have been conducted on any of these

products

X

Xerostomia

Xerostomia is not a disease but can be a symptom

of certain diseases It can produce serious

negative effects on the patients quality of life

affecting dietary habits nutritional status

speech taste tolerance to dental prosthesis and

increases susceptibility to dental caries The

increase in dental caries can be devastating in

many patients and therefore special care must be

made to control this condition

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Medications - Several hundred current medications

can cause xerostomia antihypertensives

antidepressants analgesics tranquilizers diuretics

and antihistamines c

-Cancer Therapy - Chemotherapeutic drugs can

change the flow and composition of the saliva

Radiation treatment that is focused on or near the

salivary gland can temporarily or permanently

damage the salivary glands

-Sjogrens syndrome - An autoimmune disease causes

xerostomia and dry eyes

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Other conditions -such as bone marrow transplants endocrine disorders stress anxiety depression and nutritional deficiencies may cause xerostomia

-Nerve Damage - Trauma to the head and neck area from surgery or wounds can damage the nerves that supply sensation to the mouth While the salivary glands may be left intact they cannot function normally without the nerves that signal them to produce saliva

Treatment

Identify the xerostomic condition and the

cause Some of the causes may be

ameliorated and this will aid therapy But

in many situations it will be difficult to

eliminate the causes Thus it will be

necessary for the Dentist to control the

results of xerostomia This is especially

true about the increase in dental caries

Treatment -pilocarpine (Salagen) 5mg qid prescription required

-special food preparation - blended and moist foods are easier to swallow

artificial saliva (available over-the-counter)

-sipping plain water is usually preferred over artificial saliva by most patients

-Biotene brand over-the-counter dry mouth products (toothpaste alcohol- free mouth rinse and Oralbalance lubricating gel)

-avoidance of alcohol-based mouth rinses

-use of water and glycerin mixed in a small aerosol spray bottle

RX

Contains sorbitol sodium

carboxymethlcellulose and

methylparaben in a

pleasantly flavored

solution

120 mL (406 fl oz)

Z

Treatment

Acyclovir (Zovirax)dagger800 mg orally five times

daily for 7 to 10 days

10 mg per kg IV every 8 hours for 7 to 10

daysDagger

$174 to 248 (129 to 200)

Famciclovir (Famvir)dagger500 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$140

Treatment

Valacyclovir (Valtrex)dagger1000 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$84

Prednisone (Deltasone)30 mg orally twice

daily on days 1 through 7 then 15 mg twice

daily on days 8 through 14 then 75 mg twice

daily on days 15 through 21

Treatment

Lotions containing calamine (eg Caladryl)

may be used on open lesions to reduce pain

and pruritus

Once the lesions have crusted over capsaicin

cream (Zostrix) may be applied

Topically administered lidocaine (Xylocaine)

and nerve blocks have also been reported to

be effective in reducing pain

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Amitriptyline (Elavil) -- By inhibiting reuptake of serotonin andor norepinephrine by presynaptic neuronal membrane may increase synaptic concentration in CNS Useful as analgesic for certain types of chronic and neuropathic pain

Adult DoseEarly in course of HZ 25 mgd PO hs to prevent PHNAfter PHN develops 30-100 mg PO qhs

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Capsaicin cream (Dolorac Capsin Zostrix) --Natural chemical derived from plants of Solanaceae family By depleting and preventing reaccumulation of substance P in peripheral sensory neurons may render skin and joints insensitive to pain Substance P thought to be chemomediator of pain transmission from periphery to CNS

Adult DoseCream Apply to skin tidqid for 3-4 consecutive wk and evaluate efficacy not to exceed 4 applicationsd

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Lidocaine (DermaFlex gel Lidoderm 5 patch) --Several recent studies have advocated topical administration of lidocaine as treatment of PHN Lidocaine gel (5) in placebo-controlled study showed significant relief in 23 patients studied Lidocaine tape also decreases severity of pain

Adult DoseGel (5) Apply to affected area prnPatch (5) Apply to most painful area up to 3 patches per application patch may remain in place for up to 12 h in any 24 h period

Postherpetic Neuralgia Gabapentin (Neurontin) -- This medication has been

approved by the FDA for the treatment of PHN Has properties common to other anticonvulsants and antineuralgic effects Exact mechanism of action is not known Structurally gabapentin is related to GABA but it does not interact with GABA receptors Believed to have a binding site at the alpha 2-delta protein an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gaited calcium channels In the rat brain binding is localized on neuronal dendritic areas Relevance of these observations to treatment of PHN is not known

Adult Dose100 mg PO tid titrate dose prn recommended dose is 900-1800 mg PO qd not to exceed 900 mg PO qid

Four

Principal Categories

Primary immunodysregulation

Decrease of the mucosal barrier

Increase in antigenic exposure

Genetic predisposition HLA-12 HLA

- B51 and Cw7

Systemic Disorders Associated with

Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis

Behcetrsquos syndrome

Celiac disease

Cyclic neutropenia

Nutritional deficiencies

IgA deficiency

Immunoincompetence

Inflammatory bowel disease

Three Clinical Variations

Minor

Major ndash Suttonrsquos disease or PMNR

(periadenitis mucosa necrotica

recurrens)

Herpetiform

Minor Aphthous Ulcerations

Non-keratinized mucosa

Prodromal symptoms ndash burning itching

stinging

Erythematous macule ndash fibrinopurulent

membrane with a erythematous halo

except in immunocompromised

Major Aphthous Ulcerations

Larger - 1 to 3 cm

Deeper

Clinically persistent

Develop post pubertal

Recurrences for up to 20 years or more

Herpetiform Aphthous

Ulcerations

Greatest number of lesions

Increased frequency of occurrence

Superficial resemblance to herpes

simplex viral infection

Any mucosal surface may be involved

Behcetrsquos Syndrome

ldquothe silk routerdquo

Behcetrsquos Syndrome

1937 ndash Turkish dermatologist ndashHulusi

Behcet described this condition

Ocular Inflammation

Orogenital Inflammation

Multisystem Disorder

Behcetrsquos Disease

Highest Prevalence ndash Middle East and

Japan

Oral Involvement ndash primary

manifestation in 25 to 75 of the

cases

All three forms of aphthous stomatitis

may be seen

Behcetrsquos Disease

Genital lesions are clinically similar to

oral lesions

75 of the patients demonstrate the

genital lesions

Genital lesions are generally more

symptomatic in males

Behcetrsquos Disease

Criteria for the Diagnosis of Behcetrsquos

Disease (International Study Group)

Recurrent oral ulceration

Plus two of the following

Recurrent genital ulcerations

Eye lesions ndashanteriorposterior uveitis

Skin lesions

+ pathergy ndash read by 24-48 hours

Behcetrsquos Disease

Treament

Topical or intralesional corticosteriods

Oral colchicine

Thalidomide

Low-dose methotrexate

Systemic corticosteriods

Cyclosporine

Interferon alpha2A

Treatment

Triamcinolone 01 in Orabase (Kenalog

in Orabase) Apply to dried ulcer two to

four times daily until healed

Randomized controlled studies show decreased

pain

Dexamethasone elixir 05 mg per 5 ml

Swish and spit with 5 mL every 6 hours

As above

B

Burning Mouth Syndrome

About 13 million American adults mostly

postmenopausal women are afflicted with

Burning Mouth Syndrome a chronic often

debilitating condition whose cause remains a

medical mystery

Burning Mouth Syndrome

The main symptom of burning mouth

syndrome is a burning sensation involving the

tongue lips gums palate throat or

widespread areas of the whole mouth People

with the syndrome may describe the sensation

in the affected areas as hot or scalded as if

they had been burned with a hot liquid

Burning Mouth Syndrome

Dry mouth

Sore mouth

A tingling or numb sensation in your mouth

or on the tip of your tongue

A bitter or metallic taste

Causes

Dry mouth (xerostomia)

Nutritional deficiencies

Allergies

Psychological factors

Nerve disturbance or damage

(neuropathy)

Treatments

Potentially efficacious medicines include

tricyclic antidepressants (like amitriptyline -brand name Elavil)

benzodiazepines (like clonazepam - brand name Klonopin or

chlordiazepoxide brand name - Librium)

even anticonvulsants have proven effective in some cases

BMS Treatment

Tricyclic antidepressants

Amitriptyline (Elavil)10 to 150 mg per day

10 mg at bedtime increase dosage by 10 mg

every 4 to 7 days until oral burning is relieved

or side effects occur

BMS Treatment

Benzodiazepines

Clonazepam (Klonopin)025 to 2 mg per

day025 mg at bedtime increase dosage by

025 mg every 4 to 7 days until oral burning is

relieved or side effects occur as dosage

increases medication is taken as full dose or

in three divided doses

BMS Treatment

Anticonvulsants

Gabapentin (Neurontin) 300 to 1600 mg per

day100 mg at bedtime increase dosage by

100 mg every 4 to 7 days until oral burning is

relieved or side effects occur as dosage

increases medication is taken in three divided

doses

C

Candidiasis

Oral thrush and other Candida infections

occur when your immune system is

weakened by disease or drugs such as

prednisone or when antibiotics disturb the

natural balance of microorganisms in the

body

Predisposing factors for infection

Infancy or old age

Serious underlying disease such as cancer or infection with HIV

Dry mouth due to disease of the salivary glands or medications eg antihistamines diuretics

Dentures (especially if they are not regularly cleaned or fit badly)

Predisposing factors for infection

Smoking

Injury to the mouth

Nutritional deficiency eg iron ampor B-vitamin deficiency

Inhaled corticosteroids used to treat asthma eg beclometasone budesonide fluticasone Drink water after inhalation to reduce this complication

Clinical features

Acute pseudomembranous candidiasis There are

white patches on gums tongue amp inside the mouth

that can be peeled off leaving a raw area

Acute atrophic candidiasis There are smooth red

shiny patches on the tongue The mouth is very sore

Chronic atrophic candidiasis This is common in

those with dentures The underlying mucosa is red

and swollen

Clinical features

Angular cheilitis There are sore red splits at each side of the mouth more likely if there is overhang of the upper lip over the lower lip causing a moist deep furrow Angular cheilitis due to candida andor Staphylococcus aureus arises frequently in those taking the medication isotretinoin for acne this medication dries the lips

Chronic hyperplastic candidiasis This is a type of oral leukoplakia (white patch) inside the cheeks or on the tongue with persistent nodules or lumps It usually affects smokers and is pre-malignant Red patches (erythroplakia) as well as white patches may indicate malignant change

Clinical features

Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis presents

as a chronic pseudomembranous infection

The skin and nails are also affected

Median rhomboid glossitis - there is diamond-

shaped inflammation at the back of the

tongue

Severe infections may extend down the throat

(esophageal infection)

Rationale for Treatment Topical vs

Systemic Drugs

Topical antifungals are usually the drug of

choice for uncomplicated localized

candidiasis in patients with normal immune

function

Systemic antifungals are usually indicated in

cases of disseminated disease andor in

immunocompromised patients

Suggested Medications for the

Treatment of Candidiasis

Rx

Clotrimazole troches 10 mg

Disp 70 troches

Sig Let 1 troche dissolve in mouth 5 times

per day for 14 days Do not chew NPO 12

hour

Suggested Systemic Medications for

the Treatment of Candidiasis Rx

Ketoconazole tablets 200 mgDisp 14 tabletsSig Take 1 tab qd with a meal or orange juice for 14 days

RxFluconazole tablets 100 mgDisp 15 tabletsSig Take 2 tablets stat then 1 tablet qd for 14 days

RxItraconazole tablets 100 mgDisp 28 tabletsSig Take 1 tablet bid with a meal or orange juice for 14 days

CA

Head and Neck Cancer

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Intraoral Melanoma

Lymphoma

Intraoral Melanoma

The five year survival rate for oral melanoma

is less than 20 as compared to 75 for

Cutaneous melanomas The average time of

first local recurrence for oral melanoma is less

than one year and metastatic disease is usually

diagnosed within three months of the

recurrence The average survival rate after

metastasis is typically less than 6 months

Extranodal Lymphoma

Extranodal lymphomas usually develop as a

rapidly growing mass of the palate or

posterior tongue (area of Waldeyerrsquos ring)

Pain may or may not be a presenting sign

Clinically the lesion may present as an

erythematous mass with a boggy consistency

The average survival rate for AIDS patients

with an intraoral lymphoma is eight months

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Second primary ndash field cancerization

Incidence amp Mortality HampN Ca

41000 new cases annually

13000 affected will die of disease

Rates constant over last 20yrs

lt 5 of neoplasias US

Highest incidence southeastern amp south-

central Asia

Disease in Women

Prior to 1940 malefemale ratio - 101

1980s ratio 31

Reason tobacco use among women in early

decades of the century

Habits have stabilized ndash malefemale

incidence normalized

Tobacco Use

1956 Wynder et al HampN Ca 10-fold

increase among smokers

Most studies 5-fold to 25-fold increase

intensity and duration of tobacco

consumption

80-90 of HampN Ca patients use tobacco

Alcohol

Odds ratio increases 3- to 15-fold for HampN

Ca after adjusting for tobacco use with

consumption of alcohol

Multiplicative effect with tobacco and

alcohol

Location of cancer ndash oral

pharyngeal(topical mechanism)

Alcohol

Promotional effects independent of

initiation

-prostaglandin synthesis lipid peroxidation

free radical oxygen enhance cell turnover

Enhances cell permeability

Defective repair mechanisms

Depressed immunity

Dz

RISK FACTORS (RF)

1 RF

2 RF

3 RF

4 RF

The concept of

TUMOR

local

regional

systemic

local T

N

M

INFECTION PAIN

INFECTION NEOPLASM

CERVICAL LYMPH NODE ENLARGEMENT

bullbacterial

bullviral (local systemic)

bullfungal

bullpostinfect fibrosed node

bulllt 40 yrs lymphoma

bullgt 40 yrs metastatic SCC

OTHERS

bullleukemia

bullconnective tissue diseases (eg lupus)

bullsarcoidosis

Importance of early diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma

60

stage III amp IV

23 recurrence lt 2 yrs

lt 13 survive 3 yrs

40

stage I amp II

80-90 cure

Second primary tumor in successfully treated patients within 5-7

years up to 40 Follow-up important

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Mortality (8000) deaths per year

Mortality by Site

Tongue 432

Salivary 130

Floor of mouth 950

Lip 24

Other 319

Premalignant Lesions

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Erythroplasia

Carcinoma in situ

Verrucous Leukoplakia

Tobacco patch keratosis

Actinic cheilosis

Mouth wash (Viadent) dysplasia

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Defined as a red patch that can not be

clinically or pathologically diagnosed as any

other condition

Almost all erythroleukoplakia demonstrate

dysplasia or CIS

Etiology is similar to oral SCC

May occur in conjunction with leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Risk of malignant transformation in

erythroleukoplakia about 4x greater than

homogenous leukoplakia

Predominately disease of older men with peak

prevalence of 65 to 74 years

Floor of mouth tongue and soft palate are

most common sites of involvement

Erythroplakia

The Management of Head and

Neck Cancer

Major advances

Conservative or partial resections

Micro vascular free-tissue transfer in

reconstruction

Better definition of the roles of chemotherapy

and radiotherapy

Despite these advances the treatment of loco

regional recurrence remains a major challenge

success rates for salvage therapy are poor

Treatment

Surgery

Radiotherapy

Chemotherapy

Immunotherapy

at present the role of immunotherapy remains investigational

Chemotherapy

Several randomized and non-randomized trial have evaluated chemotherapy for the treatment of head and neck cancer

Various agents have been shown to produce a response

No agents either alone or in combination have demonstrated an improvement in survival

cisplatin and 5 - FU

Uses

Inoperable tumors

Salvage therapy for recurrent tumors

Treatment

The main treatment modalities for head and neck

cancer remain surgery and radiotherapy

Patient factors that merit consideration

Impact on the quality of life

Medical condition ndash ldquoco - morbiditiesrdquo

Patient preference

Treatment cost and convenience

Compliance

Treatment

Early stage disease (stage I and II) can be treated with either surgery or radiotherapy with equivalent control rates

Small lesions of the oral cavity wide local excision is preferred over radiotherapy

Radiotherapy can be delivered to a site generally only once

Reserve this modality for less operable lesions

Treatment Combined Modality

Surgery and RadiotherapyIndications for post operative radiotherapy

Primary Tumor

Advance T stage

High histologic grade

Positive surgical resection margins

Lymphatic permeation

Vascular invasion

Perineural spread

Radiotherapy

Daily dose of 180 cGy to 200 cGy

5000 cGy over a five week period

T1 ndash 6000 to 6600 cGy

T2 - 6600 to 7000 cGy

T3T4 - gt 7000 cGy

ldquoshrinking field techniquerdquo

hyperfractionation technique 200 cGy per day for 25 days followed by 400 cGy per day for 5 days

D

Desquamative gingivitis is a clinical term to describe red painful glazed and friable gingivae which may be a manifestation of some mucocutaneous conditions such as lichen planus or the vesiculobullous disorders

Clinical features of desquamative

gingivitis

Fiery red friable gingiva

Painful desquamates easily

Buccal aspect of anterior attached gingiva

affected

Marginal gingiva spared

Not significantly improved by oral hygiene

measures alone

Differential Diagnosis Erosive Lichen Planus

Immune-mediated blistering diseases

Intra-epithelial

Pemphigus

Subepithelial

Pemphigoid

Linear IgA disease

Dermatitis herpetiformis

Epidermolysis bullosa

Erythema multiforme

Treatment Topical Corticosteroids Recurrent aphthous ulcers

bull Oral manifestations of Behccedilets disease Reiters syndrome acute

vulvar ulcer MAGIC syndrome PFAPA syndrome ulcerative colitis

Crohns disease Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome Sweets

syndrome among others

bull Drug-induced ulcerations mediated by an immune mechanism

bull Lichen planus

bull Cicatricial pemphigoid

bull Mucous membrane pemphigoid

bull Bullous pemphigoid

bull Erythema multiforme

bull Linear IgA dermatosis

bull Pemphigus vulgaris

Topicals Temovate cream 005 Clobetasol propionate

Halog cream 01 Halcinonide

Lidex cream 005 Fluocinonide

Topicort cream 025 Desoximethasone

Lidex gel 005 Fluocinonide

Aristocort cream H-P 05 Triamcinolone acetinode

Diprosone cream 005 Betamethasone dipropionate

Florone cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Maxiflor cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Synalar cream H-P 02 Fluocinolone acetonide

Topicals Tropicort-LP cream 005 Desoxymethasone

Benisone cream 0025 Betamethasone benzoate

Cordran cream 0025 Flurandenolide

Kenalog cream 01 Triamcinolone acetonide

Locoid cream 01 Hydrocortisone butyrate

Synalar cream 0025 Fluocinolone acetonide

Valisone cream 01 Betamethasone valerate

Tridesilon cream 005 Desonide

Locorten cream 003 Flumetasone pivalate

1 Hydrocortisone

Topical Corticosteroids

Used to treat oral lesions

Clobetasol (Temovate) -- Suppresses mitosis and increases synthesis of proteins that decrease inflammation and cause vasoconstriction Class I superpotent topical steroid useful in treating oral lesions Topical corticosteroids commonly are used intraorally for oral manifestations of autoimmune blistering skin diseases Since these diseases are chronic inflammatory in nature topical corticosteroids are very useful as an adjunct treatment Patients with disease confined to the gingiva should see a dentist to have a custom-made soft tray to carry the medication

H

How does herpes simplex develop

overexposure to sunlight

overexposure to wind

colds influenza and similar infections

heavy alcohol use

fever from any cause

the menstrual period

physical stress

emotional stress

Symptoms

Primary (Initial) HSV I Fever

Adenopathy

Ulcers deep in mouth

Secondary (Later) HSV I (Recurrent labial lesions) Fever Blisters form on outer vermillion border

Cold Sores form on inner lip Initial Vesicle

Next Crust

Last Healing in 10-14 days

Differential Diagnosis

Differs from Aphthous Ulcers in that

Found on keratinized (bound-down) intraoral

mucosa

Vesicles rupture into coalescing ulcers

HSV lesions are anterior compared with

Herpangina

Hand Foot and Mouth Disease

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Oral acyclovir (Zovirax) or the recently

developed drugs valacyclovir (Valtrex) or

famciclovir (Famvir) lessen the symptoms

and frequency of fever blister recurrences for

some patients These drugs prevent HSV from

multiplying and are effective when taken in

pill form prior to an outbreak of the virus

Systemic Antivirals

Acyclovir

Dose 15 mgkg (max 200 mg) PO 5xday for 7 days

Shortens first HSV infection by 6 days in children

Famciclovir

Shortens healing time by 2 days in UV-induced cases

Spruance (1999) J Infect Dis 179303-10

Valacyclovir (FDA approved for age 12 and older)

Adult dose 2 g PO bid for one day

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Topical antiviral creams containing acyclovir

(Zovirax) or penciclovir (Denavir) may also

help in limiting the extent or duration of

lesions if applied promptly to affected areas

Topical Treatments

Penciclovir (Denavir) heals HSV-1 sores on average about half a day faster than without treatment stops viral shedding and reduces the duration of the pain Ideally the patient should apply the cream within the first hour of symptoms although benefits have also been noted with later application It is continued for four consecutive days and should be reapplied every two hours while awake

Docosanol cream (Abreva) is an over-the-counter agent for oral-facial herpes It helps resist infection by inhibiting the ability of the virus to become fully active after it has attached itself to the host cell It is applied five times a day beginning at the first sign of tingling or pain Studies have been mixed on it benefits

Topical Treatments

Acyclovir cream (Zovirax) has been approved It may speed healing of oral herpes lesions and lessen the duration of pain particularly if it is applied early on (at the first sign of pain or tingling)

Lidex is a gel that contains a fluocinonide as corticosteroid Corticosteroids commonly called steroids are anti-inflammatory agents and not ordinarily used for herpes Some evidence suggests it may be effective in combination with oral famciclovir

Topical Treatments

Over-the-counter topical anesthetics may provide

modest relief They include Anbesol gel Blistex lip

ointment Campho-phenique Herpecin-L

Viractin and Zilactin In one study Viractin

reduced the duration of the attack compared to

placebo by two days It also relieved itching but had

little effect on other symptoms In general however

few studies have been conducted on any of these

products

X

Xerostomia

Xerostomia is not a disease but can be a symptom

of certain diseases It can produce serious

negative effects on the patients quality of life

affecting dietary habits nutritional status

speech taste tolerance to dental prosthesis and

increases susceptibility to dental caries The

increase in dental caries can be devastating in

many patients and therefore special care must be

made to control this condition

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Medications - Several hundred current medications

can cause xerostomia antihypertensives

antidepressants analgesics tranquilizers diuretics

and antihistamines c

-Cancer Therapy - Chemotherapeutic drugs can

change the flow and composition of the saliva

Radiation treatment that is focused on or near the

salivary gland can temporarily or permanently

damage the salivary glands

-Sjogrens syndrome - An autoimmune disease causes

xerostomia and dry eyes

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Other conditions -such as bone marrow transplants endocrine disorders stress anxiety depression and nutritional deficiencies may cause xerostomia

-Nerve Damage - Trauma to the head and neck area from surgery or wounds can damage the nerves that supply sensation to the mouth While the salivary glands may be left intact they cannot function normally without the nerves that signal them to produce saliva

Treatment

Identify the xerostomic condition and the

cause Some of the causes may be

ameliorated and this will aid therapy But

in many situations it will be difficult to

eliminate the causes Thus it will be

necessary for the Dentist to control the

results of xerostomia This is especially

true about the increase in dental caries

Treatment -pilocarpine (Salagen) 5mg qid prescription required

-special food preparation - blended and moist foods are easier to swallow

artificial saliva (available over-the-counter)

-sipping plain water is usually preferred over artificial saliva by most patients

-Biotene brand over-the-counter dry mouth products (toothpaste alcohol- free mouth rinse and Oralbalance lubricating gel)

-avoidance of alcohol-based mouth rinses

-use of water and glycerin mixed in a small aerosol spray bottle

RX

Contains sorbitol sodium

carboxymethlcellulose and

methylparaben in a

pleasantly flavored

solution

120 mL (406 fl oz)

Z

Treatment

Acyclovir (Zovirax)dagger800 mg orally five times

daily for 7 to 10 days

10 mg per kg IV every 8 hours for 7 to 10

daysDagger

$174 to 248 (129 to 200)

Famciclovir (Famvir)dagger500 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$140

Treatment

Valacyclovir (Valtrex)dagger1000 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$84

Prednisone (Deltasone)30 mg orally twice

daily on days 1 through 7 then 15 mg twice

daily on days 8 through 14 then 75 mg twice

daily on days 15 through 21

Treatment

Lotions containing calamine (eg Caladryl)

may be used on open lesions to reduce pain

and pruritus

Once the lesions have crusted over capsaicin

cream (Zostrix) may be applied

Topically administered lidocaine (Xylocaine)

and nerve blocks have also been reported to

be effective in reducing pain

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Amitriptyline (Elavil) -- By inhibiting reuptake of serotonin andor norepinephrine by presynaptic neuronal membrane may increase synaptic concentration in CNS Useful as analgesic for certain types of chronic and neuropathic pain

Adult DoseEarly in course of HZ 25 mgd PO hs to prevent PHNAfter PHN develops 30-100 mg PO qhs

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Capsaicin cream (Dolorac Capsin Zostrix) --Natural chemical derived from plants of Solanaceae family By depleting and preventing reaccumulation of substance P in peripheral sensory neurons may render skin and joints insensitive to pain Substance P thought to be chemomediator of pain transmission from periphery to CNS

Adult DoseCream Apply to skin tidqid for 3-4 consecutive wk and evaluate efficacy not to exceed 4 applicationsd

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Lidocaine (DermaFlex gel Lidoderm 5 patch) --Several recent studies have advocated topical administration of lidocaine as treatment of PHN Lidocaine gel (5) in placebo-controlled study showed significant relief in 23 patients studied Lidocaine tape also decreases severity of pain

Adult DoseGel (5) Apply to affected area prnPatch (5) Apply to most painful area up to 3 patches per application patch may remain in place for up to 12 h in any 24 h period

Postherpetic Neuralgia Gabapentin (Neurontin) -- This medication has been

approved by the FDA for the treatment of PHN Has properties common to other anticonvulsants and antineuralgic effects Exact mechanism of action is not known Structurally gabapentin is related to GABA but it does not interact with GABA receptors Believed to have a binding site at the alpha 2-delta protein an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gaited calcium channels In the rat brain binding is localized on neuronal dendritic areas Relevance of these observations to treatment of PHN is not known

Adult Dose100 mg PO tid titrate dose prn recommended dose is 900-1800 mg PO qd not to exceed 900 mg PO qid

Systemic Disorders Associated with

Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis

Behcetrsquos syndrome

Celiac disease

Cyclic neutropenia

Nutritional deficiencies

IgA deficiency

Immunoincompetence

Inflammatory bowel disease

Three Clinical Variations

Minor

Major ndash Suttonrsquos disease or PMNR

(periadenitis mucosa necrotica

recurrens)

Herpetiform

Minor Aphthous Ulcerations

Non-keratinized mucosa

Prodromal symptoms ndash burning itching

stinging

Erythematous macule ndash fibrinopurulent

membrane with a erythematous halo

except in immunocompromised

Major Aphthous Ulcerations

Larger - 1 to 3 cm

Deeper

Clinically persistent

Develop post pubertal

Recurrences for up to 20 years or more

Herpetiform Aphthous

Ulcerations

Greatest number of lesions

Increased frequency of occurrence

Superficial resemblance to herpes

simplex viral infection

Any mucosal surface may be involved

Behcetrsquos Syndrome

ldquothe silk routerdquo

Behcetrsquos Syndrome

1937 ndash Turkish dermatologist ndashHulusi

Behcet described this condition

Ocular Inflammation

Orogenital Inflammation

Multisystem Disorder

Behcetrsquos Disease

Highest Prevalence ndash Middle East and

Japan

Oral Involvement ndash primary

manifestation in 25 to 75 of the

cases

All three forms of aphthous stomatitis

may be seen

Behcetrsquos Disease

Genital lesions are clinically similar to

oral lesions

75 of the patients demonstrate the

genital lesions

Genital lesions are generally more

symptomatic in males

Behcetrsquos Disease

Criteria for the Diagnosis of Behcetrsquos

Disease (International Study Group)

Recurrent oral ulceration

Plus two of the following

Recurrent genital ulcerations

Eye lesions ndashanteriorposterior uveitis

Skin lesions

+ pathergy ndash read by 24-48 hours

Behcetrsquos Disease

Treament

Topical or intralesional corticosteriods

Oral colchicine

Thalidomide

Low-dose methotrexate

Systemic corticosteriods

Cyclosporine

Interferon alpha2A

Treatment

Triamcinolone 01 in Orabase (Kenalog

in Orabase) Apply to dried ulcer two to

four times daily until healed

Randomized controlled studies show decreased

pain

Dexamethasone elixir 05 mg per 5 ml

Swish and spit with 5 mL every 6 hours

As above

B

Burning Mouth Syndrome

About 13 million American adults mostly

postmenopausal women are afflicted with

Burning Mouth Syndrome a chronic often

debilitating condition whose cause remains a

medical mystery

Burning Mouth Syndrome

The main symptom of burning mouth

syndrome is a burning sensation involving the

tongue lips gums palate throat or

widespread areas of the whole mouth People

with the syndrome may describe the sensation

in the affected areas as hot or scalded as if

they had been burned with a hot liquid

Burning Mouth Syndrome

Dry mouth

Sore mouth

A tingling or numb sensation in your mouth

or on the tip of your tongue

A bitter or metallic taste

Causes

Dry mouth (xerostomia)

Nutritional deficiencies

Allergies

Psychological factors

Nerve disturbance or damage

(neuropathy)

Treatments

Potentially efficacious medicines include

tricyclic antidepressants (like amitriptyline -brand name Elavil)

benzodiazepines (like clonazepam - brand name Klonopin or

chlordiazepoxide brand name - Librium)

even anticonvulsants have proven effective in some cases

BMS Treatment

Tricyclic antidepressants

Amitriptyline (Elavil)10 to 150 mg per day

10 mg at bedtime increase dosage by 10 mg

every 4 to 7 days until oral burning is relieved

or side effects occur

BMS Treatment

Benzodiazepines

Clonazepam (Klonopin)025 to 2 mg per

day025 mg at bedtime increase dosage by

025 mg every 4 to 7 days until oral burning is

relieved or side effects occur as dosage

increases medication is taken as full dose or

in three divided doses

BMS Treatment

Anticonvulsants

Gabapentin (Neurontin) 300 to 1600 mg per

day100 mg at bedtime increase dosage by

100 mg every 4 to 7 days until oral burning is

relieved or side effects occur as dosage

increases medication is taken in three divided

doses

C

Candidiasis

Oral thrush and other Candida infections

occur when your immune system is

weakened by disease or drugs such as

prednisone or when antibiotics disturb the

natural balance of microorganisms in the

body

Predisposing factors for infection

Infancy or old age

Serious underlying disease such as cancer or infection with HIV

Dry mouth due to disease of the salivary glands or medications eg antihistamines diuretics

Dentures (especially if they are not regularly cleaned or fit badly)

Predisposing factors for infection

Smoking

Injury to the mouth

Nutritional deficiency eg iron ampor B-vitamin deficiency

Inhaled corticosteroids used to treat asthma eg beclometasone budesonide fluticasone Drink water after inhalation to reduce this complication

Clinical features

Acute pseudomembranous candidiasis There are

white patches on gums tongue amp inside the mouth

that can be peeled off leaving a raw area

Acute atrophic candidiasis There are smooth red

shiny patches on the tongue The mouth is very sore

Chronic atrophic candidiasis This is common in

those with dentures The underlying mucosa is red

and swollen

Clinical features

Angular cheilitis There are sore red splits at each side of the mouth more likely if there is overhang of the upper lip over the lower lip causing a moist deep furrow Angular cheilitis due to candida andor Staphylococcus aureus arises frequently in those taking the medication isotretinoin for acne this medication dries the lips

Chronic hyperplastic candidiasis This is a type of oral leukoplakia (white patch) inside the cheeks or on the tongue with persistent nodules or lumps It usually affects smokers and is pre-malignant Red patches (erythroplakia) as well as white patches may indicate malignant change

Clinical features

Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis presents

as a chronic pseudomembranous infection

The skin and nails are also affected

Median rhomboid glossitis - there is diamond-

shaped inflammation at the back of the

tongue

Severe infections may extend down the throat

(esophageal infection)

Rationale for Treatment Topical vs

Systemic Drugs

Topical antifungals are usually the drug of

choice for uncomplicated localized

candidiasis in patients with normal immune

function

Systemic antifungals are usually indicated in

cases of disseminated disease andor in

immunocompromised patients

Suggested Medications for the

Treatment of Candidiasis

Rx

Clotrimazole troches 10 mg

Disp 70 troches

Sig Let 1 troche dissolve in mouth 5 times

per day for 14 days Do not chew NPO 12

hour

Suggested Systemic Medications for

the Treatment of Candidiasis Rx

Ketoconazole tablets 200 mgDisp 14 tabletsSig Take 1 tab qd with a meal or orange juice for 14 days

RxFluconazole tablets 100 mgDisp 15 tabletsSig Take 2 tablets stat then 1 tablet qd for 14 days

RxItraconazole tablets 100 mgDisp 28 tabletsSig Take 1 tablet bid with a meal or orange juice for 14 days

CA

Head and Neck Cancer

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Intraoral Melanoma

Lymphoma

Intraoral Melanoma

The five year survival rate for oral melanoma

is less than 20 as compared to 75 for

Cutaneous melanomas The average time of

first local recurrence for oral melanoma is less

than one year and metastatic disease is usually

diagnosed within three months of the

recurrence The average survival rate after

metastasis is typically less than 6 months

Extranodal Lymphoma

Extranodal lymphomas usually develop as a

rapidly growing mass of the palate or

posterior tongue (area of Waldeyerrsquos ring)

Pain may or may not be a presenting sign

Clinically the lesion may present as an

erythematous mass with a boggy consistency

The average survival rate for AIDS patients

with an intraoral lymphoma is eight months

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Second primary ndash field cancerization

Incidence amp Mortality HampN Ca

41000 new cases annually

13000 affected will die of disease

Rates constant over last 20yrs

lt 5 of neoplasias US

Highest incidence southeastern amp south-

central Asia

Disease in Women

Prior to 1940 malefemale ratio - 101

1980s ratio 31

Reason tobacco use among women in early

decades of the century

Habits have stabilized ndash malefemale

incidence normalized

Tobacco Use

1956 Wynder et al HampN Ca 10-fold

increase among smokers

Most studies 5-fold to 25-fold increase

intensity and duration of tobacco

consumption

80-90 of HampN Ca patients use tobacco

Alcohol

Odds ratio increases 3- to 15-fold for HampN

Ca after adjusting for tobacco use with

consumption of alcohol

Multiplicative effect with tobacco and

alcohol

Location of cancer ndash oral

pharyngeal(topical mechanism)

Alcohol

Promotional effects independent of

initiation

-prostaglandin synthesis lipid peroxidation

free radical oxygen enhance cell turnover

Enhances cell permeability

Defective repair mechanisms

Depressed immunity

Dz

RISK FACTORS (RF)

1 RF

2 RF

3 RF

4 RF

The concept of

TUMOR

local

regional

systemic

local T

N

M

INFECTION PAIN

INFECTION NEOPLASM

CERVICAL LYMPH NODE ENLARGEMENT

bullbacterial

bullviral (local systemic)

bullfungal

bullpostinfect fibrosed node

bulllt 40 yrs lymphoma

bullgt 40 yrs metastatic SCC

OTHERS

bullleukemia

bullconnective tissue diseases (eg lupus)

bullsarcoidosis

Importance of early diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma

60

stage III amp IV

23 recurrence lt 2 yrs

lt 13 survive 3 yrs

40

stage I amp II

80-90 cure

Second primary tumor in successfully treated patients within 5-7

years up to 40 Follow-up important

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Mortality (8000) deaths per year

Mortality by Site

Tongue 432

Salivary 130

Floor of mouth 950

Lip 24

Other 319

Premalignant Lesions

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Erythroplasia

Carcinoma in situ

Verrucous Leukoplakia

Tobacco patch keratosis

Actinic cheilosis

Mouth wash (Viadent) dysplasia

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Defined as a red patch that can not be

clinically or pathologically diagnosed as any

other condition

Almost all erythroleukoplakia demonstrate

dysplasia or CIS

Etiology is similar to oral SCC

May occur in conjunction with leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Risk of malignant transformation in

erythroleukoplakia about 4x greater than

homogenous leukoplakia

Predominately disease of older men with peak

prevalence of 65 to 74 years

Floor of mouth tongue and soft palate are

most common sites of involvement

Erythroplakia

The Management of Head and

Neck Cancer

Major advances

Conservative or partial resections

Micro vascular free-tissue transfer in

reconstruction

Better definition of the roles of chemotherapy

and radiotherapy

Despite these advances the treatment of loco

regional recurrence remains a major challenge

success rates for salvage therapy are poor

Treatment

Surgery

Radiotherapy

Chemotherapy

Immunotherapy

at present the role of immunotherapy remains investigational

Chemotherapy

Several randomized and non-randomized trial have evaluated chemotherapy for the treatment of head and neck cancer

Various agents have been shown to produce a response

No agents either alone or in combination have demonstrated an improvement in survival

cisplatin and 5 - FU

Uses

Inoperable tumors

Salvage therapy for recurrent tumors

Treatment

The main treatment modalities for head and neck

cancer remain surgery and radiotherapy

Patient factors that merit consideration

Impact on the quality of life

Medical condition ndash ldquoco - morbiditiesrdquo

Patient preference

Treatment cost and convenience

Compliance

Treatment

Early stage disease (stage I and II) can be treated with either surgery or radiotherapy with equivalent control rates

Small lesions of the oral cavity wide local excision is preferred over radiotherapy

Radiotherapy can be delivered to a site generally only once

Reserve this modality for less operable lesions

Treatment Combined Modality

Surgery and RadiotherapyIndications for post operative radiotherapy

Primary Tumor

Advance T stage

High histologic grade

Positive surgical resection margins

Lymphatic permeation

Vascular invasion

Perineural spread

Radiotherapy

Daily dose of 180 cGy to 200 cGy

5000 cGy over a five week period

T1 ndash 6000 to 6600 cGy

T2 - 6600 to 7000 cGy

T3T4 - gt 7000 cGy

ldquoshrinking field techniquerdquo

hyperfractionation technique 200 cGy per day for 25 days followed by 400 cGy per day for 5 days

D

Desquamative gingivitis is a clinical term to describe red painful glazed and friable gingivae which may be a manifestation of some mucocutaneous conditions such as lichen planus or the vesiculobullous disorders

Clinical features of desquamative

gingivitis

Fiery red friable gingiva

Painful desquamates easily

Buccal aspect of anterior attached gingiva

affected

Marginal gingiva spared

Not significantly improved by oral hygiene

measures alone

Differential Diagnosis Erosive Lichen Planus

Immune-mediated blistering diseases

Intra-epithelial

Pemphigus

Subepithelial

Pemphigoid

Linear IgA disease

Dermatitis herpetiformis

Epidermolysis bullosa

Erythema multiforme

Treatment Topical Corticosteroids Recurrent aphthous ulcers

bull Oral manifestations of Behccedilets disease Reiters syndrome acute

vulvar ulcer MAGIC syndrome PFAPA syndrome ulcerative colitis

Crohns disease Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome Sweets

syndrome among others

bull Drug-induced ulcerations mediated by an immune mechanism

bull Lichen planus

bull Cicatricial pemphigoid

bull Mucous membrane pemphigoid

bull Bullous pemphigoid

bull Erythema multiforme

bull Linear IgA dermatosis

bull Pemphigus vulgaris

Topicals Temovate cream 005 Clobetasol propionate

Halog cream 01 Halcinonide

Lidex cream 005 Fluocinonide

Topicort cream 025 Desoximethasone

Lidex gel 005 Fluocinonide

Aristocort cream H-P 05 Triamcinolone acetinode

Diprosone cream 005 Betamethasone dipropionate

Florone cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Maxiflor cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Synalar cream H-P 02 Fluocinolone acetonide

Topicals Tropicort-LP cream 005 Desoxymethasone

Benisone cream 0025 Betamethasone benzoate

Cordran cream 0025 Flurandenolide

Kenalog cream 01 Triamcinolone acetonide

Locoid cream 01 Hydrocortisone butyrate

Synalar cream 0025 Fluocinolone acetonide

Valisone cream 01 Betamethasone valerate

Tridesilon cream 005 Desonide

Locorten cream 003 Flumetasone pivalate

1 Hydrocortisone

Topical Corticosteroids

Used to treat oral lesions

Clobetasol (Temovate) -- Suppresses mitosis and increases synthesis of proteins that decrease inflammation and cause vasoconstriction Class I superpotent topical steroid useful in treating oral lesions Topical corticosteroids commonly are used intraorally for oral manifestations of autoimmune blistering skin diseases Since these diseases are chronic inflammatory in nature topical corticosteroids are very useful as an adjunct treatment Patients with disease confined to the gingiva should see a dentist to have a custom-made soft tray to carry the medication

H

How does herpes simplex develop

overexposure to sunlight

overexposure to wind

colds influenza and similar infections

heavy alcohol use

fever from any cause

the menstrual period

physical stress

emotional stress

Symptoms

Primary (Initial) HSV I Fever

Adenopathy

Ulcers deep in mouth

Secondary (Later) HSV I (Recurrent labial lesions) Fever Blisters form on outer vermillion border

Cold Sores form on inner lip Initial Vesicle

Next Crust

Last Healing in 10-14 days

Differential Diagnosis

Differs from Aphthous Ulcers in that

Found on keratinized (bound-down) intraoral

mucosa

Vesicles rupture into coalescing ulcers

HSV lesions are anterior compared with

Herpangina

Hand Foot and Mouth Disease

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Oral acyclovir (Zovirax) or the recently

developed drugs valacyclovir (Valtrex) or

famciclovir (Famvir) lessen the symptoms

and frequency of fever blister recurrences for

some patients These drugs prevent HSV from

multiplying and are effective when taken in

pill form prior to an outbreak of the virus

Systemic Antivirals

Acyclovir

Dose 15 mgkg (max 200 mg) PO 5xday for 7 days

Shortens first HSV infection by 6 days in children

Famciclovir

Shortens healing time by 2 days in UV-induced cases

Spruance (1999) J Infect Dis 179303-10

Valacyclovir (FDA approved for age 12 and older)

Adult dose 2 g PO bid for one day

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Topical antiviral creams containing acyclovir

(Zovirax) or penciclovir (Denavir) may also

help in limiting the extent or duration of

lesions if applied promptly to affected areas

Topical Treatments

Penciclovir (Denavir) heals HSV-1 sores on average about half a day faster than without treatment stops viral shedding and reduces the duration of the pain Ideally the patient should apply the cream within the first hour of symptoms although benefits have also been noted with later application It is continued for four consecutive days and should be reapplied every two hours while awake

Docosanol cream (Abreva) is an over-the-counter agent for oral-facial herpes It helps resist infection by inhibiting the ability of the virus to become fully active after it has attached itself to the host cell It is applied five times a day beginning at the first sign of tingling or pain Studies have been mixed on it benefits

Topical Treatments

Acyclovir cream (Zovirax) has been approved It may speed healing of oral herpes lesions and lessen the duration of pain particularly if it is applied early on (at the first sign of pain or tingling)

Lidex is a gel that contains a fluocinonide as corticosteroid Corticosteroids commonly called steroids are anti-inflammatory agents and not ordinarily used for herpes Some evidence suggests it may be effective in combination with oral famciclovir

Topical Treatments

Over-the-counter topical anesthetics may provide

modest relief They include Anbesol gel Blistex lip

ointment Campho-phenique Herpecin-L

Viractin and Zilactin In one study Viractin

reduced the duration of the attack compared to

placebo by two days It also relieved itching but had

little effect on other symptoms In general however

few studies have been conducted on any of these

products

X

Xerostomia

Xerostomia is not a disease but can be a symptom

of certain diseases It can produce serious

negative effects on the patients quality of life

affecting dietary habits nutritional status

speech taste tolerance to dental prosthesis and

increases susceptibility to dental caries The

increase in dental caries can be devastating in

many patients and therefore special care must be

made to control this condition

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Medications - Several hundred current medications

can cause xerostomia antihypertensives

antidepressants analgesics tranquilizers diuretics

and antihistamines c

-Cancer Therapy - Chemotherapeutic drugs can

change the flow and composition of the saliva

Radiation treatment that is focused on or near the

salivary gland can temporarily or permanently

damage the salivary glands

-Sjogrens syndrome - An autoimmune disease causes

xerostomia and dry eyes

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Other conditions -such as bone marrow transplants endocrine disorders stress anxiety depression and nutritional deficiencies may cause xerostomia

-Nerve Damage - Trauma to the head and neck area from surgery or wounds can damage the nerves that supply sensation to the mouth While the salivary glands may be left intact they cannot function normally without the nerves that signal them to produce saliva

Treatment

Identify the xerostomic condition and the

cause Some of the causes may be

ameliorated and this will aid therapy But

in many situations it will be difficult to

eliminate the causes Thus it will be

necessary for the Dentist to control the

results of xerostomia This is especially

true about the increase in dental caries

Treatment -pilocarpine (Salagen) 5mg qid prescription required

-special food preparation - blended and moist foods are easier to swallow

artificial saliva (available over-the-counter)

-sipping plain water is usually preferred over artificial saliva by most patients

-Biotene brand over-the-counter dry mouth products (toothpaste alcohol- free mouth rinse and Oralbalance lubricating gel)

-avoidance of alcohol-based mouth rinses

-use of water and glycerin mixed in a small aerosol spray bottle

RX

Contains sorbitol sodium

carboxymethlcellulose and

methylparaben in a

pleasantly flavored

solution

120 mL (406 fl oz)

Z

Treatment

Acyclovir (Zovirax)dagger800 mg orally five times

daily for 7 to 10 days

10 mg per kg IV every 8 hours for 7 to 10

daysDagger

$174 to 248 (129 to 200)

Famciclovir (Famvir)dagger500 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$140

Treatment

Valacyclovir (Valtrex)dagger1000 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$84

Prednisone (Deltasone)30 mg orally twice

daily on days 1 through 7 then 15 mg twice

daily on days 8 through 14 then 75 mg twice

daily on days 15 through 21

Treatment

Lotions containing calamine (eg Caladryl)

may be used on open lesions to reduce pain

and pruritus

Once the lesions have crusted over capsaicin

cream (Zostrix) may be applied

Topically administered lidocaine (Xylocaine)

and nerve blocks have also been reported to

be effective in reducing pain

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Amitriptyline (Elavil) -- By inhibiting reuptake of serotonin andor norepinephrine by presynaptic neuronal membrane may increase synaptic concentration in CNS Useful as analgesic for certain types of chronic and neuropathic pain

Adult DoseEarly in course of HZ 25 mgd PO hs to prevent PHNAfter PHN develops 30-100 mg PO qhs

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Capsaicin cream (Dolorac Capsin Zostrix) --Natural chemical derived from plants of Solanaceae family By depleting and preventing reaccumulation of substance P in peripheral sensory neurons may render skin and joints insensitive to pain Substance P thought to be chemomediator of pain transmission from periphery to CNS

Adult DoseCream Apply to skin tidqid for 3-4 consecutive wk and evaluate efficacy not to exceed 4 applicationsd

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Lidocaine (DermaFlex gel Lidoderm 5 patch) --Several recent studies have advocated topical administration of lidocaine as treatment of PHN Lidocaine gel (5) in placebo-controlled study showed significant relief in 23 patients studied Lidocaine tape also decreases severity of pain

Adult DoseGel (5) Apply to affected area prnPatch (5) Apply to most painful area up to 3 patches per application patch may remain in place for up to 12 h in any 24 h period

Postherpetic Neuralgia Gabapentin (Neurontin) -- This medication has been

approved by the FDA for the treatment of PHN Has properties common to other anticonvulsants and antineuralgic effects Exact mechanism of action is not known Structurally gabapentin is related to GABA but it does not interact with GABA receptors Believed to have a binding site at the alpha 2-delta protein an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gaited calcium channels In the rat brain binding is localized on neuronal dendritic areas Relevance of these observations to treatment of PHN is not known

Adult Dose100 mg PO tid titrate dose prn recommended dose is 900-1800 mg PO qd not to exceed 900 mg PO qid

Three Clinical Variations

Minor

Major ndash Suttonrsquos disease or PMNR

(periadenitis mucosa necrotica

recurrens)

Herpetiform

Minor Aphthous Ulcerations

Non-keratinized mucosa

Prodromal symptoms ndash burning itching

stinging

Erythematous macule ndash fibrinopurulent

membrane with a erythematous halo

except in immunocompromised

Major Aphthous Ulcerations

Larger - 1 to 3 cm

Deeper

Clinically persistent

Develop post pubertal

Recurrences for up to 20 years or more

Herpetiform Aphthous

Ulcerations

Greatest number of lesions

Increased frequency of occurrence

Superficial resemblance to herpes

simplex viral infection

Any mucosal surface may be involved

Behcetrsquos Syndrome

ldquothe silk routerdquo

Behcetrsquos Syndrome

1937 ndash Turkish dermatologist ndashHulusi

Behcet described this condition

Ocular Inflammation

Orogenital Inflammation

Multisystem Disorder

Behcetrsquos Disease

Highest Prevalence ndash Middle East and

Japan

Oral Involvement ndash primary

manifestation in 25 to 75 of the

cases

All three forms of aphthous stomatitis

may be seen

Behcetrsquos Disease

Genital lesions are clinically similar to

oral lesions

75 of the patients demonstrate the

genital lesions

Genital lesions are generally more

symptomatic in males

Behcetrsquos Disease

Criteria for the Diagnosis of Behcetrsquos

Disease (International Study Group)

Recurrent oral ulceration

Plus two of the following

Recurrent genital ulcerations

Eye lesions ndashanteriorposterior uveitis

Skin lesions

+ pathergy ndash read by 24-48 hours

Behcetrsquos Disease

Treament

Topical or intralesional corticosteriods

Oral colchicine

Thalidomide

Low-dose methotrexate

Systemic corticosteriods

Cyclosporine

Interferon alpha2A

Treatment

Triamcinolone 01 in Orabase (Kenalog

in Orabase) Apply to dried ulcer two to

four times daily until healed

Randomized controlled studies show decreased

pain

Dexamethasone elixir 05 mg per 5 ml

Swish and spit with 5 mL every 6 hours

As above

B

Burning Mouth Syndrome

About 13 million American adults mostly

postmenopausal women are afflicted with

Burning Mouth Syndrome a chronic often

debilitating condition whose cause remains a

medical mystery

Burning Mouth Syndrome

The main symptom of burning mouth

syndrome is a burning sensation involving the

tongue lips gums palate throat or

widespread areas of the whole mouth People

with the syndrome may describe the sensation

in the affected areas as hot or scalded as if

they had been burned with a hot liquid

Burning Mouth Syndrome

Dry mouth

Sore mouth

A tingling or numb sensation in your mouth

or on the tip of your tongue

A bitter or metallic taste

Causes

Dry mouth (xerostomia)

Nutritional deficiencies

Allergies

Psychological factors

Nerve disturbance or damage

(neuropathy)

Treatments

Potentially efficacious medicines include

tricyclic antidepressants (like amitriptyline -brand name Elavil)

benzodiazepines (like clonazepam - brand name Klonopin or

chlordiazepoxide brand name - Librium)

even anticonvulsants have proven effective in some cases

BMS Treatment

Tricyclic antidepressants

Amitriptyline (Elavil)10 to 150 mg per day

10 mg at bedtime increase dosage by 10 mg

every 4 to 7 days until oral burning is relieved

or side effects occur

BMS Treatment

Benzodiazepines

Clonazepam (Klonopin)025 to 2 mg per

day025 mg at bedtime increase dosage by

025 mg every 4 to 7 days until oral burning is

relieved or side effects occur as dosage

increases medication is taken as full dose or

in three divided doses

BMS Treatment

Anticonvulsants

Gabapentin (Neurontin) 300 to 1600 mg per

day100 mg at bedtime increase dosage by

100 mg every 4 to 7 days until oral burning is

relieved or side effects occur as dosage

increases medication is taken in three divided

doses

C

Candidiasis

Oral thrush and other Candida infections

occur when your immune system is

weakened by disease or drugs such as

prednisone or when antibiotics disturb the

natural balance of microorganisms in the

body

Predisposing factors for infection

Infancy or old age

Serious underlying disease such as cancer or infection with HIV

Dry mouth due to disease of the salivary glands or medications eg antihistamines diuretics

Dentures (especially if they are not regularly cleaned or fit badly)

Predisposing factors for infection

Smoking

Injury to the mouth

Nutritional deficiency eg iron ampor B-vitamin deficiency

Inhaled corticosteroids used to treat asthma eg beclometasone budesonide fluticasone Drink water after inhalation to reduce this complication

Clinical features

Acute pseudomembranous candidiasis There are

white patches on gums tongue amp inside the mouth

that can be peeled off leaving a raw area

Acute atrophic candidiasis There are smooth red

shiny patches on the tongue The mouth is very sore

Chronic atrophic candidiasis This is common in

those with dentures The underlying mucosa is red

and swollen

Clinical features

Angular cheilitis There are sore red splits at each side of the mouth more likely if there is overhang of the upper lip over the lower lip causing a moist deep furrow Angular cheilitis due to candida andor Staphylococcus aureus arises frequently in those taking the medication isotretinoin for acne this medication dries the lips

Chronic hyperplastic candidiasis This is a type of oral leukoplakia (white patch) inside the cheeks or on the tongue with persistent nodules or lumps It usually affects smokers and is pre-malignant Red patches (erythroplakia) as well as white patches may indicate malignant change

Clinical features

Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis presents

as a chronic pseudomembranous infection

The skin and nails are also affected

Median rhomboid glossitis - there is diamond-

shaped inflammation at the back of the

tongue

Severe infections may extend down the throat

(esophageal infection)

Rationale for Treatment Topical vs

Systemic Drugs

Topical antifungals are usually the drug of

choice for uncomplicated localized

candidiasis in patients with normal immune

function

Systemic antifungals are usually indicated in

cases of disseminated disease andor in

immunocompromised patients

Suggested Medications for the

Treatment of Candidiasis

Rx

Clotrimazole troches 10 mg

Disp 70 troches

Sig Let 1 troche dissolve in mouth 5 times

per day for 14 days Do not chew NPO 12

hour

Suggested Systemic Medications for

the Treatment of Candidiasis Rx

Ketoconazole tablets 200 mgDisp 14 tabletsSig Take 1 tab qd with a meal or orange juice for 14 days

RxFluconazole tablets 100 mgDisp 15 tabletsSig Take 2 tablets stat then 1 tablet qd for 14 days

RxItraconazole tablets 100 mgDisp 28 tabletsSig Take 1 tablet bid with a meal or orange juice for 14 days

CA

Head and Neck Cancer

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Intraoral Melanoma

Lymphoma

Intraoral Melanoma

The five year survival rate for oral melanoma

is less than 20 as compared to 75 for

Cutaneous melanomas The average time of

first local recurrence for oral melanoma is less

than one year and metastatic disease is usually

diagnosed within three months of the

recurrence The average survival rate after

metastasis is typically less than 6 months

Extranodal Lymphoma

Extranodal lymphomas usually develop as a

rapidly growing mass of the palate or

posterior tongue (area of Waldeyerrsquos ring)

Pain may or may not be a presenting sign

Clinically the lesion may present as an

erythematous mass with a boggy consistency

The average survival rate for AIDS patients

with an intraoral lymphoma is eight months

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Second primary ndash field cancerization

Incidence amp Mortality HampN Ca

41000 new cases annually

13000 affected will die of disease

Rates constant over last 20yrs

lt 5 of neoplasias US

Highest incidence southeastern amp south-

central Asia

Disease in Women

Prior to 1940 malefemale ratio - 101

1980s ratio 31

Reason tobacco use among women in early

decades of the century

Habits have stabilized ndash malefemale

incidence normalized

Tobacco Use

1956 Wynder et al HampN Ca 10-fold

increase among smokers

Most studies 5-fold to 25-fold increase

intensity and duration of tobacco

consumption

80-90 of HampN Ca patients use tobacco

Alcohol

Odds ratio increases 3- to 15-fold for HampN

Ca after adjusting for tobacco use with

consumption of alcohol

Multiplicative effect with tobacco and

alcohol

Location of cancer ndash oral

pharyngeal(topical mechanism)

Alcohol

Promotional effects independent of

initiation

-prostaglandin synthesis lipid peroxidation

free radical oxygen enhance cell turnover

Enhances cell permeability

Defective repair mechanisms

Depressed immunity

Dz

RISK FACTORS (RF)

1 RF

2 RF

3 RF

4 RF

The concept of

TUMOR

local

regional

systemic

local T

N

M

INFECTION PAIN

INFECTION NEOPLASM

CERVICAL LYMPH NODE ENLARGEMENT

bullbacterial

bullviral (local systemic)

bullfungal

bullpostinfect fibrosed node

bulllt 40 yrs lymphoma

bullgt 40 yrs metastatic SCC

OTHERS

bullleukemia

bullconnective tissue diseases (eg lupus)

bullsarcoidosis

Importance of early diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma

60

stage III amp IV

23 recurrence lt 2 yrs

lt 13 survive 3 yrs

40

stage I amp II

80-90 cure

Second primary tumor in successfully treated patients within 5-7

years up to 40 Follow-up important

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Mortality (8000) deaths per year

Mortality by Site

Tongue 432

Salivary 130

Floor of mouth 950

Lip 24

Other 319

Premalignant Lesions

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Erythroplasia

Carcinoma in situ

Verrucous Leukoplakia

Tobacco patch keratosis

Actinic cheilosis

Mouth wash (Viadent) dysplasia

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Defined as a red patch that can not be

clinically or pathologically diagnosed as any

other condition

Almost all erythroleukoplakia demonstrate

dysplasia or CIS

Etiology is similar to oral SCC

May occur in conjunction with leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Risk of malignant transformation in

erythroleukoplakia about 4x greater than

homogenous leukoplakia

Predominately disease of older men with peak

prevalence of 65 to 74 years

Floor of mouth tongue and soft palate are

most common sites of involvement

Erythroplakia

The Management of Head and

Neck Cancer

Major advances

Conservative or partial resections

Micro vascular free-tissue transfer in

reconstruction

Better definition of the roles of chemotherapy

and radiotherapy

Despite these advances the treatment of loco

regional recurrence remains a major challenge

success rates for salvage therapy are poor

Treatment

Surgery

Radiotherapy

Chemotherapy

Immunotherapy

at present the role of immunotherapy remains investigational

Chemotherapy

Several randomized and non-randomized trial have evaluated chemotherapy for the treatment of head and neck cancer

Various agents have been shown to produce a response

No agents either alone or in combination have demonstrated an improvement in survival

cisplatin and 5 - FU

Uses

Inoperable tumors

Salvage therapy for recurrent tumors

Treatment

The main treatment modalities for head and neck

cancer remain surgery and radiotherapy

Patient factors that merit consideration

Impact on the quality of life

Medical condition ndash ldquoco - morbiditiesrdquo

Patient preference

Treatment cost and convenience

Compliance

Treatment

Early stage disease (stage I and II) can be treated with either surgery or radiotherapy with equivalent control rates

Small lesions of the oral cavity wide local excision is preferred over radiotherapy

Radiotherapy can be delivered to a site generally only once

Reserve this modality for less operable lesions

Treatment Combined Modality

Surgery and RadiotherapyIndications for post operative radiotherapy

Primary Tumor

Advance T stage

High histologic grade

Positive surgical resection margins

Lymphatic permeation

Vascular invasion

Perineural spread

Radiotherapy

Daily dose of 180 cGy to 200 cGy

5000 cGy over a five week period

T1 ndash 6000 to 6600 cGy

T2 - 6600 to 7000 cGy

T3T4 - gt 7000 cGy

ldquoshrinking field techniquerdquo

hyperfractionation technique 200 cGy per day for 25 days followed by 400 cGy per day for 5 days

D

Desquamative gingivitis is a clinical term to describe red painful glazed and friable gingivae which may be a manifestation of some mucocutaneous conditions such as lichen planus or the vesiculobullous disorders

Clinical features of desquamative

gingivitis

Fiery red friable gingiva

Painful desquamates easily

Buccal aspect of anterior attached gingiva

affected

Marginal gingiva spared

Not significantly improved by oral hygiene

measures alone

Differential Diagnosis Erosive Lichen Planus

Immune-mediated blistering diseases

Intra-epithelial

Pemphigus

Subepithelial

Pemphigoid

Linear IgA disease

Dermatitis herpetiformis

Epidermolysis bullosa

Erythema multiforme

Treatment Topical Corticosteroids Recurrent aphthous ulcers

bull Oral manifestations of Behccedilets disease Reiters syndrome acute

vulvar ulcer MAGIC syndrome PFAPA syndrome ulcerative colitis

Crohns disease Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome Sweets

syndrome among others

bull Drug-induced ulcerations mediated by an immune mechanism

bull Lichen planus

bull Cicatricial pemphigoid

bull Mucous membrane pemphigoid

bull Bullous pemphigoid

bull Erythema multiforme

bull Linear IgA dermatosis

bull Pemphigus vulgaris

Topicals Temovate cream 005 Clobetasol propionate

Halog cream 01 Halcinonide

Lidex cream 005 Fluocinonide

Topicort cream 025 Desoximethasone

Lidex gel 005 Fluocinonide

Aristocort cream H-P 05 Triamcinolone acetinode

Diprosone cream 005 Betamethasone dipropionate

Florone cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Maxiflor cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Synalar cream H-P 02 Fluocinolone acetonide

Topicals Tropicort-LP cream 005 Desoxymethasone

Benisone cream 0025 Betamethasone benzoate

Cordran cream 0025 Flurandenolide

Kenalog cream 01 Triamcinolone acetonide

Locoid cream 01 Hydrocortisone butyrate

Synalar cream 0025 Fluocinolone acetonide

Valisone cream 01 Betamethasone valerate

Tridesilon cream 005 Desonide

Locorten cream 003 Flumetasone pivalate

1 Hydrocortisone

Topical Corticosteroids

Used to treat oral lesions

Clobetasol (Temovate) -- Suppresses mitosis and increases synthesis of proteins that decrease inflammation and cause vasoconstriction Class I superpotent topical steroid useful in treating oral lesions Topical corticosteroids commonly are used intraorally for oral manifestations of autoimmune blistering skin diseases Since these diseases are chronic inflammatory in nature topical corticosteroids are very useful as an adjunct treatment Patients with disease confined to the gingiva should see a dentist to have a custom-made soft tray to carry the medication

H

How does herpes simplex develop

overexposure to sunlight

overexposure to wind

colds influenza and similar infections

heavy alcohol use

fever from any cause

the menstrual period

physical stress

emotional stress

Symptoms

Primary (Initial) HSV I Fever

Adenopathy

Ulcers deep in mouth

Secondary (Later) HSV I (Recurrent labial lesions) Fever Blisters form on outer vermillion border

Cold Sores form on inner lip Initial Vesicle

Next Crust

Last Healing in 10-14 days

Differential Diagnosis

Differs from Aphthous Ulcers in that

Found on keratinized (bound-down) intraoral

mucosa

Vesicles rupture into coalescing ulcers

HSV lesions are anterior compared with

Herpangina

Hand Foot and Mouth Disease

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Oral acyclovir (Zovirax) or the recently

developed drugs valacyclovir (Valtrex) or

famciclovir (Famvir) lessen the symptoms

and frequency of fever blister recurrences for

some patients These drugs prevent HSV from

multiplying and are effective when taken in

pill form prior to an outbreak of the virus

Systemic Antivirals

Acyclovir

Dose 15 mgkg (max 200 mg) PO 5xday for 7 days

Shortens first HSV infection by 6 days in children

Famciclovir

Shortens healing time by 2 days in UV-induced cases

Spruance (1999) J Infect Dis 179303-10

Valacyclovir (FDA approved for age 12 and older)

Adult dose 2 g PO bid for one day

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Topical antiviral creams containing acyclovir

(Zovirax) or penciclovir (Denavir) may also

help in limiting the extent or duration of

lesions if applied promptly to affected areas

Topical Treatments

Penciclovir (Denavir) heals HSV-1 sores on average about half a day faster than without treatment stops viral shedding and reduces the duration of the pain Ideally the patient should apply the cream within the first hour of symptoms although benefits have also been noted with later application It is continued for four consecutive days and should be reapplied every two hours while awake

Docosanol cream (Abreva) is an over-the-counter agent for oral-facial herpes It helps resist infection by inhibiting the ability of the virus to become fully active after it has attached itself to the host cell It is applied five times a day beginning at the first sign of tingling or pain Studies have been mixed on it benefits

Topical Treatments

Acyclovir cream (Zovirax) has been approved It may speed healing of oral herpes lesions and lessen the duration of pain particularly if it is applied early on (at the first sign of pain or tingling)

Lidex is a gel that contains a fluocinonide as corticosteroid Corticosteroids commonly called steroids are anti-inflammatory agents and not ordinarily used for herpes Some evidence suggests it may be effective in combination with oral famciclovir

Topical Treatments

Over-the-counter topical anesthetics may provide

modest relief They include Anbesol gel Blistex lip

ointment Campho-phenique Herpecin-L

Viractin and Zilactin In one study Viractin

reduced the duration of the attack compared to

placebo by two days It also relieved itching but had

little effect on other symptoms In general however

few studies have been conducted on any of these

products

X

Xerostomia

Xerostomia is not a disease but can be a symptom

of certain diseases It can produce serious

negative effects on the patients quality of life

affecting dietary habits nutritional status

speech taste tolerance to dental prosthesis and

increases susceptibility to dental caries The

increase in dental caries can be devastating in

many patients and therefore special care must be

made to control this condition

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Medications - Several hundred current medications

can cause xerostomia antihypertensives

antidepressants analgesics tranquilizers diuretics

and antihistamines c

-Cancer Therapy - Chemotherapeutic drugs can

change the flow and composition of the saliva

Radiation treatment that is focused on or near the

salivary gland can temporarily or permanently

damage the salivary glands

-Sjogrens syndrome - An autoimmune disease causes

xerostomia and dry eyes

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Other conditions -such as bone marrow transplants endocrine disorders stress anxiety depression and nutritional deficiencies may cause xerostomia

-Nerve Damage - Trauma to the head and neck area from surgery or wounds can damage the nerves that supply sensation to the mouth While the salivary glands may be left intact they cannot function normally without the nerves that signal them to produce saliva

Treatment

Identify the xerostomic condition and the

cause Some of the causes may be

ameliorated and this will aid therapy But

in many situations it will be difficult to

eliminate the causes Thus it will be

necessary for the Dentist to control the

results of xerostomia This is especially

true about the increase in dental caries

Treatment -pilocarpine (Salagen) 5mg qid prescription required

-special food preparation - blended and moist foods are easier to swallow

artificial saliva (available over-the-counter)

-sipping plain water is usually preferred over artificial saliva by most patients

-Biotene brand over-the-counter dry mouth products (toothpaste alcohol- free mouth rinse and Oralbalance lubricating gel)

-avoidance of alcohol-based mouth rinses

-use of water and glycerin mixed in a small aerosol spray bottle

RX

Contains sorbitol sodium

carboxymethlcellulose and

methylparaben in a

pleasantly flavored

solution

120 mL (406 fl oz)

Z

Treatment

Acyclovir (Zovirax)dagger800 mg orally five times

daily for 7 to 10 days

10 mg per kg IV every 8 hours for 7 to 10

daysDagger

$174 to 248 (129 to 200)

Famciclovir (Famvir)dagger500 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$140

Treatment

Valacyclovir (Valtrex)dagger1000 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$84

Prednisone (Deltasone)30 mg orally twice

daily on days 1 through 7 then 15 mg twice

daily on days 8 through 14 then 75 mg twice

daily on days 15 through 21

Treatment

Lotions containing calamine (eg Caladryl)

may be used on open lesions to reduce pain

and pruritus

Once the lesions have crusted over capsaicin

cream (Zostrix) may be applied

Topically administered lidocaine (Xylocaine)

and nerve blocks have also been reported to

be effective in reducing pain

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Amitriptyline (Elavil) -- By inhibiting reuptake of serotonin andor norepinephrine by presynaptic neuronal membrane may increase synaptic concentration in CNS Useful as analgesic for certain types of chronic and neuropathic pain

Adult DoseEarly in course of HZ 25 mgd PO hs to prevent PHNAfter PHN develops 30-100 mg PO qhs

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Capsaicin cream (Dolorac Capsin Zostrix) --Natural chemical derived from plants of Solanaceae family By depleting and preventing reaccumulation of substance P in peripheral sensory neurons may render skin and joints insensitive to pain Substance P thought to be chemomediator of pain transmission from periphery to CNS

Adult DoseCream Apply to skin tidqid for 3-4 consecutive wk and evaluate efficacy not to exceed 4 applicationsd

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Lidocaine (DermaFlex gel Lidoderm 5 patch) --Several recent studies have advocated topical administration of lidocaine as treatment of PHN Lidocaine gel (5) in placebo-controlled study showed significant relief in 23 patients studied Lidocaine tape also decreases severity of pain

Adult DoseGel (5) Apply to affected area prnPatch (5) Apply to most painful area up to 3 patches per application patch may remain in place for up to 12 h in any 24 h period

Postherpetic Neuralgia Gabapentin (Neurontin) -- This medication has been

approved by the FDA for the treatment of PHN Has properties common to other anticonvulsants and antineuralgic effects Exact mechanism of action is not known Structurally gabapentin is related to GABA but it does not interact with GABA receptors Believed to have a binding site at the alpha 2-delta protein an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gaited calcium channels In the rat brain binding is localized on neuronal dendritic areas Relevance of these observations to treatment of PHN is not known

Adult Dose100 mg PO tid titrate dose prn recommended dose is 900-1800 mg PO qd not to exceed 900 mg PO qid

Minor Aphthous Ulcerations

Non-keratinized mucosa

Prodromal symptoms ndash burning itching

stinging

Erythematous macule ndash fibrinopurulent

membrane with a erythematous halo

except in immunocompromised

Major Aphthous Ulcerations

Larger - 1 to 3 cm

Deeper

Clinically persistent

Develop post pubertal

Recurrences for up to 20 years or more

Herpetiform Aphthous

Ulcerations

Greatest number of lesions

Increased frequency of occurrence

Superficial resemblance to herpes

simplex viral infection

Any mucosal surface may be involved

Behcetrsquos Syndrome

ldquothe silk routerdquo

Behcetrsquos Syndrome

1937 ndash Turkish dermatologist ndashHulusi

Behcet described this condition

Ocular Inflammation

Orogenital Inflammation

Multisystem Disorder

Behcetrsquos Disease

Highest Prevalence ndash Middle East and

Japan

Oral Involvement ndash primary

manifestation in 25 to 75 of the

cases

All three forms of aphthous stomatitis

may be seen

Behcetrsquos Disease

Genital lesions are clinically similar to

oral lesions

75 of the patients demonstrate the

genital lesions

Genital lesions are generally more

symptomatic in males

Behcetrsquos Disease

Criteria for the Diagnosis of Behcetrsquos

Disease (International Study Group)

Recurrent oral ulceration

Plus two of the following

Recurrent genital ulcerations

Eye lesions ndashanteriorposterior uveitis

Skin lesions

+ pathergy ndash read by 24-48 hours

Behcetrsquos Disease

Treament

Topical or intralesional corticosteriods

Oral colchicine

Thalidomide

Low-dose methotrexate

Systemic corticosteriods

Cyclosporine

Interferon alpha2A

Treatment

Triamcinolone 01 in Orabase (Kenalog

in Orabase) Apply to dried ulcer two to

four times daily until healed

Randomized controlled studies show decreased

pain

Dexamethasone elixir 05 mg per 5 ml

Swish and spit with 5 mL every 6 hours

As above

B

Burning Mouth Syndrome

About 13 million American adults mostly

postmenopausal women are afflicted with

Burning Mouth Syndrome a chronic often

debilitating condition whose cause remains a

medical mystery

Burning Mouth Syndrome

The main symptom of burning mouth

syndrome is a burning sensation involving the

tongue lips gums palate throat or

widespread areas of the whole mouth People

with the syndrome may describe the sensation

in the affected areas as hot or scalded as if

they had been burned with a hot liquid

Burning Mouth Syndrome

Dry mouth

Sore mouth

A tingling or numb sensation in your mouth

or on the tip of your tongue

A bitter or metallic taste

Causes

Dry mouth (xerostomia)

Nutritional deficiencies

Allergies

Psychological factors

Nerve disturbance or damage

(neuropathy)

Treatments

Potentially efficacious medicines include

tricyclic antidepressants (like amitriptyline -brand name Elavil)

benzodiazepines (like clonazepam - brand name Klonopin or

chlordiazepoxide brand name - Librium)

even anticonvulsants have proven effective in some cases

BMS Treatment

Tricyclic antidepressants

Amitriptyline (Elavil)10 to 150 mg per day

10 mg at bedtime increase dosage by 10 mg

every 4 to 7 days until oral burning is relieved

or side effects occur

BMS Treatment

Benzodiazepines

Clonazepam (Klonopin)025 to 2 mg per

day025 mg at bedtime increase dosage by

025 mg every 4 to 7 days until oral burning is

relieved or side effects occur as dosage

increases medication is taken as full dose or

in three divided doses

BMS Treatment

Anticonvulsants

Gabapentin (Neurontin) 300 to 1600 mg per

day100 mg at bedtime increase dosage by

100 mg every 4 to 7 days until oral burning is

relieved or side effects occur as dosage

increases medication is taken in three divided

doses

C

Candidiasis

Oral thrush and other Candida infections

occur when your immune system is

weakened by disease or drugs such as

prednisone or when antibiotics disturb the

natural balance of microorganisms in the

body

Predisposing factors for infection

Infancy or old age

Serious underlying disease such as cancer or infection with HIV

Dry mouth due to disease of the salivary glands or medications eg antihistamines diuretics

Dentures (especially if they are not regularly cleaned or fit badly)

Predisposing factors for infection

Smoking

Injury to the mouth

Nutritional deficiency eg iron ampor B-vitamin deficiency

Inhaled corticosteroids used to treat asthma eg beclometasone budesonide fluticasone Drink water after inhalation to reduce this complication

Clinical features

Acute pseudomembranous candidiasis There are

white patches on gums tongue amp inside the mouth

that can be peeled off leaving a raw area

Acute atrophic candidiasis There are smooth red

shiny patches on the tongue The mouth is very sore

Chronic atrophic candidiasis This is common in

those with dentures The underlying mucosa is red

and swollen

Clinical features

Angular cheilitis There are sore red splits at each side of the mouth more likely if there is overhang of the upper lip over the lower lip causing a moist deep furrow Angular cheilitis due to candida andor Staphylococcus aureus arises frequently in those taking the medication isotretinoin for acne this medication dries the lips

Chronic hyperplastic candidiasis This is a type of oral leukoplakia (white patch) inside the cheeks or on the tongue with persistent nodules or lumps It usually affects smokers and is pre-malignant Red patches (erythroplakia) as well as white patches may indicate malignant change

Clinical features

Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis presents

as a chronic pseudomembranous infection

The skin and nails are also affected

Median rhomboid glossitis - there is diamond-

shaped inflammation at the back of the

tongue

Severe infections may extend down the throat

(esophageal infection)

Rationale for Treatment Topical vs

Systemic Drugs

Topical antifungals are usually the drug of

choice for uncomplicated localized

candidiasis in patients with normal immune

function

Systemic antifungals are usually indicated in

cases of disseminated disease andor in

immunocompromised patients

Suggested Medications for the

Treatment of Candidiasis

Rx

Clotrimazole troches 10 mg

Disp 70 troches

Sig Let 1 troche dissolve in mouth 5 times

per day for 14 days Do not chew NPO 12

hour

Suggested Systemic Medications for

the Treatment of Candidiasis Rx

Ketoconazole tablets 200 mgDisp 14 tabletsSig Take 1 tab qd with a meal or orange juice for 14 days

RxFluconazole tablets 100 mgDisp 15 tabletsSig Take 2 tablets stat then 1 tablet qd for 14 days

RxItraconazole tablets 100 mgDisp 28 tabletsSig Take 1 tablet bid with a meal or orange juice for 14 days

CA

Head and Neck Cancer

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Intraoral Melanoma

Lymphoma

Intraoral Melanoma

The five year survival rate for oral melanoma

is less than 20 as compared to 75 for

Cutaneous melanomas The average time of

first local recurrence for oral melanoma is less

than one year and metastatic disease is usually

diagnosed within three months of the

recurrence The average survival rate after

metastasis is typically less than 6 months

Extranodal Lymphoma

Extranodal lymphomas usually develop as a

rapidly growing mass of the palate or

posterior tongue (area of Waldeyerrsquos ring)

Pain may or may not be a presenting sign

Clinically the lesion may present as an

erythematous mass with a boggy consistency

The average survival rate for AIDS patients

with an intraoral lymphoma is eight months

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Second primary ndash field cancerization

Incidence amp Mortality HampN Ca

41000 new cases annually

13000 affected will die of disease

Rates constant over last 20yrs

lt 5 of neoplasias US

Highest incidence southeastern amp south-

central Asia

Disease in Women

Prior to 1940 malefemale ratio - 101

1980s ratio 31

Reason tobacco use among women in early

decades of the century

Habits have stabilized ndash malefemale

incidence normalized

Tobacco Use

1956 Wynder et al HampN Ca 10-fold

increase among smokers

Most studies 5-fold to 25-fold increase

intensity and duration of tobacco

consumption

80-90 of HampN Ca patients use tobacco

Alcohol

Odds ratio increases 3- to 15-fold for HampN

Ca after adjusting for tobacco use with

consumption of alcohol

Multiplicative effect with tobacco and

alcohol

Location of cancer ndash oral

pharyngeal(topical mechanism)

Alcohol

Promotional effects independent of

initiation

-prostaglandin synthesis lipid peroxidation

free radical oxygen enhance cell turnover

Enhances cell permeability

Defective repair mechanisms

Depressed immunity

Dz

RISK FACTORS (RF)

1 RF

2 RF

3 RF

4 RF

The concept of

TUMOR

local

regional

systemic

local T

N

M

INFECTION PAIN

INFECTION NEOPLASM

CERVICAL LYMPH NODE ENLARGEMENT

bullbacterial

bullviral (local systemic)

bullfungal

bullpostinfect fibrosed node

bulllt 40 yrs lymphoma

bullgt 40 yrs metastatic SCC

OTHERS

bullleukemia

bullconnective tissue diseases (eg lupus)

bullsarcoidosis

Importance of early diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma

60

stage III amp IV

23 recurrence lt 2 yrs

lt 13 survive 3 yrs

40

stage I amp II

80-90 cure

Second primary tumor in successfully treated patients within 5-7

years up to 40 Follow-up important

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Mortality (8000) deaths per year

Mortality by Site

Tongue 432

Salivary 130

Floor of mouth 950

Lip 24

Other 319

Premalignant Lesions

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Erythroplasia

Carcinoma in situ

Verrucous Leukoplakia

Tobacco patch keratosis

Actinic cheilosis

Mouth wash (Viadent) dysplasia

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Defined as a red patch that can not be

clinically or pathologically diagnosed as any

other condition

Almost all erythroleukoplakia demonstrate

dysplasia or CIS

Etiology is similar to oral SCC

May occur in conjunction with leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Risk of malignant transformation in

erythroleukoplakia about 4x greater than

homogenous leukoplakia

Predominately disease of older men with peak

prevalence of 65 to 74 years

Floor of mouth tongue and soft palate are

most common sites of involvement

Erythroplakia

The Management of Head and

Neck Cancer

Major advances

Conservative or partial resections

Micro vascular free-tissue transfer in

reconstruction

Better definition of the roles of chemotherapy

and radiotherapy

Despite these advances the treatment of loco

regional recurrence remains a major challenge

success rates for salvage therapy are poor

Treatment

Surgery

Radiotherapy

Chemotherapy

Immunotherapy

at present the role of immunotherapy remains investigational

Chemotherapy

Several randomized and non-randomized trial have evaluated chemotherapy for the treatment of head and neck cancer

Various agents have been shown to produce a response

No agents either alone or in combination have demonstrated an improvement in survival

cisplatin and 5 - FU

Uses

Inoperable tumors

Salvage therapy for recurrent tumors

Treatment

The main treatment modalities for head and neck

cancer remain surgery and radiotherapy

Patient factors that merit consideration

Impact on the quality of life

Medical condition ndash ldquoco - morbiditiesrdquo

Patient preference

Treatment cost and convenience

Compliance

Treatment

Early stage disease (stage I and II) can be treated with either surgery or radiotherapy with equivalent control rates

Small lesions of the oral cavity wide local excision is preferred over radiotherapy

Radiotherapy can be delivered to a site generally only once

Reserve this modality for less operable lesions

Treatment Combined Modality

Surgery and RadiotherapyIndications for post operative radiotherapy

Primary Tumor

Advance T stage

High histologic grade

Positive surgical resection margins

Lymphatic permeation

Vascular invasion

Perineural spread

Radiotherapy

Daily dose of 180 cGy to 200 cGy

5000 cGy over a five week period

T1 ndash 6000 to 6600 cGy

T2 - 6600 to 7000 cGy

T3T4 - gt 7000 cGy

ldquoshrinking field techniquerdquo

hyperfractionation technique 200 cGy per day for 25 days followed by 400 cGy per day for 5 days

D

Desquamative gingivitis is a clinical term to describe red painful glazed and friable gingivae which may be a manifestation of some mucocutaneous conditions such as lichen planus or the vesiculobullous disorders

Clinical features of desquamative

gingivitis

Fiery red friable gingiva

Painful desquamates easily

Buccal aspect of anterior attached gingiva

affected

Marginal gingiva spared

Not significantly improved by oral hygiene

measures alone

Differential Diagnosis Erosive Lichen Planus

Immune-mediated blistering diseases

Intra-epithelial

Pemphigus

Subepithelial

Pemphigoid

Linear IgA disease

Dermatitis herpetiformis

Epidermolysis bullosa

Erythema multiforme

Treatment Topical Corticosteroids Recurrent aphthous ulcers

bull Oral manifestations of Behccedilets disease Reiters syndrome acute

vulvar ulcer MAGIC syndrome PFAPA syndrome ulcerative colitis

Crohns disease Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome Sweets

syndrome among others

bull Drug-induced ulcerations mediated by an immune mechanism

bull Lichen planus

bull Cicatricial pemphigoid

bull Mucous membrane pemphigoid

bull Bullous pemphigoid

bull Erythema multiforme

bull Linear IgA dermatosis

bull Pemphigus vulgaris

Topicals Temovate cream 005 Clobetasol propionate

Halog cream 01 Halcinonide

Lidex cream 005 Fluocinonide

Topicort cream 025 Desoximethasone

Lidex gel 005 Fluocinonide

Aristocort cream H-P 05 Triamcinolone acetinode

Diprosone cream 005 Betamethasone dipropionate

Florone cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Maxiflor cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Synalar cream H-P 02 Fluocinolone acetonide

Topicals Tropicort-LP cream 005 Desoxymethasone

Benisone cream 0025 Betamethasone benzoate

Cordran cream 0025 Flurandenolide

Kenalog cream 01 Triamcinolone acetonide

Locoid cream 01 Hydrocortisone butyrate

Synalar cream 0025 Fluocinolone acetonide

Valisone cream 01 Betamethasone valerate

Tridesilon cream 005 Desonide

Locorten cream 003 Flumetasone pivalate

1 Hydrocortisone

Topical Corticosteroids

Used to treat oral lesions

Clobetasol (Temovate) -- Suppresses mitosis and increases synthesis of proteins that decrease inflammation and cause vasoconstriction Class I superpotent topical steroid useful in treating oral lesions Topical corticosteroids commonly are used intraorally for oral manifestations of autoimmune blistering skin diseases Since these diseases are chronic inflammatory in nature topical corticosteroids are very useful as an adjunct treatment Patients with disease confined to the gingiva should see a dentist to have a custom-made soft tray to carry the medication

H

How does herpes simplex develop

overexposure to sunlight

overexposure to wind

colds influenza and similar infections

heavy alcohol use

fever from any cause

the menstrual period

physical stress

emotional stress

Symptoms

Primary (Initial) HSV I Fever

Adenopathy

Ulcers deep in mouth

Secondary (Later) HSV I (Recurrent labial lesions) Fever Blisters form on outer vermillion border

Cold Sores form on inner lip Initial Vesicle

Next Crust

Last Healing in 10-14 days

Differential Diagnosis

Differs from Aphthous Ulcers in that

Found on keratinized (bound-down) intraoral

mucosa

Vesicles rupture into coalescing ulcers

HSV lesions are anterior compared with

Herpangina

Hand Foot and Mouth Disease

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Oral acyclovir (Zovirax) or the recently

developed drugs valacyclovir (Valtrex) or

famciclovir (Famvir) lessen the symptoms

and frequency of fever blister recurrences for

some patients These drugs prevent HSV from

multiplying and are effective when taken in

pill form prior to an outbreak of the virus

Systemic Antivirals

Acyclovir

Dose 15 mgkg (max 200 mg) PO 5xday for 7 days

Shortens first HSV infection by 6 days in children

Famciclovir

Shortens healing time by 2 days in UV-induced cases

Spruance (1999) J Infect Dis 179303-10

Valacyclovir (FDA approved for age 12 and older)

Adult dose 2 g PO bid for one day

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Topical antiviral creams containing acyclovir

(Zovirax) or penciclovir (Denavir) may also

help in limiting the extent or duration of

lesions if applied promptly to affected areas

Topical Treatments

Penciclovir (Denavir) heals HSV-1 sores on average about half a day faster than without treatment stops viral shedding and reduces the duration of the pain Ideally the patient should apply the cream within the first hour of symptoms although benefits have also been noted with later application It is continued for four consecutive days and should be reapplied every two hours while awake

Docosanol cream (Abreva) is an over-the-counter agent for oral-facial herpes It helps resist infection by inhibiting the ability of the virus to become fully active after it has attached itself to the host cell It is applied five times a day beginning at the first sign of tingling or pain Studies have been mixed on it benefits

Topical Treatments

Acyclovir cream (Zovirax) has been approved It may speed healing of oral herpes lesions and lessen the duration of pain particularly if it is applied early on (at the first sign of pain or tingling)

Lidex is a gel that contains a fluocinonide as corticosteroid Corticosteroids commonly called steroids are anti-inflammatory agents and not ordinarily used for herpes Some evidence suggests it may be effective in combination with oral famciclovir

Topical Treatments

Over-the-counter topical anesthetics may provide

modest relief They include Anbesol gel Blistex lip

ointment Campho-phenique Herpecin-L

Viractin and Zilactin In one study Viractin

reduced the duration of the attack compared to

placebo by two days It also relieved itching but had

little effect on other symptoms In general however

few studies have been conducted on any of these

products

X

Xerostomia

Xerostomia is not a disease but can be a symptom

of certain diseases It can produce serious

negative effects on the patients quality of life

affecting dietary habits nutritional status

speech taste tolerance to dental prosthesis and

increases susceptibility to dental caries The

increase in dental caries can be devastating in

many patients and therefore special care must be

made to control this condition

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Medications - Several hundred current medications

can cause xerostomia antihypertensives

antidepressants analgesics tranquilizers diuretics

and antihistamines c

-Cancer Therapy - Chemotherapeutic drugs can

change the flow and composition of the saliva

Radiation treatment that is focused on or near the

salivary gland can temporarily or permanently

damage the salivary glands

-Sjogrens syndrome - An autoimmune disease causes

xerostomia and dry eyes

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Other conditions -such as bone marrow transplants endocrine disorders stress anxiety depression and nutritional deficiencies may cause xerostomia

-Nerve Damage - Trauma to the head and neck area from surgery or wounds can damage the nerves that supply sensation to the mouth While the salivary glands may be left intact they cannot function normally without the nerves that signal them to produce saliva

Treatment

Identify the xerostomic condition and the

cause Some of the causes may be

ameliorated and this will aid therapy But

in many situations it will be difficult to

eliminate the causes Thus it will be

necessary for the Dentist to control the

results of xerostomia This is especially

true about the increase in dental caries

Treatment -pilocarpine (Salagen) 5mg qid prescription required

-special food preparation - blended and moist foods are easier to swallow

artificial saliva (available over-the-counter)

-sipping plain water is usually preferred over artificial saliva by most patients

-Biotene brand over-the-counter dry mouth products (toothpaste alcohol- free mouth rinse and Oralbalance lubricating gel)

-avoidance of alcohol-based mouth rinses

-use of water and glycerin mixed in a small aerosol spray bottle

RX

Contains sorbitol sodium

carboxymethlcellulose and

methylparaben in a

pleasantly flavored

solution

120 mL (406 fl oz)

Z

Treatment

Acyclovir (Zovirax)dagger800 mg orally five times

daily for 7 to 10 days

10 mg per kg IV every 8 hours for 7 to 10

daysDagger

$174 to 248 (129 to 200)

Famciclovir (Famvir)dagger500 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$140

Treatment

Valacyclovir (Valtrex)dagger1000 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$84

Prednisone (Deltasone)30 mg orally twice

daily on days 1 through 7 then 15 mg twice

daily on days 8 through 14 then 75 mg twice

daily on days 15 through 21

Treatment

Lotions containing calamine (eg Caladryl)

may be used on open lesions to reduce pain

and pruritus

Once the lesions have crusted over capsaicin

cream (Zostrix) may be applied

Topically administered lidocaine (Xylocaine)

and nerve blocks have also been reported to

be effective in reducing pain

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Amitriptyline (Elavil) -- By inhibiting reuptake of serotonin andor norepinephrine by presynaptic neuronal membrane may increase synaptic concentration in CNS Useful as analgesic for certain types of chronic and neuropathic pain

Adult DoseEarly in course of HZ 25 mgd PO hs to prevent PHNAfter PHN develops 30-100 mg PO qhs

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Capsaicin cream (Dolorac Capsin Zostrix) --Natural chemical derived from plants of Solanaceae family By depleting and preventing reaccumulation of substance P in peripheral sensory neurons may render skin and joints insensitive to pain Substance P thought to be chemomediator of pain transmission from periphery to CNS

Adult DoseCream Apply to skin tidqid for 3-4 consecutive wk and evaluate efficacy not to exceed 4 applicationsd

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Lidocaine (DermaFlex gel Lidoderm 5 patch) --Several recent studies have advocated topical administration of lidocaine as treatment of PHN Lidocaine gel (5) in placebo-controlled study showed significant relief in 23 patients studied Lidocaine tape also decreases severity of pain

Adult DoseGel (5) Apply to affected area prnPatch (5) Apply to most painful area up to 3 patches per application patch may remain in place for up to 12 h in any 24 h period

Postherpetic Neuralgia Gabapentin (Neurontin) -- This medication has been

approved by the FDA for the treatment of PHN Has properties common to other anticonvulsants and antineuralgic effects Exact mechanism of action is not known Structurally gabapentin is related to GABA but it does not interact with GABA receptors Believed to have a binding site at the alpha 2-delta protein an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gaited calcium channels In the rat brain binding is localized on neuronal dendritic areas Relevance of these observations to treatment of PHN is not known

Adult Dose100 mg PO tid titrate dose prn recommended dose is 900-1800 mg PO qd not to exceed 900 mg PO qid

Major Aphthous Ulcerations

Larger - 1 to 3 cm

Deeper

Clinically persistent

Develop post pubertal

Recurrences for up to 20 years or more

Herpetiform Aphthous

Ulcerations

Greatest number of lesions

Increased frequency of occurrence

Superficial resemblance to herpes

simplex viral infection

Any mucosal surface may be involved

Behcetrsquos Syndrome

ldquothe silk routerdquo

Behcetrsquos Syndrome

1937 ndash Turkish dermatologist ndashHulusi

Behcet described this condition

Ocular Inflammation

Orogenital Inflammation

Multisystem Disorder

Behcetrsquos Disease

Highest Prevalence ndash Middle East and

Japan

Oral Involvement ndash primary

manifestation in 25 to 75 of the

cases

All three forms of aphthous stomatitis

may be seen

Behcetrsquos Disease

Genital lesions are clinically similar to

oral lesions

75 of the patients demonstrate the

genital lesions

Genital lesions are generally more

symptomatic in males

Behcetrsquos Disease

Criteria for the Diagnosis of Behcetrsquos

Disease (International Study Group)

Recurrent oral ulceration

Plus two of the following

Recurrent genital ulcerations

Eye lesions ndashanteriorposterior uveitis

Skin lesions

+ pathergy ndash read by 24-48 hours

Behcetrsquos Disease

Treament

Topical or intralesional corticosteriods

Oral colchicine

Thalidomide

Low-dose methotrexate

Systemic corticosteriods

Cyclosporine

Interferon alpha2A

Treatment

Triamcinolone 01 in Orabase (Kenalog

in Orabase) Apply to dried ulcer two to

four times daily until healed

Randomized controlled studies show decreased

pain

Dexamethasone elixir 05 mg per 5 ml

Swish and spit with 5 mL every 6 hours

As above

B

Burning Mouth Syndrome

About 13 million American adults mostly

postmenopausal women are afflicted with

Burning Mouth Syndrome a chronic often

debilitating condition whose cause remains a

medical mystery

Burning Mouth Syndrome

The main symptom of burning mouth

syndrome is a burning sensation involving the

tongue lips gums palate throat or

widespread areas of the whole mouth People

with the syndrome may describe the sensation

in the affected areas as hot or scalded as if

they had been burned with a hot liquid

Burning Mouth Syndrome

Dry mouth

Sore mouth

A tingling or numb sensation in your mouth

or on the tip of your tongue

A bitter or metallic taste

Causes

Dry mouth (xerostomia)

Nutritional deficiencies

Allergies

Psychological factors

Nerve disturbance or damage

(neuropathy)

Treatments

Potentially efficacious medicines include

tricyclic antidepressants (like amitriptyline -brand name Elavil)

benzodiazepines (like clonazepam - brand name Klonopin or

chlordiazepoxide brand name - Librium)

even anticonvulsants have proven effective in some cases

BMS Treatment

Tricyclic antidepressants

Amitriptyline (Elavil)10 to 150 mg per day

10 mg at bedtime increase dosage by 10 mg

every 4 to 7 days until oral burning is relieved

or side effects occur

BMS Treatment

Benzodiazepines

Clonazepam (Klonopin)025 to 2 mg per

day025 mg at bedtime increase dosage by

025 mg every 4 to 7 days until oral burning is

relieved or side effects occur as dosage

increases medication is taken as full dose or

in three divided doses

BMS Treatment

Anticonvulsants

Gabapentin (Neurontin) 300 to 1600 mg per

day100 mg at bedtime increase dosage by

100 mg every 4 to 7 days until oral burning is

relieved or side effects occur as dosage

increases medication is taken in three divided

doses

C

Candidiasis

Oral thrush and other Candida infections

occur when your immune system is

weakened by disease or drugs such as

prednisone or when antibiotics disturb the

natural balance of microorganisms in the

body

Predisposing factors for infection

Infancy or old age

Serious underlying disease such as cancer or infection with HIV

Dry mouth due to disease of the salivary glands or medications eg antihistamines diuretics

Dentures (especially if they are not regularly cleaned or fit badly)

Predisposing factors for infection

Smoking

Injury to the mouth

Nutritional deficiency eg iron ampor B-vitamin deficiency

Inhaled corticosteroids used to treat asthma eg beclometasone budesonide fluticasone Drink water after inhalation to reduce this complication

Clinical features

Acute pseudomembranous candidiasis There are

white patches on gums tongue amp inside the mouth

that can be peeled off leaving a raw area

Acute atrophic candidiasis There are smooth red

shiny patches on the tongue The mouth is very sore

Chronic atrophic candidiasis This is common in

those with dentures The underlying mucosa is red

and swollen

Clinical features

Angular cheilitis There are sore red splits at each side of the mouth more likely if there is overhang of the upper lip over the lower lip causing a moist deep furrow Angular cheilitis due to candida andor Staphylococcus aureus arises frequently in those taking the medication isotretinoin for acne this medication dries the lips

Chronic hyperplastic candidiasis This is a type of oral leukoplakia (white patch) inside the cheeks or on the tongue with persistent nodules or lumps It usually affects smokers and is pre-malignant Red patches (erythroplakia) as well as white patches may indicate malignant change

Clinical features

Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis presents

as a chronic pseudomembranous infection

The skin and nails are also affected

Median rhomboid glossitis - there is diamond-

shaped inflammation at the back of the

tongue

Severe infections may extend down the throat

(esophageal infection)

Rationale for Treatment Topical vs

Systemic Drugs

Topical antifungals are usually the drug of

choice for uncomplicated localized

candidiasis in patients with normal immune

function

Systemic antifungals are usually indicated in

cases of disseminated disease andor in

immunocompromised patients

Suggested Medications for the

Treatment of Candidiasis

Rx

Clotrimazole troches 10 mg

Disp 70 troches

Sig Let 1 troche dissolve in mouth 5 times

per day for 14 days Do not chew NPO 12

hour

Suggested Systemic Medications for

the Treatment of Candidiasis Rx

Ketoconazole tablets 200 mgDisp 14 tabletsSig Take 1 tab qd with a meal or orange juice for 14 days

RxFluconazole tablets 100 mgDisp 15 tabletsSig Take 2 tablets stat then 1 tablet qd for 14 days

RxItraconazole tablets 100 mgDisp 28 tabletsSig Take 1 tablet bid with a meal or orange juice for 14 days

CA

Head and Neck Cancer

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Intraoral Melanoma

Lymphoma

Intraoral Melanoma

The five year survival rate for oral melanoma

is less than 20 as compared to 75 for

Cutaneous melanomas The average time of

first local recurrence for oral melanoma is less

than one year and metastatic disease is usually

diagnosed within three months of the

recurrence The average survival rate after

metastasis is typically less than 6 months

Extranodal Lymphoma

Extranodal lymphomas usually develop as a

rapidly growing mass of the palate or

posterior tongue (area of Waldeyerrsquos ring)

Pain may or may not be a presenting sign

Clinically the lesion may present as an

erythematous mass with a boggy consistency

The average survival rate for AIDS patients

with an intraoral lymphoma is eight months

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Second primary ndash field cancerization

Incidence amp Mortality HampN Ca

41000 new cases annually

13000 affected will die of disease

Rates constant over last 20yrs

lt 5 of neoplasias US

Highest incidence southeastern amp south-

central Asia

Disease in Women

Prior to 1940 malefemale ratio - 101

1980s ratio 31

Reason tobacco use among women in early

decades of the century

Habits have stabilized ndash malefemale

incidence normalized

Tobacco Use

1956 Wynder et al HampN Ca 10-fold

increase among smokers

Most studies 5-fold to 25-fold increase

intensity and duration of tobacco

consumption

80-90 of HampN Ca patients use tobacco

Alcohol

Odds ratio increases 3- to 15-fold for HampN

Ca after adjusting for tobacco use with

consumption of alcohol

Multiplicative effect with tobacco and

alcohol

Location of cancer ndash oral

pharyngeal(topical mechanism)

Alcohol

Promotional effects independent of

initiation

-prostaglandin synthesis lipid peroxidation

free radical oxygen enhance cell turnover

Enhances cell permeability

Defective repair mechanisms

Depressed immunity

Dz

RISK FACTORS (RF)

1 RF

2 RF

3 RF

4 RF

The concept of

TUMOR

local

regional

systemic

local T

N

M

INFECTION PAIN

INFECTION NEOPLASM

CERVICAL LYMPH NODE ENLARGEMENT

bullbacterial

bullviral (local systemic)

bullfungal

bullpostinfect fibrosed node

bulllt 40 yrs lymphoma

bullgt 40 yrs metastatic SCC

OTHERS

bullleukemia

bullconnective tissue diseases (eg lupus)

bullsarcoidosis

Importance of early diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma

60

stage III amp IV

23 recurrence lt 2 yrs

lt 13 survive 3 yrs

40

stage I amp II

80-90 cure

Second primary tumor in successfully treated patients within 5-7

years up to 40 Follow-up important

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Mortality (8000) deaths per year

Mortality by Site

Tongue 432

Salivary 130

Floor of mouth 950

Lip 24

Other 319

Premalignant Lesions

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Erythroplasia

Carcinoma in situ

Verrucous Leukoplakia

Tobacco patch keratosis

Actinic cheilosis

Mouth wash (Viadent) dysplasia

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Defined as a red patch that can not be

clinically or pathologically diagnosed as any

other condition

Almost all erythroleukoplakia demonstrate

dysplasia or CIS

Etiology is similar to oral SCC

May occur in conjunction with leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Risk of malignant transformation in

erythroleukoplakia about 4x greater than

homogenous leukoplakia

Predominately disease of older men with peak

prevalence of 65 to 74 years

Floor of mouth tongue and soft palate are

most common sites of involvement

Erythroplakia

The Management of Head and

Neck Cancer

Major advances

Conservative or partial resections

Micro vascular free-tissue transfer in

reconstruction

Better definition of the roles of chemotherapy

and radiotherapy

Despite these advances the treatment of loco

regional recurrence remains a major challenge

success rates for salvage therapy are poor

Treatment

Surgery

Radiotherapy

Chemotherapy

Immunotherapy

at present the role of immunotherapy remains investigational

Chemotherapy

Several randomized and non-randomized trial have evaluated chemotherapy for the treatment of head and neck cancer

Various agents have been shown to produce a response

No agents either alone or in combination have demonstrated an improvement in survival

cisplatin and 5 - FU

Uses

Inoperable tumors

Salvage therapy for recurrent tumors

Treatment

The main treatment modalities for head and neck

cancer remain surgery and radiotherapy

Patient factors that merit consideration

Impact on the quality of life

Medical condition ndash ldquoco - morbiditiesrdquo

Patient preference

Treatment cost and convenience

Compliance

Treatment

Early stage disease (stage I and II) can be treated with either surgery or radiotherapy with equivalent control rates

Small lesions of the oral cavity wide local excision is preferred over radiotherapy

Radiotherapy can be delivered to a site generally only once

Reserve this modality for less operable lesions

Treatment Combined Modality

Surgery and RadiotherapyIndications for post operative radiotherapy

Primary Tumor

Advance T stage

High histologic grade

Positive surgical resection margins

Lymphatic permeation

Vascular invasion

Perineural spread

Radiotherapy

Daily dose of 180 cGy to 200 cGy

5000 cGy over a five week period

T1 ndash 6000 to 6600 cGy

T2 - 6600 to 7000 cGy

T3T4 - gt 7000 cGy

ldquoshrinking field techniquerdquo

hyperfractionation technique 200 cGy per day for 25 days followed by 400 cGy per day for 5 days

D

Desquamative gingivitis is a clinical term to describe red painful glazed and friable gingivae which may be a manifestation of some mucocutaneous conditions such as lichen planus or the vesiculobullous disorders

Clinical features of desquamative

gingivitis

Fiery red friable gingiva

Painful desquamates easily

Buccal aspect of anterior attached gingiva

affected

Marginal gingiva spared

Not significantly improved by oral hygiene

measures alone

Differential Diagnosis Erosive Lichen Planus

Immune-mediated blistering diseases

Intra-epithelial

Pemphigus

Subepithelial

Pemphigoid

Linear IgA disease

Dermatitis herpetiformis

Epidermolysis bullosa

Erythema multiforme

Treatment Topical Corticosteroids Recurrent aphthous ulcers

bull Oral manifestations of Behccedilets disease Reiters syndrome acute

vulvar ulcer MAGIC syndrome PFAPA syndrome ulcerative colitis

Crohns disease Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome Sweets

syndrome among others

bull Drug-induced ulcerations mediated by an immune mechanism

bull Lichen planus

bull Cicatricial pemphigoid

bull Mucous membrane pemphigoid

bull Bullous pemphigoid

bull Erythema multiforme

bull Linear IgA dermatosis

bull Pemphigus vulgaris

Topicals Temovate cream 005 Clobetasol propionate

Halog cream 01 Halcinonide

Lidex cream 005 Fluocinonide

Topicort cream 025 Desoximethasone

Lidex gel 005 Fluocinonide

Aristocort cream H-P 05 Triamcinolone acetinode

Diprosone cream 005 Betamethasone dipropionate

Florone cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Maxiflor cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Synalar cream H-P 02 Fluocinolone acetonide

Topicals Tropicort-LP cream 005 Desoxymethasone

Benisone cream 0025 Betamethasone benzoate

Cordran cream 0025 Flurandenolide

Kenalog cream 01 Triamcinolone acetonide

Locoid cream 01 Hydrocortisone butyrate

Synalar cream 0025 Fluocinolone acetonide

Valisone cream 01 Betamethasone valerate

Tridesilon cream 005 Desonide

Locorten cream 003 Flumetasone pivalate

1 Hydrocortisone

Topical Corticosteroids

Used to treat oral lesions

Clobetasol (Temovate) -- Suppresses mitosis and increases synthesis of proteins that decrease inflammation and cause vasoconstriction Class I superpotent topical steroid useful in treating oral lesions Topical corticosteroids commonly are used intraorally for oral manifestations of autoimmune blistering skin diseases Since these diseases are chronic inflammatory in nature topical corticosteroids are very useful as an adjunct treatment Patients with disease confined to the gingiva should see a dentist to have a custom-made soft tray to carry the medication

H

How does herpes simplex develop

overexposure to sunlight

overexposure to wind

colds influenza and similar infections

heavy alcohol use

fever from any cause

the menstrual period

physical stress

emotional stress

Symptoms

Primary (Initial) HSV I Fever

Adenopathy

Ulcers deep in mouth

Secondary (Later) HSV I (Recurrent labial lesions) Fever Blisters form on outer vermillion border

Cold Sores form on inner lip Initial Vesicle

Next Crust

Last Healing in 10-14 days

Differential Diagnosis

Differs from Aphthous Ulcers in that

Found on keratinized (bound-down) intraoral

mucosa

Vesicles rupture into coalescing ulcers

HSV lesions are anterior compared with

Herpangina

Hand Foot and Mouth Disease

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Oral acyclovir (Zovirax) or the recently

developed drugs valacyclovir (Valtrex) or

famciclovir (Famvir) lessen the symptoms

and frequency of fever blister recurrences for

some patients These drugs prevent HSV from

multiplying and are effective when taken in

pill form prior to an outbreak of the virus

Systemic Antivirals

Acyclovir

Dose 15 mgkg (max 200 mg) PO 5xday for 7 days

Shortens first HSV infection by 6 days in children

Famciclovir

Shortens healing time by 2 days in UV-induced cases

Spruance (1999) J Infect Dis 179303-10

Valacyclovir (FDA approved for age 12 and older)

Adult dose 2 g PO bid for one day

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Topical antiviral creams containing acyclovir

(Zovirax) or penciclovir (Denavir) may also

help in limiting the extent or duration of

lesions if applied promptly to affected areas

Topical Treatments

Penciclovir (Denavir) heals HSV-1 sores on average about half a day faster than without treatment stops viral shedding and reduces the duration of the pain Ideally the patient should apply the cream within the first hour of symptoms although benefits have also been noted with later application It is continued for four consecutive days and should be reapplied every two hours while awake

Docosanol cream (Abreva) is an over-the-counter agent for oral-facial herpes It helps resist infection by inhibiting the ability of the virus to become fully active after it has attached itself to the host cell It is applied five times a day beginning at the first sign of tingling or pain Studies have been mixed on it benefits

Topical Treatments

Acyclovir cream (Zovirax) has been approved It may speed healing of oral herpes lesions and lessen the duration of pain particularly if it is applied early on (at the first sign of pain or tingling)

Lidex is a gel that contains a fluocinonide as corticosteroid Corticosteroids commonly called steroids are anti-inflammatory agents and not ordinarily used for herpes Some evidence suggests it may be effective in combination with oral famciclovir

Topical Treatments

Over-the-counter topical anesthetics may provide

modest relief They include Anbesol gel Blistex lip

ointment Campho-phenique Herpecin-L

Viractin and Zilactin In one study Viractin

reduced the duration of the attack compared to

placebo by two days It also relieved itching but had

little effect on other symptoms In general however

few studies have been conducted on any of these

products

X

Xerostomia

Xerostomia is not a disease but can be a symptom

of certain diseases It can produce serious

negative effects on the patients quality of life

affecting dietary habits nutritional status

speech taste tolerance to dental prosthesis and

increases susceptibility to dental caries The

increase in dental caries can be devastating in

many patients and therefore special care must be

made to control this condition

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Medications - Several hundred current medications

can cause xerostomia antihypertensives

antidepressants analgesics tranquilizers diuretics

and antihistamines c

-Cancer Therapy - Chemotherapeutic drugs can

change the flow and composition of the saliva

Radiation treatment that is focused on or near the

salivary gland can temporarily or permanently

damage the salivary glands

-Sjogrens syndrome - An autoimmune disease causes

xerostomia and dry eyes

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Other conditions -such as bone marrow transplants endocrine disorders stress anxiety depression and nutritional deficiencies may cause xerostomia

-Nerve Damage - Trauma to the head and neck area from surgery or wounds can damage the nerves that supply sensation to the mouth While the salivary glands may be left intact they cannot function normally without the nerves that signal them to produce saliva

Treatment

Identify the xerostomic condition and the

cause Some of the causes may be

ameliorated and this will aid therapy But

in many situations it will be difficult to

eliminate the causes Thus it will be

necessary for the Dentist to control the

results of xerostomia This is especially

true about the increase in dental caries

Treatment -pilocarpine (Salagen) 5mg qid prescription required

-special food preparation - blended and moist foods are easier to swallow

artificial saliva (available over-the-counter)

-sipping plain water is usually preferred over artificial saliva by most patients

-Biotene brand over-the-counter dry mouth products (toothpaste alcohol- free mouth rinse and Oralbalance lubricating gel)

-avoidance of alcohol-based mouth rinses

-use of water and glycerin mixed in a small aerosol spray bottle

RX

Contains sorbitol sodium

carboxymethlcellulose and

methylparaben in a

pleasantly flavored

solution

120 mL (406 fl oz)

Z

Treatment

Acyclovir (Zovirax)dagger800 mg orally five times

daily for 7 to 10 days

10 mg per kg IV every 8 hours for 7 to 10

daysDagger

$174 to 248 (129 to 200)

Famciclovir (Famvir)dagger500 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$140

Treatment

Valacyclovir (Valtrex)dagger1000 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$84

Prednisone (Deltasone)30 mg orally twice

daily on days 1 through 7 then 15 mg twice

daily on days 8 through 14 then 75 mg twice

daily on days 15 through 21

Treatment

Lotions containing calamine (eg Caladryl)

may be used on open lesions to reduce pain

and pruritus

Once the lesions have crusted over capsaicin

cream (Zostrix) may be applied

Topically administered lidocaine (Xylocaine)

and nerve blocks have also been reported to

be effective in reducing pain

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Amitriptyline (Elavil) -- By inhibiting reuptake of serotonin andor norepinephrine by presynaptic neuronal membrane may increase synaptic concentration in CNS Useful as analgesic for certain types of chronic and neuropathic pain

Adult DoseEarly in course of HZ 25 mgd PO hs to prevent PHNAfter PHN develops 30-100 mg PO qhs

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Capsaicin cream (Dolorac Capsin Zostrix) --Natural chemical derived from plants of Solanaceae family By depleting and preventing reaccumulation of substance P in peripheral sensory neurons may render skin and joints insensitive to pain Substance P thought to be chemomediator of pain transmission from periphery to CNS

Adult DoseCream Apply to skin tidqid for 3-4 consecutive wk and evaluate efficacy not to exceed 4 applicationsd

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Lidocaine (DermaFlex gel Lidoderm 5 patch) --Several recent studies have advocated topical administration of lidocaine as treatment of PHN Lidocaine gel (5) in placebo-controlled study showed significant relief in 23 patients studied Lidocaine tape also decreases severity of pain

Adult DoseGel (5) Apply to affected area prnPatch (5) Apply to most painful area up to 3 patches per application patch may remain in place for up to 12 h in any 24 h period

Postherpetic Neuralgia Gabapentin (Neurontin) -- This medication has been

approved by the FDA for the treatment of PHN Has properties common to other anticonvulsants and antineuralgic effects Exact mechanism of action is not known Structurally gabapentin is related to GABA but it does not interact with GABA receptors Believed to have a binding site at the alpha 2-delta protein an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gaited calcium channels In the rat brain binding is localized on neuronal dendritic areas Relevance of these observations to treatment of PHN is not known

Adult Dose100 mg PO tid titrate dose prn recommended dose is 900-1800 mg PO qd not to exceed 900 mg PO qid

Herpetiform Aphthous

Ulcerations

Greatest number of lesions

Increased frequency of occurrence

Superficial resemblance to herpes

simplex viral infection

Any mucosal surface may be involved

Behcetrsquos Syndrome

ldquothe silk routerdquo

Behcetrsquos Syndrome

1937 ndash Turkish dermatologist ndashHulusi

Behcet described this condition

Ocular Inflammation

Orogenital Inflammation

Multisystem Disorder

Behcetrsquos Disease

Highest Prevalence ndash Middle East and

Japan

Oral Involvement ndash primary

manifestation in 25 to 75 of the

cases

All three forms of aphthous stomatitis

may be seen

Behcetrsquos Disease

Genital lesions are clinically similar to

oral lesions

75 of the patients demonstrate the

genital lesions

Genital lesions are generally more

symptomatic in males

Behcetrsquos Disease

Criteria for the Diagnosis of Behcetrsquos

Disease (International Study Group)

Recurrent oral ulceration

Plus two of the following

Recurrent genital ulcerations

Eye lesions ndashanteriorposterior uveitis

Skin lesions

+ pathergy ndash read by 24-48 hours

Behcetrsquos Disease

Treament

Topical or intralesional corticosteriods

Oral colchicine

Thalidomide

Low-dose methotrexate

Systemic corticosteriods

Cyclosporine

Interferon alpha2A

Treatment

Triamcinolone 01 in Orabase (Kenalog

in Orabase) Apply to dried ulcer two to

four times daily until healed

Randomized controlled studies show decreased

pain

Dexamethasone elixir 05 mg per 5 ml

Swish and spit with 5 mL every 6 hours

As above

B

Burning Mouth Syndrome

About 13 million American adults mostly

postmenopausal women are afflicted with

Burning Mouth Syndrome a chronic often

debilitating condition whose cause remains a

medical mystery

Burning Mouth Syndrome

The main symptom of burning mouth

syndrome is a burning sensation involving the

tongue lips gums palate throat or

widespread areas of the whole mouth People

with the syndrome may describe the sensation

in the affected areas as hot or scalded as if

they had been burned with a hot liquid

Burning Mouth Syndrome

Dry mouth

Sore mouth

A tingling or numb sensation in your mouth

or on the tip of your tongue

A bitter or metallic taste

Causes

Dry mouth (xerostomia)

Nutritional deficiencies

Allergies

Psychological factors

Nerve disturbance or damage

(neuropathy)

Treatments

Potentially efficacious medicines include

tricyclic antidepressants (like amitriptyline -brand name Elavil)

benzodiazepines (like clonazepam - brand name Klonopin or

chlordiazepoxide brand name - Librium)

even anticonvulsants have proven effective in some cases

BMS Treatment

Tricyclic antidepressants

Amitriptyline (Elavil)10 to 150 mg per day

10 mg at bedtime increase dosage by 10 mg

every 4 to 7 days until oral burning is relieved

or side effects occur

BMS Treatment

Benzodiazepines

Clonazepam (Klonopin)025 to 2 mg per

day025 mg at bedtime increase dosage by

025 mg every 4 to 7 days until oral burning is

relieved or side effects occur as dosage

increases medication is taken as full dose or

in three divided doses

BMS Treatment

Anticonvulsants

Gabapentin (Neurontin) 300 to 1600 mg per

day100 mg at bedtime increase dosage by

100 mg every 4 to 7 days until oral burning is

relieved or side effects occur as dosage

increases medication is taken in three divided

doses

C

Candidiasis

Oral thrush and other Candida infections

occur when your immune system is

weakened by disease or drugs such as

prednisone or when antibiotics disturb the

natural balance of microorganisms in the

body

Predisposing factors for infection

Infancy or old age

Serious underlying disease such as cancer or infection with HIV

Dry mouth due to disease of the salivary glands or medications eg antihistamines diuretics

Dentures (especially if they are not regularly cleaned or fit badly)

Predisposing factors for infection

Smoking

Injury to the mouth

Nutritional deficiency eg iron ampor B-vitamin deficiency

Inhaled corticosteroids used to treat asthma eg beclometasone budesonide fluticasone Drink water after inhalation to reduce this complication

Clinical features

Acute pseudomembranous candidiasis There are

white patches on gums tongue amp inside the mouth

that can be peeled off leaving a raw area

Acute atrophic candidiasis There are smooth red

shiny patches on the tongue The mouth is very sore

Chronic atrophic candidiasis This is common in

those with dentures The underlying mucosa is red

and swollen

Clinical features

Angular cheilitis There are sore red splits at each side of the mouth more likely if there is overhang of the upper lip over the lower lip causing a moist deep furrow Angular cheilitis due to candida andor Staphylococcus aureus arises frequently in those taking the medication isotretinoin for acne this medication dries the lips

Chronic hyperplastic candidiasis This is a type of oral leukoplakia (white patch) inside the cheeks or on the tongue with persistent nodules or lumps It usually affects smokers and is pre-malignant Red patches (erythroplakia) as well as white patches may indicate malignant change

Clinical features

Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis presents

as a chronic pseudomembranous infection

The skin and nails are also affected

Median rhomboid glossitis - there is diamond-

shaped inflammation at the back of the

tongue

Severe infections may extend down the throat

(esophageal infection)

Rationale for Treatment Topical vs

Systemic Drugs

Topical antifungals are usually the drug of

choice for uncomplicated localized

candidiasis in patients with normal immune

function

Systemic antifungals are usually indicated in

cases of disseminated disease andor in

immunocompromised patients

Suggested Medications for the

Treatment of Candidiasis

Rx

Clotrimazole troches 10 mg

Disp 70 troches

Sig Let 1 troche dissolve in mouth 5 times

per day for 14 days Do not chew NPO 12

hour

Suggested Systemic Medications for

the Treatment of Candidiasis Rx

Ketoconazole tablets 200 mgDisp 14 tabletsSig Take 1 tab qd with a meal or orange juice for 14 days

RxFluconazole tablets 100 mgDisp 15 tabletsSig Take 2 tablets stat then 1 tablet qd for 14 days

RxItraconazole tablets 100 mgDisp 28 tabletsSig Take 1 tablet bid with a meal or orange juice for 14 days

CA

Head and Neck Cancer

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Intraoral Melanoma

Lymphoma

Intraoral Melanoma

The five year survival rate for oral melanoma

is less than 20 as compared to 75 for

Cutaneous melanomas The average time of

first local recurrence for oral melanoma is less

than one year and metastatic disease is usually

diagnosed within three months of the

recurrence The average survival rate after

metastasis is typically less than 6 months

Extranodal Lymphoma

Extranodal lymphomas usually develop as a

rapidly growing mass of the palate or

posterior tongue (area of Waldeyerrsquos ring)

Pain may or may not be a presenting sign

Clinically the lesion may present as an

erythematous mass with a boggy consistency

The average survival rate for AIDS patients

with an intraoral lymphoma is eight months

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Second primary ndash field cancerization

Incidence amp Mortality HampN Ca

41000 new cases annually

13000 affected will die of disease

Rates constant over last 20yrs

lt 5 of neoplasias US

Highest incidence southeastern amp south-

central Asia

Disease in Women

Prior to 1940 malefemale ratio - 101

1980s ratio 31

Reason tobacco use among women in early

decades of the century

Habits have stabilized ndash malefemale

incidence normalized

Tobacco Use

1956 Wynder et al HampN Ca 10-fold

increase among smokers

Most studies 5-fold to 25-fold increase

intensity and duration of tobacco

consumption

80-90 of HampN Ca patients use tobacco

Alcohol

Odds ratio increases 3- to 15-fold for HampN

Ca after adjusting for tobacco use with

consumption of alcohol

Multiplicative effect with tobacco and

alcohol

Location of cancer ndash oral

pharyngeal(topical mechanism)

Alcohol

Promotional effects independent of

initiation

-prostaglandin synthesis lipid peroxidation

free radical oxygen enhance cell turnover

Enhances cell permeability

Defective repair mechanisms

Depressed immunity

Dz

RISK FACTORS (RF)

1 RF

2 RF

3 RF

4 RF

The concept of

TUMOR

local

regional

systemic

local T

N

M

INFECTION PAIN

INFECTION NEOPLASM

CERVICAL LYMPH NODE ENLARGEMENT

bullbacterial

bullviral (local systemic)

bullfungal

bullpostinfect fibrosed node

bulllt 40 yrs lymphoma

bullgt 40 yrs metastatic SCC

OTHERS

bullleukemia

bullconnective tissue diseases (eg lupus)

bullsarcoidosis

Importance of early diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma

60

stage III amp IV

23 recurrence lt 2 yrs

lt 13 survive 3 yrs

40

stage I amp II

80-90 cure

Second primary tumor in successfully treated patients within 5-7

years up to 40 Follow-up important

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Mortality (8000) deaths per year

Mortality by Site

Tongue 432

Salivary 130

Floor of mouth 950

Lip 24

Other 319

Premalignant Lesions

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Erythroplasia

Carcinoma in situ

Verrucous Leukoplakia

Tobacco patch keratosis

Actinic cheilosis

Mouth wash (Viadent) dysplasia

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Defined as a red patch that can not be

clinically or pathologically diagnosed as any

other condition

Almost all erythroleukoplakia demonstrate

dysplasia or CIS

Etiology is similar to oral SCC

May occur in conjunction with leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Risk of malignant transformation in

erythroleukoplakia about 4x greater than

homogenous leukoplakia

Predominately disease of older men with peak

prevalence of 65 to 74 years

Floor of mouth tongue and soft palate are

most common sites of involvement

Erythroplakia

The Management of Head and

Neck Cancer

Major advances

Conservative or partial resections

Micro vascular free-tissue transfer in

reconstruction

Better definition of the roles of chemotherapy

and radiotherapy

Despite these advances the treatment of loco

regional recurrence remains a major challenge

success rates for salvage therapy are poor

Treatment

Surgery

Radiotherapy

Chemotherapy

Immunotherapy

at present the role of immunotherapy remains investigational

Chemotherapy

Several randomized and non-randomized trial have evaluated chemotherapy for the treatment of head and neck cancer

Various agents have been shown to produce a response

No agents either alone or in combination have demonstrated an improvement in survival

cisplatin and 5 - FU

Uses

Inoperable tumors

Salvage therapy for recurrent tumors

Treatment

The main treatment modalities for head and neck

cancer remain surgery and radiotherapy

Patient factors that merit consideration

Impact on the quality of life

Medical condition ndash ldquoco - morbiditiesrdquo

Patient preference

Treatment cost and convenience

Compliance

Treatment

Early stage disease (stage I and II) can be treated with either surgery or radiotherapy with equivalent control rates

Small lesions of the oral cavity wide local excision is preferred over radiotherapy

Radiotherapy can be delivered to a site generally only once

Reserve this modality for less operable lesions

Treatment Combined Modality

Surgery and RadiotherapyIndications for post operative radiotherapy

Primary Tumor

Advance T stage

High histologic grade

Positive surgical resection margins

Lymphatic permeation

Vascular invasion

Perineural spread

Radiotherapy

Daily dose of 180 cGy to 200 cGy

5000 cGy over a five week period

T1 ndash 6000 to 6600 cGy

T2 - 6600 to 7000 cGy

T3T4 - gt 7000 cGy

ldquoshrinking field techniquerdquo

hyperfractionation technique 200 cGy per day for 25 days followed by 400 cGy per day for 5 days

D

Desquamative gingivitis is a clinical term to describe red painful glazed and friable gingivae which may be a manifestation of some mucocutaneous conditions such as lichen planus or the vesiculobullous disorders

Clinical features of desquamative

gingivitis

Fiery red friable gingiva

Painful desquamates easily

Buccal aspect of anterior attached gingiva

affected

Marginal gingiva spared

Not significantly improved by oral hygiene

measures alone

Differential Diagnosis Erosive Lichen Planus

Immune-mediated blistering diseases

Intra-epithelial

Pemphigus

Subepithelial

Pemphigoid

Linear IgA disease

Dermatitis herpetiformis

Epidermolysis bullosa

Erythema multiforme

Treatment Topical Corticosteroids Recurrent aphthous ulcers

bull Oral manifestations of Behccedilets disease Reiters syndrome acute

vulvar ulcer MAGIC syndrome PFAPA syndrome ulcerative colitis

Crohns disease Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome Sweets

syndrome among others

bull Drug-induced ulcerations mediated by an immune mechanism

bull Lichen planus

bull Cicatricial pemphigoid

bull Mucous membrane pemphigoid

bull Bullous pemphigoid

bull Erythema multiforme

bull Linear IgA dermatosis

bull Pemphigus vulgaris

Topicals Temovate cream 005 Clobetasol propionate

Halog cream 01 Halcinonide

Lidex cream 005 Fluocinonide

Topicort cream 025 Desoximethasone

Lidex gel 005 Fluocinonide

Aristocort cream H-P 05 Triamcinolone acetinode

Diprosone cream 005 Betamethasone dipropionate

Florone cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Maxiflor cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Synalar cream H-P 02 Fluocinolone acetonide

Topicals Tropicort-LP cream 005 Desoxymethasone

Benisone cream 0025 Betamethasone benzoate

Cordran cream 0025 Flurandenolide

Kenalog cream 01 Triamcinolone acetonide

Locoid cream 01 Hydrocortisone butyrate

Synalar cream 0025 Fluocinolone acetonide

Valisone cream 01 Betamethasone valerate

Tridesilon cream 005 Desonide

Locorten cream 003 Flumetasone pivalate

1 Hydrocortisone

Topical Corticosteroids

Used to treat oral lesions

Clobetasol (Temovate) -- Suppresses mitosis and increases synthesis of proteins that decrease inflammation and cause vasoconstriction Class I superpotent topical steroid useful in treating oral lesions Topical corticosteroids commonly are used intraorally for oral manifestations of autoimmune blistering skin diseases Since these diseases are chronic inflammatory in nature topical corticosteroids are very useful as an adjunct treatment Patients with disease confined to the gingiva should see a dentist to have a custom-made soft tray to carry the medication

H

How does herpes simplex develop

overexposure to sunlight

overexposure to wind

colds influenza and similar infections

heavy alcohol use

fever from any cause

the menstrual period

physical stress

emotional stress

Symptoms

Primary (Initial) HSV I Fever

Adenopathy

Ulcers deep in mouth

Secondary (Later) HSV I (Recurrent labial lesions) Fever Blisters form on outer vermillion border

Cold Sores form on inner lip Initial Vesicle

Next Crust

Last Healing in 10-14 days

Differential Diagnosis

Differs from Aphthous Ulcers in that

Found on keratinized (bound-down) intraoral

mucosa

Vesicles rupture into coalescing ulcers

HSV lesions are anterior compared with

Herpangina

Hand Foot and Mouth Disease

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Oral acyclovir (Zovirax) or the recently

developed drugs valacyclovir (Valtrex) or

famciclovir (Famvir) lessen the symptoms

and frequency of fever blister recurrences for

some patients These drugs prevent HSV from

multiplying and are effective when taken in

pill form prior to an outbreak of the virus

Systemic Antivirals

Acyclovir

Dose 15 mgkg (max 200 mg) PO 5xday for 7 days

Shortens first HSV infection by 6 days in children

Famciclovir

Shortens healing time by 2 days in UV-induced cases

Spruance (1999) J Infect Dis 179303-10

Valacyclovir (FDA approved for age 12 and older)

Adult dose 2 g PO bid for one day

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Topical antiviral creams containing acyclovir

(Zovirax) or penciclovir (Denavir) may also

help in limiting the extent or duration of

lesions if applied promptly to affected areas

Topical Treatments

Penciclovir (Denavir) heals HSV-1 sores on average about half a day faster than without treatment stops viral shedding and reduces the duration of the pain Ideally the patient should apply the cream within the first hour of symptoms although benefits have also been noted with later application It is continued for four consecutive days and should be reapplied every two hours while awake

Docosanol cream (Abreva) is an over-the-counter agent for oral-facial herpes It helps resist infection by inhibiting the ability of the virus to become fully active after it has attached itself to the host cell It is applied five times a day beginning at the first sign of tingling or pain Studies have been mixed on it benefits

Topical Treatments

Acyclovir cream (Zovirax) has been approved It may speed healing of oral herpes lesions and lessen the duration of pain particularly if it is applied early on (at the first sign of pain or tingling)

Lidex is a gel that contains a fluocinonide as corticosteroid Corticosteroids commonly called steroids are anti-inflammatory agents and not ordinarily used for herpes Some evidence suggests it may be effective in combination with oral famciclovir

Topical Treatments

Over-the-counter topical anesthetics may provide

modest relief They include Anbesol gel Blistex lip

ointment Campho-phenique Herpecin-L

Viractin and Zilactin In one study Viractin

reduced the duration of the attack compared to

placebo by two days It also relieved itching but had

little effect on other symptoms In general however

few studies have been conducted on any of these

products

X

Xerostomia

Xerostomia is not a disease but can be a symptom

of certain diseases It can produce serious

negative effects on the patients quality of life

affecting dietary habits nutritional status

speech taste tolerance to dental prosthesis and

increases susceptibility to dental caries The

increase in dental caries can be devastating in

many patients and therefore special care must be

made to control this condition

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Medications - Several hundred current medications

can cause xerostomia antihypertensives

antidepressants analgesics tranquilizers diuretics

and antihistamines c

-Cancer Therapy - Chemotherapeutic drugs can

change the flow and composition of the saliva

Radiation treatment that is focused on or near the

salivary gland can temporarily or permanently

damage the salivary glands

-Sjogrens syndrome - An autoimmune disease causes

xerostomia and dry eyes

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Other conditions -such as bone marrow transplants endocrine disorders stress anxiety depression and nutritional deficiencies may cause xerostomia

-Nerve Damage - Trauma to the head and neck area from surgery or wounds can damage the nerves that supply sensation to the mouth While the salivary glands may be left intact they cannot function normally without the nerves that signal them to produce saliva

Treatment

Identify the xerostomic condition and the

cause Some of the causes may be

ameliorated and this will aid therapy But

in many situations it will be difficult to

eliminate the causes Thus it will be

necessary for the Dentist to control the

results of xerostomia This is especially

true about the increase in dental caries

Treatment -pilocarpine (Salagen) 5mg qid prescription required

-special food preparation - blended and moist foods are easier to swallow

artificial saliva (available over-the-counter)

-sipping plain water is usually preferred over artificial saliva by most patients

-Biotene brand over-the-counter dry mouth products (toothpaste alcohol- free mouth rinse and Oralbalance lubricating gel)

-avoidance of alcohol-based mouth rinses

-use of water and glycerin mixed in a small aerosol spray bottle

RX

Contains sorbitol sodium

carboxymethlcellulose and

methylparaben in a

pleasantly flavored

solution

120 mL (406 fl oz)

Z

Treatment

Acyclovir (Zovirax)dagger800 mg orally five times

daily for 7 to 10 days

10 mg per kg IV every 8 hours for 7 to 10

daysDagger

$174 to 248 (129 to 200)

Famciclovir (Famvir)dagger500 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$140

Treatment

Valacyclovir (Valtrex)dagger1000 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$84

Prednisone (Deltasone)30 mg orally twice

daily on days 1 through 7 then 15 mg twice

daily on days 8 through 14 then 75 mg twice

daily on days 15 through 21

Treatment

Lotions containing calamine (eg Caladryl)

may be used on open lesions to reduce pain

and pruritus

Once the lesions have crusted over capsaicin

cream (Zostrix) may be applied

Topically administered lidocaine (Xylocaine)

and nerve blocks have also been reported to

be effective in reducing pain

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Amitriptyline (Elavil) -- By inhibiting reuptake of serotonin andor norepinephrine by presynaptic neuronal membrane may increase synaptic concentration in CNS Useful as analgesic for certain types of chronic and neuropathic pain

Adult DoseEarly in course of HZ 25 mgd PO hs to prevent PHNAfter PHN develops 30-100 mg PO qhs

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Capsaicin cream (Dolorac Capsin Zostrix) --Natural chemical derived from plants of Solanaceae family By depleting and preventing reaccumulation of substance P in peripheral sensory neurons may render skin and joints insensitive to pain Substance P thought to be chemomediator of pain transmission from periphery to CNS

Adult DoseCream Apply to skin tidqid for 3-4 consecutive wk and evaluate efficacy not to exceed 4 applicationsd

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Lidocaine (DermaFlex gel Lidoderm 5 patch) --Several recent studies have advocated topical administration of lidocaine as treatment of PHN Lidocaine gel (5) in placebo-controlled study showed significant relief in 23 patients studied Lidocaine tape also decreases severity of pain

Adult DoseGel (5) Apply to affected area prnPatch (5) Apply to most painful area up to 3 patches per application patch may remain in place for up to 12 h in any 24 h period

Postherpetic Neuralgia Gabapentin (Neurontin) -- This medication has been

approved by the FDA for the treatment of PHN Has properties common to other anticonvulsants and antineuralgic effects Exact mechanism of action is not known Structurally gabapentin is related to GABA but it does not interact with GABA receptors Believed to have a binding site at the alpha 2-delta protein an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gaited calcium channels In the rat brain binding is localized on neuronal dendritic areas Relevance of these observations to treatment of PHN is not known

Adult Dose100 mg PO tid titrate dose prn recommended dose is 900-1800 mg PO qd not to exceed 900 mg PO qid

Behcetrsquos Syndrome

ldquothe silk routerdquo

Behcetrsquos Syndrome

1937 ndash Turkish dermatologist ndashHulusi

Behcet described this condition

Ocular Inflammation

Orogenital Inflammation

Multisystem Disorder

Behcetrsquos Disease

Highest Prevalence ndash Middle East and

Japan

Oral Involvement ndash primary

manifestation in 25 to 75 of the

cases

All three forms of aphthous stomatitis

may be seen

Behcetrsquos Disease

Genital lesions are clinically similar to

oral lesions

75 of the patients demonstrate the

genital lesions

Genital lesions are generally more

symptomatic in males

Behcetrsquos Disease

Criteria for the Diagnosis of Behcetrsquos

Disease (International Study Group)

Recurrent oral ulceration

Plus two of the following

Recurrent genital ulcerations

Eye lesions ndashanteriorposterior uveitis

Skin lesions

+ pathergy ndash read by 24-48 hours

Behcetrsquos Disease

Treament

Topical or intralesional corticosteriods

Oral colchicine

Thalidomide

Low-dose methotrexate

Systemic corticosteriods

Cyclosporine

Interferon alpha2A

Treatment

Triamcinolone 01 in Orabase (Kenalog

in Orabase) Apply to dried ulcer two to

four times daily until healed

Randomized controlled studies show decreased

pain

Dexamethasone elixir 05 mg per 5 ml

Swish and spit with 5 mL every 6 hours

As above

B

Burning Mouth Syndrome

About 13 million American adults mostly

postmenopausal women are afflicted with

Burning Mouth Syndrome a chronic often

debilitating condition whose cause remains a

medical mystery

Burning Mouth Syndrome

The main symptom of burning mouth

syndrome is a burning sensation involving the

tongue lips gums palate throat or

widespread areas of the whole mouth People

with the syndrome may describe the sensation

in the affected areas as hot or scalded as if

they had been burned with a hot liquid

Burning Mouth Syndrome

Dry mouth

Sore mouth

A tingling or numb sensation in your mouth

or on the tip of your tongue

A bitter or metallic taste

Causes

Dry mouth (xerostomia)

Nutritional deficiencies

Allergies

Psychological factors

Nerve disturbance or damage

(neuropathy)

Treatments

Potentially efficacious medicines include

tricyclic antidepressants (like amitriptyline -brand name Elavil)

benzodiazepines (like clonazepam - brand name Klonopin or

chlordiazepoxide brand name - Librium)

even anticonvulsants have proven effective in some cases

BMS Treatment

Tricyclic antidepressants

Amitriptyline (Elavil)10 to 150 mg per day

10 mg at bedtime increase dosage by 10 mg

every 4 to 7 days until oral burning is relieved

or side effects occur

BMS Treatment

Benzodiazepines

Clonazepam (Klonopin)025 to 2 mg per

day025 mg at bedtime increase dosage by

025 mg every 4 to 7 days until oral burning is

relieved or side effects occur as dosage

increases medication is taken as full dose or

in three divided doses

BMS Treatment

Anticonvulsants

Gabapentin (Neurontin) 300 to 1600 mg per

day100 mg at bedtime increase dosage by

100 mg every 4 to 7 days until oral burning is

relieved or side effects occur as dosage

increases medication is taken in three divided

doses

C

Candidiasis

Oral thrush and other Candida infections

occur when your immune system is

weakened by disease or drugs such as

prednisone or when antibiotics disturb the

natural balance of microorganisms in the

body

Predisposing factors for infection

Infancy or old age

Serious underlying disease such as cancer or infection with HIV

Dry mouth due to disease of the salivary glands or medications eg antihistamines diuretics

Dentures (especially if they are not regularly cleaned or fit badly)

Predisposing factors for infection

Smoking

Injury to the mouth

Nutritional deficiency eg iron ampor B-vitamin deficiency

Inhaled corticosteroids used to treat asthma eg beclometasone budesonide fluticasone Drink water after inhalation to reduce this complication

Clinical features

Acute pseudomembranous candidiasis There are

white patches on gums tongue amp inside the mouth

that can be peeled off leaving a raw area

Acute atrophic candidiasis There are smooth red

shiny patches on the tongue The mouth is very sore

Chronic atrophic candidiasis This is common in

those with dentures The underlying mucosa is red

and swollen

Clinical features

Angular cheilitis There are sore red splits at each side of the mouth more likely if there is overhang of the upper lip over the lower lip causing a moist deep furrow Angular cheilitis due to candida andor Staphylococcus aureus arises frequently in those taking the medication isotretinoin for acne this medication dries the lips

Chronic hyperplastic candidiasis This is a type of oral leukoplakia (white patch) inside the cheeks or on the tongue with persistent nodules or lumps It usually affects smokers and is pre-malignant Red patches (erythroplakia) as well as white patches may indicate malignant change

Clinical features

Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis presents

as a chronic pseudomembranous infection

The skin and nails are also affected

Median rhomboid glossitis - there is diamond-

shaped inflammation at the back of the

tongue

Severe infections may extend down the throat

(esophageal infection)

Rationale for Treatment Topical vs

Systemic Drugs

Topical antifungals are usually the drug of

choice for uncomplicated localized

candidiasis in patients with normal immune

function

Systemic antifungals are usually indicated in

cases of disseminated disease andor in

immunocompromised patients

Suggested Medications for the

Treatment of Candidiasis

Rx

Clotrimazole troches 10 mg

Disp 70 troches

Sig Let 1 troche dissolve in mouth 5 times

per day for 14 days Do not chew NPO 12

hour

Suggested Systemic Medications for

the Treatment of Candidiasis Rx

Ketoconazole tablets 200 mgDisp 14 tabletsSig Take 1 tab qd with a meal or orange juice for 14 days

RxFluconazole tablets 100 mgDisp 15 tabletsSig Take 2 tablets stat then 1 tablet qd for 14 days

RxItraconazole tablets 100 mgDisp 28 tabletsSig Take 1 tablet bid with a meal or orange juice for 14 days

CA

Head and Neck Cancer

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Intraoral Melanoma

Lymphoma

Intraoral Melanoma

The five year survival rate for oral melanoma

is less than 20 as compared to 75 for

Cutaneous melanomas The average time of

first local recurrence for oral melanoma is less

than one year and metastatic disease is usually

diagnosed within three months of the

recurrence The average survival rate after

metastasis is typically less than 6 months

Extranodal Lymphoma

Extranodal lymphomas usually develop as a

rapidly growing mass of the palate or

posterior tongue (area of Waldeyerrsquos ring)

Pain may or may not be a presenting sign

Clinically the lesion may present as an

erythematous mass with a boggy consistency

The average survival rate for AIDS patients

with an intraoral lymphoma is eight months

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Second primary ndash field cancerization

Incidence amp Mortality HampN Ca

41000 new cases annually

13000 affected will die of disease

Rates constant over last 20yrs

lt 5 of neoplasias US

Highest incidence southeastern amp south-

central Asia

Disease in Women

Prior to 1940 malefemale ratio - 101

1980s ratio 31

Reason tobacco use among women in early

decades of the century

Habits have stabilized ndash malefemale

incidence normalized

Tobacco Use

1956 Wynder et al HampN Ca 10-fold

increase among smokers

Most studies 5-fold to 25-fold increase

intensity and duration of tobacco

consumption

80-90 of HampN Ca patients use tobacco

Alcohol

Odds ratio increases 3- to 15-fold for HampN

Ca after adjusting for tobacco use with

consumption of alcohol

Multiplicative effect with tobacco and

alcohol

Location of cancer ndash oral

pharyngeal(topical mechanism)

Alcohol

Promotional effects independent of

initiation

-prostaglandin synthesis lipid peroxidation

free radical oxygen enhance cell turnover

Enhances cell permeability

Defective repair mechanisms

Depressed immunity

Dz

RISK FACTORS (RF)

1 RF

2 RF

3 RF

4 RF

The concept of

TUMOR

local

regional

systemic

local T

N

M

INFECTION PAIN

INFECTION NEOPLASM

CERVICAL LYMPH NODE ENLARGEMENT

bullbacterial

bullviral (local systemic)

bullfungal

bullpostinfect fibrosed node

bulllt 40 yrs lymphoma

bullgt 40 yrs metastatic SCC

OTHERS

bullleukemia

bullconnective tissue diseases (eg lupus)

bullsarcoidosis

Importance of early diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma

60

stage III amp IV

23 recurrence lt 2 yrs

lt 13 survive 3 yrs

40

stage I amp II

80-90 cure

Second primary tumor in successfully treated patients within 5-7

years up to 40 Follow-up important

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Mortality (8000) deaths per year

Mortality by Site

Tongue 432

Salivary 130

Floor of mouth 950

Lip 24

Other 319

Premalignant Lesions

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Erythroplasia

Carcinoma in situ

Verrucous Leukoplakia

Tobacco patch keratosis

Actinic cheilosis

Mouth wash (Viadent) dysplasia

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Defined as a red patch that can not be

clinically or pathologically diagnosed as any

other condition

Almost all erythroleukoplakia demonstrate

dysplasia or CIS

Etiology is similar to oral SCC

May occur in conjunction with leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Risk of malignant transformation in

erythroleukoplakia about 4x greater than

homogenous leukoplakia

Predominately disease of older men with peak

prevalence of 65 to 74 years

Floor of mouth tongue and soft palate are

most common sites of involvement

Erythroplakia

The Management of Head and

Neck Cancer

Major advances

Conservative or partial resections

Micro vascular free-tissue transfer in

reconstruction

Better definition of the roles of chemotherapy

and radiotherapy

Despite these advances the treatment of loco

regional recurrence remains a major challenge

success rates for salvage therapy are poor

Treatment

Surgery

Radiotherapy

Chemotherapy

Immunotherapy

at present the role of immunotherapy remains investigational

Chemotherapy

Several randomized and non-randomized trial have evaluated chemotherapy for the treatment of head and neck cancer

Various agents have been shown to produce a response

No agents either alone or in combination have demonstrated an improvement in survival

cisplatin and 5 - FU

Uses

Inoperable tumors

Salvage therapy for recurrent tumors

Treatment

The main treatment modalities for head and neck

cancer remain surgery and radiotherapy

Patient factors that merit consideration

Impact on the quality of life

Medical condition ndash ldquoco - morbiditiesrdquo

Patient preference

Treatment cost and convenience

Compliance

Treatment

Early stage disease (stage I and II) can be treated with either surgery or radiotherapy with equivalent control rates

Small lesions of the oral cavity wide local excision is preferred over radiotherapy

Radiotherapy can be delivered to a site generally only once

Reserve this modality for less operable lesions

Treatment Combined Modality

Surgery and RadiotherapyIndications for post operative radiotherapy

Primary Tumor

Advance T stage

High histologic grade

Positive surgical resection margins

Lymphatic permeation

Vascular invasion

Perineural spread

Radiotherapy

Daily dose of 180 cGy to 200 cGy

5000 cGy over a five week period

T1 ndash 6000 to 6600 cGy

T2 - 6600 to 7000 cGy

T3T4 - gt 7000 cGy

ldquoshrinking field techniquerdquo

hyperfractionation technique 200 cGy per day for 25 days followed by 400 cGy per day for 5 days

D

Desquamative gingivitis is a clinical term to describe red painful glazed and friable gingivae which may be a manifestation of some mucocutaneous conditions such as lichen planus or the vesiculobullous disorders

Clinical features of desquamative

gingivitis

Fiery red friable gingiva

Painful desquamates easily

Buccal aspect of anterior attached gingiva

affected

Marginal gingiva spared

Not significantly improved by oral hygiene

measures alone

Differential Diagnosis Erosive Lichen Planus

Immune-mediated blistering diseases

Intra-epithelial

Pemphigus

Subepithelial

Pemphigoid

Linear IgA disease

Dermatitis herpetiformis

Epidermolysis bullosa

Erythema multiforme

Treatment Topical Corticosteroids Recurrent aphthous ulcers

bull Oral manifestations of Behccedilets disease Reiters syndrome acute

vulvar ulcer MAGIC syndrome PFAPA syndrome ulcerative colitis

Crohns disease Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome Sweets

syndrome among others

bull Drug-induced ulcerations mediated by an immune mechanism

bull Lichen planus

bull Cicatricial pemphigoid

bull Mucous membrane pemphigoid

bull Bullous pemphigoid

bull Erythema multiforme

bull Linear IgA dermatosis

bull Pemphigus vulgaris

Topicals Temovate cream 005 Clobetasol propionate

Halog cream 01 Halcinonide

Lidex cream 005 Fluocinonide

Topicort cream 025 Desoximethasone

Lidex gel 005 Fluocinonide

Aristocort cream H-P 05 Triamcinolone acetinode

Diprosone cream 005 Betamethasone dipropionate

Florone cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Maxiflor cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Synalar cream H-P 02 Fluocinolone acetonide

Topicals Tropicort-LP cream 005 Desoxymethasone

Benisone cream 0025 Betamethasone benzoate

Cordran cream 0025 Flurandenolide

Kenalog cream 01 Triamcinolone acetonide

Locoid cream 01 Hydrocortisone butyrate

Synalar cream 0025 Fluocinolone acetonide

Valisone cream 01 Betamethasone valerate

Tridesilon cream 005 Desonide

Locorten cream 003 Flumetasone pivalate

1 Hydrocortisone

Topical Corticosteroids

Used to treat oral lesions

Clobetasol (Temovate) -- Suppresses mitosis and increases synthesis of proteins that decrease inflammation and cause vasoconstriction Class I superpotent topical steroid useful in treating oral lesions Topical corticosteroids commonly are used intraorally for oral manifestations of autoimmune blistering skin diseases Since these diseases are chronic inflammatory in nature topical corticosteroids are very useful as an adjunct treatment Patients with disease confined to the gingiva should see a dentist to have a custom-made soft tray to carry the medication

H

How does herpes simplex develop

overexposure to sunlight

overexposure to wind

colds influenza and similar infections

heavy alcohol use

fever from any cause

the menstrual period

physical stress

emotional stress

Symptoms

Primary (Initial) HSV I Fever

Adenopathy

Ulcers deep in mouth

Secondary (Later) HSV I (Recurrent labial lesions) Fever Blisters form on outer vermillion border

Cold Sores form on inner lip Initial Vesicle

Next Crust

Last Healing in 10-14 days

Differential Diagnosis

Differs from Aphthous Ulcers in that

Found on keratinized (bound-down) intraoral

mucosa

Vesicles rupture into coalescing ulcers

HSV lesions are anterior compared with

Herpangina

Hand Foot and Mouth Disease

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Oral acyclovir (Zovirax) or the recently

developed drugs valacyclovir (Valtrex) or

famciclovir (Famvir) lessen the symptoms

and frequency of fever blister recurrences for

some patients These drugs prevent HSV from

multiplying and are effective when taken in

pill form prior to an outbreak of the virus

Systemic Antivirals

Acyclovir

Dose 15 mgkg (max 200 mg) PO 5xday for 7 days

Shortens first HSV infection by 6 days in children

Famciclovir

Shortens healing time by 2 days in UV-induced cases

Spruance (1999) J Infect Dis 179303-10

Valacyclovir (FDA approved for age 12 and older)

Adult dose 2 g PO bid for one day

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Topical antiviral creams containing acyclovir

(Zovirax) or penciclovir (Denavir) may also

help in limiting the extent or duration of

lesions if applied promptly to affected areas

Topical Treatments

Penciclovir (Denavir) heals HSV-1 sores on average about half a day faster than without treatment stops viral shedding and reduces the duration of the pain Ideally the patient should apply the cream within the first hour of symptoms although benefits have also been noted with later application It is continued for four consecutive days and should be reapplied every two hours while awake

Docosanol cream (Abreva) is an over-the-counter agent for oral-facial herpes It helps resist infection by inhibiting the ability of the virus to become fully active after it has attached itself to the host cell It is applied five times a day beginning at the first sign of tingling or pain Studies have been mixed on it benefits

Topical Treatments

Acyclovir cream (Zovirax) has been approved It may speed healing of oral herpes lesions and lessen the duration of pain particularly if it is applied early on (at the first sign of pain or tingling)

Lidex is a gel that contains a fluocinonide as corticosteroid Corticosteroids commonly called steroids are anti-inflammatory agents and not ordinarily used for herpes Some evidence suggests it may be effective in combination with oral famciclovir

Topical Treatments

Over-the-counter topical anesthetics may provide

modest relief They include Anbesol gel Blistex lip

ointment Campho-phenique Herpecin-L

Viractin and Zilactin In one study Viractin

reduced the duration of the attack compared to

placebo by two days It also relieved itching but had

little effect on other symptoms In general however

few studies have been conducted on any of these

products

X

Xerostomia

Xerostomia is not a disease but can be a symptom

of certain diseases It can produce serious

negative effects on the patients quality of life

affecting dietary habits nutritional status

speech taste tolerance to dental prosthesis and

increases susceptibility to dental caries The

increase in dental caries can be devastating in

many patients and therefore special care must be

made to control this condition

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Medications - Several hundred current medications

can cause xerostomia antihypertensives

antidepressants analgesics tranquilizers diuretics

and antihistamines c

-Cancer Therapy - Chemotherapeutic drugs can

change the flow and composition of the saliva

Radiation treatment that is focused on or near the

salivary gland can temporarily or permanently

damage the salivary glands

-Sjogrens syndrome - An autoimmune disease causes

xerostomia and dry eyes

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Other conditions -such as bone marrow transplants endocrine disorders stress anxiety depression and nutritional deficiencies may cause xerostomia

-Nerve Damage - Trauma to the head and neck area from surgery or wounds can damage the nerves that supply sensation to the mouth While the salivary glands may be left intact they cannot function normally without the nerves that signal them to produce saliva

Treatment

Identify the xerostomic condition and the

cause Some of the causes may be

ameliorated and this will aid therapy But

in many situations it will be difficult to

eliminate the causes Thus it will be

necessary for the Dentist to control the

results of xerostomia This is especially

true about the increase in dental caries

Treatment -pilocarpine (Salagen) 5mg qid prescription required

-special food preparation - blended and moist foods are easier to swallow

artificial saliva (available over-the-counter)

-sipping plain water is usually preferred over artificial saliva by most patients

-Biotene brand over-the-counter dry mouth products (toothpaste alcohol- free mouth rinse and Oralbalance lubricating gel)

-avoidance of alcohol-based mouth rinses

-use of water and glycerin mixed in a small aerosol spray bottle

RX

Contains sorbitol sodium

carboxymethlcellulose and

methylparaben in a

pleasantly flavored

solution

120 mL (406 fl oz)

Z

Treatment

Acyclovir (Zovirax)dagger800 mg orally five times

daily for 7 to 10 days

10 mg per kg IV every 8 hours for 7 to 10

daysDagger

$174 to 248 (129 to 200)

Famciclovir (Famvir)dagger500 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$140

Treatment

Valacyclovir (Valtrex)dagger1000 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$84

Prednisone (Deltasone)30 mg orally twice

daily on days 1 through 7 then 15 mg twice

daily on days 8 through 14 then 75 mg twice

daily on days 15 through 21

Treatment

Lotions containing calamine (eg Caladryl)

may be used on open lesions to reduce pain

and pruritus

Once the lesions have crusted over capsaicin

cream (Zostrix) may be applied

Topically administered lidocaine (Xylocaine)

and nerve blocks have also been reported to

be effective in reducing pain

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Amitriptyline (Elavil) -- By inhibiting reuptake of serotonin andor norepinephrine by presynaptic neuronal membrane may increase synaptic concentration in CNS Useful as analgesic for certain types of chronic and neuropathic pain

Adult DoseEarly in course of HZ 25 mgd PO hs to prevent PHNAfter PHN develops 30-100 mg PO qhs

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Capsaicin cream (Dolorac Capsin Zostrix) --Natural chemical derived from plants of Solanaceae family By depleting and preventing reaccumulation of substance P in peripheral sensory neurons may render skin and joints insensitive to pain Substance P thought to be chemomediator of pain transmission from periphery to CNS

Adult DoseCream Apply to skin tidqid for 3-4 consecutive wk and evaluate efficacy not to exceed 4 applicationsd

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Lidocaine (DermaFlex gel Lidoderm 5 patch) --Several recent studies have advocated topical administration of lidocaine as treatment of PHN Lidocaine gel (5) in placebo-controlled study showed significant relief in 23 patients studied Lidocaine tape also decreases severity of pain

Adult DoseGel (5) Apply to affected area prnPatch (5) Apply to most painful area up to 3 patches per application patch may remain in place for up to 12 h in any 24 h period

Postherpetic Neuralgia Gabapentin (Neurontin) -- This medication has been

approved by the FDA for the treatment of PHN Has properties common to other anticonvulsants and antineuralgic effects Exact mechanism of action is not known Structurally gabapentin is related to GABA but it does not interact with GABA receptors Believed to have a binding site at the alpha 2-delta protein an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gaited calcium channels In the rat brain binding is localized on neuronal dendritic areas Relevance of these observations to treatment of PHN is not known

Adult Dose100 mg PO tid titrate dose prn recommended dose is 900-1800 mg PO qd not to exceed 900 mg PO qid

Behcetrsquos Syndrome

1937 ndash Turkish dermatologist ndashHulusi

Behcet described this condition

Ocular Inflammation

Orogenital Inflammation

Multisystem Disorder

Behcetrsquos Disease

Highest Prevalence ndash Middle East and

Japan

Oral Involvement ndash primary

manifestation in 25 to 75 of the

cases

All three forms of aphthous stomatitis

may be seen

Behcetrsquos Disease

Genital lesions are clinically similar to

oral lesions

75 of the patients demonstrate the

genital lesions

Genital lesions are generally more

symptomatic in males

Behcetrsquos Disease

Criteria for the Diagnosis of Behcetrsquos

Disease (International Study Group)

Recurrent oral ulceration

Plus two of the following

Recurrent genital ulcerations

Eye lesions ndashanteriorposterior uveitis

Skin lesions

+ pathergy ndash read by 24-48 hours

Behcetrsquos Disease

Treament

Topical or intralesional corticosteriods

Oral colchicine

Thalidomide

Low-dose methotrexate

Systemic corticosteriods

Cyclosporine

Interferon alpha2A

Treatment

Triamcinolone 01 in Orabase (Kenalog

in Orabase) Apply to dried ulcer two to

four times daily until healed

Randomized controlled studies show decreased

pain

Dexamethasone elixir 05 mg per 5 ml

Swish and spit with 5 mL every 6 hours

As above

B

Burning Mouth Syndrome

About 13 million American adults mostly

postmenopausal women are afflicted with

Burning Mouth Syndrome a chronic often

debilitating condition whose cause remains a

medical mystery

Burning Mouth Syndrome

The main symptom of burning mouth

syndrome is a burning sensation involving the

tongue lips gums palate throat or

widespread areas of the whole mouth People

with the syndrome may describe the sensation

in the affected areas as hot or scalded as if

they had been burned with a hot liquid

Burning Mouth Syndrome

Dry mouth

Sore mouth

A tingling or numb sensation in your mouth

or on the tip of your tongue

A bitter or metallic taste

Causes

Dry mouth (xerostomia)

Nutritional deficiencies

Allergies

Psychological factors

Nerve disturbance or damage

(neuropathy)

Treatments

Potentially efficacious medicines include

tricyclic antidepressants (like amitriptyline -brand name Elavil)

benzodiazepines (like clonazepam - brand name Klonopin or

chlordiazepoxide brand name - Librium)

even anticonvulsants have proven effective in some cases

BMS Treatment

Tricyclic antidepressants

Amitriptyline (Elavil)10 to 150 mg per day

10 mg at bedtime increase dosage by 10 mg

every 4 to 7 days until oral burning is relieved

or side effects occur

BMS Treatment

Benzodiazepines

Clonazepam (Klonopin)025 to 2 mg per

day025 mg at bedtime increase dosage by

025 mg every 4 to 7 days until oral burning is

relieved or side effects occur as dosage

increases medication is taken as full dose or

in three divided doses

BMS Treatment

Anticonvulsants

Gabapentin (Neurontin) 300 to 1600 mg per

day100 mg at bedtime increase dosage by

100 mg every 4 to 7 days until oral burning is

relieved or side effects occur as dosage

increases medication is taken in three divided

doses

C

Candidiasis

Oral thrush and other Candida infections

occur when your immune system is

weakened by disease or drugs such as

prednisone or when antibiotics disturb the

natural balance of microorganisms in the

body

Predisposing factors for infection

Infancy or old age

Serious underlying disease such as cancer or infection with HIV

Dry mouth due to disease of the salivary glands or medications eg antihistamines diuretics

Dentures (especially if they are not regularly cleaned or fit badly)

Predisposing factors for infection

Smoking

Injury to the mouth

Nutritional deficiency eg iron ampor B-vitamin deficiency

Inhaled corticosteroids used to treat asthma eg beclometasone budesonide fluticasone Drink water after inhalation to reduce this complication

Clinical features

Acute pseudomembranous candidiasis There are

white patches on gums tongue amp inside the mouth

that can be peeled off leaving a raw area

Acute atrophic candidiasis There are smooth red

shiny patches on the tongue The mouth is very sore

Chronic atrophic candidiasis This is common in

those with dentures The underlying mucosa is red

and swollen

Clinical features

Angular cheilitis There are sore red splits at each side of the mouth more likely if there is overhang of the upper lip over the lower lip causing a moist deep furrow Angular cheilitis due to candida andor Staphylococcus aureus arises frequently in those taking the medication isotretinoin for acne this medication dries the lips

Chronic hyperplastic candidiasis This is a type of oral leukoplakia (white patch) inside the cheeks or on the tongue with persistent nodules or lumps It usually affects smokers and is pre-malignant Red patches (erythroplakia) as well as white patches may indicate malignant change

Clinical features

Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis presents

as a chronic pseudomembranous infection

The skin and nails are also affected

Median rhomboid glossitis - there is diamond-

shaped inflammation at the back of the

tongue

Severe infections may extend down the throat

(esophageal infection)

Rationale for Treatment Topical vs

Systemic Drugs

Topical antifungals are usually the drug of

choice for uncomplicated localized

candidiasis in patients with normal immune

function

Systemic antifungals are usually indicated in

cases of disseminated disease andor in

immunocompromised patients

Suggested Medications for the

Treatment of Candidiasis

Rx

Clotrimazole troches 10 mg

Disp 70 troches

Sig Let 1 troche dissolve in mouth 5 times

per day for 14 days Do not chew NPO 12

hour

Suggested Systemic Medications for

the Treatment of Candidiasis Rx

Ketoconazole tablets 200 mgDisp 14 tabletsSig Take 1 tab qd with a meal or orange juice for 14 days

RxFluconazole tablets 100 mgDisp 15 tabletsSig Take 2 tablets stat then 1 tablet qd for 14 days

RxItraconazole tablets 100 mgDisp 28 tabletsSig Take 1 tablet bid with a meal or orange juice for 14 days

CA

Head and Neck Cancer

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Intraoral Melanoma

Lymphoma

Intraoral Melanoma

The five year survival rate for oral melanoma

is less than 20 as compared to 75 for

Cutaneous melanomas The average time of

first local recurrence for oral melanoma is less

than one year and metastatic disease is usually

diagnosed within three months of the

recurrence The average survival rate after

metastasis is typically less than 6 months

Extranodal Lymphoma

Extranodal lymphomas usually develop as a

rapidly growing mass of the palate or

posterior tongue (area of Waldeyerrsquos ring)

Pain may or may not be a presenting sign

Clinically the lesion may present as an

erythematous mass with a boggy consistency

The average survival rate for AIDS patients

with an intraoral lymphoma is eight months

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Second primary ndash field cancerization

Incidence amp Mortality HampN Ca

41000 new cases annually

13000 affected will die of disease

Rates constant over last 20yrs

lt 5 of neoplasias US

Highest incidence southeastern amp south-

central Asia

Disease in Women

Prior to 1940 malefemale ratio - 101

1980s ratio 31

Reason tobacco use among women in early

decades of the century

Habits have stabilized ndash malefemale

incidence normalized

Tobacco Use

1956 Wynder et al HampN Ca 10-fold

increase among smokers

Most studies 5-fold to 25-fold increase

intensity and duration of tobacco

consumption

80-90 of HampN Ca patients use tobacco

Alcohol

Odds ratio increases 3- to 15-fold for HampN

Ca after adjusting for tobacco use with

consumption of alcohol

Multiplicative effect with tobacco and

alcohol

Location of cancer ndash oral

pharyngeal(topical mechanism)

Alcohol

Promotional effects independent of

initiation

-prostaglandin synthesis lipid peroxidation

free radical oxygen enhance cell turnover

Enhances cell permeability

Defective repair mechanisms

Depressed immunity

Dz

RISK FACTORS (RF)

1 RF

2 RF

3 RF

4 RF

The concept of

TUMOR

local

regional

systemic

local T

N

M

INFECTION PAIN

INFECTION NEOPLASM

CERVICAL LYMPH NODE ENLARGEMENT

bullbacterial

bullviral (local systemic)

bullfungal

bullpostinfect fibrosed node

bulllt 40 yrs lymphoma

bullgt 40 yrs metastatic SCC

OTHERS

bullleukemia

bullconnective tissue diseases (eg lupus)

bullsarcoidosis

Importance of early diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma

60

stage III amp IV

23 recurrence lt 2 yrs

lt 13 survive 3 yrs

40

stage I amp II

80-90 cure

Second primary tumor in successfully treated patients within 5-7

years up to 40 Follow-up important

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Mortality (8000) deaths per year

Mortality by Site

Tongue 432

Salivary 130

Floor of mouth 950

Lip 24

Other 319

Premalignant Lesions

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Erythroplasia

Carcinoma in situ

Verrucous Leukoplakia

Tobacco patch keratosis

Actinic cheilosis

Mouth wash (Viadent) dysplasia

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Defined as a red patch that can not be

clinically or pathologically diagnosed as any

other condition

Almost all erythroleukoplakia demonstrate

dysplasia or CIS

Etiology is similar to oral SCC

May occur in conjunction with leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Risk of malignant transformation in

erythroleukoplakia about 4x greater than

homogenous leukoplakia

Predominately disease of older men with peak

prevalence of 65 to 74 years

Floor of mouth tongue and soft palate are

most common sites of involvement

Erythroplakia

The Management of Head and

Neck Cancer

Major advances

Conservative or partial resections

Micro vascular free-tissue transfer in

reconstruction

Better definition of the roles of chemotherapy

and radiotherapy

Despite these advances the treatment of loco

regional recurrence remains a major challenge

success rates for salvage therapy are poor

Treatment

Surgery

Radiotherapy

Chemotherapy

Immunotherapy

at present the role of immunotherapy remains investigational

Chemotherapy

Several randomized and non-randomized trial have evaluated chemotherapy for the treatment of head and neck cancer

Various agents have been shown to produce a response

No agents either alone or in combination have demonstrated an improvement in survival

cisplatin and 5 - FU

Uses

Inoperable tumors

Salvage therapy for recurrent tumors

Treatment

The main treatment modalities for head and neck

cancer remain surgery and radiotherapy

Patient factors that merit consideration

Impact on the quality of life

Medical condition ndash ldquoco - morbiditiesrdquo

Patient preference

Treatment cost and convenience

Compliance

Treatment

Early stage disease (stage I and II) can be treated with either surgery or radiotherapy with equivalent control rates

Small lesions of the oral cavity wide local excision is preferred over radiotherapy

Radiotherapy can be delivered to a site generally only once

Reserve this modality for less operable lesions

Treatment Combined Modality

Surgery and RadiotherapyIndications for post operative radiotherapy

Primary Tumor

Advance T stage

High histologic grade

Positive surgical resection margins

Lymphatic permeation

Vascular invasion

Perineural spread

Radiotherapy

Daily dose of 180 cGy to 200 cGy

5000 cGy over a five week period

T1 ndash 6000 to 6600 cGy

T2 - 6600 to 7000 cGy

T3T4 - gt 7000 cGy

ldquoshrinking field techniquerdquo

hyperfractionation technique 200 cGy per day for 25 days followed by 400 cGy per day for 5 days

D

Desquamative gingivitis is a clinical term to describe red painful glazed and friable gingivae which may be a manifestation of some mucocutaneous conditions such as lichen planus or the vesiculobullous disorders

Clinical features of desquamative

gingivitis

Fiery red friable gingiva

Painful desquamates easily

Buccal aspect of anterior attached gingiva

affected

Marginal gingiva spared

Not significantly improved by oral hygiene

measures alone

Differential Diagnosis Erosive Lichen Planus

Immune-mediated blistering diseases

Intra-epithelial

Pemphigus

Subepithelial

Pemphigoid

Linear IgA disease

Dermatitis herpetiformis

Epidermolysis bullosa

Erythema multiforme

Treatment Topical Corticosteroids Recurrent aphthous ulcers

bull Oral manifestations of Behccedilets disease Reiters syndrome acute

vulvar ulcer MAGIC syndrome PFAPA syndrome ulcerative colitis

Crohns disease Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome Sweets

syndrome among others

bull Drug-induced ulcerations mediated by an immune mechanism

bull Lichen planus

bull Cicatricial pemphigoid

bull Mucous membrane pemphigoid

bull Bullous pemphigoid

bull Erythema multiforme

bull Linear IgA dermatosis

bull Pemphigus vulgaris

Topicals Temovate cream 005 Clobetasol propionate

Halog cream 01 Halcinonide

Lidex cream 005 Fluocinonide

Topicort cream 025 Desoximethasone

Lidex gel 005 Fluocinonide

Aristocort cream H-P 05 Triamcinolone acetinode

Diprosone cream 005 Betamethasone dipropionate

Florone cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Maxiflor cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Synalar cream H-P 02 Fluocinolone acetonide

Topicals Tropicort-LP cream 005 Desoxymethasone

Benisone cream 0025 Betamethasone benzoate

Cordran cream 0025 Flurandenolide

Kenalog cream 01 Triamcinolone acetonide

Locoid cream 01 Hydrocortisone butyrate

Synalar cream 0025 Fluocinolone acetonide

Valisone cream 01 Betamethasone valerate

Tridesilon cream 005 Desonide

Locorten cream 003 Flumetasone pivalate

1 Hydrocortisone

Topical Corticosteroids

Used to treat oral lesions

Clobetasol (Temovate) -- Suppresses mitosis and increases synthesis of proteins that decrease inflammation and cause vasoconstriction Class I superpotent topical steroid useful in treating oral lesions Topical corticosteroids commonly are used intraorally for oral manifestations of autoimmune blistering skin diseases Since these diseases are chronic inflammatory in nature topical corticosteroids are very useful as an adjunct treatment Patients with disease confined to the gingiva should see a dentist to have a custom-made soft tray to carry the medication

H

How does herpes simplex develop

overexposure to sunlight

overexposure to wind

colds influenza and similar infections

heavy alcohol use

fever from any cause

the menstrual period

physical stress

emotional stress

Symptoms

Primary (Initial) HSV I Fever

Adenopathy

Ulcers deep in mouth

Secondary (Later) HSV I (Recurrent labial lesions) Fever Blisters form on outer vermillion border

Cold Sores form on inner lip Initial Vesicle

Next Crust

Last Healing in 10-14 days

Differential Diagnosis

Differs from Aphthous Ulcers in that

Found on keratinized (bound-down) intraoral

mucosa

Vesicles rupture into coalescing ulcers

HSV lesions are anterior compared with

Herpangina

Hand Foot and Mouth Disease

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Oral acyclovir (Zovirax) or the recently

developed drugs valacyclovir (Valtrex) or

famciclovir (Famvir) lessen the symptoms

and frequency of fever blister recurrences for

some patients These drugs prevent HSV from

multiplying and are effective when taken in

pill form prior to an outbreak of the virus

Systemic Antivirals

Acyclovir

Dose 15 mgkg (max 200 mg) PO 5xday for 7 days

Shortens first HSV infection by 6 days in children

Famciclovir

Shortens healing time by 2 days in UV-induced cases

Spruance (1999) J Infect Dis 179303-10

Valacyclovir (FDA approved for age 12 and older)

Adult dose 2 g PO bid for one day

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Topical antiviral creams containing acyclovir

(Zovirax) or penciclovir (Denavir) may also

help in limiting the extent or duration of

lesions if applied promptly to affected areas

Topical Treatments

Penciclovir (Denavir) heals HSV-1 sores on average about half a day faster than without treatment stops viral shedding and reduces the duration of the pain Ideally the patient should apply the cream within the first hour of symptoms although benefits have also been noted with later application It is continued for four consecutive days and should be reapplied every two hours while awake

Docosanol cream (Abreva) is an over-the-counter agent for oral-facial herpes It helps resist infection by inhibiting the ability of the virus to become fully active after it has attached itself to the host cell It is applied five times a day beginning at the first sign of tingling or pain Studies have been mixed on it benefits

Topical Treatments

Acyclovir cream (Zovirax) has been approved It may speed healing of oral herpes lesions and lessen the duration of pain particularly if it is applied early on (at the first sign of pain or tingling)

Lidex is a gel that contains a fluocinonide as corticosteroid Corticosteroids commonly called steroids are anti-inflammatory agents and not ordinarily used for herpes Some evidence suggests it may be effective in combination with oral famciclovir

Topical Treatments

Over-the-counter topical anesthetics may provide

modest relief They include Anbesol gel Blistex lip

ointment Campho-phenique Herpecin-L

Viractin and Zilactin In one study Viractin

reduced the duration of the attack compared to

placebo by two days It also relieved itching but had

little effect on other symptoms In general however

few studies have been conducted on any of these

products

X

Xerostomia

Xerostomia is not a disease but can be a symptom

of certain diseases It can produce serious

negative effects on the patients quality of life

affecting dietary habits nutritional status

speech taste tolerance to dental prosthesis and

increases susceptibility to dental caries The

increase in dental caries can be devastating in

many patients and therefore special care must be

made to control this condition

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Medications - Several hundred current medications

can cause xerostomia antihypertensives

antidepressants analgesics tranquilizers diuretics

and antihistamines c

-Cancer Therapy - Chemotherapeutic drugs can

change the flow and composition of the saliva

Radiation treatment that is focused on or near the

salivary gland can temporarily or permanently

damage the salivary glands

-Sjogrens syndrome - An autoimmune disease causes

xerostomia and dry eyes

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Other conditions -such as bone marrow transplants endocrine disorders stress anxiety depression and nutritional deficiencies may cause xerostomia

-Nerve Damage - Trauma to the head and neck area from surgery or wounds can damage the nerves that supply sensation to the mouth While the salivary glands may be left intact they cannot function normally without the nerves that signal them to produce saliva

Treatment

Identify the xerostomic condition and the

cause Some of the causes may be

ameliorated and this will aid therapy But

in many situations it will be difficult to

eliminate the causes Thus it will be

necessary for the Dentist to control the

results of xerostomia This is especially

true about the increase in dental caries

Treatment -pilocarpine (Salagen) 5mg qid prescription required

-special food preparation - blended and moist foods are easier to swallow

artificial saliva (available over-the-counter)

-sipping plain water is usually preferred over artificial saliva by most patients

-Biotene brand over-the-counter dry mouth products (toothpaste alcohol- free mouth rinse and Oralbalance lubricating gel)

-avoidance of alcohol-based mouth rinses

-use of water and glycerin mixed in a small aerosol spray bottle

RX

Contains sorbitol sodium

carboxymethlcellulose and

methylparaben in a

pleasantly flavored

solution

120 mL (406 fl oz)

Z

Treatment

Acyclovir (Zovirax)dagger800 mg orally five times

daily for 7 to 10 days

10 mg per kg IV every 8 hours for 7 to 10

daysDagger

$174 to 248 (129 to 200)

Famciclovir (Famvir)dagger500 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$140

Treatment

Valacyclovir (Valtrex)dagger1000 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$84

Prednisone (Deltasone)30 mg orally twice

daily on days 1 through 7 then 15 mg twice

daily on days 8 through 14 then 75 mg twice

daily on days 15 through 21

Treatment

Lotions containing calamine (eg Caladryl)

may be used on open lesions to reduce pain

and pruritus

Once the lesions have crusted over capsaicin

cream (Zostrix) may be applied

Topically administered lidocaine (Xylocaine)

and nerve blocks have also been reported to

be effective in reducing pain

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Amitriptyline (Elavil) -- By inhibiting reuptake of serotonin andor norepinephrine by presynaptic neuronal membrane may increase synaptic concentration in CNS Useful as analgesic for certain types of chronic and neuropathic pain

Adult DoseEarly in course of HZ 25 mgd PO hs to prevent PHNAfter PHN develops 30-100 mg PO qhs

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Capsaicin cream (Dolorac Capsin Zostrix) --Natural chemical derived from plants of Solanaceae family By depleting and preventing reaccumulation of substance P in peripheral sensory neurons may render skin and joints insensitive to pain Substance P thought to be chemomediator of pain transmission from periphery to CNS

Adult DoseCream Apply to skin tidqid for 3-4 consecutive wk and evaluate efficacy not to exceed 4 applicationsd

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Lidocaine (DermaFlex gel Lidoderm 5 patch) --Several recent studies have advocated topical administration of lidocaine as treatment of PHN Lidocaine gel (5) in placebo-controlled study showed significant relief in 23 patients studied Lidocaine tape also decreases severity of pain

Adult DoseGel (5) Apply to affected area prnPatch (5) Apply to most painful area up to 3 patches per application patch may remain in place for up to 12 h in any 24 h period

Postherpetic Neuralgia Gabapentin (Neurontin) -- This medication has been

approved by the FDA for the treatment of PHN Has properties common to other anticonvulsants and antineuralgic effects Exact mechanism of action is not known Structurally gabapentin is related to GABA but it does not interact with GABA receptors Believed to have a binding site at the alpha 2-delta protein an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gaited calcium channels In the rat brain binding is localized on neuronal dendritic areas Relevance of these observations to treatment of PHN is not known

Adult Dose100 mg PO tid titrate dose prn recommended dose is 900-1800 mg PO qd not to exceed 900 mg PO qid

Behcetrsquos Disease

Highest Prevalence ndash Middle East and

Japan

Oral Involvement ndash primary

manifestation in 25 to 75 of the

cases

All three forms of aphthous stomatitis

may be seen

Behcetrsquos Disease

Genital lesions are clinically similar to

oral lesions

75 of the patients demonstrate the

genital lesions

Genital lesions are generally more

symptomatic in males

Behcetrsquos Disease

Criteria for the Diagnosis of Behcetrsquos

Disease (International Study Group)

Recurrent oral ulceration

Plus two of the following

Recurrent genital ulcerations

Eye lesions ndashanteriorposterior uveitis

Skin lesions

+ pathergy ndash read by 24-48 hours

Behcetrsquos Disease

Treament

Topical or intralesional corticosteriods

Oral colchicine

Thalidomide

Low-dose methotrexate

Systemic corticosteriods

Cyclosporine

Interferon alpha2A

Treatment

Triamcinolone 01 in Orabase (Kenalog

in Orabase) Apply to dried ulcer two to

four times daily until healed

Randomized controlled studies show decreased

pain

Dexamethasone elixir 05 mg per 5 ml

Swish and spit with 5 mL every 6 hours

As above

B

Burning Mouth Syndrome

About 13 million American adults mostly

postmenopausal women are afflicted with

Burning Mouth Syndrome a chronic often

debilitating condition whose cause remains a

medical mystery

Burning Mouth Syndrome

The main symptom of burning mouth

syndrome is a burning sensation involving the

tongue lips gums palate throat or

widespread areas of the whole mouth People

with the syndrome may describe the sensation

in the affected areas as hot or scalded as if

they had been burned with a hot liquid

Burning Mouth Syndrome

Dry mouth

Sore mouth

A tingling or numb sensation in your mouth

or on the tip of your tongue

A bitter or metallic taste

Causes

Dry mouth (xerostomia)

Nutritional deficiencies

Allergies

Psychological factors

Nerve disturbance or damage

(neuropathy)

Treatments

Potentially efficacious medicines include

tricyclic antidepressants (like amitriptyline -brand name Elavil)

benzodiazepines (like clonazepam - brand name Klonopin or

chlordiazepoxide brand name - Librium)

even anticonvulsants have proven effective in some cases

BMS Treatment

Tricyclic antidepressants

Amitriptyline (Elavil)10 to 150 mg per day

10 mg at bedtime increase dosage by 10 mg

every 4 to 7 days until oral burning is relieved

or side effects occur

BMS Treatment

Benzodiazepines

Clonazepam (Klonopin)025 to 2 mg per

day025 mg at bedtime increase dosage by

025 mg every 4 to 7 days until oral burning is

relieved or side effects occur as dosage

increases medication is taken as full dose or

in three divided doses

BMS Treatment

Anticonvulsants

Gabapentin (Neurontin) 300 to 1600 mg per

day100 mg at bedtime increase dosage by

100 mg every 4 to 7 days until oral burning is

relieved or side effects occur as dosage

increases medication is taken in three divided

doses

C

Candidiasis

Oral thrush and other Candida infections

occur when your immune system is

weakened by disease or drugs such as

prednisone or when antibiotics disturb the

natural balance of microorganisms in the

body

Predisposing factors for infection

Infancy or old age

Serious underlying disease such as cancer or infection with HIV

Dry mouth due to disease of the salivary glands or medications eg antihistamines diuretics

Dentures (especially if they are not regularly cleaned or fit badly)

Predisposing factors for infection

Smoking

Injury to the mouth

Nutritional deficiency eg iron ampor B-vitamin deficiency

Inhaled corticosteroids used to treat asthma eg beclometasone budesonide fluticasone Drink water after inhalation to reduce this complication

Clinical features

Acute pseudomembranous candidiasis There are

white patches on gums tongue amp inside the mouth

that can be peeled off leaving a raw area

Acute atrophic candidiasis There are smooth red

shiny patches on the tongue The mouth is very sore

Chronic atrophic candidiasis This is common in

those with dentures The underlying mucosa is red

and swollen

Clinical features

Angular cheilitis There are sore red splits at each side of the mouth more likely if there is overhang of the upper lip over the lower lip causing a moist deep furrow Angular cheilitis due to candida andor Staphylococcus aureus arises frequently in those taking the medication isotretinoin for acne this medication dries the lips

Chronic hyperplastic candidiasis This is a type of oral leukoplakia (white patch) inside the cheeks or on the tongue with persistent nodules or lumps It usually affects smokers and is pre-malignant Red patches (erythroplakia) as well as white patches may indicate malignant change

Clinical features

Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis presents

as a chronic pseudomembranous infection

The skin and nails are also affected

Median rhomboid glossitis - there is diamond-

shaped inflammation at the back of the

tongue

Severe infections may extend down the throat

(esophageal infection)

Rationale for Treatment Topical vs

Systemic Drugs

Topical antifungals are usually the drug of

choice for uncomplicated localized

candidiasis in patients with normal immune

function

Systemic antifungals are usually indicated in

cases of disseminated disease andor in

immunocompromised patients

Suggested Medications for the

Treatment of Candidiasis

Rx

Clotrimazole troches 10 mg

Disp 70 troches

Sig Let 1 troche dissolve in mouth 5 times

per day for 14 days Do not chew NPO 12

hour

Suggested Systemic Medications for

the Treatment of Candidiasis Rx

Ketoconazole tablets 200 mgDisp 14 tabletsSig Take 1 tab qd with a meal or orange juice for 14 days

RxFluconazole tablets 100 mgDisp 15 tabletsSig Take 2 tablets stat then 1 tablet qd for 14 days

RxItraconazole tablets 100 mgDisp 28 tabletsSig Take 1 tablet bid with a meal or orange juice for 14 days

CA

Head and Neck Cancer

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Intraoral Melanoma

Lymphoma

Intraoral Melanoma

The five year survival rate for oral melanoma

is less than 20 as compared to 75 for

Cutaneous melanomas The average time of

first local recurrence for oral melanoma is less

than one year and metastatic disease is usually

diagnosed within three months of the

recurrence The average survival rate after

metastasis is typically less than 6 months

Extranodal Lymphoma

Extranodal lymphomas usually develop as a

rapidly growing mass of the palate or

posterior tongue (area of Waldeyerrsquos ring)

Pain may or may not be a presenting sign

Clinically the lesion may present as an

erythematous mass with a boggy consistency

The average survival rate for AIDS patients

with an intraoral lymphoma is eight months

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Second primary ndash field cancerization

Incidence amp Mortality HampN Ca

41000 new cases annually

13000 affected will die of disease

Rates constant over last 20yrs

lt 5 of neoplasias US

Highest incidence southeastern amp south-

central Asia

Disease in Women

Prior to 1940 malefemale ratio - 101

1980s ratio 31

Reason tobacco use among women in early

decades of the century

Habits have stabilized ndash malefemale

incidence normalized

Tobacco Use

1956 Wynder et al HampN Ca 10-fold

increase among smokers

Most studies 5-fold to 25-fold increase

intensity and duration of tobacco

consumption

80-90 of HampN Ca patients use tobacco

Alcohol

Odds ratio increases 3- to 15-fold for HampN

Ca after adjusting for tobacco use with

consumption of alcohol

Multiplicative effect with tobacco and

alcohol

Location of cancer ndash oral

pharyngeal(topical mechanism)

Alcohol

Promotional effects independent of

initiation

-prostaglandin synthesis lipid peroxidation

free radical oxygen enhance cell turnover

Enhances cell permeability

Defective repair mechanisms

Depressed immunity

Dz

RISK FACTORS (RF)

1 RF

2 RF

3 RF

4 RF

The concept of

TUMOR

local

regional

systemic

local T

N

M

INFECTION PAIN

INFECTION NEOPLASM

CERVICAL LYMPH NODE ENLARGEMENT

bullbacterial

bullviral (local systemic)

bullfungal

bullpostinfect fibrosed node

bulllt 40 yrs lymphoma

bullgt 40 yrs metastatic SCC

OTHERS

bullleukemia

bullconnective tissue diseases (eg lupus)

bullsarcoidosis

Importance of early diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma

60

stage III amp IV

23 recurrence lt 2 yrs

lt 13 survive 3 yrs

40

stage I amp II

80-90 cure

Second primary tumor in successfully treated patients within 5-7

years up to 40 Follow-up important

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Mortality (8000) deaths per year

Mortality by Site

Tongue 432

Salivary 130

Floor of mouth 950

Lip 24

Other 319

Premalignant Lesions

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Erythroplasia

Carcinoma in situ

Verrucous Leukoplakia

Tobacco patch keratosis

Actinic cheilosis

Mouth wash (Viadent) dysplasia

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Defined as a red patch that can not be

clinically or pathologically diagnosed as any

other condition

Almost all erythroleukoplakia demonstrate

dysplasia or CIS

Etiology is similar to oral SCC

May occur in conjunction with leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Risk of malignant transformation in

erythroleukoplakia about 4x greater than

homogenous leukoplakia

Predominately disease of older men with peak

prevalence of 65 to 74 years

Floor of mouth tongue and soft palate are

most common sites of involvement

Erythroplakia

The Management of Head and

Neck Cancer

Major advances

Conservative or partial resections

Micro vascular free-tissue transfer in

reconstruction

Better definition of the roles of chemotherapy

and radiotherapy

Despite these advances the treatment of loco

regional recurrence remains a major challenge

success rates for salvage therapy are poor

Treatment

Surgery

Radiotherapy

Chemotherapy

Immunotherapy

at present the role of immunotherapy remains investigational

Chemotherapy

Several randomized and non-randomized trial have evaluated chemotherapy for the treatment of head and neck cancer

Various agents have been shown to produce a response

No agents either alone or in combination have demonstrated an improvement in survival

cisplatin and 5 - FU

Uses

Inoperable tumors

Salvage therapy for recurrent tumors

Treatment

The main treatment modalities for head and neck

cancer remain surgery and radiotherapy

Patient factors that merit consideration

Impact on the quality of life

Medical condition ndash ldquoco - morbiditiesrdquo

Patient preference

Treatment cost and convenience

Compliance

Treatment

Early stage disease (stage I and II) can be treated with either surgery or radiotherapy with equivalent control rates

Small lesions of the oral cavity wide local excision is preferred over radiotherapy

Radiotherapy can be delivered to a site generally only once

Reserve this modality for less operable lesions

Treatment Combined Modality

Surgery and RadiotherapyIndications for post operative radiotherapy

Primary Tumor

Advance T stage

High histologic grade

Positive surgical resection margins

Lymphatic permeation

Vascular invasion

Perineural spread

Radiotherapy

Daily dose of 180 cGy to 200 cGy

5000 cGy over a five week period

T1 ndash 6000 to 6600 cGy

T2 - 6600 to 7000 cGy

T3T4 - gt 7000 cGy

ldquoshrinking field techniquerdquo

hyperfractionation technique 200 cGy per day for 25 days followed by 400 cGy per day for 5 days

D

Desquamative gingivitis is a clinical term to describe red painful glazed and friable gingivae which may be a manifestation of some mucocutaneous conditions such as lichen planus or the vesiculobullous disorders

Clinical features of desquamative

gingivitis

Fiery red friable gingiva

Painful desquamates easily

Buccal aspect of anterior attached gingiva

affected

Marginal gingiva spared

Not significantly improved by oral hygiene

measures alone

Differential Diagnosis Erosive Lichen Planus

Immune-mediated blistering diseases

Intra-epithelial

Pemphigus

Subepithelial

Pemphigoid

Linear IgA disease

Dermatitis herpetiformis

Epidermolysis bullosa

Erythema multiforme

Treatment Topical Corticosteroids Recurrent aphthous ulcers

bull Oral manifestations of Behccedilets disease Reiters syndrome acute

vulvar ulcer MAGIC syndrome PFAPA syndrome ulcerative colitis

Crohns disease Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome Sweets

syndrome among others

bull Drug-induced ulcerations mediated by an immune mechanism

bull Lichen planus

bull Cicatricial pemphigoid

bull Mucous membrane pemphigoid

bull Bullous pemphigoid

bull Erythema multiforme

bull Linear IgA dermatosis

bull Pemphigus vulgaris

Topicals Temovate cream 005 Clobetasol propionate

Halog cream 01 Halcinonide

Lidex cream 005 Fluocinonide

Topicort cream 025 Desoximethasone

Lidex gel 005 Fluocinonide

Aristocort cream H-P 05 Triamcinolone acetinode

Diprosone cream 005 Betamethasone dipropionate

Florone cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Maxiflor cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Synalar cream H-P 02 Fluocinolone acetonide

Topicals Tropicort-LP cream 005 Desoxymethasone

Benisone cream 0025 Betamethasone benzoate

Cordran cream 0025 Flurandenolide

Kenalog cream 01 Triamcinolone acetonide

Locoid cream 01 Hydrocortisone butyrate

Synalar cream 0025 Fluocinolone acetonide

Valisone cream 01 Betamethasone valerate

Tridesilon cream 005 Desonide

Locorten cream 003 Flumetasone pivalate

1 Hydrocortisone

Topical Corticosteroids

Used to treat oral lesions

Clobetasol (Temovate) -- Suppresses mitosis and increases synthesis of proteins that decrease inflammation and cause vasoconstriction Class I superpotent topical steroid useful in treating oral lesions Topical corticosteroids commonly are used intraorally for oral manifestations of autoimmune blistering skin diseases Since these diseases are chronic inflammatory in nature topical corticosteroids are very useful as an adjunct treatment Patients with disease confined to the gingiva should see a dentist to have a custom-made soft tray to carry the medication

H

How does herpes simplex develop

overexposure to sunlight

overexposure to wind

colds influenza and similar infections

heavy alcohol use

fever from any cause

the menstrual period

physical stress

emotional stress

Symptoms

Primary (Initial) HSV I Fever

Adenopathy

Ulcers deep in mouth

Secondary (Later) HSV I (Recurrent labial lesions) Fever Blisters form on outer vermillion border

Cold Sores form on inner lip Initial Vesicle

Next Crust

Last Healing in 10-14 days

Differential Diagnosis

Differs from Aphthous Ulcers in that

Found on keratinized (bound-down) intraoral

mucosa

Vesicles rupture into coalescing ulcers

HSV lesions are anterior compared with

Herpangina

Hand Foot and Mouth Disease

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Oral acyclovir (Zovirax) or the recently

developed drugs valacyclovir (Valtrex) or

famciclovir (Famvir) lessen the symptoms

and frequency of fever blister recurrences for

some patients These drugs prevent HSV from

multiplying and are effective when taken in

pill form prior to an outbreak of the virus

Systemic Antivirals

Acyclovir

Dose 15 mgkg (max 200 mg) PO 5xday for 7 days

Shortens first HSV infection by 6 days in children

Famciclovir

Shortens healing time by 2 days in UV-induced cases

Spruance (1999) J Infect Dis 179303-10

Valacyclovir (FDA approved for age 12 and older)

Adult dose 2 g PO bid for one day

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Topical antiviral creams containing acyclovir

(Zovirax) or penciclovir (Denavir) may also

help in limiting the extent or duration of

lesions if applied promptly to affected areas

Topical Treatments

Penciclovir (Denavir) heals HSV-1 sores on average about half a day faster than without treatment stops viral shedding and reduces the duration of the pain Ideally the patient should apply the cream within the first hour of symptoms although benefits have also been noted with later application It is continued for four consecutive days and should be reapplied every two hours while awake

Docosanol cream (Abreva) is an over-the-counter agent for oral-facial herpes It helps resist infection by inhibiting the ability of the virus to become fully active after it has attached itself to the host cell It is applied five times a day beginning at the first sign of tingling or pain Studies have been mixed on it benefits

Topical Treatments

Acyclovir cream (Zovirax) has been approved It may speed healing of oral herpes lesions and lessen the duration of pain particularly if it is applied early on (at the first sign of pain or tingling)

Lidex is a gel that contains a fluocinonide as corticosteroid Corticosteroids commonly called steroids are anti-inflammatory agents and not ordinarily used for herpes Some evidence suggests it may be effective in combination with oral famciclovir

Topical Treatments

Over-the-counter topical anesthetics may provide

modest relief They include Anbesol gel Blistex lip

ointment Campho-phenique Herpecin-L

Viractin and Zilactin In one study Viractin

reduced the duration of the attack compared to

placebo by two days It also relieved itching but had

little effect on other symptoms In general however

few studies have been conducted on any of these

products

X

Xerostomia

Xerostomia is not a disease but can be a symptom

of certain diseases It can produce serious

negative effects on the patients quality of life

affecting dietary habits nutritional status

speech taste tolerance to dental prosthesis and

increases susceptibility to dental caries The

increase in dental caries can be devastating in

many patients and therefore special care must be

made to control this condition

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Medications - Several hundred current medications

can cause xerostomia antihypertensives

antidepressants analgesics tranquilizers diuretics

and antihistamines c

-Cancer Therapy - Chemotherapeutic drugs can

change the flow and composition of the saliva

Radiation treatment that is focused on or near the

salivary gland can temporarily or permanently

damage the salivary glands

-Sjogrens syndrome - An autoimmune disease causes

xerostomia and dry eyes

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Other conditions -such as bone marrow transplants endocrine disorders stress anxiety depression and nutritional deficiencies may cause xerostomia

-Nerve Damage - Trauma to the head and neck area from surgery or wounds can damage the nerves that supply sensation to the mouth While the salivary glands may be left intact they cannot function normally without the nerves that signal them to produce saliva

Treatment

Identify the xerostomic condition and the

cause Some of the causes may be

ameliorated and this will aid therapy But

in many situations it will be difficult to

eliminate the causes Thus it will be

necessary for the Dentist to control the

results of xerostomia This is especially

true about the increase in dental caries

Treatment -pilocarpine (Salagen) 5mg qid prescription required

-special food preparation - blended and moist foods are easier to swallow

artificial saliva (available over-the-counter)

-sipping plain water is usually preferred over artificial saliva by most patients

-Biotene brand over-the-counter dry mouth products (toothpaste alcohol- free mouth rinse and Oralbalance lubricating gel)

-avoidance of alcohol-based mouth rinses

-use of water and glycerin mixed in a small aerosol spray bottle

RX

Contains sorbitol sodium

carboxymethlcellulose and

methylparaben in a

pleasantly flavored

solution

120 mL (406 fl oz)

Z

Treatment

Acyclovir (Zovirax)dagger800 mg orally five times

daily for 7 to 10 days

10 mg per kg IV every 8 hours for 7 to 10

daysDagger

$174 to 248 (129 to 200)

Famciclovir (Famvir)dagger500 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$140

Treatment

Valacyclovir (Valtrex)dagger1000 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$84

Prednisone (Deltasone)30 mg orally twice

daily on days 1 through 7 then 15 mg twice

daily on days 8 through 14 then 75 mg twice

daily on days 15 through 21

Treatment

Lotions containing calamine (eg Caladryl)

may be used on open lesions to reduce pain

and pruritus

Once the lesions have crusted over capsaicin

cream (Zostrix) may be applied

Topically administered lidocaine (Xylocaine)

and nerve blocks have also been reported to

be effective in reducing pain

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Amitriptyline (Elavil) -- By inhibiting reuptake of serotonin andor norepinephrine by presynaptic neuronal membrane may increase synaptic concentration in CNS Useful as analgesic for certain types of chronic and neuropathic pain

Adult DoseEarly in course of HZ 25 mgd PO hs to prevent PHNAfter PHN develops 30-100 mg PO qhs

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Capsaicin cream (Dolorac Capsin Zostrix) --Natural chemical derived from plants of Solanaceae family By depleting and preventing reaccumulation of substance P in peripheral sensory neurons may render skin and joints insensitive to pain Substance P thought to be chemomediator of pain transmission from periphery to CNS

Adult DoseCream Apply to skin tidqid for 3-4 consecutive wk and evaluate efficacy not to exceed 4 applicationsd

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Lidocaine (DermaFlex gel Lidoderm 5 patch) --Several recent studies have advocated topical administration of lidocaine as treatment of PHN Lidocaine gel (5) in placebo-controlled study showed significant relief in 23 patients studied Lidocaine tape also decreases severity of pain

Adult DoseGel (5) Apply to affected area prnPatch (5) Apply to most painful area up to 3 patches per application patch may remain in place for up to 12 h in any 24 h period

Postherpetic Neuralgia Gabapentin (Neurontin) -- This medication has been

approved by the FDA for the treatment of PHN Has properties common to other anticonvulsants and antineuralgic effects Exact mechanism of action is not known Structurally gabapentin is related to GABA but it does not interact with GABA receptors Believed to have a binding site at the alpha 2-delta protein an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gaited calcium channels In the rat brain binding is localized on neuronal dendritic areas Relevance of these observations to treatment of PHN is not known

Adult Dose100 mg PO tid titrate dose prn recommended dose is 900-1800 mg PO qd not to exceed 900 mg PO qid

Behcetrsquos Disease

Genital lesions are clinically similar to

oral lesions

75 of the patients demonstrate the

genital lesions

Genital lesions are generally more

symptomatic in males

Behcetrsquos Disease

Criteria for the Diagnosis of Behcetrsquos

Disease (International Study Group)

Recurrent oral ulceration

Plus two of the following

Recurrent genital ulcerations

Eye lesions ndashanteriorposterior uveitis

Skin lesions

+ pathergy ndash read by 24-48 hours

Behcetrsquos Disease

Treament

Topical or intralesional corticosteriods

Oral colchicine

Thalidomide

Low-dose methotrexate

Systemic corticosteriods

Cyclosporine

Interferon alpha2A

Treatment

Triamcinolone 01 in Orabase (Kenalog

in Orabase) Apply to dried ulcer two to

four times daily until healed

Randomized controlled studies show decreased

pain

Dexamethasone elixir 05 mg per 5 ml

Swish and spit with 5 mL every 6 hours

As above

B

Burning Mouth Syndrome

About 13 million American adults mostly

postmenopausal women are afflicted with

Burning Mouth Syndrome a chronic often

debilitating condition whose cause remains a

medical mystery

Burning Mouth Syndrome

The main symptom of burning mouth

syndrome is a burning sensation involving the

tongue lips gums palate throat or

widespread areas of the whole mouth People

with the syndrome may describe the sensation

in the affected areas as hot or scalded as if

they had been burned with a hot liquid

Burning Mouth Syndrome

Dry mouth

Sore mouth

A tingling or numb sensation in your mouth

or on the tip of your tongue

A bitter or metallic taste

Causes

Dry mouth (xerostomia)

Nutritional deficiencies

Allergies

Psychological factors

Nerve disturbance or damage

(neuropathy)

Treatments

Potentially efficacious medicines include

tricyclic antidepressants (like amitriptyline -brand name Elavil)

benzodiazepines (like clonazepam - brand name Klonopin or

chlordiazepoxide brand name - Librium)

even anticonvulsants have proven effective in some cases

BMS Treatment

Tricyclic antidepressants

Amitriptyline (Elavil)10 to 150 mg per day

10 mg at bedtime increase dosage by 10 mg

every 4 to 7 days until oral burning is relieved

or side effects occur

BMS Treatment

Benzodiazepines

Clonazepam (Klonopin)025 to 2 mg per

day025 mg at bedtime increase dosage by

025 mg every 4 to 7 days until oral burning is

relieved or side effects occur as dosage

increases medication is taken as full dose or

in three divided doses

BMS Treatment

Anticonvulsants

Gabapentin (Neurontin) 300 to 1600 mg per

day100 mg at bedtime increase dosage by

100 mg every 4 to 7 days until oral burning is

relieved or side effects occur as dosage

increases medication is taken in three divided

doses

C

Candidiasis

Oral thrush and other Candida infections

occur when your immune system is

weakened by disease or drugs such as

prednisone or when antibiotics disturb the

natural balance of microorganisms in the

body

Predisposing factors for infection

Infancy or old age

Serious underlying disease such as cancer or infection with HIV

Dry mouth due to disease of the salivary glands or medications eg antihistamines diuretics

Dentures (especially if they are not regularly cleaned or fit badly)

Predisposing factors for infection

Smoking

Injury to the mouth

Nutritional deficiency eg iron ampor B-vitamin deficiency

Inhaled corticosteroids used to treat asthma eg beclometasone budesonide fluticasone Drink water after inhalation to reduce this complication

Clinical features

Acute pseudomembranous candidiasis There are

white patches on gums tongue amp inside the mouth

that can be peeled off leaving a raw area

Acute atrophic candidiasis There are smooth red

shiny patches on the tongue The mouth is very sore

Chronic atrophic candidiasis This is common in

those with dentures The underlying mucosa is red

and swollen

Clinical features

Angular cheilitis There are sore red splits at each side of the mouth more likely if there is overhang of the upper lip over the lower lip causing a moist deep furrow Angular cheilitis due to candida andor Staphylococcus aureus arises frequently in those taking the medication isotretinoin for acne this medication dries the lips

Chronic hyperplastic candidiasis This is a type of oral leukoplakia (white patch) inside the cheeks or on the tongue with persistent nodules or lumps It usually affects smokers and is pre-malignant Red patches (erythroplakia) as well as white patches may indicate malignant change

Clinical features

Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis presents

as a chronic pseudomembranous infection

The skin and nails are also affected

Median rhomboid glossitis - there is diamond-

shaped inflammation at the back of the

tongue

Severe infections may extend down the throat

(esophageal infection)

Rationale for Treatment Topical vs

Systemic Drugs

Topical antifungals are usually the drug of

choice for uncomplicated localized

candidiasis in patients with normal immune

function

Systemic antifungals are usually indicated in

cases of disseminated disease andor in

immunocompromised patients

Suggested Medications for the

Treatment of Candidiasis

Rx

Clotrimazole troches 10 mg

Disp 70 troches

Sig Let 1 troche dissolve in mouth 5 times

per day for 14 days Do not chew NPO 12

hour

Suggested Systemic Medications for

the Treatment of Candidiasis Rx

Ketoconazole tablets 200 mgDisp 14 tabletsSig Take 1 tab qd with a meal or orange juice for 14 days

RxFluconazole tablets 100 mgDisp 15 tabletsSig Take 2 tablets stat then 1 tablet qd for 14 days

RxItraconazole tablets 100 mgDisp 28 tabletsSig Take 1 tablet bid with a meal or orange juice for 14 days

CA

Head and Neck Cancer

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Intraoral Melanoma

Lymphoma

Intraoral Melanoma

The five year survival rate for oral melanoma

is less than 20 as compared to 75 for

Cutaneous melanomas The average time of

first local recurrence for oral melanoma is less

than one year and metastatic disease is usually

diagnosed within three months of the

recurrence The average survival rate after

metastasis is typically less than 6 months

Extranodal Lymphoma

Extranodal lymphomas usually develop as a

rapidly growing mass of the palate or

posterior tongue (area of Waldeyerrsquos ring)

Pain may or may not be a presenting sign

Clinically the lesion may present as an

erythematous mass with a boggy consistency

The average survival rate for AIDS patients

with an intraoral lymphoma is eight months

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Second primary ndash field cancerization

Incidence amp Mortality HampN Ca

41000 new cases annually

13000 affected will die of disease

Rates constant over last 20yrs

lt 5 of neoplasias US

Highest incidence southeastern amp south-

central Asia

Disease in Women

Prior to 1940 malefemale ratio - 101

1980s ratio 31

Reason tobacco use among women in early

decades of the century

Habits have stabilized ndash malefemale

incidence normalized

Tobacco Use

1956 Wynder et al HampN Ca 10-fold

increase among smokers

Most studies 5-fold to 25-fold increase

intensity and duration of tobacco

consumption

80-90 of HampN Ca patients use tobacco

Alcohol

Odds ratio increases 3- to 15-fold for HampN

Ca after adjusting for tobacco use with

consumption of alcohol

Multiplicative effect with tobacco and

alcohol

Location of cancer ndash oral

pharyngeal(topical mechanism)

Alcohol

Promotional effects independent of

initiation

-prostaglandin synthesis lipid peroxidation

free radical oxygen enhance cell turnover

Enhances cell permeability

Defective repair mechanisms

Depressed immunity

Dz

RISK FACTORS (RF)

1 RF

2 RF

3 RF

4 RF

The concept of

TUMOR

local

regional

systemic

local T

N

M

INFECTION PAIN

INFECTION NEOPLASM

CERVICAL LYMPH NODE ENLARGEMENT

bullbacterial

bullviral (local systemic)

bullfungal

bullpostinfect fibrosed node

bulllt 40 yrs lymphoma

bullgt 40 yrs metastatic SCC

OTHERS

bullleukemia

bullconnective tissue diseases (eg lupus)

bullsarcoidosis

Importance of early diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma

60

stage III amp IV

23 recurrence lt 2 yrs

lt 13 survive 3 yrs

40

stage I amp II

80-90 cure

Second primary tumor in successfully treated patients within 5-7

years up to 40 Follow-up important

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Mortality (8000) deaths per year

Mortality by Site

Tongue 432

Salivary 130

Floor of mouth 950

Lip 24

Other 319

Premalignant Lesions

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Erythroplasia

Carcinoma in situ

Verrucous Leukoplakia

Tobacco patch keratosis

Actinic cheilosis

Mouth wash (Viadent) dysplasia

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Defined as a red patch that can not be

clinically or pathologically diagnosed as any

other condition

Almost all erythroleukoplakia demonstrate

dysplasia or CIS

Etiology is similar to oral SCC

May occur in conjunction with leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Risk of malignant transformation in

erythroleukoplakia about 4x greater than

homogenous leukoplakia

Predominately disease of older men with peak

prevalence of 65 to 74 years

Floor of mouth tongue and soft palate are

most common sites of involvement

Erythroplakia

The Management of Head and

Neck Cancer

Major advances

Conservative or partial resections

Micro vascular free-tissue transfer in

reconstruction

Better definition of the roles of chemotherapy

and radiotherapy

Despite these advances the treatment of loco

regional recurrence remains a major challenge

success rates for salvage therapy are poor

Treatment

Surgery

Radiotherapy

Chemotherapy

Immunotherapy

at present the role of immunotherapy remains investigational

Chemotherapy

Several randomized and non-randomized trial have evaluated chemotherapy for the treatment of head and neck cancer

Various agents have been shown to produce a response

No agents either alone or in combination have demonstrated an improvement in survival

cisplatin and 5 - FU

Uses

Inoperable tumors

Salvage therapy for recurrent tumors

Treatment

The main treatment modalities for head and neck

cancer remain surgery and radiotherapy

Patient factors that merit consideration

Impact on the quality of life

Medical condition ndash ldquoco - morbiditiesrdquo

Patient preference

Treatment cost and convenience

Compliance

Treatment

Early stage disease (stage I and II) can be treated with either surgery or radiotherapy with equivalent control rates

Small lesions of the oral cavity wide local excision is preferred over radiotherapy

Radiotherapy can be delivered to a site generally only once

Reserve this modality for less operable lesions

Treatment Combined Modality

Surgery and RadiotherapyIndications for post operative radiotherapy

Primary Tumor

Advance T stage

High histologic grade

Positive surgical resection margins

Lymphatic permeation

Vascular invasion

Perineural spread

Radiotherapy

Daily dose of 180 cGy to 200 cGy

5000 cGy over a five week period

T1 ndash 6000 to 6600 cGy

T2 - 6600 to 7000 cGy

T3T4 - gt 7000 cGy

ldquoshrinking field techniquerdquo

hyperfractionation technique 200 cGy per day for 25 days followed by 400 cGy per day for 5 days

D

Desquamative gingivitis is a clinical term to describe red painful glazed and friable gingivae which may be a manifestation of some mucocutaneous conditions such as lichen planus or the vesiculobullous disorders

Clinical features of desquamative

gingivitis

Fiery red friable gingiva

Painful desquamates easily

Buccal aspect of anterior attached gingiva

affected

Marginal gingiva spared

Not significantly improved by oral hygiene

measures alone

Differential Diagnosis Erosive Lichen Planus

Immune-mediated blistering diseases

Intra-epithelial

Pemphigus

Subepithelial

Pemphigoid

Linear IgA disease

Dermatitis herpetiformis

Epidermolysis bullosa

Erythema multiforme

Treatment Topical Corticosteroids Recurrent aphthous ulcers

bull Oral manifestations of Behccedilets disease Reiters syndrome acute

vulvar ulcer MAGIC syndrome PFAPA syndrome ulcerative colitis

Crohns disease Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome Sweets

syndrome among others

bull Drug-induced ulcerations mediated by an immune mechanism

bull Lichen planus

bull Cicatricial pemphigoid

bull Mucous membrane pemphigoid

bull Bullous pemphigoid

bull Erythema multiforme

bull Linear IgA dermatosis

bull Pemphigus vulgaris

Topicals Temovate cream 005 Clobetasol propionate

Halog cream 01 Halcinonide

Lidex cream 005 Fluocinonide

Topicort cream 025 Desoximethasone

Lidex gel 005 Fluocinonide

Aristocort cream H-P 05 Triamcinolone acetinode

Diprosone cream 005 Betamethasone dipropionate

Florone cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Maxiflor cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Synalar cream H-P 02 Fluocinolone acetonide

Topicals Tropicort-LP cream 005 Desoxymethasone

Benisone cream 0025 Betamethasone benzoate

Cordran cream 0025 Flurandenolide

Kenalog cream 01 Triamcinolone acetonide

Locoid cream 01 Hydrocortisone butyrate

Synalar cream 0025 Fluocinolone acetonide

Valisone cream 01 Betamethasone valerate

Tridesilon cream 005 Desonide

Locorten cream 003 Flumetasone pivalate

1 Hydrocortisone

Topical Corticosteroids

Used to treat oral lesions

Clobetasol (Temovate) -- Suppresses mitosis and increases synthesis of proteins that decrease inflammation and cause vasoconstriction Class I superpotent topical steroid useful in treating oral lesions Topical corticosteroids commonly are used intraorally for oral manifestations of autoimmune blistering skin diseases Since these diseases are chronic inflammatory in nature topical corticosteroids are very useful as an adjunct treatment Patients with disease confined to the gingiva should see a dentist to have a custom-made soft tray to carry the medication

H

How does herpes simplex develop

overexposure to sunlight

overexposure to wind

colds influenza and similar infections

heavy alcohol use

fever from any cause

the menstrual period

physical stress

emotional stress

Symptoms

Primary (Initial) HSV I Fever

Adenopathy

Ulcers deep in mouth

Secondary (Later) HSV I (Recurrent labial lesions) Fever Blisters form on outer vermillion border

Cold Sores form on inner lip Initial Vesicle

Next Crust

Last Healing in 10-14 days

Differential Diagnosis

Differs from Aphthous Ulcers in that

Found on keratinized (bound-down) intraoral

mucosa

Vesicles rupture into coalescing ulcers

HSV lesions are anterior compared with

Herpangina

Hand Foot and Mouth Disease

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Oral acyclovir (Zovirax) or the recently

developed drugs valacyclovir (Valtrex) or

famciclovir (Famvir) lessen the symptoms

and frequency of fever blister recurrences for

some patients These drugs prevent HSV from

multiplying and are effective when taken in

pill form prior to an outbreak of the virus

Systemic Antivirals

Acyclovir

Dose 15 mgkg (max 200 mg) PO 5xday for 7 days

Shortens first HSV infection by 6 days in children

Famciclovir

Shortens healing time by 2 days in UV-induced cases

Spruance (1999) J Infect Dis 179303-10

Valacyclovir (FDA approved for age 12 and older)

Adult dose 2 g PO bid for one day

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Topical antiviral creams containing acyclovir

(Zovirax) or penciclovir (Denavir) may also

help in limiting the extent or duration of

lesions if applied promptly to affected areas

Topical Treatments

Penciclovir (Denavir) heals HSV-1 sores on average about half a day faster than without treatment stops viral shedding and reduces the duration of the pain Ideally the patient should apply the cream within the first hour of symptoms although benefits have also been noted with later application It is continued for four consecutive days and should be reapplied every two hours while awake

Docosanol cream (Abreva) is an over-the-counter agent for oral-facial herpes It helps resist infection by inhibiting the ability of the virus to become fully active after it has attached itself to the host cell It is applied five times a day beginning at the first sign of tingling or pain Studies have been mixed on it benefits

Topical Treatments

Acyclovir cream (Zovirax) has been approved It may speed healing of oral herpes lesions and lessen the duration of pain particularly if it is applied early on (at the first sign of pain or tingling)

Lidex is a gel that contains a fluocinonide as corticosteroid Corticosteroids commonly called steroids are anti-inflammatory agents and not ordinarily used for herpes Some evidence suggests it may be effective in combination with oral famciclovir

Topical Treatments

Over-the-counter topical anesthetics may provide

modest relief They include Anbesol gel Blistex lip

ointment Campho-phenique Herpecin-L

Viractin and Zilactin In one study Viractin

reduced the duration of the attack compared to

placebo by two days It also relieved itching but had

little effect on other symptoms In general however

few studies have been conducted on any of these

products

X

Xerostomia

Xerostomia is not a disease but can be a symptom

of certain diseases It can produce serious

negative effects on the patients quality of life

affecting dietary habits nutritional status

speech taste tolerance to dental prosthesis and

increases susceptibility to dental caries The

increase in dental caries can be devastating in

many patients and therefore special care must be

made to control this condition

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Medications - Several hundred current medications

can cause xerostomia antihypertensives

antidepressants analgesics tranquilizers diuretics

and antihistamines c

-Cancer Therapy - Chemotherapeutic drugs can

change the flow and composition of the saliva

Radiation treatment that is focused on or near the

salivary gland can temporarily or permanently

damage the salivary glands

-Sjogrens syndrome - An autoimmune disease causes

xerostomia and dry eyes

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Other conditions -such as bone marrow transplants endocrine disorders stress anxiety depression and nutritional deficiencies may cause xerostomia

-Nerve Damage - Trauma to the head and neck area from surgery or wounds can damage the nerves that supply sensation to the mouth While the salivary glands may be left intact they cannot function normally without the nerves that signal them to produce saliva

Treatment

Identify the xerostomic condition and the

cause Some of the causes may be

ameliorated and this will aid therapy But

in many situations it will be difficult to

eliminate the causes Thus it will be

necessary for the Dentist to control the

results of xerostomia This is especially

true about the increase in dental caries

Treatment -pilocarpine (Salagen) 5mg qid prescription required

-special food preparation - blended and moist foods are easier to swallow

artificial saliva (available over-the-counter)

-sipping plain water is usually preferred over artificial saliva by most patients

-Biotene brand over-the-counter dry mouth products (toothpaste alcohol- free mouth rinse and Oralbalance lubricating gel)

-avoidance of alcohol-based mouth rinses

-use of water and glycerin mixed in a small aerosol spray bottle

RX

Contains sorbitol sodium

carboxymethlcellulose and

methylparaben in a

pleasantly flavored

solution

120 mL (406 fl oz)

Z

Treatment

Acyclovir (Zovirax)dagger800 mg orally five times

daily for 7 to 10 days

10 mg per kg IV every 8 hours for 7 to 10

daysDagger

$174 to 248 (129 to 200)

Famciclovir (Famvir)dagger500 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$140

Treatment

Valacyclovir (Valtrex)dagger1000 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$84

Prednisone (Deltasone)30 mg orally twice

daily on days 1 through 7 then 15 mg twice

daily on days 8 through 14 then 75 mg twice

daily on days 15 through 21

Treatment

Lotions containing calamine (eg Caladryl)

may be used on open lesions to reduce pain

and pruritus

Once the lesions have crusted over capsaicin

cream (Zostrix) may be applied

Topically administered lidocaine (Xylocaine)

and nerve blocks have also been reported to

be effective in reducing pain

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Amitriptyline (Elavil) -- By inhibiting reuptake of serotonin andor norepinephrine by presynaptic neuronal membrane may increase synaptic concentration in CNS Useful as analgesic for certain types of chronic and neuropathic pain

Adult DoseEarly in course of HZ 25 mgd PO hs to prevent PHNAfter PHN develops 30-100 mg PO qhs

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Capsaicin cream (Dolorac Capsin Zostrix) --Natural chemical derived from plants of Solanaceae family By depleting and preventing reaccumulation of substance P in peripheral sensory neurons may render skin and joints insensitive to pain Substance P thought to be chemomediator of pain transmission from periphery to CNS

Adult DoseCream Apply to skin tidqid for 3-4 consecutive wk and evaluate efficacy not to exceed 4 applicationsd

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Lidocaine (DermaFlex gel Lidoderm 5 patch) --Several recent studies have advocated topical administration of lidocaine as treatment of PHN Lidocaine gel (5) in placebo-controlled study showed significant relief in 23 patients studied Lidocaine tape also decreases severity of pain

Adult DoseGel (5) Apply to affected area prnPatch (5) Apply to most painful area up to 3 patches per application patch may remain in place for up to 12 h in any 24 h period

Postherpetic Neuralgia Gabapentin (Neurontin) -- This medication has been

approved by the FDA for the treatment of PHN Has properties common to other anticonvulsants and antineuralgic effects Exact mechanism of action is not known Structurally gabapentin is related to GABA but it does not interact with GABA receptors Believed to have a binding site at the alpha 2-delta protein an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gaited calcium channels In the rat brain binding is localized on neuronal dendritic areas Relevance of these observations to treatment of PHN is not known

Adult Dose100 mg PO tid titrate dose prn recommended dose is 900-1800 mg PO qd not to exceed 900 mg PO qid

Behcetrsquos Disease

Criteria for the Diagnosis of Behcetrsquos

Disease (International Study Group)

Recurrent oral ulceration

Plus two of the following

Recurrent genital ulcerations

Eye lesions ndashanteriorposterior uveitis

Skin lesions

+ pathergy ndash read by 24-48 hours

Behcetrsquos Disease

Treament

Topical or intralesional corticosteriods

Oral colchicine

Thalidomide

Low-dose methotrexate

Systemic corticosteriods

Cyclosporine

Interferon alpha2A

Treatment

Triamcinolone 01 in Orabase (Kenalog

in Orabase) Apply to dried ulcer two to

four times daily until healed

Randomized controlled studies show decreased

pain

Dexamethasone elixir 05 mg per 5 ml

Swish and spit with 5 mL every 6 hours

As above

B

Burning Mouth Syndrome

About 13 million American adults mostly

postmenopausal women are afflicted with

Burning Mouth Syndrome a chronic often

debilitating condition whose cause remains a

medical mystery

Burning Mouth Syndrome

The main symptom of burning mouth

syndrome is a burning sensation involving the

tongue lips gums palate throat or

widespread areas of the whole mouth People

with the syndrome may describe the sensation

in the affected areas as hot or scalded as if

they had been burned with a hot liquid

Burning Mouth Syndrome

Dry mouth

Sore mouth

A tingling or numb sensation in your mouth

or on the tip of your tongue

A bitter or metallic taste

Causes

Dry mouth (xerostomia)

Nutritional deficiencies

Allergies

Psychological factors

Nerve disturbance or damage

(neuropathy)

Treatments

Potentially efficacious medicines include

tricyclic antidepressants (like amitriptyline -brand name Elavil)

benzodiazepines (like clonazepam - brand name Klonopin or

chlordiazepoxide brand name - Librium)

even anticonvulsants have proven effective in some cases

BMS Treatment

Tricyclic antidepressants

Amitriptyline (Elavil)10 to 150 mg per day

10 mg at bedtime increase dosage by 10 mg

every 4 to 7 days until oral burning is relieved

or side effects occur

BMS Treatment

Benzodiazepines

Clonazepam (Klonopin)025 to 2 mg per

day025 mg at bedtime increase dosage by

025 mg every 4 to 7 days until oral burning is

relieved or side effects occur as dosage

increases medication is taken as full dose or

in three divided doses

BMS Treatment

Anticonvulsants

Gabapentin (Neurontin) 300 to 1600 mg per

day100 mg at bedtime increase dosage by

100 mg every 4 to 7 days until oral burning is

relieved or side effects occur as dosage

increases medication is taken in three divided

doses

C

Candidiasis

Oral thrush and other Candida infections

occur when your immune system is

weakened by disease or drugs such as

prednisone or when antibiotics disturb the

natural balance of microorganisms in the

body

Predisposing factors for infection

Infancy or old age

Serious underlying disease such as cancer or infection with HIV

Dry mouth due to disease of the salivary glands or medications eg antihistamines diuretics

Dentures (especially if they are not regularly cleaned or fit badly)

Predisposing factors for infection

Smoking

Injury to the mouth

Nutritional deficiency eg iron ampor B-vitamin deficiency

Inhaled corticosteroids used to treat asthma eg beclometasone budesonide fluticasone Drink water after inhalation to reduce this complication

Clinical features

Acute pseudomembranous candidiasis There are

white patches on gums tongue amp inside the mouth

that can be peeled off leaving a raw area

Acute atrophic candidiasis There are smooth red

shiny patches on the tongue The mouth is very sore

Chronic atrophic candidiasis This is common in

those with dentures The underlying mucosa is red

and swollen

Clinical features

Angular cheilitis There are sore red splits at each side of the mouth more likely if there is overhang of the upper lip over the lower lip causing a moist deep furrow Angular cheilitis due to candida andor Staphylococcus aureus arises frequently in those taking the medication isotretinoin for acne this medication dries the lips

Chronic hyperplastic candidiasis This is a type of oral leukoplakia (white patch) inside the cheeks or on the tongue with persistent nodules or lumps It usually affects smokers and is pre-malignant Red patches (erythroplakia) as well as white patches may indicate malignant change

Clinical features

Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis presents

as a chronic pseudomembranous infection

The skin and nails are also affected

Median rhomboid glossitis - there is diamond-

shaped inflammation at the back of the

tongue

Severe infections may extend down the throat

(esophageal infection)

Rationale for Treatment Topical vs

Systemic Drugs

Topical antifungals are usually the drug of

choice for uncomplicated localized

candidiasis in patients with normal immune

function

Systemic antifungals are usually indicated in

cases of disseminated disease andor in

immunocompromised patients

Suggested Medications for the

Treatment of Candidiasis

Rx

Clotrimazole troches 10 mg

Disp 70 troches

Sig Let 1 troche dissolve in mouth 5 times

per day for 14 days Do not chew NPO 12

hour

Suggested Systemic Medications for

the Treatment of Candidiasis Rx

Ketoconazole tablets 200 mgDisp 14 tabletsSig Take 1 tab qd with a meal or orange juice for 14 days

RxFluconazole tablets 100 mgDisp 15 tabletsSig Take 2 tablets stat then 1 tablet qd for 14 days

RxItraconazole tablets 100 mgDisp 28 tabletsSig Take 1 tablet bid with a meal or orange juice for 14 days

CA

Head and Neck Cancer

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Intraoral Melanoma

Lymphoma

Intraoral Melanoma

The five year survival rate for oral melanoma

is less than 20 as compared to 75 for

Cutaneous melanomas The average time of

first local recurrence for oral melanoma is less

than one year and metastatic disease is usually

diagnosed within three months of the

recurrence The average survival rate after

metastasis is typically less than 6 months

Extranodal Lymphoma

Extranodal lymphomas usually develop as a

rapidly growing mass of the palate or

posterior tongue (area of Waldeyerrsquos ring)

Pain may or may not be a presenting sign

Clinically the lesion may present as an

erythematous mass with a boggy consistency

The average survival rate for AIDS patients

with an intraoral lymphoma is eight months

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Second primary ndash field cancerization

Incidence amp Mortality HampN Ca

41000 new cases annually

13000 affected will die of disease

Rates constant over last 20yrs

lt 5 of neoplasias US

Highest incidence southeastern amp south-

central Asia

Disease in Women

Prior to 1940 malefemale ratio - 101

1980s ratio 31

Reason tobacco use among women in early

decades of the century

Habits have stabilized ndash malefemale

incidence normalized

Tobacco Use

1956 Wynder et al HampN Ca 10-fold

increase among smokers

Most studies 5-fold to 25-fold increase

intensity and duration of tobacco

consumption

80-90 of HampN Ca patients use tobacco

Alcohol

Odds ratio increases 3- to 15-fold for HampN

Ca after adjusting for tobacco use with

consumption of alcohol

Multiplicative effect with tobacco and

alcohol

Location of cancer ndash oral

pharyngeal(topical mechanism)

Alcohol

Promotional effects independent of

initiation

-prostaglandin synthesis lipid peroxidation

free radical oxygen enhance cell turnover

Enhances cell permeability

Defective repair mechanisms

Depressed immunity

Dz

RISK FACTORS (RF)

1 RF

2 RF

3 RF

4 RF

The concept of

TUMOR

local

regional

systemic

local T

N

M

INFECTION PAIN

INFECTION NEOPLASM

CERVICAL LYMPH NODE ENLARGEMENT

bullbacterial

bullviral (local systemic)

bullfungal

bullpostinfect fibrosed node

bulllt 40 yrs lymphoma

bullgt 40 yrs metastatic SCC

OTHERS

bullleukemia

bullconnective tissue diseases (eg lupus)

bullsarcoidosis

Importance of early diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma

60

stage III amp IV

23 recurrence lt 2 yrs

lt 13 survive 3 yrs

40

stage I amp II

80-90 cure

Second primary tumor in successfully treated patients within 5-7

years up to 40 Follow-up important

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Mortality (8000) deaths per year

Mortality by Site

Tongue 432

Salivary 130

Floor of mouth 950

Lip 24

Other 319

Premalignant Lesions

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Erythroplasia

Carcinoma in situ

Verrucous Leukoplakia

Tobacco patch keratosis

Actinic cheilosis

Mouth wash (Viadent) dysplasia

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Defined as a red patch that can not be

clinically or pathologically diagnosed as any

other condition

Almost all erythroleukoplakia demonstrate

dysplasia or CIS

Etiology is similar to oral SCC

May occur in conjunction with leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Risk of malignant transformation in

erythroleukoplakia about 4x greater than

homogenous leukoplakia

Predominately disease of older men with peak

prevalence of 65 to 74 years

Floor of mouth tongue and soft palate are

most common sites of involvement

Erythroplakia

The Management of Head and

Neck Cancer

Major advances

Conservative or partial resections

Micro vascular free-tissue transfer in

reconstruction

Better definition of the roles of chemotherapy

and radiotherapy

Despite these advances the treatment of loco

regional recurrence remains a major challenge

success rates for salvage therapy are poor

Treatment

Surgery

Radiotherapy

Chemotherapy

Immunotherapy

at present the role of immunotherapy remains investigational

Chemotherapy

Several randomized and non-randomized trial have evaluated chemotherapy for the treatment of head and neck cancer

Various agents have been shown to produce a response

No agents either alone or in combination have demonstrated an improvement in survival

cisplatin and 5 - FU

Uses

Inoperable tumors

Salvage therapy for recurrent tumors

Treatment

The main treatment modalities for head and neck

cancer remain surgery and radiotherapy

Patient factors that merit consideration

Impact on the quality of life

Medical condition ndash ldquoco - morbiditiesrdquo

Patient preference

Treatment cost and convenience

Compliance

Treatment

Early stage disease (stage I and II) can be treated with either surgery or radiotherapy with equivalent control rates

Small lesions of the oral cavity wide local excision is preferred over radiotherapy

Radiotherapy can be delivered to a site generally only once

Reserve this modality for less operable lesions

Treatment Combined Modality

Surgery and RadiotherapyIndications for post operative radiotherapy

Primary Tumor

Advance T stage

High histologic grade

Positive surgical resection margins

Lymphatic permeation

Vascular invasion

Perineural spread

Radiotherapy

Daily dose of 180 cGy to 200 cGy

5000 cGy over a five week period

T1 ndash 6000 to 6600 cGy

T2 - 6600 to 7000 cGy

T3T4 - gt 7000 cGy

ldquoshrinking field techniquerdquo

hyperfractionation technique 200 cGy per day for 25 days followed by 400 cGy per day for 5 days

D

Desquamative gingivitis is a clinical term to describe red painful glazed and friable gingivae which may be a manifestation of some mucocutaneous conditions such as lichen planus or the vesiculobullous disorders

Clinical features of desquamative

gingivitis

Fiery red friable gingiva

Painful desquamates easily

Buccal aspect of anterior attached gingiva

affected

Marginal gingiva spared

Not significantly improved by oral hygiene

measures alone

Differential Diagnosis Erosive Lichen Planus

Immune-mediated blistering diseases

Intra-epithelial

Pemphigus

Subepithelial

Pemphigoid

Linear IgA disease

Dermatitis herpetiformis

Epidermolysis bullosa

Erythema multiforme

Treatment Topical Corticosteroids Recurrent aphthous ulcers

bull Oral manifestations of Behccedilets disease Reiters syndrome acute

vulvar ulcer MAGIC syndrome PFAPA syndrome ulcerative colitis

Crohns disease Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome Sweets

syndrome among others

bull Drug-induced ulcerations mediated by an immune mechanism

bull Lichen planus

bull Cicatricial pemphigoid

bull Mucous membrane pemphigoid

bull Bullous pemphigoid

bull Erythema multiforme

bull Linear IgA dermatosis

bull Pemphigus vulgaris

Topicals Temovate cream 005 Clobetasol propionate

Halog cream 01 Halcinonide

Lidex cream 005 Fluocinonide

Topicort cream 025 Desoximethasone

Lidex gel 005 Fluocinonide

Aristocort cream H-P 05 Triamcinolone acetinode

Diprosone cream 005 Betamethasone dipropionate

Florone cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Maxiflor cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Synalar cream H-P 02 Fluocinolone acetonide

Topicals Tropicort-LP cream 005 Desoxymethasone

Benisone cream 0025 Betamethasone benzoate

Cordran cream 0025 Flurandenolide

Kenalog cream 01 Triamcinolone acetonide

Locoid cream 01 Hydrocortisone butyrate

Synalar cream 0025 Fluocinolone acetonide

Valisone cream 01 Betamethasone valerate

Tridesilon cream 005 Desonide

Locorten cream 003 Flumetasone pivalate

1 Hydrocortisone

Topical Corticosteroids

Used to treat oral lesions

Clobetasol (Temovate) -- Suppresses mitosis and increases synthesis of proteins that decrease inflammation and cause vasoconstriction Class I superpotent topical steroid useful in treating oral lesions Topical corticosteroids commonly are used intraorally for oral manifestations of autoimmune blistering skin diseases Since these diseases are chronic inflammatory in nature topical corticosteroids are very useful as an adjunct treatment Patients with disease confined to the gingiva should see a dentist to have a custom-made soft tray to carry the medication

H

How does herpes simplex develop

overexposure to sunlight

overexposure to wind

colds influenza and similar infections

heavy alcohol use

fever from any cause

the menstrual period

physical stress

emotional stress

Symptoms

Primary (Initial) HSV I Fever

Adenopathy

Ulcers deep in mouth

Secondary (Later) HSV I (Recurrent labial lesions) Fever Blisters form on outer vermillion border

Cold Sores form on inner lip Initial Vesicle

Next Crust

Last Healing in 10-14 days

Differential Diagnosis

Differs from Aphthous Ulcers in that

Found on keratinized (bound-down) intraoral

mucosa

Vesicles rupture into coalescing ulcers

HSV lesions are anterior compared with

Herpangina

Hand Foot and Mouth Disease

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Oral acyclovir (Zovirax) or the recently

developed drugs valacyclovir (Valtrex) or

famciclovir (Famvir) lessen the symptoms

and frequency of fever blister recurrences for

some patients These drugs prevent HSV from

multiplying and are effective when taken in

pill form prior to an outbreak of the virus

Systemic Antivirals

Acyclovir

Dose 15 mgkg (max 200 mg) PO 5xday for 7 days

Shortens first HSV infection by 6 days in children

Famciclovir

Shortens healing time by 2 days in UV-induced cases

Spruance (1999) J Infect Dis 179303-10

Valacyclovir (FDA approved for age 12 and older)

Adult dose 2 g PO bid for one day

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Topical antiviral creams containing acyclovir

(Zovirax) or penciclovir (Denavir) may also

help in limiting the extent or duration of

lesions if applied promptly to affected areas

Topical Treatments

Penciclovir (Denavir) heals HSV-1 sores on average about half a day faster than without treatment stops viral shedding and reduces the duration of the pain Ideally the patient should apply the cream within the first hour of symptoms although benefits have also been noted with later application It is continued for four consecutive days and should be reapplied every two hours while awake

Docosanol cream (Abreva) is an over-the-counter agent for oral-facial herpes It helps resist infection by inhibiting the ability of the virus to become fully active after it has attached itself to the host cell It is applied five times a day beginning at the first sign of tingling or pain Studies have been mixed on it benefits

Topical Treatments

Acyclovir cream (Zovirax) has been approved It may speed healing of oral herpes lesions and lessen the duration of pain particularly if it is applied early on (at the first sign of pain or tingling)

Lidex is a gel that contains a fluocinonide as corticosteroid Corticosteroids commonly called steroids are anti-inflammatory agents and not ordinarily used for herpes Some evidence suggests it may be effective in combination with oral famciclovir

Topical Treatments

Over-the-counter topical anesthetics may provide

modest relief They include Anbesol gel Blistex lip

ointment Campho-phenique Herpecin-L

Viractin and Zilactin In one study Viractin

reduced the duration of the attack compared to

placebo by two days It also relieved itching but had

little effect on other symptoms In general however

few studies have been conducted on any of these

products

X

Xerostomia

Xerostomia is not a disease but can be a symptom

of certain diseases It can produce serious

negative effects on the patients quality of life

affecting dietary habits nutritional status

speech taste tolerance to dental prosthesis and

increases susceptibility to dental caries The

increase in dental caries can be devastating in

many patients and therefore special care must be

made to control this condition

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Medications - Several hundred current medications

can cause xerostomia antihypertensives

antidepressants analgesics tranquilizers diuretics

and antihistamines c

-Cancer Therapy - Chemotherapeutic drugs can

change the flow and composition of the saliva

Radiation treatment that is focused on or near the

salivary gland can temporarily or permanently

damage the salivary glands

-Sjogrens syndrome - An autoimmune disease causes

xerostomia and dry eyes

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Other conditions -such as bone marrow transplants endocrine disorders stress anxiety depression and nutritional deficiencies may cause xerostomia

-Nerve Damage - Trauma to the head and neck area from surgery or wounds can damage the nerves that supply sensation to the mouth While the salivary glands may be left intact they cannot function normally without the nerves that signal them to produce saliva

Treatment

Identify the xerostomic condition and the

cause Some of the causes may be

ameliorated and this will aid therapy But

in many situations it will be difficult to

eliminate the causes Thus it will be

necessary for the Dentist to control the

results of xerostomia This is especially

true about the increase in dental caries

Treatment -pilocarpine (Salagen) 5mg qid prescription required

-special food preparation - blended and moist foods are easier to swallow

artificial saliva (available over-the-counter)

-sipping plain water is usually preferred over artificial saliva by most patients

-Biotene brand over-the-counter dry mouth products (toothpaste alcohol- free mouth rinse and Oralbalance lubricating gel)

-avoidance of alcohol-based mouth rinses

-use of water and glycerin mixed in a small aerosol spray bottle

RX

Contains sorbitol sodium

carboxymethlcellulose and

methylparaben in a

pleasantly flavored

solution

120 mL (406 fl oz)

Z

Treatment

Acyclovir (Zovirax)dagger800 mg orally five times

daily for 7 to 10 days

10 mg per kg IV every 8 hours for 7 to 10

daysDagger

$174 to 248 (129 to 200)

Famciclovir (Famvir)dagger500 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$140

Treatment

Valacyclovir (Valtrex)dagger1000 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$84

Prednisone (Deltasone)30 mg orally twice

daily on days 1 through 7 then 15 mg twice

daily on days 8 through 14 then 75 mg twice

daily on days 15 through 21

Treatment

Lotions containing calamine (eg Caladryl)

may be used on open lesions to reduce pain

and pruritus

Once the lesions have crusted over capsaicin

cream (Zostrix) may be applied

Topically administered lidocaine (Xylocaine)

and nerve blocks have also been reported to

be effective in reducing pain

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Amitriptyline (Elavil) -- By inhibiting reuptake of serotonin andor norepinephrine by presynaptic neuronal membrane may increase synaptic concentration in CNS Useful as analgesic for certain types of chronic and neuropathic pain

Adult DoseEarly in course of HZ 25 mgd PO hs to prevent PHNAfter PHN develops 30-100 mg PO qhs

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Capsaicin cream (Dolorac Capsin Zostrix) --Natural chemical derived from plants of Solanaceae family By depleting and preventing reaccumulation of substance P in peripheral sensory neurons may render skin and joints insensitive to pain Substance P thought to be chemomediator of pain transmission from periphery to CNS

Adult DoseCream Apply to skin tidqid for 3-4 consecutive wk and evaluate efficacy not to exceed 4 applicationsd

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Lidocaine (DermaFlex gel Lidoderm 5 patch) --Several recent studies have advocated topical administration of lidocaine as treatment of PHN Lidocaine gel (5) in placebo-controlled study showed significant relief in 23 patients studied Lidocaine tape also decreases severity of pain

Adult DoseGel (5) Apply to affected area prnPatch (5) Apply to most painful area up to 3 patches per application patch may remain in place for up to 12 h in any 24 h period

Postherpetic Neuralgia Gabapentin (Neurontin) -- This medication has been

approved by the FDA for the treatment of PHN Has properties common to other anticonvulsants and antineuralgic effects Exact mechanism of action is not known Structurally gabapentin is related to GABA but it does not interact with GABA receptors Believed to have a binding site at the alpha 2-delta protein an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gaited calcium channels In the rat brain binding is localized on neuronal dendritic areas Relevance of these observations to treatment of PHN is not known

Adult Dose100 mg PO tid titrate dose prn recommended dose is 900-1800 mg PO qd not to exceed 900 mg PO qid

Criteria for the Diagnosis of Behcetrsquos

Disease (International Study Group)

Recurrent oral ulceration

Plus two of the following

Recurrent genital ulcerations

Eye lesions ndashanteriorposterior uveitis

Skin lesions

+ pathergy ndash read by 24-48 hours

Behcetrsquos Disease

Treament

Topical or intralesional corticosteriods

Oral colchicine

Thalidomide

Low-dose methotrexate

Systemic corticosteriods

Cyclosporine

Interferon alpha2A

Treatment

Triamcinolone 01 in Orabase (Kenalog

in Orabase) Apply to dried ulcer two to

four times daily until healed

Randomized controlled studies show decreased

pain

Dexamethasone elixir 05 mg per 5 ml

Swish and spit with 5 mL every 6 hours

As above

B

Burning Mouth Syndrome

About 13 million American adults mostly

postmenopausal women are afflicted with

Burning Mouth Syndrome a chronic often

debilitating condition whose cause remains a

medical mystery

Burning Mouth Syndrome

The main symptom of burning mouth

syndrome is a burning sensation involving the

tongue lips gums palate throat or

widespread areas of the whole mouth People

with the syndrome may describe the sensation

in the affected areas as hot or scalded as if

they had been burned with a hot liquid

Burning Mouth Syndrome

Dry mouth

Sore mouth

A tingling or numb sensation in your mouth

or on the tip of your tongue

A bitter or metallic taste

Causes

Dry mouth (xerostomia)

Nutritional deficiencies

Allergies

Psychological factors

Nerve disturbance or damage

(neuropathy)

Treatments

Potentially efficacious medicines include

tricyclic antidepressants (like amitriptyline -brand name Elavil)

benzodiazepines (like clonazepam - brand name Klonopin or

chlordiazepoxide brand name - Librium)

even anticonvulsants have proven effective in some cases

BMS Treatment

Tricyclic antidepressants

Amitriptyline (Elavil)10 to 150 mg per day

10 mg at bedtime increase dosage by 10 mg

every 4 to 7 days until oral burning is relieved

or side effects occur

BMS Treatment

Benzodiazepines

Clonazepam (Klonopin)025 to 2 mg per

day025 mg at bedtime increase dosage by

025 mg every 4 to 7 days until oral burning is

relieved or side effects occur as dosage

increases medication is taken as full dose or

in three divided doses

BMS Treatment

Anticonvulsants

Gabapentin (Neurontin) 300 to 1600 mg per

day100 mg at bedtime increase dosage by

100 mg every 4 to 7 days until oral burning is

relieved or side effects occur as dosage

increases medication is taken in three divided

doses

C

Candidiasis

Oral thrush and other Candida infections

occur when your immune system is

weakened by disease or drugs such as

prednisone or when antibiotics disturb the

natural balance of microorganisms in the

body

Predisposing factors for infection

Infancy or old age

Serious underlying disease such as cancer or infection with HIV

Dry mouth due to disease of the salivary glands or medications eg antihistamines diuretics

Dentures (especially if they are not regularly cleaned or fit badly)

Predisposing factors for infection

Smoking

Injury to the mouth

Nutritional deficiency eg iron ampor B-vitamin deficiency

Inhaled corticosteroids used to treat asthma eg beclometasone budesonide fluticasone Drink water after inhalation to reduce this complication

Clinical features

Acute pseudomembranous candidiasis There are

white patches on gums tongue amp inside the mouth

that can be peeled off leaving a raw area

Acute atrophic candidiasis There are smooth red

shiny patches on the tongue The mouth is very sore

Chronic atrophic candidiasis This is common in

those with dentures The underlying mucosa is red

and swollen

Clinical features

Angular cheilitis There are sore red splits at each side of the mouth more likely if there is overhang of the upper lip over the lower lip causing a moist deep furrow Angular cheilitis due to candida andor Staphylococcus aureus arises frequently in those taking the medication isotretinoin for acne this medication dries the lips

Chronic hyperplastic candidiasis This is a type of oral leukoplakia (white patch) inside the cheeks or on the tongue with persistent nodules or lumps It usually affects smokers and is pre-malignant Red patches (erythroplakia) as well as white patches may indicate malignant change

Clinical features

Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis presents

as a chronic pseudomembranous infection

The skin and nails are also affected

Median rhomboid glossitis - there is diamond-

shaped inflammation at the back of the

tongue

Severe infections may extend down the throat

(esophageal infection)

Rationale for Treatment Topical vs

Systemic Drugs

Topical antifungals are usually the drug of

choice for uncomplicated localized

candidiasis in patients with normal immune

function

Systemic antifungals are usually indicated in

cases of disseminated disease andor in

immunocompromised patients

Suggested Medications for the

Treatment of Candidiasis

Rx

Clotrimazole troches 10 mg

Disp 70 troches

Sig Let 1 troche dissolve in mouth 5 times

per day for 14 days Do not chew NPO 12

hour

Suggested Systemic Medications for

the Treatment of Candidiasis Rx

Ketoconazole tablets 200 mgDisp 14 tabletsSig Take 1 tab qd with a meal or orange juice for 14 days

RxFluconazole tablets 100 mgDisp 15 tabletsSig Take 2 tablets stat then 1 tablet qd for 14 days

RxItraconazole tablets 100 mgDisp 28 tabletsSig Take 1 tablet bid with a meal or orange juice for 14 days

CA

Head and Neck Cancer

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Intraoral Melanoma

Lymphoma

Intraoral Melanoma

The five year survival rate for oral melanoma

is less than 20 as compared to 75 for

Cutaneous melanomas The average time of

first local recurrence for oral melanoma is less

than one year and metastatic disease is usually

diagnosed within three months of the

recurrence The average survival rate after

metastasis is typically less than 6 months

Extranodal Lymphoma

Extranodal lymphomas usually develop as a

rapidly growing mass of the palate or

posterior tongue (area of Waldeyerrsquos ring)

Pain may or may not be a presenting sign

Clinically the lesion may present as an

erythematous mass with a boggy consistency

The average survival rate for AIDS patients

with an intraoral lymphoma is eight months

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Second primary ndash field cancerization

Incidence amp Mortality HampN Ca

41000 new cases annually

13000 affected will die of disease

Rates constant over last 20yrs

lt 5 of neoplasias US

Highest incidence southeastern amp south-

central Asia

Disease in Women

Prior to 1940 malefemale ratio - 101

1980s ratio 31

Reason tobacco use among women in early

decades of the century

Habits have stabilized ndash malefemale

incidence normalized

Tobacco Use

1956 Wynder et al HampN Ca 10-fold

increase among smokers

Most studies 5-fold to 25-fold increase

intensity and duration of tobacco

consumption

80-90 of HampN Ca patients use tobacco

Alcohol

Odds ratio increases 3- to 15-fold for HampN

Ca after adjusting for tobacco use with

consumption of alcohol

Multiplicative effect with tobacco and

alcohol

Location of cancer ndash oral

pharyngeal(topical mechanism)

Alcohol

Promotional effects independent of

initiation

-prostaglandin synthesis lipid peroxidation

free radical oxygen enhance cell turnover

Enhances cell permeability

Defective repair mechanisms

Depressed immunity

Dz

RISK FACTORS (RF)

1 RF

2 RF

3 RF

4 RF

The concept of

TUMOR

local

regional

systemic

local T

N

M

INFECTION PAIN

INFECTION NEOPLASM

CERVICAL LYMPH NODE ENLARGEMENT

bullbacterial

bullviral (local systemic)

bullfungal

bullpostinfect fibrosed node

bulllt 40 yrs lymphoma

bullgt 40 yrs metastatic SCC

OTHERS

bullleukemia

bullconnective tissue diseases (eg lupus)

bullsarcoidosis

Importance of early diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma

60

stage III amp IV

23 recurrence lt 2 yrs

lt 13 survive 3 yrs

40

stage I amp II

80-90 cure

Second primary tumor in successfully treated patients within 5-7

years up to 40 Follow-up important

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Mortality (8000) deaths per year

Mortality by Site

Tongue 432

Salivary 130

Floor of mouth 950

Lip 24

Other 319

Premalignant Lesions

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Erythroplasia

Carcinoma in situ

Verrucous Leukoplakia

Tobacco patch keratosis

Actinic cheilosis

Mouth wash (Viadent) dysplasia

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Defined as a red patch that can not be

clinically or pathologically diagnosed as any

other condition

Almost all erythroleukoplakia demonstrate

dysplasia or CIS

Etiology is similar to oral SCC

May occur in conjunction with leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Risk of malignant transformation in

erythroleukoplakia about 4x greater than

homogenous leukoplakia

Predominately disease of older men with peak

prevalence of 65 to 74 years

Floor of mouth tongue and soft palate are

most common sites of involvement

Erythroplakia

The Management of Head and

Neck Cancer

Major advances

Conservative or partial resections

Micro vascular free-tissue transfer in

reconstruction

Better definition of the roles of chemotherapy

and radiotherapy

Despite these advances the treatment of loco

regional recurrence remains a major challenge

success rates for salvage therapy are poor

Treatment

Surgery

Radiotherapy

Chemotherapy

Immunotherapy

at present the role of immunotherapy remains investigational

Chemotherapy

Several randomized and non-randomized trial have evaluated chemotherapy for the treatment of head and neck cancer

Various agents have been shown to produce a response

No agents either alone or in combination have demonstrated an improvement in survival

cisplatin and 5 - FU

Uses

Inoperable tumors

Salvage therapy for recurrent tumors

Treatment

The main treatment modalities for head and neck

cancer remain surgery and radiotherapy

Patient factors that merit consideration

Impact on the quality of life

Medical condition ndash ldquoco - morbiditiesrdquo

Patient preference

Treatment cost and convenience

Compliance

Treatment

Early stage disease (stage I and II) can be treated with either surgery or radiotherapy with equivalent control rates

Small lesions of the oral cavity wide local excision is preferred over radiotherapy

Radiotherapy can be delivered to a site generally only once

Reserve this modality for less operable lesions

Treatment Combined Modality

Surgery and RadiotherapyIndications for post operative radiotherapy

Primary Tumor

Advance T stage

High histologic grade

Positive surgical resection margins

Lymphatic permeation

Vascular invasion

Perineural spread

Radiotherapy

Daily dose of 180 cGy to 200 cGy

5000 cGy over a five week period

T1 ndash 6000 to 6600 cGy

T2 - 6600 to 7000 cGy

T3T4 - gt 7000 cGy

ldquoshrinking field techniquerdquo

hyperfractionation technique 200 cGy per day for 25 days followed by 400 cGy per day for 5 days

D

Desquamative gingivitis is a clinical term to describe red painful glazed and friable gingivae which may be a manifestation of some mucocutaneous conditions such as lichen planus or the vesiculobullous disorders

Clinical features of desquamative

gingivitis

Fiery red friable gingiva

Painful desquamates easily

Buccal aspect of anterior attached gingiva

affected

Marginal gingiva spared

Not significantly improved by oral hygiene

measures alone

Differential Diagnosis Erosive Lichen Planus

Immune-mediated blistering diseases

Intra-epithelial

Pemphigus

Subepithelial

Pemphigoid

Linear IgA disease

Dermatitis herpetiformis

Epidermolysis bullosa

Erythema multiforme

Treatment Topical Corticosteroids Recurrent aphthous ulcers

bull Oral manifestations of Behccedilets disease Reiters syndrome acute

vulvar ulcer MAGIC syndrome PFAPA syndrome ulcerative colitis

Crohns disease Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome Sweets

syndrome among others

bull Drug-induced ulcerations mediated by an immune mechanism

bull Lichen planus

bull Cicatricial pemphigoid

bull Mucous membrane pemphigoid

bull Bullous pemphigoid

bull Erythema multiforme

bull Linear IgA dermatosis

bull Pemphigus vulgaris

Topicals Temovate cream 005 Clobetasol propionate

Halog cream 01 Halcinonide

Lidex cream 005 Fluocinonide

Topicort cream 025 Desoximethasone

Lidex gel 005 Fluocinonide

Aristocort cream H-P 05 Triamcinolone acetinode

Diprosone cream 005 Betamethasone dipropionate

Florone cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Maxiflor cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Synalar cream H-P 02 Fluocinolone acetonide

Topicals Tropicort-LP cream 005 Desoxymethasone

Benisone cream 0025 Betamethasone benzoate

Cordran cream 0025 Flurandenolide

Kenalog cream 01 Triamcinolone acetonide

Locoid cream 01 Hydrocortisone butyrate

Synalar cream 0025 Fluocinolone acetonide

Valisone cream 01 Betamethasone valerate

Tridesilon cream 005 Desonide

Locorten cream 003 Flumetasone pivalate

1 Hydrocortisone

Topical Corticosteroids

Used to treat oral lesions

Clobetasol (Temovate) -- Suppresses mitosis and increases synthesis of proteins that decrease inflammation and cause vasoconstriction Class I superpotent topical steroid useful in treating oral lesions Topical corticosteroids commonly are used intraorally for oral manifestations of autoimmune blistering skin diseases Since these diseases are chronic inflammatory in nature topical corticosteroids are very useful as an adjunct treatment Patients with disease confined to the gingiva should see a dentist to have a custom-made soft tray to carry the medication

H

How does herpes simplex develop

overexposure to sunlight

overexposure to wind

colds influenza and similar infections

heavy alcohol use

fever from any cause

the menstrual period

physical stress

emotional stress

Symptoms

Primary (Initial) HSV I Fever

Adenopathy

Ulcers deep in mouth

Secondary (Later) HSV I (Recurrent labial lesions) Fever Blisters form on outer vermillion border

Cold Sores form on inner lip Initial Vesicle

Next Crust

Last Healing in 10-14 days

Differential Diagnosis

Differs from Aphthous Ulcers in that

Found on keratinized (bound-down) intraoral

mucosa

Vesicles rupture into coalescing ulcers

HSV lesions are anterior compared with

Herpangina

Hand Foot and Mouth Disease

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Oral acyclovir (Zovirax) or the recently

developed drugs valacyclovir (Valtrex) or

famciclovir (Famvir) lessen the symptoms

and frequency of fever blister recurrences for

some patients These drugs prevent HSV from

multiplying and are effective when taken in

pill form prior to an outbreak of the virus

Systemic Antivirals

Acyclovir

Dose 15 mgkg (max 200 mg) PO 5xday for 7 days

Shortens first HSV infection by 6 days in children

Famciclovir

Shortens healing time by 2 days in UV-induced cases

Spruance (1999) J Infect Dis 179303-10

Valacyclovir (FDA approved for age 12 and older)

Adult dose 2 g PO bid for one day

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Topical antiviral creams containing acyclovir

(Zovirax) or penciclovir (Denavir) may also

help in limiting the extent or duration of

lesions if applied promptly to affected areas

Topical Treatments

Penciclovir (Denavir) heals HSV-1 sores on average about half a day faster than without treatment stops viral shedding and reduces the duration of the pain Ideally the patient should apply the cream within the first hour of symptoms although benefits have also been noted with later application It is continued for four consecutive days and should be reapplied every two hours while awake

Docosanol cream (Abreva) is an over-the-counter agent for oral-facial herpes It helps resist infection by inhibiting the ability of the virus to become fully active after it has attached itself to the host cell It is applied five times a day beginning at the first sign of tingling or pain Studies have been mixed on it benefits

Topical Treatments

Acyclovir cream (Zovirax) has been approved It may speed healing of oral herpes lesions and lessen the duration of pain particularly if it is applied early on (at the first sign of pain or tingling)

Lidex is a gel that contains a fluocinonide as corticosteroid Corticosteroids commonly called steroids are anti-inflammatory agents and not ordinarily used for herpes Some evidence suggests it may be effective in combination with oral famciclovir

Topical Treatments

Over-the-counter topical anesthetics may provide

modest relief They include Anbesol gel Blistex lip

ointment Campho-phenique Herpecin-L

Viractin and Zilactin In one study Viractin

reduced the duration of the attack compared to

placebo by two days It also relieved itching but had

little effect on other symptoms In general however

few studies have been conducted on any of these

products

X

Xerostomia

Xerostomia is not a disease but can be a symptom

of certain diseases It can produce serious

negative effects on the patients quality of life

affecting dietary habits nutritional status

speech taste tolerance to dental prosthesis and

increases susceptibility to dental caries The

increase in dental caries can be devastating in

many patients and therefore special care must be

made to control this condition

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Medications - Several hundred current medications

can cause xerostomia antihypertensives

antidepressants analgesics tranquilizers diuretics

and antihistamines c

-Cancer Therapy - Chemotherapeutic drugs can

change the flow and composition of the saliva

Radiation treatment that is focused on or near the

salivary gland can temporarily or permanently

damage the salivary glands

-Sjogrens syndrome - An autoimmune disease causes

xerostomia and dry eyes

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Other conditions -such as bone marrow transplants endocrine disorders stress anxiety depression and nutritional deficiencies may cause xerostomia

-Nerve Damage - Trauma to the head and neck area from surgery or wounds can damage the nerves that supply sensation to the mouth While the salivary glands may be left intact they cannot function normally without the nerves that signal them to produce saliva

Treatment

Identify the xerostomic condition and the

cause Some of the causes may be

ameliorated and this will aid therapy But

in many situations it will be difficult to

eliminate the causes Thus it will be

necessary for the Dentist to control the

results of xerostomia This is especially

true about the increase in dental caries

Treatment -pilocarpine (Salagen) 5mg qid prescription required

-special food preparation - blended and moist foods are easier to swallow

artificial saliva (available over-the-counter)

-sipping plain water is usually preferred over artificial saliva by most patients

-Biotene brand over-the-counter dry mouth products (toothpaste alcohol- free mouth rinse and Oralbalance lubricating gel)

-avoidance of alcohol-based mouth rinses

-use of water and glycerin mixed in a small aerosol spray bottle

RX

Contains sorbitol sodium

carboxymethlcellulose and

methylparaben in a

pleasantly flavored

solution

120 mL (406 fl oz)

Z

Treatment

Acyclovir (Zovirax)dagger800 mg orally five times

daily for 7 to 10 days

10 mg per kg IV every 8 hours for 7 to 10

daysDagger

$174 to 248 (129 to 200)

Famciclovir (Famvir)dagger500 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$140

Treatment

Valacyclovir (Valtrex)dagger1000 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$84

Prednisone (Deltasone)30 mg orally twice

daily on days 1 through 7 then 15 mg twice

daily on days 8 through 14 then 75 mg twice

daily on days 15 through 21

Treatment

Lotions containing calamine (eg Caladryl)

may be used on open lesions to reduce pain

and pruritus

Once the lesions have crusted over capsaicin

cream (Zostrix) may be applied

Topically administered lidocaine (Xylocaine)

and nerve blocks have also been reported to

be effective in reducing pain

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Amitriptyline (Elavil) -- By inhibiting reuptake of serotonin andor norepinephrine by presynaptic neuronal membrane may increase synaptic concentration in CNS Useful as analgesic for certain types of chronic and neuropathic pain

Adult DoseEarly in course of HZ 25 mgd PO hs to prevent PHNAfter PHN develops 30-100 mg PO qhs

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Capsaicin cream (Dolorac Capsin Zostrix) --Natural chemical derived from plants of Solanaceae family By depleting and preventing reaccumulation of substance P in peripheral sensory neurons may render skin and joints insensitive to pain Substance P thought to be chemomediator of pain transmission from periphery to CNS

Adult DoseCream Apply to skin tidqid for 3-4 consecutive wk and evaluate efficacy not to exceed 4 applicationsd

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Lidocaine (DermaFlex gel Lidoderm 5 patch) --Several recent studies have advocated topical administration of lidocaine as treatment of PHN Lidocaine gel (5) in placebo-controlled study showed significant relief in 23 patients studied Lidocaine tape also decreases severity of pain

Adult DoseGel (5) Apply to affected area prnPatch (5) Apply to most painful area up to 3 patches per application patch may remain in place for up to 12 h in any 24 h period

Postherpetic Neuralgia Gabapentin (Neurontin) -- This medication has been

approved by the FDA for the treatment of PHN Has properties common to other anticonvulsants and antineuralgic effects Exact mechanism of action is not known Structurally gabapentin is related to GABA but it does not interact with GABA receptors Believed to have a binding site at the alpha 2-delta protein an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gaited calcium channels In the rat brain binding is localized on neuronal dendritic areas Relevance of these observations to treatment of PHN is not known

Adult Dose100 mg PO tid titrate dose prn recommended dose is 900-1800 mg PO qd not to exceed 900 mg PO qid

Behcetrsquos Disease

Treament

Topical or intralesional corticosteriods

Oral colchicine

Thalidomide

Low-dose methotrexate

Systemic corticosteriods

Cyclosporine

Interferon alpha2A

Treatment

Triamcinolone 01 in Orabase (Kenalog

in Orabase) Apply to dried ulcer two to

four times daily until healed

Randomized controlled studies show decreased

pain

Dexamethasone elixir 05 mg per 5 ml

Swish and spit with 5 mL every 6 hours

As above

B

Burning Mouth Syndrome

About 13 million American adults mostly

postmenopausal women are afflicted with

Burning Mouth Syndrome a chronic often

debilitating condition whose cause remains a

medical mystery

Burning Mouth Syndrome

The main symptom of burning mouth

syndrome is a burning sensation involving the

tongue lips gums palate throat or

widespread areas of the whole mouth People

with the syndrome may describe the sensation

in the affected areas as hot or scalded as if

they had been burned with a hot liquid

Burning Mouth Syndrome

Dry mouth

Sore mouth

A tingling or numb sensation in your mouth

or on the tip of your tongue

A bitter or metallic taste

Causes

Dry mouth (xerostomia)

Nutritional deficiencies

Allergies

Psychological factors

Nerve disturbance or damage

(neuropathy)

Treatments

Potentially efficacious medicines include

tricyclic antidepressants (like amitriptyline -brand name Elavil)

benzodiazepines (like clonazepam - brand name Klonopin or

chlordiazepoxide brand name - Librium)

even anticonvulsants have proven effective in some cases

BMS Treatment

Tricyclic antidepressants

Amitriptyline (Elavil)10 to 150 mg per day

10 mg at bedtime increase dosage by 10 mg

every 4 to 7 days until oral burning is relieved

or side effects occur

BMS Treatment

Benzodiazepines

Clonazepam (Klonopin)025 to 2 mg per

day025 mg at bedtime increase dosage by

025 mg every 4 to 7 days until oral burning is

relieved or side effects occur as dosage

increases medication is taken as full dose or

in three divided doses

BMS Treatment

Anticonvulsants

Gabapentin (Neurontin) 300 to 1600 mg per

day100 mg at bedtime increase dosage by

100 mg every 4 to 7 days until oral burning is

relieved or side effects occur as dosage

increases medication is taken in three divided

doses

C

Candidiasis

Oral thrush and other Candida infections

occur when your immune system is

weakened by disease or drugs such as

prednisone or when antibiotics disturb the

natural balance of microorganisms in the

body

Predisposing factors for infection

Infancy or old age

Serious underlying disease such as cancer or infection with HIV

Dry mouth due to disease of the salivary glands or medications eg antihistamines diuretics

Dentures (especially if they are not regularly cleaned or fit badly)

Predisposing factors for infection

Smoking

Injury to the mouth

Nutritional deficiency eg iron ampor B-vitamin deficiency

Inhaled corticosteroids used to treat asthma eg beclometasone budesonide fluticasone Drink water after inhalation to reduce this complication

Clinical features

Acute pseudomembranous candidiasis There are

white patches on gums tongue amp inside the mouth

that can be peeled off leaving a raw area

Acute atrophic candidiasis There are smooth red

shiny patches on the tongue The mouth is very sore

Chronic atrophic candidiasis This is common in

those with dentures The underlying mucosa is red

and swollen

Clinical features

Angular cheilitis There are sore red splits at each side of the mouth more likely if there is overhang of the upper lip over the lower lip causing a moist deep furrow Angular cheilitis due to candida andor Staphylococcus aureus arises frequently in those taking the medication isotretinoin for acne this medication dries the lips

Chronic hyperplastic candidiasis This is a type of oral leukoplakia (white patch) inside the cheeks or on the tongue with persistent nodules or lumps It usually affects smokers and is pre-malignant Red patches (erythroplakia) as well as white patches may indicate malignant change

Clinical features

Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis presents

as a chronic pseudomembranous infection

The skin and nails are also affected

Median rhomboid glossitis - there is diamond-

shaped inflammation at the back of the

tongue

Severe infections may extend down the throat

(esophageal infection)

Rationale for Treatment Topical vs

Systemic Drugs

Topical antifungals are usually the drug of

choice for uncomplicated localized

candidiasis in patients with normal immune

function

Systemic antifungals are usually indicated in

cases of disseminated disease andor in

immunocompromised patients

Suggested Medications for the

Treatment of Candidiasis

Rx

Clotrimazole troches 10 mg

Disp 70 troches

Sig Let 1 troche dissolve in mouth 5 times

per day for 14 days Do not chew NPO 12

hour

Suggested Systemic Medications for

the Treatment of Candidiasis Rx

Ketoconazole tablets 200 mgDisp 14 tabletsSig Take 1 tab qd with a meal or orange juice for 14 days

RxFluconazole tablets 100 mgDisp 15 tabletsSig Take 2 tablets stat then 1 tablet qd for 14 days

RxItraconazole tablets 100 mgDisp 28 tabletsSig Take 1 tablet bid with a meal or orange juice for 14 days

CA

Head and Neck Cancer

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Intraoral Melanoma

Lymphoma

Intraoral Melanoma

The five year survival rate for oral melanoma

is less than 20 as compared to 75 for

Cutaneous melanomas The average time of

first local recurrence for oral melanoma is less

than one year and metastatic disease is usually

diagnosed within three months of the

recurrence The average survival rate after

metastasis is typically less than 6 months

Extranodal Lymphoma

Extranodal lymphomas usually develop as a

rapidly growing mass of the palate or

posterior tongue (area of Waldeyerrsquos ring)

Pain may or may not be a presenting sign

Clinically the lesion may present as an

erythematous mass with a boggy consistency

The average survival rate for AIDS patients

with an intraoral lymphoma is eight months

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Second primary ndash field cancerization

Incidence amp Mortality HampN Ca

41000 new cases annually

13000 affected will die of disease

Rates constant over last 20yrs

lt 5 of neoplasias US

Highest incidence southeastern amp south-

central Asia

Disease in Women

Prior to 1940 malefemale ratio - 101

1980s ratio 31

Reason tobacco use among women in early

decades of the century

Habits have stabilized ndash malefemale

incidence normalized

Tobacco Use

1956 Wynder et al HampN Ca 10-fold

increase among smokers

Most studies 5-fold to 25-fold increase

intensity and duration of tobacco

consumption

80-90 of HampN Ca patients use tobacco

Alcohol

Odds ratio increases 3- to 15-fold for HampN

Ca after adjusting for tobacco use with

consumption of alcohol

Multiplicative effect with tobacco and

alcohol

Location of cancer ndash oral

pharyngeal(topical mechanism)

Alcohol

Promotional effects independent of

initiation

-prostaglandin synthesis lipid peroxidation

free radical oxygen enhance cell turnover

Enhances cell permeability

Defective repair mechanisms

Depressed immunity

Dz

RISK FACTORS (RF)

1 RF

2 RF

3 RF

4 RF

The concept of

TUMOR

local

regional

systemic

local T

N

M

INFECTION PAIN

INFECTION NEOPLASM

CERVICAL LYMPH NODE ENLARGEMENT

bullbacterial

bullviral (local systemic)

bullfungal

bullpostinfect fibrosed node

bulllt 40 yrs lymphoma

bullgt 40 yrs metastatic SCC

OTHERS

bullleukemia

bullconnective tissue diseases (eg lupus)

bullsarcoidosis

Importance of early diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma

60

stage III amp IV

23 recurrence lt 2 yrs

lt 13 survive 3 yrs

40

stage I amp II

80-90 cure

Second primary tumor in successfully treated patients within 5-7

years up to 40 Follow-up important

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Mortality (8000) deaths per year

Mortality by Site

Tongue 432

Salivary 130

Floor of mouth 950

Lip 24

Other 319

Premalignant Lesions

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Erythroplasia

Carcinoma in situ

Verrucous Leukoplakia

Tobacco patch keratosis

Actinic cheilosis

Mouth wash (Viadent) dysplasia

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Defined as a red patch that can not be

clinically or pathologically diagnosed as any

other condition

Almost all erythroleukoplakia demonstrate

dysplasia or CIS

Etiology is similar to oral SCC

May occur in conjunction with leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Risk of malignant transformation in

erythroleukoplakia about 4x greater than

homogenous leukoplakia

Predominately disease of older men with peak

prevalence of 65 to 74 years

Floor of mouth tongue and soft palate are

most common sites of involvement

Erythroplakia

The Management of Head and

Neck Cancer

Major advances

Conservative or partial resections

Micro vascular free-tissue transfer in

reconstruction

Better definition of the roles of chemotherapy

and radiotherapy

Despite these advances the treatment of loco

regional recurrence remains a major challenge

success rates for salvage therapy are poor

Treatment

Surgery

Radiotherapy

Chemotherapy

Immunotherapy

at present the role of immunotherapy remains investigational

Chemotherapy

Several randomized and non-randomized trial have evaluated chemotherapy for the treatment of head and neck cancer

Various agents have been shown to produce a response

No agents either alone or in combination have demonstrated an improvement in survival

cisplatin and 5 - FU

Uses

Inoperable tumors

Salvage therapy for recurrent tumors

Treatment

The main treatment modalities for head and neck

cancer remain surgery and radiotherapy

Patient factors that merit consideration

Impact on the quality of life

Medical condition ndash ldquoco - morbiditiesrdquo

Patient preference

Treatment cost and convenience

Compliance

Treatment

Early stage disease (stage I and II) can be treated with either surgery or radiotherapy with equivalent control rates

Small lesions of the oral cavity wide local excision is preferred over radiotherapy

Radiotherapy can be delivered to a site generally only once

Reserve this modality for less operable lesions

Treatment Combined Modality

Surgery and RadiotherapyIndications for post operative radiotherapy

Primary Tumor

Advance T stage

High histologic grade

Positive surgical resection margins

Lymphatic permeation

Vascular invasion

Perineural spread

Radiotherapy

Daily dose of 180 cGy to 200 cGy

5000 cGy over a five week period

T1 ndash 6000 to 6600 cGy

T2 - 6600 to 7000 cGy

T3T4 - gt 7000 cGy

ldquoshrinking field techniquerdquo

hyperfractionation technique 200 cGy per day for 25 days followed by 400 cGy per day for 5 days

D

Desquamative gingivitis is a clinical term to describe red painful glazed and friable gingivae which may be a manifestation of some mucocutaneous conditions such as lichen planus or the vesiculobullous disorders

Clinical features of desquamative

gingivitis

Fiery red friable gingiva

Painful desquamates easily

Buccal aspect of anterior attached gingiva

affected

Marginal gingiva spared

Not significantly improved by oral hygiene

measures alone

Differential Diagnosis Erosive Lichen Planus

Immune-mediated blistering diseases

Intra-epithelial

Pemphigus

Subepithelial

Pemphigoid

Linear IgA disease

Dermatitis herpetiformis

Epidermolysis bullosa

Erythema multiforme

Treatment Topical Corticosteroids Recurrent aphthous ulcers

bull Oral manifestations of Behccedilets disease Reiters syndrome acute

vulvar ulcer MAGIC syndrome PFAPA syndrome ulcerative colitis

Crohns disease Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome Sweets

syndrome among others

bull Drug-induced ulcerations mediated by an immune mechanism

bull Lichen planus

bull Cicatricial pemphigoid

bull Mucous membrane pemphigoid

bull Bullous pemphigoid

bull Erythema multiforme

bull Linear IgA dermatosis

bull Pemphigus vulgaris

Topicals Temovate cream 005 Clobetasol propionate

Halog cream 01 Halcinonide

Lidex cream 005 Fluocinonide

Topicort cream 025 Desoximethasone

Lidex gel 005 Fluocinonide

Aristocort cream H-P 05 Triamcinolone acetinode

Diprosone cream 005 Betamethasone dipropionate

Florone cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Maxiflor cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Synalar cream H-P 02 Fluocinolone acetonide

Topicals Tropicort-LP cream 005 Desoxymethasone

Benisone cream 0025 Betamethasone benzoate

Cordran cream 0025 Flurandenolide

Kenalog cream 01 Triamcinolone acetonide

Locoid cream 01 Hydrocortisone butyrate

Synalar cream 0025 Fluocinolone acetonide

Valisone cream 01 Betamethasone valerate

Tridesilon cream 005 Desonide

Locorten cream 003 Flumetasone pivalate

1 Hydrocortisone

Topical Corticosteroids

Used to treat oral lesions

Clobetasol (Temovate) -- Suppresses mitosis and increases synthesis of proteins that decrease inflammation and cause vasoconstriction Class I superpotent topical steroid useful in treating oral lesions Topical corticosteroids commonly are used intraorally for oral manifestations of autoimmune blistering skin diseases Since these diseases are chronic inflammatory in nature topical corticosteroids are very useful as an adjunct treatment Patients with disease confined to the gingiva should see a dentist to have a custom-made soft tray to carry the medication

H

How does herpes simplex develop

overexposure to sunlight

overexposure to wind

colds influenza and similar infections

heavy alcohol use

fever from any cause

the menstrual period

physical stress

emotional stress

Symptoms

Primary (Initial) HSV I Fever

Adenopathy

Ulcers deep in mouth

Secondary (Later) HSV I (Recurrent labial lesions) Fever Blisters form on outer vermillion border

Cold Sores form on inner lip Initial Vesicle

Next Crust

Last Healing in 10-14 days

Differential Diagnosis

Differs from Aphthous Ulcers in that

Found on keratinized (bound-down) intraoral

mucosa

Vesicles rupture into coalescing ulcers

HSV lesions are anterior compared with

Herpangina

Hand Foot and Mouth Disease

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Oral acyclovir (Zovirax) or the recently

developed drugs valacyclovir (Valtrex) or

famciclovir (Famvir) lessen the symptoms

and frequency of fever blister recurrences for

some patients These drugs prevent HSV from

multiplying and are effective when taken in

pill form prior to an outbreak of the virus

Systemic Antivirals

Acyclovir

Dose 15 mgkg (max 200 mg) PO 5xday for 7 days

Shortens first HSV infection by 6 days in children

Famciclovir

Shortens healing time by 2 days in UV-induced cases

Spruance (1999) J Infect Dis 179303-10

Valacyclovir (FDA approved for age 12 and older)

Adult dose 2 g PO bid for one day

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Topical antiviral creams containing acyclovir

(Zovirax) or penciclovir (Denavir) may also

help in limiting the extent or duration of

lesions if applied promptly to affected areas

Topical Treatments

Penciclovir (Denavir) heals HSV-1 sores on average about half a day faster than without treatment stops viral shedding and reduces the duration of the pain Ideally the patient should apply the cream within the first hour of symptoms although benefits have also been noted with later application It is continued for four consecutive days and should be reapplied every two hours while awake

Docosanol cream (Abreva) is an over-the-counter agent for oral-facial herpes It helps resist infection by inhibiting the ability of the virus to become fully active after it has attached itself to the host cell It is applied five times a day beginning at the first sign of tingling or pain Studies have been mixed on it benefits

Topical Treatments

Acyclovir cream (Zovirax) has been approved It may speed healing of oral herpes lesions and lessen the duration of pain particularly if it is applied early on (at the first sign of pain or tingling)

Lidex is a gel that contains a fluocinonide as corticosteroid Corticosteroids commonly called steroids are anti-inflammatory agents and not ordinarily used for herpes Some evidence suggests it may be effective in combination with oral famciclovir

Topical Treatments

Over-the-counter topical anesthetics may provide

modest relief They include Anbesol gel Blistex lip

ointment Campho-phenique Herpecin-L

Viractin and Zilactin In one study Viractin

reduced the duration of the attack compared to

placebo by two days It also relieved itching but had

little effect on other symptoms In general however

few studies have been conducted on any of these

products

X

Xerostomia

Xerostomia is not a disease but can be a symptom

of certain diseases It can produce serious

negative effects on the patients quality of life

affecting dietary habits nutritional status

speech taste tolerance to dental prosthesis and

increases susceptibility to dental caries The

increase in dental caries can be devastating in

many patients and therefore special care must be

made to control this condition

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Medications - Several hundred current medications

can cause xerostomia antihypertensives

antidepressants analgesics tranquilizers diuretics

and antihistamines c

-Cancer Therapy - Chemotherapeutic drugs can

change the flow and composition of the saliva

Radiation treatment that is focused on or near the

salivary gland can temporarily or permanently

damage the salivary glands

-Sjogrens syndrome - An autoimmune disease causes

xerostomia and dry eyes

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Other conditions -such as bone marrow transplants endocrine disorders stress anxiety depression and nutritional deficiencies may cause xerostomia

-Nerve Damage - Trauma to the head and neck area from surgery or wounds can damage the nerves that supply sensation to the mouth While the salivary glands may be left intact they cannot function normally without the nerves that signal them to produce saliva

Treatment

Identify the xerostomic condition and the

cause Some of the causes may be

ameliorated and this will aid therapy But

in many situations it will be difficult to

eliminate the causes Thus it will be

necessary for the Dentist to control the

results of xerostomia This is especially

true about the increase in dental caries

Treatment -pilocarpine (Salagen) 5mg qid prescription required

-special food preparation - blended and moist foods are easier to swallow

artificial saliva (available over-the-counter)

-sipping plain water is usually preferred over artificial saliva by most patients

-Biotene brand over-the-counter dry mouth products (toothpaste alcohol- free mouth rinse and Oralbalance lubricating gel)

-avoidance of alcohol-based mouth rinses

-use of water and glycerin mixed in a small aerosol spray bottle

RX

Contains sorbitol sodium

carboxymethlcellulose and

methylparaben in a

pleasantly flavored

solution

120 mL (406 fl oz)

Z

Treatment

Acyclovir (Zovirax)dagger800 mg orally five times

daily for 7 to 10 days

10 mg per kg IV every 8 hours for 7 to 10

daysDagger

$174 to 248 (129 to 200)

Famciclovir (Famvir)dagger500 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$140

Treatment

Valacyclovir (Valtrex)dagger1000 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$84

Prednisone (Deltasone)30 mg orally twice

daily on days 1 through 7 then 15 mg twice

daily on days 8 through 14 then 75 mg twice

daily on days 15 through 21

Treatment

Lotions containing calamine (eg Caladryl)

may be used on open lesions to reduce pain

and pruritus

Once the lesions have crusted over capsaicin

cream (Zostrix) may be applied

Topically administered lidocaine (Xylocaine)

and nerve blocks have also been reported to

be effective in reducing pain

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Amitriptyline (Elavil) -- By inhibiting reuptake of serotonin andor norepinephrine by presynaptic neuronal membrane may increase synaptic concentration in CNS Useful as analgesic for certain types of chronic and neuropathic pain

Adult DoseEarly in course of HZ 25 mgd PO hs to prevent PHNAfter PHN develops 30-100 mg PO qhs

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Capsaicin cream (Dolorac Capsin Zostrix) --Natural chemical derived from plants of Solanaceae family By depleting and preventing reaccumulation of substance P in peripheral sensory neurons may render skin and joints insensitive to pain Substance P thought to be chemomediator of pain transmission from periphery to CNS

Adult DoseCream Apply to skin tidqid for 3-4 consecutive wk and evaluate efficacy not to exceed 4 applicationsd

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Lidocaine (DermaFlex gel Lidoderm 5 patch) --Several recent studies have advocated topical administration of lidocaine as treatment of PHN Lidocaine gel (5) in placebo-controlled study showed significant relief in 23 patients studied Lidocaine tape also decreases severity of pain

Adult DoseGel (5) Apply to affected area prnPatch (5) Apply to most painful area up to 3 patches per application patch may remain in place for up to 12 h in any 24 h period

Postherpetic Neuralgia Gabapentin (Neurontin) -- This medication has been

approved by the FDA for the treatment of PHN Has properties common to other anticonvulsants and antineuralgic effects Exact mechanism of action is not known Structurally gabapentin is related to GABA but it does not interact with GABA receptors Believed to have a binding site at the alpha 2-delta protein an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gaited calcium channels In the rat brain binding is localized on neuronal dendritic areas Relevance of these observations to treatment of PHN is not known

Adult Dose100 mg PO tid titrate dose prn recommended dose is 900-1800 mg PO qd not to exceed 900 mg PO qid

Treatment

Triamcinolone 01 in Orabase (Kenalog

in Orabase) Apply to dried ulcer two to

four times daily until healed

Randomized controlled studies show decreased

pain

Dexamethasone elixir 05 mg per 5 ml

Swish and spit with 5 mL every 6 hours

As above

B

Burning Mouth Syndrome

About 13 million American adults mostly

postmenopausal women are afflicted with

Burning Mouth Syndrome a chronic often

debilitating condition whose cause remains a

medical mystery

Burning Mouth Syndrome

The main symptom of burning mouth

syndrome is a burning sensation involving the

tongue lips gums palate throat or

widespread areas of the whole mouth People

with the syndrome may describe the sensation

in the affected areas as hot or scalded as if

they had been burned with a hot liquid

Burning Mouth Syndrome

Dry mouth

Sore mouth

A tingling or numb sensation in your mouth

or on the tip of your tongue

A bitter or metallic taste

Causes

Dry mouth (xerostomia)

Nutritional deficiencies

Allergies

Psychological factors

Nerve disturbance or damage

(neuropathy)

Treatments

Potentially efficacious medicines include

tricyclic antidepressants (like amitriptyline -brand name Elavil)

benzodiazepines (like clonazepam - brand name Klonopin or

chlordiazepoxide brand name - Librium)

even anticonvulsants have proven effective in some cases

BMS Treatment

Tricyclic antidepressants

Amitriptyline (Elavil)10 to 150 mg per day

10 mg at bedtime increase dosage by 10 mg

every 4 to 7 days until oral burning is relieved

or side effects occur

BMS Treatment

Benzodiazepines

Clonazepam (Klonopin)025 to 2 mg per

day025 mg at bedtime increase dosage by

025 mg every 4 to 7 days until oral burning is

relieved or side effects occur as dosage

increases medication is taken as full dose or

in three divided doses

BMS Treatment

Anticonvulsants

Gabapentin (Neurontin) 300 to 1600 mg per

day100 mg at bedtime increase dosage by

100 mg every 4 to 7 days until oral burning is

relieved or side effects occur as dosage

increases medication is taken in three divided

doses

C

Candidiasis

Oral thrush and other Candida infections

occur when your immune system is

weakened by disease or drugs such as

prednisone or when antibiotics disturb the

natural balance of microorganisms in the

body

Predisposing factors for infection

Infancy or old age

Serious underlying disease such as cancer or infection with HIV

Dry mouth due to disease of the salivary glands or medications eg antihistamines diuretics

Dentures (especially if they are not regularly cleaned or fit badly)

Predisposing factors for infection

Smoking

Injury to the mouth

Nutritional deficiency eg iron ampor B-vitamin deficiency

Inhaled corticosteroids used to treat asthma eg beclometasone budesonide fluticasone Drink water after inhalation to reduce this complication

Clinical features

Acute pseudomembranous candidiasis There are

white patches on gums tongue amp inside the mouth

that can be peeled off leaving a raw area

Acute atrophic candidiasis There are smooth red

shiny patches on the tongue The mouth is very sore

Chronic atrophic candidiasis This is common in

those with dentures The underlying mucosa is red

and swollen

Clinical features

Angular cheilitis There are sore red splits at each side of the mouth more likely if there is overhang of the upper lip over the lower lip causing a moist deep furrow Angular cheilitis due to candida andor Staphylococcus aureus arises frequently in those taking the medication isotretinoin for acne this medication dries the lips

Chronic hyperplastic candidiasis This is a type of oral leukoplakia (white patch) inside the cheeks or on the tongue with persistent nodules or lumps It usually affects smokers and is pre-malignant Red patches (erythroplakia) as well as white patches may indicate malignant change

Clinical features

Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis presents

as a chronic pseudomembranous infection

The skin and nails are also affected

Median rhomboid glossitis - there is diamond-

shaped inflammation at the back of the

tongue

Severe infections may extend down the throat

(esophageal infection)

Rationale for Treatment Topical vs

Systemic Drugs

Topical antifungals are usually the drug of

choice for uncomplicated localized

candidiasis in patients with normal immune

function

Systemic antifungals are usually indicated in

cases of disseminated disease andor in

immunocompromised patients

Suggested Medications for the

Treatment of Candidiasis

Rx

Clotrimazole troches 10 mg

Disp 70 troches

Sig Let 1 troche dissolve in mouth 5 times

per day for 14 days Do not chew NPO 12

hour

Suggested Systemic Medications for

the Treatment of Candidiasis Rx

Ketoconazole tablets 200 mgDisp 14 tabletsSig Take 1 tab qd with a meal or orange juice for 14 days

RxFluconazole tablets 100 mgDisp 15 tabletsSig Take 2 tablets stat then 1 tablet qd for 14 days

RxItraconazole tablets 100 mgDisp 28 tabletsSig Take 1 tablet bid with a meal or orange juice for 14 days

CA

Head and Neck Cancer

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Intraoral Melanoma

Lymphoma

Intraoral Melanoma

The five year survival rate for oral melanoma

is less than 20 as compared to 75 for

Cutaneous melanomas The average time of

first local recurrence for oral melanoma is less

than one year and metastatic disease is usually

diagnosed within three months of the

recurrence The average survival rate after

metastasis is typically less than 6 months

Extranodal Lymphoma

Extranodal lymphomas usually develop as a

rapidly growing mass of the palate or

posterior tongue (area of Waldeyerrsquos ring)

Pain may or may not be a presenting sign

Clinically the lesion may present as an

erythematous mass with a boggy consistency

The average survival rate for AIDS patients

with an intraoral lymphoma is eight months

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Second primary ndash field cancerization

Incidence amp Mortality HampN Ca

41000 new cases annually

13000 affected will die of disease

Rates constant over last 20yrs

lt 5 of neoplasias US

Highest incidence southeastern amp south-

central Asia

Disease in Women

Prior to 1940 malefemale ratio - 101

1980s ratio 31

Reason tobacco use among women in early

decades of the century

Habits have stabilized ndash malefemale

incidence normalized

Tobacco Use

1956 Wynder et al HampN Ca 10-fold

increase among smokers

Most studies 5-fold to 25-fold increase

intensity and duration of tobacco

consumption

80-90 of HampN Ca patients use tobacco

Alcohol

Odds ratio increases 3- to 15-fold for HampN

Ca after adjusting for tobacco use with

consumption of alcohol

Multiplicative effect with tobacco and

alcohol

Location of cancer ndash oral

pharyngeal(topical mechanism)

Alcohol

Promotional effects independent of

initiation

-prostaglandin synthesis lipid peroxidation

free radical oxygen enhance cell turnover

Enhances cell permeability

Defective repair mechanisms

Depressed immunity

Dz

RISK FACTORS (RF)

1 RF

2 RF

3 RF

4 RF

The concept of

TUMOR

local

regional

systemic

local T

N

M

INFECTION PAIN

INFECTION NEOPLASM

CERVICAL LYMPH NODE ENLARGEMENT

bullbacterial

bullviral (local systemic)

bullfungal

bullpostinfect fibrosed node

bulllt 40 yrs lymphoma

bullgt 40 yrs metastatic SCC

OTHERS

bullleukemia

bullconnective tissue diseases (eg lupus)

bullsarcoidosis

Importance of early diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma

60

stage III amp IV

23 recurrence lt 2 yrs

lt 13 survive 3 yrs

40

stage I amp II

80-90 cure

Second primary tumor in successfully treated patients within 5-7

years up to 40 Follow-up important

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Mortality (8000) deaths per year

Mortality by Site

Tongue 432

Salivary 130

Floor of mouth 950

Lip 24

Other 319

Premalignant Lesions

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Erythroplasia

Carcinoma in situ

Verrucous Leukoplakia

Tobacco patch keratosis

Actinic cheilosis

Mouth wash (Viadent) dysplasia

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Defined as a red patch that can not be

clinically or pathologically diagnosed as any

other condition

Almost all erythroleukoplakia demonstrate

dysplasia or CIS

Etiology is similar to oral SCC

May occur in conjunction with leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Risk of malignant transformation in

erythroleukoplakia about 4x greater than

homogenous leukoplakia

Predominately disease of older men with peak

prevalence of 65 to 74 years

Floor of mouth tongue and soft palate are

most common sites of involvement

Erythroplakia

The Management of Head and

Neck Cancer

Major advances

Conservative or partial resections

Micro vascular free-tissue transfer in

reconstruction

Better definition of the roles of chemotherapy

and radiotherapy

Despite these advances the treatment of loco

regional recurrence remains a major challenge

success rates for salvage therapy are poor

Treatment

Surgery

Radiotherapy

Chemotherapy

Immunotherapy

at present the role of immunotherapy remains investigational

Chemotherapy

Several randomized and non-randomized trial have evaluated chemotherapy for the treatment of head and neck cancer

Various agents have been shown to produce a response

No agents either alone or in combination have demonstrated an improvement in survival

cisplatin and 5 - FU

Uses

Inoperable tumors

Salvage therapy for recurrent tumors

Treatment

The main treatment modalities for head and neck

cancer remain surgery and radiotherapy

Patient factors that merit consideration

Impact on the quality of life

Medical condition ndash ldquoco - morbiditiesrdquo

Patient preference

Treatment cost and convenience

Compliance

Treatment

Early stage disease (stage I and II) can be treated with either surgery or radiotherapy with equivalent control rates

Small lesions of the oral cavity wide local excision is preferred over radiotherapy

Radiotherapy can be delivered to a site generally only once

Reserve this modality for less operable lesions

Treatment Combined Modality

Surgery and RadiotherapyIndications for post operative radiotherapy

Primary Tumor

Advance T stage

High histologic grade

Positive surgical resection margins

Lymphatic permeation

Vascular invasion

Perineural spread

Radiotherapy

Daily dose of 180 cGy to 200 cGy

5000 cGy over a five week period

T1 ndash 6000 to 6600 cGy

T2 - 6600 to 7000 cGy

T3T4 - gt 7000 cGy

ldquoshrinking field techniquerdquo

hyperfractionation technique 200 cGy per day for 25 days followed by 400 cGy per day for 5 days

D

Desquamative gingivitis is a clinical term to describe red painful glazed and friable gingivae which may be a manifestation of some mucocutaneous conditions such as lichen planus or the vesiculobullous disorders

Clinical features of desquamative

gingivitis

Fiery red friable gingiva

Painful desquamates easily

Buccal aspect of anterior attached gingiva

affected

Marginal gingiva spared

Not significantly improved by oral hygiene

measures alone

Differential Diagnosis Erosive Lichen Planus

Immune-mediated blistering diseases

Intra-epithelial

Pemphigus

Subepithelial

Pemphigoid

Linear IgA disease

Dermatitis herpetiformis

Epidermolysis bullosa

Erythema multiforme

Treatment Topical Corticosteroids Recurrent aphthous ulcers

bull Oral manifestations of Behccedilets disease Reiters syndrome acute

vulvar ulcer MAGIC syndrome PFAPA syndrome ulcerative colitis

Crohns disease Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome Sweets

syndrome among others

bull Drug-induced ulcerations mediated by an immune mechanism

bull Lichen planus

bull Cicatricial pemphigoid

bull Mucous membrane pemphigoid

bull Bullous pemphigoid

bull Erythema multiforme

bull Linear IgA dermatosis

bull Pemphigus vulgaris

Topicals Temovate cream 005 Clobetasol propionate

Halog cream 01 Halcinonide

Lidex cream 005 Fluocinonide

Topicort cream 025 Desoximethasone

Lidex gel 005 Fluocinonide

Aristocort cream H-P 05 Triamcinolone acetinode

Diprosone cream 005 Betamethasone dipropionate

Florone cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Maxiflor cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Synalar cream H-P 02 Fluocinolone acetonide

Topicals Tropicort-LP cream 005 Desoxymethasone

Benisone cream 0025 Betamethasone benzoate

Cordran cream 0025 Flurandenolide

Kenalog cream 01 Triamcinolone acetonide

Locoid cream 01 Hydrocortisone butyrate

Synalar cream 0025 Fluocinolone acetonide

Valisone cream 01 Betamethasone valerate

Tridesilon cream 005 Desonide

Locorten cream 003 Flumetasone pivalate

1 Hydrocortisone

Topical Corticosteroids

Used to treat oral lesions

Clobetasol (Temovate) -- Suppresses mitosis and increases synthesis of proteins that decrease inflammation and cause vasoconstriction Class I superpotent topical steroid useful in treating oral lesions Topical corticosteroids commonly are used intraorally for oral manifestations of autoimmune blistering skin diseases Since these diseases are chronic inflammatory in nature topical corticosteroids are very useful as an adjunct treatment Patients with disease confined to the gingiva should see a dentist to have a custom-made soft tray to carry the medication

H

How does herpes simplex develop

overexposure to sunlight

overexposure to wind

colds influenza and similar infections

heavy alcohol use

fever from any cause

the menstrual period

physical stress

emotional stress

Symptoms

Primary (Initial) HSV I Fever

Adenopathy

Ulcers deep in mouth

Secondary (Later) HSV I (Recurrent labial lesions) Fever Blisters form on outer vermillion border

Cold Sores form on inner lip Initial Vesicle

Next Crust

Last Healing in 10-14 days

Differential Diagnosis

Differs from Aphthous Ulcers in that

Found on keratinized (bound-down) intraoral

mucosa

Vesicles rupture into coalescing ulcers

HSV lesions are anterior compared with

Herpangina

Hand Foot and Mouth Disease

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Oral acyclovir (Zovirax) or the recently

developed drugs valacyclovir (Valtrex) or

famciclovir (Famvir) lessen the symptoms

and frequency of fever blister recurrences for

some patients These drugs prevent HSV from

multiplying and are effective when taken in

pill form prior to an outbreak of the virus

Systemic Antivirals

Acyclovir

Dose 15 mgkg (max 200 mg) PO 5xday for 7 days

Shortens first HSV infection by 6 days in children

Famciclovir

Shortens healing time by 2 days in UV-induced cases

Spruance (1999) J Infect Dis 179303-10

Valacyclovir (FDA approved for age 12 and older)

Adult dose 2 g PO bid for one day

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Topical antiviral creams containing acyclovir

(Zovirax) or penciclovir (Denavir) may also

help in limiting the extent or duration of

lesions if applied promptly to affected areas

Topical Treatments

Penciclovir (Denavir) heals HSV-1 sores on average about half a day faster than without treatment stops viral shedding and reduces the duration of the pain Ideally the patient should apply the cream within the first hour of symptoms although benefits have also been noted with later application It is continued for four consecutive days and should be reapplied every two hours while awake

Docosanol cream (Abreva) is an over-the-counter agent for oral-facial herpes It helps resist infection by inhibiting the ability of the virus to become fully active after it has attached itself to the host cell It is applied five times a day beginning at the first sign of tingling or pain Studies have been mixed on it benefits

Topical Treatments

Acyclovir cream (Zovirax) has been approved It may speed healing of oral herpes lesions and lessen the duration of pain particularly if it is applied early on (at the first sign of pain or tingling)

Lidex is a gel that contains a fluocinonide as corticosteroid Corticosteroids commonly called steroids are anti-inflammatory agents and not ordinarily used for herpes Some evidence suggests it may be effective in combination with oral famciclovir

Topical Treatments

Over-the-counter topical anesthetics may provide

modest relief They include Anbesol gel Blistex lip

ointment Campho-phenique Herpecin-L

Viractin and Zilactin In one study Viractin

reduced the duration of the attack compared to

placebo by two days It also relieved itching but had

little effect on other symptoms In general however

few studies have been conducted on any of these

products

X

Xerostomia

Xerostomia is not a disease but can be a symptom

of certain diseases It can produce serious

negative effects on the patients quality of life

affecting dietary habits nutritional status

speech taste tolerance to dental prosthesis and

increases susceptibility to dental caries The

increase in dental caries can be devastating in

many patients and therefore special care must be

made to control this condition

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Medications - Several hundred current medications

can cause xerostomia antihypertensives

antidepressants analgesics tranquilizers diuretics

and antihistamines c

-Cancer Therapy - Chemotherapeutic drugs can

change the flow and composition of the saliva

Radiation treatment that is focused on or near the

salivary gland can temporarily or permanently

damage the salivary glands

-Sjogrens syndrome - An autoimmune disease causes

xerostomia and dry eyes

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Other conditions -such as bone marrow transplants endocrine disorders stress anxiety depression and nutritional deficiencies may cause xerostomia

-Nerve Damage - Trauma to the head and neck area from surgery or wounds can damage the nerves that supply sensation to the mouth While the salivary glands may be left intact they cannot function normally without the nerves that signal them to produce saliva

Treatment

Identify the xerostomic condition and the

cause Some of the causes may be

ameliorated and this will aid therapy But

in many situations it will be difficult to

eliminate the causes Thus it will be

necessary for the Dentist to control the

results of xerostomia This is especially

true about the increase in dental caries

Treatment -pilocarpine (Salagen) 5mg qid prescription required

-special food preparation - blended and moist foods are easier to swallow

artificial saliva (available over-the-counter)

-sipping plain water is usually preferred over artificial saliva by most patients

-Biotene brand over-the-counter dry mouth products (toothpaste alcohol- free mouth rinse and Oralbalance lubricating gel)

-avoidance of alcohol-based mouth rinses

-use of water and glycerin mixed in a small aerosol spray bottle

RX

Contains sorbitol sodium

carboxymethlcellulose and

methylparaben in a

pleasantly flavored

solution

120 mL (406 fl oz)

Z

Treatment

Acyclovir (Zovirax)dagger800 mg orally five times

daily for 7 to 10 days

10 mg per kg IV every 8 hours for 7 to 10

daysDagger

$174 to 248 (129 to 200)

Famciclovir (Famvir)dagger500 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$140

Treatment

Valacyclovir (Valtrex)dagger1000 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$84

Prednisone (Deltasone)30 mg orally twice

daily on days 1 through 7 then 15 mg twice

daily on days 8 through 14 then 75 mg twice

daily on days 15 through 21

Treatment

Lotions containing calamine (eg Caladryl)

may be used on open lesions to reduce pain

and pruritus

Once the lesions have crusted over capsaicin

cream (Zostrix) may be applied

Topically administered lidocaine (Xylocaine)

and nerve blocks have also been reported to

be effective in reducing pain

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Amitriptyline (Elavil) -- By inhibiting reuptake of serotonin andor norepinephrine by presynaptic neuronal membrane may increase synaptic concentration in CNS Useful as analgesic for certain types of chronic and neuropathic pain

Adult DoseEarly in course of HZ 25 mgd PO hs to prevent PHNAfter PHN develops 30-100 mg PO qhs

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Capsaicin cream (Dolorac Capsin Zostrix) --Natural chemical derived from plants of Solanaceae family By depleting and preventing reaccumulation of substance P in peripheral sensory neurons may render skin and joints insensitive to pain Substance P thought to be chemomediator of pain transmission from periphery to CNS

Adult DoseCream Apply to skin tidqid for 3-4 consecutive wk and evaluate efficacy not to exceed 4 applicationsd

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Lidocaine (DermaFlex gel Lidoderm 5 patch) --Several recent studies have advocated topical administration of lidocaine as treatment of PHN Lidocaine gel (5) in placebo-controlled study showed significant relief in 23 patients studied Lidocaine tape also decreases severity of pain

Adult DoseGel (5) Apply to affected area prnPatch (5) Apply to most painful area up to 3 patches per application patch may remain in place for up to 12 h in any 24 h period

Postherpetic Neuralgia Gabapentin (Neurontin) -- This medication has been

approved by the FDA for the treatment of PHN Has properties common to other anticonvulsants and antineuralgic effects Exact mechanism of action is not known Structurally gabapentin is related to GABA but it does not interact with GABA receptors Believed to have a binding site at the alpha 2-delta protein an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gaited calcium channels In the rat brain binding is localized on neuronal dendritic areas Relevance of these observations to treatment of PHN is not known

Adult Dose100 mg PO tid titrate dose prn recommended dose is 900-1800 mg PO qd not to exceed 900 mg PO qid

B

Burning Mouth Syndrome

About 13 million American adults mostly

postmenopausal women are afflicted with

Burning Mouth Syndrome a chronic often

debilitating condition whose cause remains a

medical mystery

Burning Mouth Syndrome

The main symptom of burning mouth

syndrome is a burning sensation involving the

tongue lips gums palate throat or

widespread areas of the whole mouth People

with the syndrome may describe the sensation

in the affected areas as hot or scalded as if

they had been burned with a hot liquid

Burning Mouth Syndrome

Dry mouth

Sore mouth

A tingling or numb sensation in your mouth

or on the tip of your tongue

A bitter or metallic taste

Causes

Dry mouth (xerostomia)

Nutritional deficiencies

Allergies

Psychological factors

Nerve disturbance or damage

(neuropathy)

Treatments

Potentially efficacious medicines include

tricyclic antidepressants (like amitriptyline -brand name Elavil)

benzodiazepines (like clonazepam - brand name Klonopin or

chlordiazepoxide brand name - Librium)

even anticonvulsants have proven effective in some cases

BMS Treatment

Tricyclic antidepressants

Amitriptyline (Elavil)10 to 150 mg per day

10 mg at bedtime increase dosage by 10 mg

every 4 to 7 days until oral burning is relieved

or side effects occur

BMS Treatment

Benzodiazepines

Clonazepam (Klonopin)025 to 2 mg per

day025 mg at bedtime increase dosage by

025 mg every 4 to 7 days until oral burning is

relieved or side effects occur as dosage

increases medication is taken as full dose or

in three divided doses

BMS Treatment

Anticonvulsants

Gabapentin (Neurontin) 300 to 1600 mg per

day100 mg at bedtime increase dosage by

100 mg every 4 to 7 days until oral burning is

relieved or side effects occur as dosage

increases medication is taken in three divided

doses

C

Candidiasis

Oral thrush and other Candida infections

occur when your immune system is

weakened by disease or drugs such as

prednisone or when antibiotics disturb the

natural balance of microorganisms in the

body

Predisposing factors for infection

Infancy or old age

Serious underlying disease such as cancer or infection with HIV

Dry mouth due to disease of the salivary glands or medications eg antihistamines diuretics

Dentures (especially if they are not regularly cleaned or fit badly)

Predisposing factors for infection

Smoking

Injury to the mouth

Nutritional deficiency eg iron ampor B-vitamin deficiency

Inhaled corticosteroids used to treat asthma eg beclometasone budesonide fluticasone Drink water after inhalation to reduce this complication

Clinical features

Acute pseudomembranous candidiasis There are

white patches on gums tongue amp inside the mouth

that can be peeled off leaving a raw area

Acute atrophic candidiasis There are smooth red

shiny patches on the tongue The mouth is very sore

Chronic atrophic candidiasis This is common in

those with dentures The underlying mucosa is red

and swollen

Clinical features

Angular cheilitis There are sore red splits at each side of the mouth more likely if there is overhang of the upper lip over the lower lip causing a moist deep furrow Angular cheilitis due to candida andor Staphylococcus aureus arises frequently in those taking the medication isotretinoin for acne this medication dries the lips

Chronic hyperplastic candidiasis This is a type of oral leukoplakia (white patch) inside the cheeks or on the tongue with persistent nodules or lumps It usually affects smokers and is pre-malignant Red patches (erythroplakia) as well as white patches may indicate malignant change

Clinical features

Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis presents

as a chronic pseudomembranous infection

The skin and nails are also affected

Median rhomboid glossitis - there is diamond-

shaped inflammation at the back of the

tongue

Severe infections may extend down the throat

(esophageal infection)

Rationale for Treatment Topical vs

Systemic Drugs

Topical antifungals are usually the drug of

choice for uncomplicated localized

candidiasis in patients with normal immune

function

Systemic antifungals are usually indicated in

cases of disseminated disease andor in

immunocompromised patients

Suggested Medications for the

Treatment of Candidiasis

Rx

Clotrimazole troches 10 mg

Disp 70 troches

Sig Let 1 troche dissolve in mouth 5 times

per day for 14 days Do not chew NPO 12

hour

Suggested Systemic Medications for

the Treatment of Candidiasis Rx

Ketoconazole tablets 200 mgDisp 14 tabletsSig Take 1 tab qd with a meal or orange juice for 14 days

RxFluconazole tablets 100 mgDisp 15 tabletsSig Take 2 tablets stat then 1 tablet qd for 14 days

RxItraconazole tablets 100 mgDisp 28 tabletsSig Take 1 tablet bid with a meal or orange juice for 14 days

CA

Head and Neck Cancer

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Intraoral Melanoma

Lymphoma

Intraoral Melanoma

The five year survival rate for oral melanoma

is less than 20 as compared to 75 for

Cutaneous melanomas The average time of

first local recurrence for oral melanoma is less

than one year and metastatic disease is usually

diagnosed within three months of the

recurrence The average survival rate after

metastasis is typically less than 6 months

Extranodal Lymphoma

Extranodal lymphomas usually develop as a

rapidly growing mass of the palate or

posterior tongue (area of Waldeyerrsquos ring)

Pain may or may not be a presenting sign

Clinically the lesion may present as an

erythematous mass with a boggy consistency

The average survival rate for AIDS patients

with an intraoral lymphoma is eight months

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Second primary ndash field cancerization

Incidence amp Mortality HampN Ca

41000 new cases annually

13000 affected will die of disease

Rates constant over last 20yrs

lt 5 of neoplasias US

Highest incidence southeastern amp south-

central Asia

Disease in Women

Prior to 1940 malefemale ratio - 101

1980s ratio 31

Reason tobacco use among women in early

decades of the century

Habits have stabilized ndash malefemale

incidence normalized

Tobacco Use

1956 Wynder et al HampN Ca 10-fold

increase among smokers

Most studies 5-fold to 25-fold increase

intensity and duration of tobacco

consumption

80-90 of HampN Ca patients use tobacco

Alcohol

Odds ratio increases 3- to 15-fold for HampN

Ca after adjusting for tobacco use with

consumption of alcohol

Multiplicative effect with tobacco and

alcohol

Location of cancer ndash oral

pharyngeal(topical mechanism)

Alcohol

Promotional effects independent of

initiation

-prostaglandin synthesis lipid peroxidation

free radical oxygen enhance cell turnover

Enhances cell permeability

Defective repair mechanisms

Depressed immunity

Dz

RISK FACTORS (RF)

1 RF

2 RF

3 RF

4 RF

The concept of

TUMOR

local

regional

systemic

local T

N

M

INFECTION PAIN

INFECTION NEOPLASM

CERVICAL LYMPH NODE ENLARGEMENT

bullbacterial

bullviral (local systemic)

bullfungal

bullpostinfect fibrosed node

bulllt 40 yrs lymphoma

bullgt 40 yrs metastatic SCC

OTHERS

bullleukemia

bullconnective tissue diseases (eg lupus)

bullsarcoidosis

Importance of early diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma

60

stage III amp IV

23 recurrence lt 2 yrs

lt 13 survive 3 yrs

40

stage I amp II

80-90 cure

Second primary tumor in successfully treated patients within 5-7

years up to 40 Follow-up important

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Mortality (8000) deaths per year

Mortality by Site

Tongue 432

Salivary 130

Floor of mouth 950

Lip 24

Other 319

Premalignant Lesions

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Erythroplasia

Carcinoma in situ

Verrucous Leukoplakia

Tobacco patch keratosis

Actinic cheilosis

Mouth wash (Viadent) dysplasia

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Defined as a red patch that can not be

clinically or pathologically diagnosed as any

other condition

Almost all erythroleukoplakia demonstrate

dysplasia or CIS

Etiology is similar to oral SCC

May occur in conjunction with leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Risk of malignant transformation in

erythroleukoplakia about 4x greater than

homogenous leukoplakia

Predominately disease of older men with peak

prevalence of 65 to 74 years

Floor of mouth tongue and soft palate are

most common sites of involvement

Erythroplakia

The Management of Head and

Neck Cancer

Major advances

Conservative or partial resections

Micro vascular free-tissue transfer in

reconstruction

Better definition of the roles of chemotherapy

and radiotherapy

Despite these advances the treatment of loco

regional recurrence remains a major challenge

success rates for salvage therapy are poor

Treatment

Surgery

Radiotherapy

Chemotherapy

Immunotherapy

at present the role of immunotherapy remains investigational

Chemotherapy

Several randomized and non-randomized trial have evaluated chemotherapy for the treatment of head and neck cancer

Various agents have been shown to produce a response

No agents either alone or in combination have demonstrated an improvement in survival

cisplatin and 5 - FU

Uses

Inoperable tumors

Salvage therapy for recurrent tumors

Treatment

The main treatment modalities for head and neck

cancer remain surgery and radiotherapy

Patient factors that merit consideration

Impact on the quality of life

Medical condition ndash ldquoco - morbiditiesrdquo

Patient preference

Treatment cost and convenience

Compliance

Treatment

Early stage disease (stage I and II) can be treated with either surgery or radiotherapy with equivalent control rates

Small lesions of the oral cavity wide local excision is preferred over radiotherapy

Radiotherapy can be delivered to a site generally only once

Reserve this modality for less operable lesions

Treatment Combined Modality

Surgery and RadiotherapyIndications for post operative radiotherapy

Primary Tumor

Advance T stage

High histologic grade

Positive surgical resection margins

Lymphatic permeation

Vascular invasion

Perineural spread

Radiotherapy

Daily dose of 180 cGy to 200 cGy

5000 cGy over a five week period

T1 ndash 6000 to 6600 cGy

T2 - 6600 to 7000 cGy

T3T4 - gt 7000 cGy

ldquoshrinking field techniquerdquo

hyperfractionation technique 200 cGy per day for 25 days followed by 400 cGy per day for 5 days

D

Desquamative gingivitis is a clinical term to describe red painful glazed and friable gingivae which may be a manifestation of some mucocutaneous conditions such as lichen planus or the vesiculobullous disorders

Clinical features of desquamative

gingivitis

Fiery red friable gingiva

Painful desquamates easily

Buccal aspect of anterior attached gingiva

affected

Marginal gingiva spared

Not significantly improved by oral hygiene

measures alone

Differential Diagnosis Erosive Lichen Planus

Immune-mediated blistering diseases

Intra-epithelial

Pemphigus

Subepithelial

Pemphigoid

Linear IgA disease

Dermatitis herpetiformis

Epidermolysis bullosa

Erythema multiforme

Treatment Topical Corticosteroids Recurrent aphthous ulcers

bull Oral manifestations of Behccedilets disease Reiters syndrome acute

vulvar ulcer MAGIC syndrome PFAPA syndrome ulcerative colitis

Crohns disease Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome Sweets

syndrome among others

bull Drug-induced ulcerations mediated by an immune mechanism

bull Lichen planus

bull Cicatricial pemphigoid

bull Mucous membrane pemphigoid

bull Bullous pemphigoid

bull Erythema multiforme

bull Linear IgA dermatosis

bull Pemphigus vulgaris

Topicals Temovate cream 005 Clobetasol propionate

Halog cream 01 Halcinonide

Lidex cream 005 Fluocinonide

Topicort cream 025 Desoximethasone

Lidex gel 005 Fluocinonide

Aristocort cream H-P 05 Triamcinolone acetinode

Diprosone cream 005 Betamethasone dipropionate

Florone cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Maxiflor cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Synalar cream H-P 02 Fluocinolone acetonide

Topicals Tropicort-LP cream 005 Desoxymethasone

Benisone cream 0025 Betamethasone benzoate

Cordran cream 0025 Flurandenolide

Kenalog cream 01 Triamcinolone acetonide

Locoid cream 01 Hydrocortisone butyrate

Synalar cream 0025 Fluocinolone acetonide

Valisone cream 01 Betamethasone valerate

Tridesilon cream 005 Desonide

Locorten cream 003 Flumetasone pivalate

1 Hydrocortisone

Topical Corticosteroids

Used to treat oral lesions

Clobetasol (Temovate) -- Suppresses mitosis and increases synthesis of proteins that decrease inflammation and cause vasoconstriction Class I superpotent topical steroid useful in treating oral lesions Topical corticosteroids commonly are used intraorally for oral manifestations of autoimmune blistering skin diseases Since these diseases are chronic inflammatory in nature topical corticosteroids are very useful as an adjunct treatment Patients with disease confined to the gingiva should see a dentist to have a custom-made soft tray to carry the medication

H

How does herpes simplex develop

overexposure to sunlight

overexposure to wind

colds influenza and similar infections

heavy alcohol use

fever from any cause

the menstrual period

physical stress

emotional stress

Symptoms

Primary (Initial) HSV I Fever

Adenopathy

Ulcers deep in mouth

Secondary (Later) HSV I (Recurrent labial lesions) Fever Blisters form on outer vermillion border

Cold Sores form on inner lip Initial Vesicle

Next Crust

Last Healing in 10-14 days

Differential Diagnosis

Differs from Aphthous Ulcers in that

Found on keratinized (bound-down) intraoral

mucosa

Vesicles rupture into coalescing ulcers

HSV lesions are anterior compared with

Herpangina

Hand Foot and Mouth Disease

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Oral acyclovir (Zovirax) or the recently

developed drugs valacyclovir (Valtrex) or

famciclovir (Famvir) lessen the symptoms

and frequency of fever blister recurrences for

some patients These drugs prevent HSV from

multiplying and are effective when taken in

pill form prior to an outbreak of the virus

Systemic Antivirals

Acyclovir

Dose 15 mgkg (max 200 mg) PO 5xday for 7 days

Shortens first HSV infection by 6 days in children

Famciclovir

Shortens healing time by 2 days in UV-induced cases

Spruance (1999) J Infect Dis 179303-10

Valacyclovir (FDA approved for age 12 and older)

Adult dose 2 g PO bid for one day

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Topical antiviral creams containing acyclovir

(Zovirax) or penciclovir (Denavir) may also

help in limiting the extent or duration of

lesions if applied promptly to affected areas

Topical Treatments

Penciclovir (Denavir) heals HSV-1 sores on average about half a day faster than without treatment stops viral shedding and reduces the duration of the pain Ideally the patient should apply the cream within the first hour of symptoms although benefits have also been noted with later application It is continued for four consecutive days and should be reapplied every two hours while awake

Docosanol cream (Abreva) is an over-the-counter agent for oral-facial herpes It helps resist infection by inhibiting the ability of the virus to become fully active after it has attached itself to the host cell It is applied five times a day beginning at the first sign of tingling or pain Studies have been mixed on it benefits

Topical Treatments

Acyclovir cream (Zovirax) has been approved It may speed healing of oral herpes lesions and lessen the duration of pain particularly if it is applied early on (at the first sign of pain or tingling)

Lidex is a gel that contains a fluocinonide as corticosteroid Corticosteroids commonly called steroids are anti-inflammatory agents and not ordinarily used for herpes Some evidence suggests it may be effective in combination with oral famciclovir

Topical Treatments

Over-the-counter topical anesthetics may provide

modest relief They include Anbesol gel Blistex lip

ointment Campho-phenique Herpecin-L

Viractin and Zilactin In one study Viractin

reduced the duration of the attack compared to

placebo by two days It also relieved itching but had

little effect on other symptoms In general however

few studies have been conducted on any of these

products

X

Xerostomia

Xerostomia is not a disease but can be a symptom

of certain diseases It can produce serious

negative effects on the patients quality of life

affecting dietary habits nutritional status

speech taste tolerance to dental prosthesis and

increases susceptibility to dental caries The

increase in dental caries can be devastating in

many patients and therefore special care must be

made to control this condition

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Medications - Several hundred current medications

can cause xerostomia antihypertensives

antidepressants analgesics tranquilizers diuretics

and antihistamines c

-Cancer Therapy - Chemotherapeutic drugs can

change the flow and composition of the saliva

Radiation treatment that is focused on or near the

salivary gland can temporarily or permanently

damage the salivary glands

-Sjogrens syndrome - An autoimmune disease causes

xerostomia and dry eyes

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Other conditions -such as bone marrow transplants endocrine disorders stress anxiety depression and nutritional deficiencies may cause xerostomia

-Nerve Damage - Trauma to the head and neck area from surgery or wounds can damage the nerves that supply sensation to the mouth While the salivary glands may be left intact they cannot function normally without the nerves that signal them to produce saliva

Treatment

Identify the xerostomic condition and the

cause Some of the causes may be

ameliorated and this will aid therapy But

in many situations it will be difficult to

eliminate the causes Thus it will be

necessary for the Dentist to control the

results of xerostomia This is especially

true about the increase in dental caries

Treatment -pilocarpine (Salagen) 5mg qid prescription required

-special food preparation - blended and moist foods are easier to swallow

artificial saliva (available over-the-counter)

-sipping plain water is usually preferred over artificial saliva by most patients

-Biotene brand over-the-counter dry mouth products (toothpaste alcohol- free mouth rinse and Oralbalance lubricating gel)

-avoidance of alcohol-based mouth rinses

-use of water and glycerin mixed in a small aerosol spray bottle

RX

Contains sorbitol sodium

carboxymethlcellulose and

methylparaben in a

pleasantly flavored

solution

120 mL (406 fl oz)

Z

Treatment

Acyclovir (Zovirax)dagger800 mg orally five times

daily for 7 to 10 days

10 mg per kg IV every 8 hours for 7 to 10

daysDagger

$174 to 248 (129 to 200)

Famciclovir (Famvir)dagger500 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$140

Treatment

Valacyclovir (Valtrex)dagger1000 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$84

Prednisone (Deltasone)30 mg orally twice

daily on days 1 through 7 then 15 mg twice

daily on days 8 through 14 then 75 mg twice

daily on days 15 through 21

Treatment

Lotions containing calamine (eg Caladryl)

may be used on open lesions to reduce pain

and pruritus

Once the lesions have crusted over capsaicin

cream (Zostrix) may be applied

Topically administered lidocaine (Xylocaine)

and nerve blocks have also been reported to

be effective in reducing pain

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Amitriptyline (Elavil) -- By inhibiting reuptake of serotonin andor norepinephrine by presynaptic neuronal membrane may increase synaptic concentration in CNS Useful as analgesic for certain types of chronic and neuropathic pain

Adult DoseEarly in course of HZ 25 mgd PO hs to prevent PHNAfter PHN develops 30-100 mg PO qhs

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Capsaicin cream (Dolorac Capsin Zostrix) --Natural chemical derived from plants of Solanaceae family By depleting and preventing reaccumulation of substance P in peripheral sensory neurons may render skin and joints insensitive to pain Substance P thought to be chemomediator of pain transmission from periphery to CNS

Adult DoseCream Apply to skin tidqid for 3-4 consecutive wk and evaluate efficacy not to exceed 4 applicationsd

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Lidocaine (DermaFlex gel Lidoderm 5 patch) --Several recent studies have advocated topical administration of lidocaine as treatment of PHN Lidocaine gel (5) in placebo-controlled study showed significant relief in 23 patients studied Lidocaine tape also decreases severity of pain

Adult DoseGel (5) Apply to affected area prnPatch (5) Apply to most painful area up to 3 patches per application patch may remain in place for up to 12 h in any 24 h period

Postherpetic Neuralgia Gabapentin (Neurontin) -- This medication has been

approved by the FDA for the treatment of PHN Has properties common to other anticonvulsants and antineuralgic effects Exact mechanism of action is not known Structurally gabapentin is related to GABA but it does not interact with GABA receptors Believed to have a binding site at the alpha 2-delta protein an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gaited calcium channels In the rat brain binding is localized on neuronal dendritic areas Relevance of these observations to treatment of PHN is not known

Adult Dose100 mg PO tid titrate dose prn recommended dose is 900-1800 mg PO qd not to exceed 900 mg PO qid

Burning Mouth Syndrome

About 13 million American adults mostly

postmenopausal women are afflicted with

Burning Mouth Syndrome a chronic often

debilitating condition whose cause remains a

medical mystery

Burning Mouth Syndrome

The main symptom of burning mouth

syndrome is a burning sensation involving the

tongue lips gums palate throat or

widespread areas of the whole mouth People

with the syndrome may describe the sensation

in the affected areas as hot or scalded as if

they had been burned with a hot liquid

Burning Mouth Syndrome

Dry mouth

Sore mouth

A tingling or numb sensation in your mouth

or on the tip of your tongue

A bitter or metallic taste

Causes

Dry mouth (xerostomia)

Nutritional deficiencies

Allergies

Psychological factors

Nerve disturbance or damage

(neuropathy)

Treatments

Potentially efficacious medicines include

tricyclic antidepressants (like amitriptyline -brand name Elavil)

benzodiazepines (like clonazepam - brand name Klonopin or

chlordiazepoxide brand name - Librium)

even anticonvulsants have proven effective in some cases

BMS Treatment

Tricyclic antidepressants

Amitriptyline (Elavil)10 to 150 mg per day

10 mg at bedtime increase dosage by 10 mg

every 4 to 7 days until oral burning is relieved

or side effects occur

BMS Treatment

Benzodiazepines

Clonazepam (Klonopin)025 to 2 mg per

day025 mg at bedtime increase dosage by

025 mg every 4 to 7 days until oral burning is

relieved or side effects occur as dosage

increases medication is taken as full dose or

in three divided doses

BMS Treatment

Anticonvulsants

Gabapentin (Neurontin) 300 to 1600 mg per

day100 mg at bedtime increase dosage by

100 mg every 4 to 7 days until oral burning is

relieved or side effects occur as dosage

increases medication is taken in three divided

doses

C

Candidiasis

Oral thrush and other Candida infections

occur when your immune system is

weakened by disease or drugs such as

prednisone or when antibiotics disturb the

natural balance of microorganisms in the

body

Predisposing factors for infection

Infancy or old age

Serious underlying disease such as cancer or infection with HIV

Dry mouth due to disease of the salivary glands or medications eg antihistamines diuretics

Dentures (especially if they are not regularly cleaned or fit badly)

Predisposing factors for infection

Smoking

Injury to the mouth

Nutritional deficiency eg iron ampor B-vitamin deficiency

Inhaled corticosteroids used to treat asthma eg beclometasone budesonide fluticasone Drink water after inhalation to reduce this complication

Clinical features

Acute pseudomembranous candidiasis There are

white patches on gums tongue amp inside the mouth

that can be peeled off leaving a raw area

Acute atrophic candidiasis There are smooth red

shiny patches on the tongue The mouth is very sore

Chronic atrophic candidiasis This is common in

those with dentures The underlying mucosa is red

and swollen

Clinical features

Angular cheilitis There are sore red splits at each side of the mouth more likely if there is overhang of the upper lip over the lower lip causing a moist deep furrow Angular cheilitis due to candida andor Staphylococcus aureus arises frequently in those taking the medication isotretinoin for acne this medication dries the lips

Chronic hyperplastic candidiasis This is a type of oral leukoplakia (white patch) inside the cheeks or on the tongue with persistent nodules or lumps It usually affects smokers and is pre-malignant Red patches (erythroplakia) as well as white patches may indicate malignant change

Clinical features

Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis presents

as a chronic pseudomembranous infection

The skin and nails are also affected

Median rhomboid glossitis - there is diamond-

shaped inflammation at the back of the

tongue

Severe infections may extend down the throat

(esophageal infection)

Rationale for Treatment Topical vs

Systemic Drugs

Topical antifungals are usually the drug of

choice for uncomplicated localized

candidiasis in patients with normal immune

function

Systemic antifungals are usually indicated in

cases of disseminated disease andor in

immunocompromised patients

Suggested Medications for the

Treatment of Candidiasis

Rx

Clotrimazole troches 10 mg

Disp 70 troches

Sig Let 1 troche dissolve in mouth 5 times

per day for 14 days Do not chew NPO 12

hour

Suggested Systemic Medications for

the Treatment of Candidiasis Rx

Ketoconazole tablets 200 mgDisp 14 tabletsSig Take 1 tab qd with a meal or orange juice for 14 days

RxFluconazole tablets 100 mgDisp 15 tabletsSig Take 2 tablets stat then 1 tablet qd for 14 days

RxItraconazole tablets 100 mgDisp 28 tabletsSig Take 1 tablet bid with a meal or orange juice for 14 days

CA

Head and Neck Cancer

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Intraoral Melanoma

Lymphoma

Intraoral Melanoma

The five year survival rate for oral melanoma

is less than 20 as compared to 75 for

Cutaneous melanomas The average time of

first local recurrence for oral melanoma is less

than one year and metastatic disease is usually

diagnosed within three months of the

recurrence The average survival rate after

metastasis is typically less than 6 months

Extranodal Lymphoma

Extranodal lymphomas usually develop as a

rapidly growing mass of the palate or

posterior tongue (area of Waldeyerrsquos ring)

Pain may or may not be a presenting sign

Clinically the lesion may present as an

erythematous mass with a boggy consistency

The average survival rate for AIDS patients

with an intraoral lymphoma is eight months

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Second primary ndash field cancerization

Incidence amp Mortality HampN Ca

41000 new cases annually

13000 affected will die of disease

Rates constant over last 20yrs

lt 5 of neoplasias US

Highest incidence southeastern amp south-

central Asia

Disease in Women

Prior to 1940 malefemale ratio - 101

1980s ratio 31

Reason tobacco use among women in early

decades of the century

Habits have stabilized ndash malefemale

incidence normalized

Tobacco Use

1956 Wynder et al HampN Ca 10-fold

increase among smokers

Most studies 5-fold to 25-fold increase

intensity and duration of tobacco

consumption

80-90 of HampN Ca patients use tobacco

Alcohol

Odds ratio increases 3- to 15-fold for HampN

Ca after adjusting for tobacco use with

consumption of alcohol

Multiplicative effect with tobacco and

alcohol

Location of cancer ndash oral

pharyngeal(topical mechanism)

Alcohol

Promotional effects independent of

initiation

-prostaglandin synthesis lipid peroxidation

free radical oxygen enhance cell turnover

Enhances cell permeability

Defective repair mechanisms

Depressed immunity

Dz

RISK FACTORS (RF)

1 RF

2 RF

3 RF

4 RF

The concept of

TUMOR

local

regional

systemic

local T

N

M

INFECTION PAIN

INFECTION NEOPLASM

CERVICAL LYMPH NODE ENLARGEMENT

bullbacterial

bullviral (local systemic)

bullfungal

bullpostinfect fibrosed node

bulllt 40 yrs lymphoma

bullgt 40 yrs metastatic SCC

OTHERS

bullleukemia

bullconnective tissue diseases (eg lupus)

bullsarcoidosis

Importance of early diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma

60

stage III amp IV

23 recurrence lt 2 yrs

lt 13 survive 3 yrs

40

stage I amp II

80-90 cure

Second primary tumor in successfully treated patients within 5-7

years up to 40 Follow-up important

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Mortality (8000) deaths per year

Mortality by Site

Tongue 432

Salivary 130

Floor of mouth 950

Lip 24

Other 319

Premalignant Lesions

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Erythroplasia

Carcinoma in situ

Verrucous Leukoplakia

Tobacco patch keratosis

Actinic cheilosis

Mouth wash (Viadent) dysplasia

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Defined as a red patch that can not be

clinically or pathologically diagnosed as any

other condition

Almost all erythroleukoplakia demonstrate

dysplasia or CIS

Etiology is similar to oral SCC

May occur in conjunction with leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Risk of malignant transformation in

erythroleukoplakia about 4x greater than

homogenous leukoplakia

Predominately disease of older men with peak

prevalence of 65 to 74 years

Floor of mouth tongue and soft palate are

most common sites of involvement

Erythroplakia

The Management of Head and

Neck Cancer

Major advances

Conservative or partial resections

Micro vascular free-tissue transfer in

reconstruction

Better definition of the roles of chemotherapy

and radiotherapy

Despite these advances the treatment of loco

regional recurrence remains a major challenge

success rates for salvage therapy are poor

Treatment

Surgery

Radiotherapy

Chemotherapy

Immunotherapy

at present the role of immunotherapy remains investigational

Chemotherapy

Several randomized and non-randomized trial have evaluated chemotherapy for the treatment of head and neck cancer

Various agents have been shown to produce a response

No agents either alone or in combination have demonstrated an improvement in survival

cisplatin and 5 - FU

Uses

Inoperable tumors

Salvage therapy for recurrent tumors

Treatment

The main treatment modalities for head and neck

cancer remain surgery and radiotherapy

Patient factors that merit consideration

Impact on the quality of life

Medical condition ndash ldquoco - morbiditiesrdquo

Patient preference

Treatment cost and convenience

Compliance

Treatment

Early stage disease (stage I and II) can be treated with either surgery or radiotherapy with equivalent control rates

Small lesions of the oral cavity wide local excision is preferred over radiotherapy

Radiotherapy can be delivered to a site generally only once

Reserve this modality for less operable lesions

Treatment Combined Modality

Surgery and RadiotherapyIndications for post operative radiotherapy

Primary Tumor

Advance T stage

High histologic grade

Positive surgical resection margins

Lymphatic permeation

Vascular invasion

Perineural spread

Radiotherapy

Daily dose of 180 cGy to 200 cGy

5000 cGy over a five week period

T1 ndash 6000 to 6600 cGy

T2 - 6600 to 7000 cGy

T3T4 - gt 7000 cGy

ldquoshrinking field techniquerdquo

hyperfractionation technique 200 cGy per day for 25 days followed by 400 cGy per day for 5 days

D

Desquamative gingivitis is a clinical term to describe red painful glazed and friable gingivae which may be a manifestation of some mucocutaneous conditions such as lichen planus or the vesiculobullous disorders

Clinical features of desquamative

gingivitis

Fiery red friable gingiva

Painful desquamates easily

Buccal aspect of anterior attached gingiva

affected

Marginal gingiva spared

Not significantly improved by oral hygiene

measures alone

Differential Diagnosis Erosive Lichen Planus

Immune-mediated blistering diseases

Intra-epithelial

Pemphigus

Subepithelial

Pemphigoid

Linear IgA disease

Dermatitis herpetiformis

Epidermolysis bullosa

Erythema multiforme

Treatment Topical Corticosteroids Recurrent aphthous ulcers

bull Oral manifestations of Behccedilets disease Reiters syndrome acute

vulvar ulcer MAGIC syndrome PFAPA syndrome ulcerative colitis

Crohns disease Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome Sweets

syndrome among others

bull Drug-induced ulcerations mediated by an immune mechanism

bull Lichen planus

bull Cicatricial pemphigoid

bull Mucous membrane pemphigoid

bull Bullous pemphigoid

bull Erythema multiforme

bull Linear IgA dermatosis

bull Pemphigus vulgaris

Topicals Temovate cream 005 Clobetasol propionate

Halog cream 01 Halcinonide

Lidex cream 005 Fluocinonide

Topicort cream 025 Desoximethasone

Lidex gel 005 Fluocinonide

Aristocort cream H-P 05 Triamcinolone acetinode

Diprosone cream 005 Betamethasone dipropionate

Florone cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Maxiflor cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Synalar cream H-P 02 Fluocinolone acetonide

Topicals Tropicort-LP cream 005 Desoxymethasone

Benisone cream 0025 Betamethasone benzoate

Cordran cream 0025 Flurandenolide

Kenalog cream 01 Triamcinolone acetonide

Locoid cream 01 Hydrocortisone butyrate

Synalar cream 0025 Fluocinolone acetonide

Valisone cream 01 Betamethasone valerate

Tridesilon cream 005 Desonide

Locorten cream 003 Flumetasone pivalate

1 Hydrocortisone

Topical Corticosteroids

Used to treat oral lesions

Clobetasol (Temovate) -- Suppresses mitosis and increases synthesis of proteins that decrease inflammation and cause vasoconstriction Class I superpotent topical steroid useful in treating oral lesions Topical corticosteroids commonly are used intraorally for oral manifestations of autoimmune blistering skin diseases Since these diseases are chronic inflammatory in nature topical corticosteroids are very useful as an adjunct treatment Patients with disease confined to the gingiva should see a dentist to have a custom-made soft tray to carry the medication

H

How does herpes simplex develop

overexposure to sunlight

overexposure to wind

colds influenza and similar infections

heavy alcohol use

fever from any cause

the menstrual period

physical stress

emotional stress

Symptoms

Primary (Initial) HSV I Fever

Adenopathy

Ulcers deep in mouth

Secondary (Later) HSV I (Recurrent labial lesions) Fever Blisters form on outer vermillion border

Cold Sores form on inner lip Initial Vesicle

Next Crust

Last Healing in 10-14 days

Differential Diagnosis

Differs from Aphthous Ulcers in that

Found on keratinized (bound-down) intraoral

mucosa

Vesicles rupture into coalescing ulcers

HSV lesions are anterior compared with

Herpangina

Hand Foot and Mouth Disease

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Oral acyclovir (Zovirax) or the recently

developed drugs valacyclovir (Valtrex) or

famciclovir (Famvir) lessen the symptoms

and frequency of fever blister recurrences for

some patients These drugs prevent HSV from

multiplying and are effective when taken in

pill form prior to an outbreak of the virus

Systemic Antivirals

Acyclovir

Dose 15 mgkg (max 200 mg) PO 5xday for 7 days

Shortens first HSV infection by 6 days in children

Famciclovir

Shortens healing time by 2 days in UV-induced cases

Spruance (1999) J Infect Dis 179303-10

Valacyclovir (FDA approved for age 12 and older)

Adult dose 2 g PO bid for one day

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Topical antiviral creams containing acyclovir

(Zovirax) or penciclovir (Denavir) may also

help in limiting the extent or duration of

lesions if applied promptly to affected areas

Topical Treatments

Penciclovir (Denavir) heals HSV-1 sores on average about half a day faster than without treatment stops viral shedding and reduces the duration of the pain Ideally the patient should apply the cream within the first hour of symptoms although benefits have also been noted with later application It is continued for four consecutive days and should be reapplied every two hours while awake

Docosanol cream (Abreva) is an over-the-counter agent for oral-facial herpes It helps resist infection by inhibiting the ability of the virus to become fully active after it has attached itself to the host cell It is applied five times a day beginning at the first sign of tingling or pain Studies have been mixed on it benefits

Topical Treatments

Acyclovir cream (Zovirax) has been approved It may speed healing of oral herpes lesions and lessen the duration of pain particularly if it is applied early on (at the first sign of pain or tingling)

Lidex is a gel that contains a fluocinonide as corticosteroid Corticosteroids commonly called steroids are anti-inflammatory agents and not ordinarily used for herpes Some evidence suggests it may be effective in combination with oral famciclovir

Topical Treatments

Over-the-counter topical anesthetics may provide

modest relief They include Anbesol gel Blistex lip

ointment Campho-phenique Herpecin-L

Viractin and Zilactin In one study Viractin

reduced the duration of the attack compared to

placebo by two days It also relieved itching but had

little effect on other symptoms In general however

few studies have been conducted on any of these

products

X

Xerostomia

Xerostomia is not a disease but can be a symptom

of certain diseases It can produce serious

negative effects on the patients quality of life

affecting dietary habits nutritional status

speech taste tolerance to dental prosthesis and

increases susceptibility to dental caries The

increase in dental caries can be devastating in

many patients and therefore special care must be

made to control this condition

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Medications - Several hundred current medications

can cause xerostomia antihypertensives

antidepressants analgesics tranquilizers diuretics

and antihistamines c

-Cancer Therapy - Chemotherapeutic drugs can

change the flow and composition of the saliva

Radiation treatment that is focused on or near the

salivary gland can temporarily or permanently

damage the salivary glands

-Sjogrens syndrome - An autoimmune disease causes

xerostomia and dry eyes

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Other conditions -such as bone marrow transplants endocrine disorders stress anxiety depression and nutritional deficiencies may cause xerostomia

-Nerve Damage - Trauma to the head and neck area from surgery or wounds can damage the nerves that supply sensation to the mouth While the salivary glands may be left intact they cannot function normally without the nerves that signal them to produce saliva

Treatment

Identify the xerostomic condition and the

cause Some of the causes may be

ameliorated and this will aid therapy But

in many situations it will be difficult to

eliminate the causes Thus it will be

necessary for the Dentist to control the

results of xerostomia This is especially

true about the increase in dental caries

Treatment -pilocarpine (Salagen) 5mg qid prescription required

-special food preparation - blended and moist foods are easier to swallow

artificial saliva (available over-the-counter)

-sipping plain water is usually preferred over artificial saliva by most patients

-Biotene brand over-the-counter dry mouth products (toothpaste alcohol- free mouth rinse and Oralbalance lubricating gel)

-avoidance of alcohol-based mouth rinses

-use of water and glycerin mixed in a small aerosol spray bottle

RX

Contains sorbitol sodium

carboxymethlcellulose and

methylparaben in a

pleasantly flavored

solution

120 mL (406 fl oz)

Z

Treatment

Acyclovir (Zovirax)dagger800 mg orally five times

daily for 7 to 10 days

10 mg per kg IV every 8 hours for 7 to 10

daysDagger

$174 to 248 (129 to 200)

Famciclovir (Famvir)dagger500 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$140

Treatment

Valacyclovir (Valtrex)dagger1000 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$84

Prednisone (Deltasone)30 mg orally twice

daily on days 1 through 7 then 15 mg twice

daily on days 8 through 14 then 75 mg twice

daily on days 15 through 21

Treatment

Lotions containing calamine (eg Caladryl)

may be used on open lesions to reduce pain

and pruritus

Once the lesions have crusted over capsaicin

cream (Zostrix) may be applied

Topically administered lidocaine (Xylocaine)

and nerve blocks have also been reported to

be effective in reducing pain

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Amitriptyline (Elavil) -- By inhibiting reuptake of serotonin andor norepinephrine by presynaptic neuronal membrane may increase synaptic concentration in CNS Useful as analgesic for certain types of chronic and neuropathic pain

Adult DoseEarly in course of HZ 25 mgd PO hs to prevent PHNAfter PHN develops 30-100 mg PO qhs

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Capsaicin cream (Dolorac Capsin Zostrix) --Natural chemical derived from plants of Solanaceae family By depleting and preventing reaccumulation of substance P in peripheral sensory neurons may render skin and joints insensitive to pain Substance P thought to be chemomediator of pain transmission from periphery to CNS

Adult DoseCream Apply to skin tidqid for 3-4 consecutive wk and evaluate efficacy not to exceed 4 applicationsd

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Lidocaine (DermaFlex gel Lidoderm 5 patch) --Several recent studies have advocated topical administration of lidocaine as treatment of PHN Lidocaine gel (5) in placebo-controlled study showed significant relief in 23 patients studied Lidocaine tape also decreases severity of pain

Adult DoseGel (5) Apply to affected area prnPatch (5) Apply to most painful area up to 3 patches per application patch may remain in place for up to 12 h in any 24 h period

Postherpetic Neuralgia Gabapentin (Neurontin) -- This medication has been

approved by the FDA for the treatment of PHN Has properties common to other anticonvulsants and antineuralgic effects Exact mechanism of action is not known Structurally gabapentin is related to GABA but it does not interact with GABA receptors Believed to have a binding site at the alpha 2-delta protein an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gaited calcium channels In the rat brain binding is localized on neuronal dendritic areas Relevance of these observations to treatment of PHN is not known

Adult Dose100 mg PO tid titrate dose prn recommended dose is 900-1800 mg PO qd not to exceed 900 mg PO qid

Burning Mouth Syndrome

The main symptom of burning mouth

syndrome is a burning sensation involving the

tongue lips gums palate throat or

widespread areas of the whole mouth People

with the syndrome may describe the sensation

in the affected areas as hot or scalded as if

they had been burned with a hot liquid

Burning Mouth Syndrome

Dry mouth

Sore mouth

A tingling or numb sensation in your mouth

or on the tip of your tongue

A bitter or metallic taste

Causes

Dry mouth (xerostomia)

Nutritional deficiencies

Allergies

Psychological factors

Nerve disturbance or damage

(neuropathy)

Treatments

Potentially efficacious medicines include

tricyclic antidepressants (like amitriptyline -brand name Elavil)

benzodiazepines (like clonazepam - brand name Klonopin or

chlordiazepoxide brand name - Librium)

even anticonvulsants have proven effective in some cases

BMS Treatment

Tricyclic antidepressants

Amitriptyline (Elavil)10 to 150 mg per day

10 mg at bedtime increase dosage by 10 mg

every 4 to 7 days until oral burning is relieved

or side effects occur

BMS Treatment

Benzodiazepines

Clonazepam (Klonopin)025 to 2 mg per

day025 mg at bedtime increase dosage by

025 mg every 4 to 7 days until oral burning is

relieved or side effects occur as dosage

increases medication is taken as full dose or

in three divided doses

BMS Treatment

Anticonvulsants

Gabapentin (Neurontin) 300 to 1600 mg per

day100 mg at bedtime increase dosage by

100 mg every 4 to 7 days until oral burning is

relieved or side effects occur as dosage

increases medication is taken in three divided

doses

C

Candidiasis

Oral thrush and other Candida infections

occur when your immune system is

weakened by disease or drugs such as

prednisone or when antibiotics disturb the

natural balance of microorganisms in the

body

Predisposing factors for infection

Infancy or old age

Serious underlying disease such as cancer or infection with HIV

Dry mouth due to disease of the salivary glands or medications eg antihistamines diuretics

Dentures (especially if they are not regularly cleaned or fit badly)

Predisposing factors for infection

Smoking

Injury to the mouth

Nutritional deficiency eg iron ampor B-vitamin deficiency

Inhaled corticosteroids used to treat asthma eg beclometasone budesonide fluticasone Drink water after inhalation to reduce this complication

Clinical features

Acute pseudomembranous candidiasis There are

white patches on gums tongue amp inside the mouth

that can be peeled off leaving a raw area

Acute atrophic candidiasis There are smooth red

shiny patches on the tongue The mouth is very sore

Chronic atrophic candidiasis This is common in

those with dentures The underlying mucosa is red

and swollen

Clinical features

Angular cheilitis There are sore red splits at each side of the mouth more likely if there is overhang of the upper lip over the lower lip causing a moist deep furrow Angular cheilitis due to candida andor Staphylococcus aureus arises frequently in those taking the medication isotretinoin for acne this medication dries the lips

Chronic hyperplastic candidiasis This is a type of oral leukoplakia (white patch) inside the cheeks or on the tongue with persistent nodules or lumps It usually affects smokers and is pre-malignant Red patches (erythroplakia) as well as white patches may indicate malignant change

Clinical features

Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis presents

as a chronic pseudomembranous infection

The skin and nails are also affected

Median rhomboid glossitis - there is diamond-

shaped inflammation at the back of the

tongue

Severe infections may extend down the throat

(esophageal infection)

Rationale for Treatment Topical vs

Systemic Drugs

Topical antifungals are usually the drug of

choice for uncomplicated localized

candidiasis in patients with normal immune

function

Systemic antifungals are usually indicated in

cases of disseminated disease andor in

immunocompromised patients

Suggested Medications for the

Treatment of Candidiasis

Rx

Clotrimazole troches 10 mg

Disp 70 troches

Sig Let 1 troche dissolve in mouth 5 times

per day for 14 days Do not chew NPO 12

hour

Suggested Systemic Medications for

the Treatment of Candidiasis Rx

Ketoconazole tablets 200 mgDisp 14 tabletsSig Take 1 tab qd with a meal or orange juice for 14 days

RxFluconazole tablets 100 mgDisp 15 tabletsSig Take 2 tablets stat then 1 tablet qd for 14 days

RxItraconazole tablets 100 mgDisp 28 tabletsSig Take 1 tablet bid with a meal or orange juice for 14 days

CA

Head and Neck Cancer

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Intraoral Melanoma

Lymphoma

Intraoral Melanoma

The five year survival rate for oral melanoma

is less than 20 as compared to 75 for

Cutaneous melanomas The average time of

first local recurrence for oral melanoma is less

than one year and metastatic disease is usually

diagnosed within three months of the

recurrence The average survival rate after

metastasis is typically less than 6 months

Extranodal Lymphoma

Extranodal lymphomas usually develop as a

rapidly growing mass of the palate or

posterior tongue (area of Waldeyerrsquos ring)

Pain may or may not be a presenting sign

Clinically the lesion may present as an

erythematous mass with a boggy consistency

The average survival rate for AIDS patients

with an intraoral lymphoma is eight months

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Second primary ndash field cancerization

Incidence amp Mortality HampN Ca

41000 new cases annually

13000 affected will die of disease

Rates constant over last 20yrs

lt 5 of neoplasias US

Highest incidence southeastern amp south-

central Asia

Disease in Women

Prior to 1940 malefemale ratio - 101

1980s ratio 31

Reason tobacco use among women in early

decades of the century

Habits have stabilized ndash malefemale

incidence normalized

Tobacco Use

1956 Wynder et al HampN Ca 10-fold

increase among smokers

Most studies 5-fold to 25-fold increase

intensity and duration of tobacco

consumption

80-90 of HampN Ca patients use tobacco

Alcohol

Odds ratio increases 3- to 15-fold for HampN

Ca after adjusting for tobacco use with

consumption of alcohol

Multiplicative effect with tobacco and

alcohol

Location of cancer ndash oral

pharyngeal(topical mechanism)

Alcohol

Promotional effects independent of

initiation

-prostaglandin synthesis lipid peroxidation

free radical oxygen enhance cell turnover

Enhances cell permeability

Defective repair mechanisms

Depressed immunity

Dz

RISK FACTORS (RF)

1 RF

2 RF

3 RF

4 RF

The concept of

TUMOR

local

regional

systemic

local T

N

M

INFECTION PAIN

INFECTION NEOPLASM

CERVICAL LYMPH NODE ENLARGEMENT

bullbacterial

bullviral (local systemic)

bullfungal

bullpostinfect fibrosed node

bulllt 40 yrs lymphoma

bullgt 40 yrs metastatic SCC

OTHERS

bullleukemia

bullconnective tissue diseases (eg lupus)

bullsarcoidosis

Importance of early diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma

60

stage III amp IV

23 recurrence lt 2 yrs

lt 13 survive 3 yrs

40

stage I amp II

80-90 cure

Second primary tumor in successfully treated patients within 5-7

years up to 40 Follow-up important

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Mortality (8000) deaths per year

Mortality by Site

Tongue 432

Salivary 130

Floor of mouth 950

Lip 24

Other 319

Premalignant Lesions

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Erythroplasia

Carcinoma in situ

Verrucous Leukoplakia

Tobacco patch keratosis

Actinic cheilosis

Mouth wash (Viadent) dysplasia

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Defined as a red patch that can not be

clinically or pathologically diagnosed as any

other condition

Almost all erythroleukoplakia demonstrate

dysplasia or CIS

Etiology is similar to oral SCC

May occur in conjunction with leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Risk of malignant transformation in

erythroleukoplakia about 4x greater than

homogenous leukoplakia

Predominately disease of older men with peak

prevalence of 65 to 74 years

Floor of mouth tongue and soft palate are

most common sites of involvement

Erythroplakia

The Management of Head and

Neck Cancer

Major advances

Conservative or partial resections

Micro vascular free-tissue transfer in

reconstruction

Better definition of the roles of chemotherapy

and radiotherapy

Despite these advances the treatment of loco

regional recurrence remains a major challenge

success rates for salvage therapy are poor

Treatment

Surgery

Radiotherapy

Chemotherapy

Immunotherapy

at present the role of immunotherapy remains investigational

Chemotherapy

Several randomized and non-randomized trial have evaluated chemotherapy for the treatment of head and neck cancer

Various agents have been shown to produce a response

No agents either alone or in combination have demonstrated an improvement in survival

cisplatin and 5 - FU

Uses

Inoperable tumors

Salvage therapy for recurrent tumors

Treatment

The main treatment modalities for head and neck

cancer remain surgery and radiotherapy

Patient factors that merit consideration

Impact on the quality of life

Medical condition ndash ldquoco - morbiditiesrdquo

Patient preference

Treatment cost and convenience

Compliance

Treatment

Early stage disease (stage I and II) can be treated with either surgery or radiotherapy with equivalent control rates

Small lesions of the oral cavity wide local excision is preferred over radiotherapy

Radiotherapy can be delivered to a site generally only once

Reserve this modality for less operable lesions

Treatment Combined Modality

Surgery and RadiotherapyIndications for post operative radiotherapy

Primary Tumor

Advance T stage

High histologic grade

Positive surgical resection margins

Lymphatic permeation

Vascular invasion

Perineural spread

Radiotherapy

Daily dose of 180 cGy to 200 cGy

5000 cGy over a five week period

T1 ndash 6000 to 6600 cGy

T2 - 6600 to 7000 cGy

T3T4 - gt 7000 cGy

ldquoshrinking field techniquerdquo

hyperfractionation technique 200 cGy per day for 25 days followed by 400 cGy per day for 5 days

D

Desquamative gingivitis is a clinical term to describe red painful glazed and friable gingivae which may be a manifestation of some mucocutaneous conditions such as lichen planus or the vesiculobullous disorders

Clinical features of desquamative

gingivitis

Fiery red friable gingiva

Painful desquamates easily

Buccal aspect of anterior attached gingiva

affected

Marginal gingiva spared

Not significantly improved by oral hygiene

measures alone

Differential Diagnosis Erosive Lichen Planus

Immune-mediated blistering diseases

Intra-epithelial

Pemphigus

Subepithelial

Pemphigoid

Linear IgA disease

Dermatitis herpetiformis

Epidermolysis bullosa

Erythema multiforme

Treatment Topical Corticosteroids Recurrent aphthous ulcers

bull Oral manifestations of Behccedilets disease Reiters syndrome acute

vulvar ulcer MAGIC syndrome PFAPA syndrome ulcerative colitis

Crohns disease Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome Sweets

syndrome among others

bull Drug-induced ulcerations mediated by an immune mechanism

bull Lichen planus

bull Cicatricial pemphigoid

bull Mucous membrane pemphigoid

bull Bullous pemphigoid

bull Erythema multiforme

bull Linear IgA dermatosis

bull Pemphigus vulgaris

Topicals Temovate cream 005 Clobetasol propionate

Halog cream 01 Halcinonide

Lidex cream 005 Fluocinonide

Topicort cream 025 Desoximethasone

Lidex gel 005 Fluocinonide

Aristocort cream H-P 05 Triamcinolone acetinode

Diprosone cream 005 Betamethasone dipropionate

Florone cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Maxiflor cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Synalar cream H-P 02 Fluocinolone acetonide

Topicals Tropicort-LP cream 005 Desoxymethasone

Benisone cream 0025 Betamethasone benzoate

Cordran cream 0025 Flurandenolide

Kenalog cream 01 Triamcinolone acetonide

Locoid cream 01 Hydrocortisone butyrate

Synalar cream 0025 Fluocinolone acetonide

Valisone cream 01 Betamethasone valerate

Tridesilon cream 005 Desonide

Locorten cream 003 Flumetasone pivalate

1 Hydrocortisone

Topical Corticosteroids

Used to treat oral lesions

Clobetasol (Temovate) -- Suppresses mitosis and increases synthesis of proteins that decrease inflammation and cause vasoconstriction Class I superpotent topical steroid useful in treating oral lesions Topical corticosteroids commonly are used intraorally for oral manifestations of autoimmune blistering skin diseases Since these diseases are chronic inflammatory in nature topical corticosteroids are very useful as an adjunct treatment Patients with disease confined to the gingiva should see a dentist to have a custom-made soft tray to carry the medication

H

How does herpes simplex develop

overexposure to sunlight

overexposure to wind

colds influenza and similar infections

heavy alcohol use

fever from any cause

the menstrual period

physical stress

emotional stress

Symptoms

Primary (Initial) HSV I Fever

Adenopathy

Ulcers deep in mouth

Secondary (Later) HSV I (Recurrent labial lesions) Fever Blisters form on outer vermillion border

Cold Sores form on inner lip Initial Vesicle

Next Crust

Last Healing in 10-14 days

Differential Diagnosis

Differs from Aphthous Ulcers in that

Found on keratinized (bound-down) intraoral

mucosa

Vesicles rupture into coalescing ulcers

HSV lesions are anterior compared with

Herpangina

Hand Foot and Mouth Disease

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Oral acyclovir (Zovirax) or the recently

developed drugs valacyclovir (Valtrex) or

famciclovir (Famvir) lessen the symptoms

and frequency of fever blister recurrences for

some patients These drugs prevent HSV from

multiplying and are effective when taken in

pill form prior to an outbreak of the virus

Systemic Antivirals

Acyclovir

Dose 15 mgkg (max 200 mg) PO 5xday for 7 days

Shortens first HSV infection by 6 days in children

Famciclovir

Shortens healing time by 2 days in UV-induced cases

Spruance (1999) J Infect Dis 179303-10

Valacyclovir (FDA approved for age 12 and older)

Adult dose 2 g PO bid for one day

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Topical antiviral creams containing acyclovir

(Zovirax) or penciclovir (Denavir) may also

help in limiting the extent or duration of

lesions if applied promptly to affected areas

Topical Treatments

Penciclovir (Denavir) heals HSV-1 sores on average about half a day faster than without treatment stops viral shedding and reduces the duration of the pain Ideally the patient should apply the cream within the first hour of symptoms although benefits have also been noted with later application It is continued for four consecutive days and should be reapplied every two hours while awake

Docosanol cream (Abreva) is an over-the-counter agent for oral-facial herpes It helps resist infection by inhibiting the ability of the virus to become fully active after it has attached itself to the host cell It is applied five times a day beginning at the first sign of tingling or pain Studies have been mixed on it benefits

Topical Treatments

Acyclovir cream (Zovirax) has been approved It may speed healing of oral herpes lesions and lessen the duration of pain particularly if it is applied early on (at the first sign of pain or tingling)

Lidex is a gel that contains a fluocinonide as corticosteroid Corticosteroids commonly called steroids are anti-inflammatory agents and not ordinarily used for herpes Some evidence suggests it may be effective in combination with oral famciclovir

Topical Treatments

Over-the-counter topical anesthetics may provide

modest relief They include Anbesol gel Blistex lip

ointment Campho-phenique Herpecin-L

Viractin and Zilactin In one study Viractin

reduced the duration of the attack compared to

placebo by two days It also relieved itching but had

little effect on other symptoms In general however

few studies have been conducted on any of these

products

X

Xerostomia

Xerostomia is not a disease but can be a symptom

of certain diseases It can produce serious

negative effects on the patients quality of life

affecting dietary habits nutritional status

speech taste tolerance to dental prosthesis and

increases susceptibility to dental caries The

increase in dental caries can be devastating in

many patients and therefore special care must be

made to control this condition

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Medications - Several hundred current medications

can cause xerostomia antihypertensives

antidepressants analgesics tranquilizers diuretics

and antihistamines c

-Cancer Therapy - Chemotherapeutic drugs can

change the flow and composition of the saliva

Radiation treatment that is focused on or near the

salivary gland can temporarily or permanently

damage the salivary glands

-Sjogrens syndrome - An autoimmune disease causes

xerostomia and dry eyes

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Other conditions -such as bone marrow transplants endocrine disorders stress anxiety depression and nutritional deficiencies may cause xerostomia

-Nerve Damage - Trauma to the head and neck area from surgery or wounds can damage the nerves that supply sensation to the mouth While the salivary glands may be left intact they cannot function normally without the nerves that signal them to produce saliva

Treatment

Identify the xerostomic condition and the

cause Some of the causes may be

ameliorated and this will aid therapy But

in many situations it will be difficult to

eliminate the causes Thus it will be

necessary for the Dentist to control the

results of xerostomia This is especially

true about the increase in dental caries

Treatment -pilocarpine (Salagen) 5mg qid prescription required

-special food preparation - blended and moist foods are easier to swallow

artificial saliva (available over-the-counter)

-sipping plain water is usually preferred over artificial saliva by most patients

-Biotene brand over-the-counter dry mouth products (toothpaste alcohol- free mouth rinse and Oralbalance lubricating gel)

-avoidance of alcohol-based mouth rinses

-use of water and glycerin mixed in a small aerosol spray bottle

RX

Contains sorbitol sodium

carboxymethlcellulose and

methylparaben in a

pleasantly flavored

solution

120 mL (406 fl oz)

Z

Treatment

Acyclovir (Zovirax)dagger800 mg orally five times

daily for 7 to 10 days

10 mg per kg IV every 8 hours for 7 to 10

daysDagger

$174 to 248 (129 to 200)

Famciclovir (Famvir)dagger500 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$140

Treatment

Valacyclovir (Valtrex)dagger1000 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$84

Prednisone (Deltasone)30 mg orally twice

daily on days 1 through 7 then 15 mg twice

daily on days 8 through 14 then 75 mg twice

daily on days 15 through 21

Treatment

Lotions containing calamine (eg Caladryl)

may be used on open lesions to reduce pain

and pruritus

Once the lesions have crusted over capsaicin

cream (Zostrix) may be applied

Topically administered lidocaine (Xylocaine)

and nerve blocks have also been reported to

be effective in reducing pain

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Amitriptyline (Elavil) -- By inhibiting reuptake of serotonin andor norepinephrine by presynaptic neuronal membrane may increase synaptic concentration in CNS Useful as analgesic for certain types of chronic and neuropathic pain

Adult DoseEarly in course of HZ 25 mgd PO hs to prevent PHNAfter PHN develops 30-100 mg PO qhs

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Capsaicin cream (Dolorac Capsin Zostrix) --Natural chemical derived from plants of Solanaceae family By depleting and preventing reaccumulation of substance P in peripheral sensory neurons may render skin and joints insensitive to pain Substance P thought to be chemomediator of pain transmission from periphery to CNS

Adult DoseCream Apply to skin tidqid for 3-4 consecutive wk and evaluate efficacy not to exceed 4 applicationsd

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Lidocaine (DermaFlex gel Lidoderm 5 patch) --Several recent studies have advocated topical administration of lidocaine as treatment of PHN Lidocaine gel (5) in placebo-controlled study showed significant relief in 23 patients studied Lidocaine tape also decreases severity of pain

Adult DoseGel (5) Apply to affected area prnPatch (5) Apply to most painful area up to 3 patches per application patch may remain in place for up to 12 h in any 24 h period

Postherpetic Neuralgia Gabapentin (Neurontin) -- This medication has been

approved by the FDA for the treatment of PHN Has properties common to other anticonvulsants and antineuralgic effects Exact mechanism of action is not known Structurally gabapentin is related to GABA but it does not interact with GABA receptors Believed to have a binding site at the alpha 2-delta protein an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gaited calcium channels In the rat brain binding is localized on neuronal dendritic areas Relevance of these observations to treatment of PHN is not known

Adult Dose100 mg PO tid titrate dose prn recommended dose is 900-1800 mg PO qd not to exceed 900 mg PO qid

Burning Mouth Syndrome

Dry mouth

Sore mouth

A tingling or numb sensation in your mouth

or on the tip of your tongue

A bitter or metallic taste

Causes

Dry mouth (xerostomia)

Nutritional deficiencies

Allergies

Psychological factors

Nerve disturbance or damage

(neuropathy)

Treatments

Potentially efficacious medicines include

tricyclic antidepressants (like amitriptyline -brand name Elavil)

benzodiazepines (like clonazepam - brand name Klonopin or

chlordiazepoxide brand name - Librium)

even anticonvulsants have proven effective in some cases

BMS Treatment

Tricyclic antidepressants

Amitriptyline (Elavil)10 to 150 mg per day

10 mg at bedtime increase dosage by 10 mg

every 4 to 7 days until oral burning is relieved

or side effects occur

BMS Treatment

Benzodiazepines

Clonazepam (Klonopin)025 to 2 mg per

day025 mg at bedtime increase dosage by

025 mg every 4 to 7 days until oral burning is

relieved or side effects occur as dosage

increases medication is taken as full dose or

in three divided doses

BMS Treatment

Anticonvulsants

Gabapentin (Neurontin) 300 to 1600 mg per

day100 mg at bedtime increase dosage by

100 mg every 4 to 7 days until oral burning is

relieved or side effects occur as dosage

increases medication is taken in three divided

doses

C

Candidiasis

Oral thrush and other Candida infections

occur when your immune system is

weakened by disease or drugs such as

prednisone or when antibiotics disturb the

natural balance of microorganisms in the

body

Predisposing factors for infection

Infancy or old age

Serious underlying disease such as cancer or infection with HIV

Dry mouth due to disease of the salivary glands or medications eg antihistamines diuretics

Dentures (especially if they are not regularly cleaned or fit badly)

Predisposing factors for infection

Smoking

Injury to the mouth

Nutritional deficiency eg iron ampor B-vitamin deficiency

Inhaled corticosteroids used to treat asthma eg beclometasone budesonide fluticasone Drink water after inhalation to reduce this complication

Clinical features

Acute pseudomembranous candidiasis There are

white patches on gums tongue amp inside the mouth

that can be peeled off leaving a raw area

Acute atrophic candidiasis There are smooth red

shiny patches on the tongue The mouth is very sore

Chronic atrophic candidiasis This is common in

those with dentures The underlying mucosa is red

and swollen

Clinical features

Angular cheilitis There are sore red splits at each side of the mouth more likely if there is overhang of the upper lip over the lower lip causing a moist deep furrow Angular cheilitis due to candida andor Staphylococcus aureus arises frequently in those taking the medication isotretinoin for acne this medication dries the lips

Chronic hyperplastic candidiasis This is a type of oral leukoplakia (white patch) inside the cheeks or on the tongue with persistent nodules or lumps It usually affects smokers and is pre-malignant Red patches (erythroplakia) as well as white patches may indicate malignant change

Clinical features

Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis presents

as a chronic pseudomembranous infection

The skin and nails are also affected

Median rhomboid glossitis - there is diamond-

shaped inflammation at the back of the

tongue

Severe infections may extend down the throat

(esophageal infection)

Rationale for Treatment Topical vs

Systemic Drugs

Topical antifungals are usually the drug of

choice for uncomplicated localized

candidiasis in patients with normal immune

function

Systemic antifungals are usually indicated in

cases of disseminated disease andor in

immunocompromised patients

Suggested Medications for the

Treatment of Candidiasis

Rx

Clotrimazole troches 10 mg

Disp 70 troches

Sig Let 1 troche dissolve in mouth 5 times

per day for 14 days Do not chew NPO 12

hour

Suggested Systemic Medications for

the Treatment of Candidiasis Rx

Ketoconazole tablets 200 mgDisp 14 tabletsSig Take 1 tab qd with a meal or orange juice for 14 days

RxFluconazole tablets 100 mgDisp 15 tabletsSig Take 2 tablets stat then 1 tablet qd for 14 days

RxItraconazole tablets 100 mgDisp 28 tabletsSig Take 1 tablet bid with a meal or orange juice for 14 days

CA

Head and Neck Cancer

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Intraoral Melanoma

Lymphoma

Intraoral Melanoma

The five year survival rate for oral melanoma

is less than 20 as compared to 75 for

Cutaneous melanomas The average time of

first local recurrence for oral melanoma is less

than one year and metastatic disease is usually

diagnosed within three months of the

recurrence The average survival rate after

metastasis is typically less than 6 months

Extranodal Lymphoma

Extranodal lymphomas usually develop as a

rapidly growing mass of the palate or

posterior tongue (area of Waldeyerrsquos ring)

Pain may or may not be a presenting sign

Clinically the lesion may present as an

erythematous mass with a boggy consistency

The average survival rate for AIDS patients

with an intraoral lymphoma is eight months

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Second primary ndash field cancerization

Incidence amp Mortality HampN Ca

41000 new cases annually

13000 affected will die of disease

Rates constant over last 20yrs

lt 5 of neoplasias US

Highest incidence southeastern amp south-

central Asia

Disease in Women

Prior to 1940 malefemale ratio - 101

1980s ratio 31

Reason tobacco use among women in early

decades of the century

Habits have stabilized ndash malefemale

incidence normalized

Tobacco Use

1956 Wynder et al HampN Ca 10-fold

increase among smokers

Most studies 5-fold to 25-fold increase

intensity and duration of tobacco

consumption

80-90 of HampN Ca patients use tobacco

Alcohol

Odds ratio increases 3- to 15-fold for HampN

Ca after adjusting for tobacco use with

consumption of alcohol

Multiplicative effect with tobacco and

alcohol

Location of cancer ndash oral

pharyngeal(topical mechanism)

Alcohol

Promotional effects independent of

initiation

-prostaglandin synthesis lipid peroxidation

free radical oxygen enhance cell turnover

Enhances cell permeability

Defective repair mechanisms

Depressed immunity

Dz

RISK FACTORS (RF)

1 RF

2 RF

3 RF

4 RF

The concept of

TUMOR

local

regional

systemic

local T

N

M

INFECTION PAIN

INFECTION NEOPLASM

CERVICAL LYMPH NODE ENLARGEMENT

bullbacterial

bullviral (local systemic)

bullfungal

bullpostinfect fibrosed node

bulllt 40 yrs lymphoma

bullgt 40 yrs metastatic SCC

OTHERS

bullleukemia

bullconnective tissue diseases (eg lupus)

bullsarcoidosis

Importance of early diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma

60

stage III amp IV

23 recurrence lt 2 yrs

lt 13 survive 3 yrs

40

stage I amp II

80-90 cure

Second primary tumor in successfully treated patients within 5-7

years up to 40 Follow-up important

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Mortality (8000) deaths per year

Mortality by Site

Tongue 432

Salivary 130

Floor of mouth 950

Lip 24

Other 319

Premalignant Lesions

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Erythroplasia

Carcinoma in situ

Verrucous Leukoplakia

Tobacco patch keratosis

Actinic cheilosis

Mouth wash (Viadent) dysplasia

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Defined as a red patch that can not be

clinically or pathologically diagnosed as any

other condition

Almost all erythroleukoplakia demonstrate

dysplasia or CIS

Etiology is similar to oral SCC

May occur in conjunction with leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Risk of malignant transformation in

erythroleukoplakia about 4x greater than

homogenous leukoplakia

Predominately disease of older men with peak

prevalence of 65 to 74 years

Floor of mouth tongue and soft palate are

most common sites of involvement

Erythroplakia

The Management of Head and

Neck Cancer

Major advances

Conservative or partial resections

Micro vascular free-tissue transfer in

reconstruction

Better definition of the roles of chemotherapy

and radiotherapy

Despite these advances the treatment of loco

regional recurrence remains a major challenge

success rates for salvage therapy are poor

Treatment

Surgery

Radiotherapy

Chemotherapy

Immunotherapy

at present the role of immunotherapy remains investigational

Chemotherapy

Several randomized and non-randomized trial have evaluated chemotherapy for the treatment of head and neck cancer

Various agents have been shown to produce a response

No agents either alone or in combination have demonstrated an improvement in survival

cisplatin and 5 - FU

Uses

Inoperable tumors

Salvage therapy for recurrent tumors

Treatment

The main treatment modalities for head and neck

cancer remain surgery and radiotherapy

Patient factors that merit consideration

Impact on the quality of life

Medical condition ndash ldquoco - morbiditiesrdquo

Patient preference

Treatment cost and convenience

Compliance

Treatment

Early stage disease (stage I and II) can be treated with either surgery or radiotherapy with equivalent control rates

Small lesions of the oral cavity wide local excision is preferred over radiotherapy

Radiotherapy can be delivered to a site generally only once

Reserve this modality for less operable lesions

Treatment Combined Modality

Surgery and RadiotherapyIndications for post operative radiotherapy

Primary Tumor

Advance T stage

High histologic grade

Positive surgical resection margins

Lymphatic permeation

Vascular invasion

Perineural spread

Radiotherapy

Daily dose of 180 cGy to 200 cGy

5000 cGy over a five week period

T1 ndash 6000 to 6600 cGy

T2 - 6600 to 7000 cGy

T3T4 - gt 7000 cGy

ldquoshrinking field techniquerdquo

hyperfractionation technique 200 cGy per day for 25 days followed by 400 cGy per day for 5 days

D

Desquamative gingivitis is a clinical term to describe red painful glazed and friable gingivae which may be a manifestation of some mucocutaneous conditions such as lichen planus or the vesiculobullous disorders

Clinical features of desquamative

gingivitis

Fiery red friable gingiva

Painful desquamates easily

Buccal aspect of anterior attached gingiva

affected

Marginal gingiva spared

Not significantly improved by oral hygiene

measures alone

Differential Diagnosis Erosive Lichen Planus

Immune-mediated blistering diseases

Intra-epithelial

Pemphigus

Subepithelial

Pemphigoid

Linear IgA disease

Dermatitis herpetiformis

Epidermolysis bullosa

Erythema multiforme

Treatment Topical Corticosteroids Recurrent aphthous ulcers

bull Oral manifestations of Behccedilets disease Reiters syndrome acute

vulvar ulcer MAGIC syndrome PFAPA syndrome ulcerative colitis

Crohns disease Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome Sweets

syndrome among others

bull Drug-induced ulcerations mediated by an immune mechanism

bull Lichen planus

bull Cicatricial pemphigoid

bull Mucous membrane pemphigoid

bull Bullous pemphigoid

bull Erythema multiforme

bull Linear IgA dermatosis

bull Pemphigus vulgaris

Topicals Temovate cream 005 Clobetasol propionate

Halog cream 01 Halcinonide

Lidex cream 005 Fluocinonide

Topicort cream 025 Desoximethasone

Lidex gel 005 Fluocinonide

Aristocort cream H-P 05 Triamcinolone acetinode

Diprosone cream 005 Betamethasone dipropionate

Florone cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Maxiflor cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Synalar cream H-P 02 Fluocinolone acetonide

Topicals Tropicort-LP cream 005 Desoxymethasone

Benisone cream 0025 Betamethasone benzoate

Cordran cream 0025 Flurandenolide

Kenalog cream 01 Triamcinolone acetonide

Locoid cream 01 Hydrocortisone butyrate

Synalar cream 0025 Fluocinolone acetonide

Valisone cream 01 Betamethasone valerate

Tridesilon cream 005 Desonide

Locorten cream 003 Flumetasone pivalate

1 Hydrocortisone

Topical Corticosteroids

Used to treat oral lesions

Clobetasol (Temovate) -- Suppresses mitosis and increases synthesis of proteins that decrease inflammation and cause vasoconstriction Class I superpotent topical steroid useful in treating oral lesions Topical corticosteroids commonly are used intraorally for oral manifestations of autoimmune blistering skin diseases Since these diseases are chronic inflammatory in nature topical corticosteroids are very useful as an adjunct treatment Patients with disease confined to the gingiva should see a dentist to have a custom-made soft tray to carry the medication

H

How does herpes simplex develop

overexposure to sunlight

overexposure to wind

colds influenza and similar infections

heavy alcohol use

fever from any cause

the menstrual period

physical stress

emotional stress

Symptoms

Primary (Initial) HSV I Fever

Adenopathy

Ulcers deep in mouth

Secondary (Later) HSV I (Recurrent labial lesions) Fever Blisters form on outer vermillion border

Cold Sores form on inner lip Initial Vesicle

Next Crust

Last Healing in 10-14 days

Differential Diagnosis

Differs from Aphthous Ulcers in that

Found on keratinized (bound-down) intraoral

mucosa

Vesicles rupture into coalescing ulcers

HSV lesions are anterior compared with

Herpangina

Hand Foot and Mouth Disease

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Oral acyclovir (Zovirax) or the recently

developed drugs valacyclovir (Valtrex) or

famciclovir (Famvir) lessen the symptoms

and frequency of fever blister recurrences for

some patients These drugs prevent HSV from

multiplying and are effective when taken in

pill form prior to an outbreak of the virus

Systemic Antivirals

Acyclovir

Dose 15 mgkg (max 200 mg) PO 5xday for 7 days

Shortens first HSV infection by 6 days in children

Famciclovir

Shortens healing time by 2 days in UV-induced cases

Spruance (1999) J Infect Dis 179303-10

Valacyclovir (FDA approved for age 12 and older)

Adult dose 2 g PO bid for one day

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Topical antiviral creams containing acyclovir

(Zovirax) or penciclovir (Denavir) may also

help in limiting the extent or duration of

lesions if applied promptly to affected areas

Topical Treatments

Penciclovir (Denavir) heals HSV-1 sores on average about half a day faster than without treatment stops viral shedding and reduces the duration of the pain Ideally the patient should apply the cream within the first hour of symptoms although benefits have also been noted with later application It is continued for four consecutive days and should be reapplied every two hours while awake

Docosanol cream (Abreva) is an over-the-counter agent for oral-facial herpes It helps resist infection by inhibiting the ability of the virus to become fully active after it has attached itself to the host cell It is applied five times a day beginning at the first sign of tingling or pain Studies have been mixed on it benefits

Topical Treatments

Acyclovir cream (Zovirax) has been approved It may speed healing of oral herpes lesions and lessen the duration of pain particularly if it is applied early on (at the first sign of pain or tingling)

Lidex is a gel that contains a fluocinonide as corticosteroid Corticosteroids commonly called steroids are anti-inflammatory agents and not ordinarily used for herpes Some evidence suggests it may be effective in combination with oral famciclovir

Topical Treatments

Over-the-counter topical anesthetics may provide

modest relief They include Anbesol gel Blistex lip

ointment Campho-phenique Herpecin-L

Viractin and Zilactin In one study Viractin

reduced the duration of the attack compared to

placebo by two days It also relieved itching but had

little effect on other symptoms In general however

few studies have been conducted on any of these

products

X

Xerostomia

Xerostomia is not a disease but can be a symptom

of certain diseases It can produce serious

negative effects on the patients quality of life

affecting dietary habits nutritional status

speech taste tolerance to dental prosthesis and

increases susceptibility to dental caries The

increase in dental caries can be devastating in

many patients and therefore special care must be

made to control this condition

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Medications - Several hundred current medications

can cause xerostomia antihypertensives

antidepressants analgesics tranquilizers diuretics

and antihistamines c

-Cancer Therapy - Chemotherapeutic drugs can

change the flow and composition of the saliva

Radiation treatment that is focused on or near the

salivary gland can temporarily or permanently

damage the salivary glands

-Sjogrens syndrome - An autoimmune disease causes

xerostomia and dry eyes

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Other conditions -such as bone marrow transplants endocrine disorders stress anxiety depression and nutritional deficiencies may cause xerostomia

-Nerve Damage - Trauma to the head and neck area from surgery or wounds can damage the nerves that supply sensation to the mouth While the salivary glands may be left intact they cannot function normally without the nerves that signal them to produce saliva

Treatment

Identify the xerostomic condition and the

cause Some of the causes may be

ameliorated and this will aid therapy But

in many situations it will be difficult to

eliminate the causes Thus it will be

necessary for the Dentist to control the

results of xerostomia This is especially

true about the increase in dental caries

Treatment -pilocarpine (Salagen) 5mg qid prescription required

-special food preparation - blended and moist foods are easier to swallow

artificial saliva (available over-the-counter)

-sipping plain water is usually preferred over artificial saliva by most patients

-Biotene brand over-the-counter dry mouth products (toothpaste alcohol- free mouth rinse and Oralbalance lubricating gel)

-avoidance of alcohol-based mouth rinses

-use of water and glycerin mixed in a small aerosol spray bottle

RX

Contains sorbitol sodium

carboxymethlcellulose and

methylparaben in a

pleasantly flavored

solution

120 mL (406 fl oz)

Z

Treatment

Acyclovir (Zovirax)dagger800 mg orally five times

daily for 7 to 10 days

10 mg per kg IV every 8 hours for 7 to 10

daysDagger

$174 to 248 (129 to 200)

Famciclovir (Famvir)dagger500 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$140

Treatment

Valacyclovir (Valtrex)dagger1000 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$84

Prednisone (Deltasone)30 mg orally twice

daily on days 1 through 7 then 15 mg twice

daily on days 8 through 14 then 75 mg twice

daily on days 15 through 21

Treatment

Lotions containing calamine (eg Caladryl)

may be used on open lesions to reduce pain

and pruritus

Once the lesions have crusted over capsaicin

cream (Zostrix) may be applied

Topically administered lidocaine (Xylocaine)

and nerve blocks have also been reported to

be effective in reducing pain

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Amitriptyline (Elavil) -- By inhibiting reuptake of serotonin andor norepinephrine by presynaptic neuronal membrane may increase synaptic concentration in CNS Useful as analgesic for certain types of chronic and neuropathic pain

Adult DoseEarly in course of HZ 25 mgd PO hs to prevent PHNAfter PHN develops 30-100 mg PO qhs

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Capsaicin cream (Dolorac Capsin Zostrix) --Natural chemical derived from plants of Solanaceae family By depleting and preventing reaccumulation of substance P in peripheral sensory neurons may render skin and joints insensitive to pain Substance P thought to be chemomediator of pain transmission from periphery to CNS

Adult DoseCream Apply to skin tidqid for 3-4 consecutive wk and evaluate efficacy not to exceed 4 applicationsd

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Lidocaine (DermaFlex gel Lidoderm 5 patch) --Several recent studies have advocated topical administration of lidocaine as treatment of PHN Lidocaine gel (5) in placebo-controlled study showed significant relief in 23 patients studied Lidocaine tape also decreases severity of pain

Adult DoseGel (5) Apply to affected area prnPatch (5) Apply to most painful area up to 3 patches per application patch may remain in place for up to 12 h in any 24 h period

Postherpetic Neuralgia Gabapentin (Neurontin) -- This medication has been

approved by the FDA for the treatment of PHN Has properties common to other anticonvulsants and antineuralgic effects Exact mechanism of action is not known Structurally gabapentin is related to GABA but it does not interact with GABA receptors Believed to have a binding site at the alpha 2-delta protein an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gaited calcium channels In the rat brain binding is localized on neuronal dendritic areas Relevance of these observations to treatment of PHN is not known

Adult Dose100 mg PO tid titrate dose prn recommended dose is 900-1800 mg PO qd not to exceed 900 mg PO qid

Causes

Dry mouth (xerostomia)

Nutritional deficiencies

Allergies

Psychological factors

Nerve disturbance or damage

(neuropathy)

Treatments

Potentially efficacious medicines include

tricyclic antidepressants (like amitriptyline -brand name Elavil)

benzodiazepines (like clonazepam - brand name Klonopin or

chlordiazepoxide brand name - Librium)

even anticonvulsants have proven effective in some cases

BMS Treatment

Tricyclic antidepressants

Amitriptyline (Elavil)10 to 150 mg per day

10 mg at bedtime increase dosage by 10 mg

every 4 to 7 days until oral burning is relieved

or side effects occur

BMS Treatment

Benzodiazepines

Clonazepam (Klonopin)025 to 2 mg per

day025 mg at bedtime increase dosage by

025 mg every 4 to 7 days until oral burning is

relieved or side effects occur as dosage

increases medication is taken as full dose or

in three divided doses

BMS Treatment

Anticonvulsants

Gabapentin (Neurontin) 300 to 1600 mg per

day100 mg at bedtime increase dosage by

100 mg every 4 to 7 days until oral burning is

relieved or side effects occur as dosage

increases medication is taken in three divided

doses

C

Candidiasis

Oral thrush and other Candida infections

occur when your immune system is

weakened by disease or drugs such as

prednisone or when antibiotics disturb the

natural balance of microorganisms in the

body

Predisposing factors for infection

Infancy or old age

Serious underlying disease such as cancer or infection with HIV

Dry mouth due to disease of the salivary glands or medications eg antihistamines diuretics

Dentures (especially if they are not regularly cleaned or fit badly)

Predisposing factors for infection

Smoking

Injury to the mouth

Nutritional deficiency eg iron ampor B-vitamin deficiency

Inhaled corticosteroids used to treat asthma eg beclometasone budesonide fluticasone Drink water after inhalation to reduce this complication

Clinical features

Acute pseudomembranous candidiasis There are

white patches on gums tongue amp inside the mouth

that can be peeled off leaving a raw area

Acute atrophic candidiasis There are smooth red

shiny patches on the tongue The mouth is very sore

Chronic atrophic candidiasis This is common in

those with dentures The underlying mucosa is red

and swollen

Clinical features

Angular cheilitis There are sore red splits at each side of the mouth more likely if there is overhang of the upper lip over the lower lip causing a moist deep furrow Angular cheilitis due to candida andor Staphylococcus aureus arises frequently in those taking the medication isotretinoin for acne this medication dries the lips

Chronic hyperplastic candidiasis This is a type of oral leukoplakia (white patch) inside the cheeks or on the tongue with persistent nodules or lumps It usually affects smokers and is pre-malignant Red patches (erythroplakia) as well as white patches may indicate malignant change

Clinical features

Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis presents

as a chronic pseudomembranous infection

The skin and nails are also affected

Median rhomboid glossitis - there is diamond-

shaped inflammation at the back of the

tongue

Severe infections may extend down the throat

(esophageal infection)

Rationale for Treatment Topical vs

Systemic Drugs

Topical antifungals are usually the drug of

choice for uncomplicated localized

candidiasis in patients with normal immune

function

Systemic antifungals are usually indicated in

cases of disseminated disease andor in

immunocompromised patients

Suggested Medications for the

Treatment of Candidiasis

Rx

Clotrimazole troches 10 mg

Disp 70 troches

Sig Let 1 troche dissolve in mouth 5 times

per day for 14 days Do not chew NPO 12

hour

Suggested Systemic Medications for

the Treatment of Candidiasis Rx

Ketoconazole tablets 200 mgDisp 14 tabletsSig Take 1 tab qd with a meal or orange juice for 14 days

RxFluconazole tablets 100 mgDisp 15 tabletsSig Take 2 tablets stat then 1 tablet qd for 14 days

RxItraconazole tablets 100 mgDisp 28 tabletsSig Take 1 tablet bid with a meal or orange juice for 14 days

CA

Head and Neck Cancer

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Intraoral Melanoma

Lymphoma

Intraoral Melanoma

The five year survival rate for oral melanoma

is less than 20 as compared to 75 for

Cutaneous melanomas The average time of

first local recurrence for oral melanoma is less

than one year and metastatic disease is usually

diagnosed within three months of the

recurrence The average survival rate after

metastasis is typically less than 6 months

Extranodal Lymphoma

Extranodal lymphomas usually develop as a

rapidly growing mass of the palate or

posterior tongue (area of Waldeyerrsquos ring)

Pain may or may not be a presenting sign

Clinically the lesion may present as an

erythematous mass with a boggy consistency

The average survival rate for AIDS patients

with an intraoral lymphoma is eight months

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Second primary ndash field cancerization

Incidence amp Mortality HampN Ca

41000 new cases annually

13000 affected will die of disease

Rates constant over last 20yrs

lt 5 of neoplasias US

Highest incidence southeastern amp south-

central Asia

Disease in Women

Prior to 1940 malefemale ratio - 101

1980s ratio 31

Reason tobacco use among women in early

decades of the century

Habits have stabilized ndash malefemale

incidence normalized

Tobacco Use

1956 Wynder et al HampN Ca 10-fold

increase among smokers

Most studies 5-fold to 25-fold increase

intensity and duration of tobacco

consumption

80-90 of HampN Ca patients use tobacco

Alcohol

Odds ratio increases 3- to 15-fold for HampN

Ca after adjusting for tobacco use with

consumption of alcohol

Multiplicative effect with tobacco and

alcohol

Location of cancer ndash oral

pharyngeal(topical mechanism)

Alcohol

Promotional effects independent of

initiation

-prostaglandin synthesis lipid peroxidation

free radical oxygen enhance cell turnover

Enhances cell permeability

Defective repair mechanisms

Depressed immunity

Dz

RISK FACTORS (RF)

1 RF

2 RF

3 RF

4 RF

The concept of

TUMOR

local

regional

systemic

local T

N

M

INFECTION PAIN

INFECTION NEOPLASM

CERVICAL LYMPH NODE ENLARGEMENT

bullbacterial

bullviral (local systemic)

bullfungal

bullpostinfect fibrosed node

bulllt 40 yrs lymphoma

bullgt 40 yrs metastatic SCC

OTHERS

bullleukemia

bullconnective tissue diseases (eg lupus)

bullsarcoidosis

Importance of early diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma

60

stage III amp IV

23 recurrence lt 2 yrs

lt 13 survive 3 yrs

40

stage I amp II

80-90 cure

Second primary tumor in successfully treated patients within 5-7

years up to 40 Follow-up important

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Mortality (8000) deaths per year

Mortality by Site

Tongue 432

Salivary 130

Floor of mouth 950

Lip 24

Other 319

Premalignant Lesions

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Erythroplasia

Carcinoma in situ

Verrucous Leukoplakia

Tobacco patch keratosis

Actinic cheilosis

Mouth wash (Viadent) dysplasia

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Defined as a red patch that can not be

clinically or pathologically diagnosed as any

other condition

Almost all erythroleukoplakia demonstrate

dysplasia or CIS

Etiology is similar to oral SCC

May occur in conjunction with leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Risk of malignant transformation in

erythroleukoplakia about 4x greater than

homogenous leukoplakia

Predominately disease of older men with peak

prevalence of 65 to 74 years

Floor of mouth tongue and soft palate are

most common sites of involvement

Erythroplakia

The Management of Head and

Neck Cancer

Major advances

Conservative or partial resections

Micro vascular free-tissue transfer in

reconstruction

Better definition of the roles of chemotherapy

and radiotherapy

Despite these advances the treatment of loco

regional recurrence remains a major challenge

success rates for salvage therapy are poor

Treatment

Surgery

Radiotherapy

Chemotherapy

Immunotherapy

at present the role of immunotherapy remains investigational

Chemotherapy

Several randomized and non-randomized trial have evaluated chemotherapy for the treatment of head and neck cancer

Various agents have been shown to produce a response

No agents either alone or in combination have demonstrated an improvement in survival

cisplatin and 5 - FU

Uses

Inoperable tumors

Salvage therapy for recurrent tumors

Treatment

The main treatment modalities for head and neck

cancer remain surgery and radiotherapy

Patient factors that merit consideration

Impact on the quality of life

Medical condition ndash ldquoco - morbiditiesrdquo

Patient preference

Treatment cost and convenience

Compliance

Treatment

Early stage disease (stage I and II) can be treated with either surgery or radiotherapy with equivalent control rates

Small lesions of the oral cavity wide local excision is preferred over radiotherapy

Radiotherapy can be delivered to a site generally only once

Reserve this modality for less operable lesions

Treatment Combined Modality

Surgery and RadiotherapyIndications for post operative radiotherapy

Primary Tumor

Advance T stage

High histologic grade

Positive surgical resection margins

Lymphatic permeation

Vascular invasion

Perineural spread

Radiotherapy

Daily dose of 180 cGy to 200 cGy

5000 cGy over a five week period

T1 ndash 6000 to 6600 cGy

T2 - 6600 to 7000 cGy

T3T4 - gt 7000 cGy

ldquoshrinking field techniquerdquo

hyperfractionation technique 200 cGy per day for 25 days followed by 400 cGy per day for 5 days

D

Desquamative gingivitis is a clinical term to describe red painful glazed and friable gingivae which may be a manifestation of some mucocutaneous conditions such as lichen planus or the vesiculobullous disorders

Clinical features of desquamative

gingivitis

Fiery red friable gingiva

Painful desquamates easily

Buccal aspect of anterior attached gingiva

affected

Marginal gingiva spared

Not significantly improved by oral hygiene

measures alone

Differential Diagnosis Erosive Lichen Planus

Immune-mediated blistering diseases

Intra-epithelial

Pemphigus

Subepithelial

Pemphigoid

Linear IgA disease

Dermatitis herpetiformis

Epidermolysis bullosa

Erythema multiforme

Treatment Topical Corticosteroids Recurrent aphthous ulcers

bull Oral manifestations of Behccedilets disease Reiters syndrome acute

vulvar ulcer MAGIC syndrome PFAPA syndrome ulcerative colitis

Crohns disease Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome Sweets

syndrome among others

bull Drug-induced ulcerations mediated by an immune mechanism

bull Lichen planus

bull Cicatricial pemphigoid

bull Mucous membrane pemphigoid

bull Bullous pemphigoid

bull Erythema multiforme

bull Linear IgA dermatosis

bull Pemphigus vulgaris

Topicals Temovate cream 005 Clobetasol propionate

Halog cream 01 Halcinonide

Lidex cream 005 Fluocinonide

Topicort cream 025 Desoximethasone

Lidex gel 005 Fluocinonide

Aristocort cream H-P 05 Triamcinolone acetinode

Diprosone cream 005 Betamethasone dipropionate

Florone cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Maxiflor cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Synalar cream H-P 02 Fluocinolone acetonide

Topicals Tropicort-LP cream 005 Desoxymethasone

Benisone cream 0025 Betamethasone benzoate

Cordran cream 0025 Flurandenolide

Kenalog cream 01 Triamcinolone acetonide

Locoid cream 01 Hydrocortisone butyrate

Synalar cream 0025 Fluocinolone acetonide

Valisone cream 01 Betamethasone valerate

Tridesilon cream 005 Desonide

Locorten cream 003 Flumetasone pivalate

1 Hydrocortisone

Topical Corticosteroids

Used to treat oral lesions

Clobetasol (Temovate) -- Suppresses mitosis and increases synthesis of proteins that decrease inflammation and cause vasoconstriction Class I superpotent topical steroid useful in treating oral lesions Topical corticosteroids commonly are used intraorally for oral manifestations of autoimmune blistering skin diseases Since these diseases are chronic inflammatory in nature topical corticosteroids are very useful as an adjunct treatment Patients with disease confined to the gingiva should see a dentist to have a custom-made soft tray to carry the medication

H

How does herpes simplex develop

overexposure to sunlight

overexposure to wind

colds influenza and similar infections

heavy alcohol use

fever from any cause

the menstrual period

physical stress

emotional stress

Symptoms

Primary (Initial) HSV I Fever

Adenopathy

Ulcers deep in mouth

Secondary (Later) HSV I (Recurrent labial lesions) Fever Blisters form on outer vermillion border

Cold Sores form on inner lip Initial Vesicle

Next Crust

Last Healing in 10-14 days

Differential Diagnosis

Differs from Aphthous Ulcers in that

Found on keratinized (bound-down) intraoral

mucosa

Vesicles rupture into coalescing ulcers

HSV lesions are anterior compared with

Herpangina

Hand Foot and Mouth Disease

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Oral acyclovir (Zovirax) or the recently

developed drugs valacyclovir (Valtrex) or

famciclovir (Famvir) lessen the symptoms

and frequency of fever blister recurrences for

some patients These drugs prevent HSV from

multiplying and are effective when taken in

pill form prior to an outbreak of the virus

Systemic Antivirals

Acyclovir

Dose 15 mgkg (max 200 mg) PO 5xday for 7 days

Shortens first HSV infection by 6 days in children

Famciclovir

Shortens healing time by 2 days in UV-induced cases

Spruance (1999) J Infect Dis 179303-10

Valacyclovir (FDA approved for age 12 and older)

Adult dose 2 g PO bid for one day

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Topical antiviral creams containing acyclovir

(Zovirax) or penciclovir (Denavir) may also

help in limiting the extent or duration of

lesions if applied promptly to affected areas

Topical Treatments

Penciclovir (Denavir) heals HSV-1 sores on average about half a day faster than without treatment stops viral shedding and reduces the duration of the pain Ideally the patient should apply the cream within the first hour of symptoms although benefits have also been noted with later application It is continued for four consecutive days and should be reapplied every two hours while awake

Docosanol cream (Abreva) is an over-the-counter agent for oral-facial herpes It helps resist infection by inhibiting the ability of the virus to become fully active after it has attached itself to the host cell It is applied five times a day beginning at the first sign of tingling or pain Studies have been mixed on it benefits

Topical Treatments

Acyclovir cream (Zovirax) has been approved It may speed healing of oral herpes lesions and lessen the duration of pain particularly if it is applied early on (at the first sign of pain or tingling)

Lidex is a gel that contains a fluocinonide as corticosteroid Corticosteroids commonly called steroids are anti-inflammatory agents and not ordinarily used for herpes Some evidence suggests it may be effective in combination with oral famciclovir

Topical Treatments

Over-the-counter topical anesthetics may provide

modest relief They include Anbesol gel Blistex lip

ointment Campho-phenique Herpecin-L

Viractin and Zilactin In one study Viractin

reduced the duration of the attack compared to

placebo by two days It also relieved itching but had

little effect on other symptoms In general however

few studies have been conducted on any of these

products

X

Xerostomia

Xerostomia is not a disease but can be a symptom

of certain diseases It can produce serious

negative effects on the patients quality of life

affecting dietary habits nutritional status

speech taste tolerance to dental prosthesis and

increases susceptibility to dental caries The

increase in dental caries can be devastating in

many patients and therefore special care must be

made to control this condition

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Medications - Several hundred current medications

can cause xerostomia antihypertensives

antidepressants analgesics tranquilizers diuretics

and antihistamines c

-Cancer Therapy - Chemotherapeutic drugs can

change the flow and composition of the saliva

Radiation treatment that is focused on or near the

salivary gland can temporarily or permanently

damage the salivary glands

-Sjogrens syndrome - An autoimmune disease causes

xerostomia and dry eyes

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Other conditions -such as bone marrow transplants endocrine disorders stress anxiety depression and nutritional deficiencies may cause xerostomia

-Nerve Damage - Trauma to the head and neck area from surgery or wounds can damage the nerves that supply sensation to the mouth While the salivary glands may be left intact they cannot function normally without the nerves that signal them to produce saliva

Treatment

Identify the xerostomic condition and the

cause Some of the causes may be

ameliorated and this will aid therapy But

in many situations it will be difficult to

eliminate the causes Thus it will be

necessary for the Dentist to control the

results of xerostomia This is especially

true about the increase in dental caries

Treatment -pilocarpine (Salagen) 5mg qid prescription required

-special food preparation - blended and moist foods are easier to swallow

artificial saliva (available over-the-counter)

-sipping plain water is usually preferred over artificial saliva by most patients

-Biotene brand over-the-counter dry mouth products (toothpaste alcohol- free mouth rinse and Oralbalance lubricating gel)

-avoidance of alcohol-based mouth rinses

-use of water and glycerin mixed in a small aerosol spray bottle

RX

Contains sorbitol sodium

carboxymethlcellulose and

methylparaben in a

pleasantly flavored

solution

120 mL (406 fl oz)

Z

Treatment

Acyclovir (Zovirax)dagger800 mg orally five times

daily for 7 to 10 days

10 mg per kg IV every 8 hours for 7 to 10

daysDagger

$174 to 248 (129 to 200)

Famciclovir (Famvir)dagger500 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$140

Treatment

Valacyclovir (Valtrex)dagger1000 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$84

Prednisone (Deltasone)30 mg orally twice

daily on days 1 through 7 then 15 mg twice

daily on days 8 through 14 then 75 mg twice

daily on days 15 through 21

Treatment

Lotions containing calamine (eg Caladryl)

may be used on open lesions to reduce pain

and pruritus

Once the lesions have crusted over capsaicin

cream (Zostrix) may be applied

Topically administered lidocaine (Xylocaine)

and nerve blocks have also been reported to

be effective in reducing pain

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Amitriptyline (Elavil) -- By inhibiting reuptake of serotonin andor norepinephrine by presynaptic neuronal membrane may increase synaptic concentration in CNS Useful as analgesic for certain types of chronic and neuropathic pain

Adult DoseEarly in course of HZ 25 mgd PO hs to prevent PHNAfter PHN develops 30-100 mg PO qhs

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Capsaicin cream (Dolorac Capsin Zostrix) --Natural chemical derived from plants of Solanaceae family By depleting and preventing reaccumulation of substance P in peripheral sensory neurons may render skin and joints insensitive to pain Substance P thought to be chemomediator of pain transmission from periphery to CNS

Adult DoseCream Apply to skin tidqid for 3-4 consecutive wk and evaluate efficacy not to exceed 4 applicationsd

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Lidocaine (DermaFlex gel Lidoderm 5 patch) --Several recent studies have advocated topical administration of lidocaine as treatment of PHN Lidocaine gel (5) in placebo-controlled study showed significant relief in 23 patients studied Lidocaine tape also decreases severity of pain

Adult DoseGel (5) Apply to affected area prnPatch (5) Apply to most painful area up to 3 patches per application patch may remain in place for up to 12 h in any 24 h period

Postherpetic Neuralgia Gabapentin (Neurontin) -- This medication has been

approved by the FDA for the treatment of PHN Has properties common to other anticonvulsants and antineuralgic effects Exact mechanism of action is not known Structurally gabapentin is related to GABA but it does not interact with GABA receptors Believed to have a binding site at the alpha 2-delta protein an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gaited calcium channels In the rat brain binding is localized on neuronal dendritic areas Relevance of these observations to treatment of PHN is not known

Adult Dose100 mg PO tid titrate dose prn recommended dose is 900-1800 mg PO qd not to exceed 900 mg PO qid

Treatments

Potentially efficacious medicines include

tricyclic antidepressants (like amitriptyline -brand name Elavil)

benzodiazepines (like clonazepam - brand name Klonopin or

chlordiazepoxide brand name - Librium)

even anticonvulsants have proven effective in some cases

BMS Treatment

Tricyclic antidepressants

Amitriptyline (Elavil)10 to 150 mg per day

10 mg at bedtime increase dosage by 10 mg

every 4 to 7 days until oral burning is relieved

or side effects occur

BMS Treatment

Benzodiazepines

Clonazepam (Klonopin)025 to 2 mg per

day025 mg at bedtime increase dosage by

025 mg every 4 to 7 days until oral burning is

relieved or side effects occur as dosage

increases medication is taken as full dose or

in three divided doses

BMS Treatment

Anticonvulsants

Gabapentin (Neurontin) 300 to 1600 mg per

day100 mg at bedtime increase dosage by

100 mg every 4 to 7 days until oral burning is

relieved or side effects occur as dosage

increases medication is taken in three divided

doses

C

Candidiasis

Oral thrush and other Candida infections

occur when your immune system is

weakened by disease or drugs such as

prednisone or when antibiotics disturb the

natural balance of microorganisms in the

body

Predisposing factors for infection

Infancy or old age

Serious underlying disease such as cancer or infection with HIV

Dry mouth due to disease of the salivary glands or medications eg antihistamines diuretics

Dentures (especially if they are not regularly cleaned or fit badly)

Predisposing factors for infection

Smoking

Injury to the mouth

Nutritional deficiency eg iron ampor B-vitamin deficiency

Inhaled corticosteroids used to treat asthma eg beclometasone budesonide fluticasone Drink water after inhalation to reduce this complication

Clinical features

Acute pseudomembranous candidiasis There are

white patches on gums tongue amp inside the mouth

that can be peeled off leaving a raw area

Acute atrophic candidiasis There are smooth red

shiny patches on the tongue The mouth is very sore

Chronic atrophic candidiasis This is common in

those with dentures The underlying mucosa is red

and swollen

Clinical features

Angular cheilitis There are sore red splits at each side of the mouth more likely if there is overhang of the upper lip over the lower lip causing a moist deep furrow Angular cheilitis due to candida andor Staphylococcus aureus arises frequently in those taking the medication isotretinoin for acne this medication dries the lips

Chronic hyperplastic candidiasis This is a type of oral leukoplakia (white patch) inside the cheeks or on the tongue with persistent nodules or lumps It usually affects smokers and is pre-malignant Red patches (erythroplakia) as well as white patches may indicate malignant change

Clinical features

Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis presents

as a chronic pseudomembranous infection

The skin and nails are also affected

Median rhomboid glossitis - there is diamond-

shaped inflammation at the back of the

tongue

Severe infections may extend down the throat

(esophageal infection)

Rationale for Treatment Topical vs

Systemic Drugs

Topical antifungals are usually the drug of

choice for uncomplicated localized

candidiasis in patients with normal immune

function

Systemic antifungals are usually indicated in

cases of disseminated disease andor in

immunocompromised patients

Suggested Medications for the

Treatment of Candidiasis

Rx

Clotrimazole troches 10 mg

Disp 70 troches

Sig Let 1 troche dissolve in mouth 5 times

per day for 14 days Do not chew NPO 12

hour

Suggested Systemic Medications for

the Treatment of Candidiasis Rx

Ketoconazole tablets 200 mgDisp 14 tabletsSig Take 1 tab qd with a meal or orange juice for 14 days

RxFluconazole tablets 100 mgDisp 15 tabletsSig Take 2 tablets stat then 1 tablet qd for 14 days

RxItraconazole tablets 100 mgDisp 28 tabletsSig Take 1 tablet bid with a meal or orange juice for 14 days

CA

Head and Neck Cancer

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Intraoral Melanoma

Lymphoma

Intraoral Melanoma

The five year survival rate for oral melanoma

is less than 20 as compared to 75 for

Cutaneous melanomas The average time of

first local recurrence for oral melanoma is less

than one year and metastatic disease is usually

diagnosed within three months of the

recurrence The average survival rate after

metastasis is typically less than 6 months

Extranodal Lymphoma

Extranodal lymphomas usually develop as a

rapidly growing mass of the palate or

posterior tongue (area of Waldeyerrsquos ring)

Pain may or may not be a presenting sign

Clinically the lesion may present as an

erythematous mass with a boggy consistency

The average survival rate for AIDS patients

with an intraoral lymphoma is eight months

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Second primary ndash field cancerization

Incidence amp Mortality HampN Ca

41000 new cases annually

13000 affected will die of disease

Rates constant over last 20yrs

lt 5 of neoplasias US

Highest incidence southeastern amp south-

central Asia

Disease in Women

Prior to 1940 malefemale ratio - 101

1980s ratio 31

Reason tobacco use among women in early

decades of the century

Habits have stabilized ndash malefemale

incidence normalized

Tobacco Use

1956 Wynder et al HampN Ca 10-fold

increase among smokers

Most studies 5-fold to 25-fold increase

intensity and duration of tobacco

consumption

80-90 of HampN Ca patients use tobacco

Alcohol

Odds ratio increases 3- to 15-fold for HampN

Ca after adjusting for tobacco use with

consumption of alcohol

Multiplicative effect with tobacco and

alcohol

Location of cancer ndash oral

pharyngeal(topical mechanism)

Alcohol

Promotional effects independent of

initiation

-prostaglandin synthesis lipid peroxidation

free radical oxygen enhance cell turnover

Enhances cell permeability

Defective repair mechanisms

Depressed immunity

Dz

RISK FACTORS (RF)

1 RF

2 RF

3 RF

4 RF

The concept of

TUMOR

local

regional

systemic

local T

N

M

INFECTION PAIN

INFECTION NEOPLASM

CERVICAL LYMPH NODE ENLARGEMENT

bullbacterial

bullviral (local systemic)

bullfungal

bullpostinfect fibrosed node

bulllt 40 yrs lymphoma

bullgt 40 yrs metastatic SCC

OTHERS

bullleukemia

bullconnective tissue diseases (eg lupus)

bullsarcoidosis

Importance of early diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma

60

stage III amp IV

23 recurrence lt 2 yrs

lt 13 survive 3 yrs

40

stage I amp II

80-90 cure

Second primary tumor in successfully treated patients within 5-7

years up to 40 Follow-up important

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Mortality (8000) deaths per year

Mortality by Site

Tongue 432

Salivary 130

Floor of mouth 950

Lip 24

Other 319

Premalignant Lesions

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Erythroplasia

Carcinoma in situ

Verrucous Leukoplakia

Tobacco patch keratosis

Actinic cheilosis

Mouth wash (Viadent) dysplasia

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Defined as a red patch that can not be

clinically or pathologically diagnosed as any

other condition

Almost all erythroleukoplakia demonstrate

dysplasia or CIS

Etiology is similar to oral SCC

May occur in conjunction with leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Risk of malignant transformation in

erythroleukoplakia about 4x greater than

homogenous leukoplakia

Predominately disease of older men with peak

prevalence of 65 to 74 years

Floor of mouth tongue and soft palate are

most common sites of involvement

Erythroplakia

The Management of Head and

Neck Cancer

Major advances

Conservative or partial resections

Micro vascular free-tissue transfer in

reconstruction

Better definition of the roles of chemotherapy

and radiotherapy

Despite these advances the treatment of loco

regional recurrence remains a major challenge

success rates for salvage therapy are poor

Treatment

Surgery

Radiotherapy

Chemotherapy

Immunotherapy

at present the role of immunotherapy remains investigational

Chemotherapy

Several randomized and non-randomized trial have evaluated chemotherapy for the treatment of head and neck cancer

Various agents have been shown to produce a response

No agents either alone or in combination have demonstrated an improvement in survival

cisplatin and 5 - FU

Uses

Inoperable tumors

Salvage therapy for recurrent tumors

Treatment

The main treatment modalities for head and neck

cancer remain surgery and radiotherapy

Patient factors that merit consideration

Impact on the quality of life

Medical condition ndash ldquoco - morbiditiesrdquo

Patient preference

Treatment cost and convenience

Compliance

Treatment

Early stage disease (stage I and II) can be treated with either surgery or radiotherapy with equivalent control rates

Small lesions of the oral cavity wide local excision is preferred over radiotherapy

Radiotherapy can be delivered to a site generally only once

Reserve this modality for less operable lesions

Treatment Combined Modality

Surgery and RadiotherapyIndications for post operative radiotherapy

Primary Tumor

Advance T stage

High histologic grade

Positive surgical resection margins

Lymphatic permeation

Vascular invasion

Perineural spread

Radiotherapy

Daily dose of 180 cGy to 200 cGy

5000 cGy over a five week period

T1 ndash 6000 to 6600 cGy

T2 - 6600 to 7000 cGy

T3T4 - gt 7000 cGy

ldquoshrinking field techniquerdquo

hyperfractionation technique 200 cGy per day for 25 days followed by 400 cGy per day for 5 days

D

Desquamative gingivitis is a clinical term to describe red painful glazed and friable gingivae which may be a manifestation of some mucocutaneous conditions such as lichen planus or the vesiculobullous disorders

Clinical features of desquamative

gingivitis

Fiery red friable gingiva

Painful desquamates easily

Buccal aspect of anterior attached gingiva

affected

Marginal gingiva spared

Not significantly improved by oral hygiene

measures alone

Differential Diagnosis Erosive Lichen Planus

Immune-mediated blistering diseases

Intra-epithelial

Pemphigus

Subepithelial

Pemphigoid

Linear IgA disease

Dermatitis herpetiformis

Epidermolysis bullosa

Erythema multiforme

Treatment Topical Corticosteroids Recurrent aphthous ulcers

bull Oral manifestations of Behccedilets disease Reiters syndrome acute

vulvar ulcer MAGIC syndrome PFAPA syndrome ulcerative colitis

Crohns disease Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome Sweets

syndrome among others

bull Drug-induced ulcerations mediated by an immune mechanism

bull Lichen planus

bull Cicatricial pemphigoid

bull Mucous membrane pemphigoid

bull Bullous pemphigoid

bull Erythema multiforme

bull Linear IgA dermatosis

bull Pemphigus vulgaris

Topicals Temovate cream 005 Clobetasol propionate

Halog cream 01 Halcinonide

Lidex cream 005 Fluocinonide

Topicort cream 025 Desoximethasone

Lidex gel 005 Fluocinonide

Aristocort cream H-P 05 Triamcinolone acetinode

Diprosone cream 005 Betamethasone dipropionate

Florone cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Maxiflor cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Synalar cream H-P 02 Fluocinolone acetonide

Topicals Tropicort-LP cream 005 Desoxymethasone

Benisone cream 0025 Betamethasone benzoate

Cordran cream 0025 Flurandenolide

Kenalog cream 01 Triamcinolone acetonide

Locoid cream 01 Hydrocortisone butyrate

Synalar cream 0025 Fluocinolone acetonide

Valisone cream 01 Betamethasone valerate

Tridesilon cream 005 Desonide

Locorten cream 003 Flumetasone pivalate

1 Hydrocortisone

Topical Corticosteroids

Used to treat oral lesions

Clobetasol (Temovate) -- Suppresses mitosis and increases synthesis of proteins that decrease inflammation and cause vasoconstriction Class I superpotent topical steroid useful in treating oral lesions Topical corticosteroids commonly are used intraorally for oral manifestations of autoimmune blistering skin diseases Since these diseases are chronic inflammatory in nature topical corticosteroids are very useful as an adjunct treatment Patients with disease confined to the gingiva should see a dentist to have a custom-made soft tray to carry the medication

H

How does herpes simplex develop

overexposure to sunlight

overexposure to wind

colds influenza and similar infections

heavy alcohol use

fever from any cause

the menstrual period

physical stress

emotional stress

Symptoms

Primary (Initial) HSV I Fever

Adenopathy

Ulcers deep in mouth

Secondary (Later) HSV I (Recurrent labial lesions) Fever Blisters form on outer vermillion border

Cold Sores form on inner lip Initial Vesicle

Next Crust

Last Healing in 10-14 days

Differential Diagnosis

Differs from Aphthous Ulcers in that

Found on keratinized (bound-down) intraoral

mucosa

Vesicles rupture into coalescing ulcers

HSV lesions are anterior compared with

Herpangina

Hand Foot and Mouth Disease

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Oral acyclovir (Zovirax) or the recently

developed drugs valacyclovir (Valtrex) or

famciclovir (Famvir) lessen the symptoms

and frequency of fever blister recurrences for

some patients These drugs prevent HSV from

multiplying and are effective when taken in

pill form prior to an outbreak of the virus

Systemic Antivirals

Acyclovir

Dose 15 mgkg (max 200 mg) PO 5xday for 7 days

Shortens first HSV infection by 6 days in children

Famciclovir

Shortens healing time by 2 days in UV-induced cases

Spruance (1999) J Infect Dis 179303-10

Valacyclovir (FDA approved for age 12 and older)

Adult dose 2 g PO bid for one day

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Topical antiviral creams containing acyclovir

(Zovirax) or penciclovir (Denavir) may also

help in limiting the extent or duration of

lesions if applied promptly to affected areas

Topical Treatments

Penciclovir (Denavir) heals HSV-1 sores on average about half a day faster than without treatment stops viral shedding and reduces the duration of the pain Ideally the patient should apply the cream within the first hour of symptoms although benefits have also been noted with later application It is continued for four consecutive days and should be reapplied every two hours while awake

Docosanol cream (Abreva) is an over-the-counter agent for oral-facial herpes It helps resist infection by inhibiting the ability of the virus to become fully active after it has attached itself to the host cell It is applied five times a day beginning at the first sign of tingling or pain Studies have been mixed on it benefits

Topical Treatments

Acyclovir cream (Zovirax) has been approved It may speed healing of oral herpes lesions and lessen the duration of pain particularly if it is applied early on (at the first sign of pain or tingling)

Lidex is a gel that contains a fluocinonide as corticosteroid Corticosteroids commonly called steroids are anti-inflammatory agents and not ordinarily used for herpes Some evidence suggests it may be effective in combination with oral famciclovir

Topical Treatments

Over-the-counter topical anesthetics may provide

modest relief They include Anbesol gel Blistex lip

ointment Campho-phenique Herpecin-L

Viractin and Zilactin In one study Viractin

reduced the duration of the attack compared to

placebo by two days It also relieved itching but had

little effect on other symptoms In general however

few studies have been conducted on any of these

products

X

Xerostomia

Xerostomia is not a disease but can be a symptom

of certain diseases It can produce serious

negative effects on the patients quality of life

affecting dietary habits nutritional status

speech taste tolerance to dental prosthesis and

increases susceptibility to dental caries The

increase in dental caries can be devastating in

many patients and therefore special care must be

made to control this condition

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Medications - Several hundred current medications

can cause xerostomia antihypertensives

antidepressants analgesics tranquilizers diuretics

and antihistamines c

-Cancer Therapy - Chemotherapeutic drugs can

change the flow and composition of the saliva

Radiation treatment that is focused on or near the

salivary gland can temporarily or permanently

damage the salivary glands

-Sjogrens syndrome - An autoimmune disease causes

xerostomia and dry eyes

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Other conditions -such as bone marrow transplants endocrine disorders stress anxiety depression and nutritional deficiencies may cause xerostomia

-Nerve Damage - Trauma to the head and neck area from surgery or wounds can damage the nerves that supply sensation to the mouth While the salivary glands may be left intact they cannot function normally without the nerves that signal them to produce saliva

Treatment

Identify the xerostomic condition and the

cause Some of the causes may be

ameliorated and this will aid therapy But

in many situations it will be difficult to

eliminate the causes Thus it will be

necessary for the Dentist to control the

results of xerostomia This is especially

true about the increase in dental caries

Treatment -pilocarpine (Salagen) 5mg qid prescription required

-special food preparation - blended and moist foods are easier to swallow

artificial saliva (available over-the-counter)

-sipping plain water is usually preferred over artificial saliva by most patients

-Biotene brand over-the-counter dry mouth products (toothpaste alcohol- free mouth rinse and Oralbalance lubricating gel)

-avoidance of alcohol-based mouth rinses

-use of water and glycerin mixed in a small aerosol spray bottle

RX

Contains sorbitol sodium

carboxymethlcellulose and

methylparaben in a

pleasantly flavored

solution

120 mL (406 fl oz)

Z

Treatment

Acyclovir (Zovirax)dagger800 mg orally five times

daily for 7 to 10 days

10 mg per kg IV every 8 hours for 7 to 10

daysDagger

$174 to 248 (129 to 200)

Famciclovir (Famvir)dagger500 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$140

Treatment

Valacyclovir (Valtrex)dagger1000 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$84

Prednisone (Deltasone)30 mg orally twice

daily on days 1 through 7 then 15 mg twice

daily on days 8 through 14 then 75 mg twice

daily on days 15 through 21

Treatment

Lotions containing calamine (eg Caladryl)

may be used on open lesions to reduce pain

and pruritus

Once the lesions have crusted over capsaicin

cream (Zostrix) may be applied

Topically administered lidocaine (Xylocaine)

and nerve blocks have also been reported to

be effective in reducing pain

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Amitriptyline (Elavil) -- By inhibiting reuptake of serotonin andor norepinephrine by presynaptic neuronal membrane may increase synaptic concentration in CNS Useful as analgesic for certain types of chronic and neuropathic pain

Adult DoseEarly in course of HZ 25 mgd PO hs to prevent PHNAfter PHN develops 30-100 mg PO qhs

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Capsaicin cream (Dolorac Capsin Zostrix) --Natural chemical derived from plants of Solanaceae family By depleting and preventing reaccumulation of substance P in peripheral sensory neurons may render skin and joints insensitive to pain Substance P thought to be chemomediator of pain transmission from periphery to CNS

Adult DoseCream Apply to skin tidqid for 3-4 consecutive wk and evaluate efficacy not to exceed 4 applicationsd

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Lidocaine (DermaFlex gel Lidoderm 5 patch) --Several recent studies have advocated topical administration of lidocaine as treatment of PHN Lidocaine gel (5) in placebo-controlled study showed significant relief in 23 patients studied Lidocaine tape also decreases severity of pain

Adult DoseGel (5) Apply to affected area prnPatch (5) Apply to most painful area up to 3 patches per application patch may remain in place for up to 12 h in any 24 h period

Postherpetic Neuralgia Gabapentin (Neurontin) -- This medication has been

approved by the FDA for the treatment of PHN Has properties common to other anticonvulsants and antineuralgic effects Exact mechanism of action is not known Structurally gabapentin is related to GABA but it does not interact with GABA receptors Believed to have a binding site at the alpha 2-delta protein an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gaited calcium channels In the rat brain binding is localized on neuronal dendritic areas Relevance of these observations to treatment of PHN is not known

Adult Dose100 mg PO tid titrate dose prn recommended dose is 900-1800 mg PO qd not to exceed 900 mg PO qid

BMS Treatment

Tricyclic antidepressants

Amitriptyline (Elavil)10 to 150 mg per day

10 mg at bedtime increase dosage by 10 mg

every 4 to 7 days until oral burning is relieved

or side effects occur

BMS Treatment

Benzodiazepines

Clonazepam (Klonopin)025 to 2 mg per

day025 mg at bedtime increase dosage by

025 mg every 4 to 7 days until oral burning is

relieved or side effects occur as dosage

increases medication is taken as full dose or

in three divided doses

BMS Treatment

Anticonvulsants

Gabapentin (Neurontin) 300 to 1600 mg per

day100 mg at bedtime increase dosage by

100 mg every 4 to 7 days until oral burning is

relieved or side effects occur as dosage

increases medication is taken in three divided

doses

C

Candidiasis

Oral thrush and other Candida infections

occur when your immune system is

weakened by disease or drugs such as

prednisone or when antibiotics disturb the

natural balance of microorganisms in the

body

Predisposing factors for infection

Infancy or old age

Serious underlying disease such as cancer or infection with HIV

Dry mouth due to disease of the salivary glands or medications eg antihistamines diuretics

Dentures (especially if they are not regularly cleaned or fit badly)

Predisposing factors for infection

Smoking

Injury to the mouth

Nutritional deficiency eg iron ampor B-vitamin deficiency

Inhaled corticosteroids used to treat asthma eg beclometasone budesonide fluticasone Drink water after inhalation to reduce this complication

Clinical features

Acute pseudomembranous candidiasis There are

white patches on gums tongue amp inside the mouth

that can be peeled off leaving a raw area

Acute atrophic candidiasis There are smooth red

shiny patches on the tongue The mouth is very sore

Chronic atrophic candidiasis This is common in

those with dentures The underlying mucosa is red

and swollen

Clinical features

Angular cheilitis There are sore red splits at each side of the mouth more likely if there is overhang of the upper lip over the lower lip causing a moist deep furrow Angular cheilitis due to candida andor Staphylococcus aureus arises frequently in those taking the medication isotretinoin for acne this medication dries the lips

Chronic hyperplastic candidiasis This is a type of oral leukoplakia (white patch) inside the cheeks or on the tongue with persistent nodules or lumps It usually affects smokers and is pre-malignant Red patches (erythroplakia) as well as white patches may indicate malignant change

Clinical features

Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis presents

as a chronic pseudomembranous infection

The skin and nails are also affected

Median rhomboid glossitis - there is diamond-

shaped inflammation at the back of the

tongue

Severe infections may extend down the throat

(esophageal infection)

Rationale for Treatment Topical vs

Systemic Drugs

Topical antifungals are usually the drug of

choice for uncomplicated localized

candidiasis in patients with normal immune

function

Systemic antifungals are usually indicated in

cases of disseminated disease andor in

immunocompromised patients

Suggested Medications for the

Treatment of Candidiasis

Rx

Clotrimazole troches 10 mg

Disp 70 troches

Sig Let 1 troche dissolve in mouth 5 times

per day for 14 days Do not chew NPO 12

hour

Suggested Systemic Medications for

the Treatment of Candidiasis Rx

Ketoconazole tablets 200 mgDisp 14 tabletsSig Take 1 tab qd with a meal or orange juice for 14 days

RxFluconazole tablets 100 mgDisp 15 tabletsSig Take 2 tablets stat then 1 tablet qd for 14 days

RxItraconazole tablets 100 mgDisp 28 tabletsSig Take 1 tablet bid with a meal or orange juice for 14 days

CA

Head and Neck Cancer

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Intraoral Melanoma

Lymphoma

Intraoral Melanoma

The five year survival rate for oral melanoma

is less than 20 as compared to 75 for

Cutaneous melanomas The average time of

first local recurrence for oral melanoma is less

than one year and metastatic disease is usually

diagnosed within three months of the

recurrence The average survival rate after

metastasis is typically less than 6 months

Extranodal Lymphoma

Extranodal lymphomas usually develop as a

rapidly growing mass of the palate or

posterior tongue (area of Waldeyerrsquos ring)

Pain may or may not be a presenting sign

Clinically the lesion may present as an

erythematous mass with a boggy consistency

The average survival rate for AIDS patients

with an intraoral lymphoma is eight months

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Second primary ndash field cancerization

Incidence amp Mortality HampN Ca

41000 new cases annually

13000 affected will die of disease

Rates constant over last 20yrs

lt 5 of neoplasias US

Highest incidence southeastern amp south-

central Asia

Disease in Women

Prior to 1940 malefemale ratio - 101

1980s ratio 31

Reason tobacco use among women in early

decades of the century

Habits have stabilized ndash malefemale

incidence normalized

Tobacco Use

1956 Wynder et al HampN Ca 10-fold

increase among smokers

Most studies 5-fold to 25-fold increase

intensity and duration of tobacco

consumption

80-90 of HampN Ca patients use tobacco

Alcohol

Odds ratio increases 3- to 15-fold for HampN

Ca after adjusting for tobacco use with

consumption of alcohol

Multiplicative effect with tobacco and

alcohol

Location of cancer ndash oral

pharyngeal(topical mechanism)

Alcohol

Promotional effects independent of

initiation

-prostaglandin synthesis lipid peroxidation

free radical oxygen enhance cell turnover

Enhances cell permeability

Defective repair mechanisms

Depressed immunity

Dz

RISK FACTORS (RF)

1 RF

2 RF

3 RF

4 RF

The concept of

TUMOR

local

regional

systemic

local T

N

M

INFECTION PAIN

INFECTION NEOPLASM

CERVICAL LYMPH NODE ENLARGEMENT

bullbacterial

bullviral (local systemic)

bullfungal

bullpostinfect fibrosed node

bulllt 40 yrs lymphoma

bullgt 40 yrs metastatic SCC

OTHERS

bullleukemia

bullconnective tissue diseases (eg lupus)

bullsarcoidosis

Importance of early diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma

60

stage III amp IV

23 recurrence lt 2 yrs

lt 13 survive 3 yrs

40

stage I amp II

80-90 cure

Second primary tumor in successfully treated patients within 5-7

years up to 40 Follow-up important

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Mortality (8000) deaths per year

Mortality by Site

Tongue 432

Salivary 130

Floor of mouth 950

Lip 24

Other 319

Premalignant Lesions

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Erythroplasia

Carcinoma in situ

Verrucous Leukoplakia

Tobacco patch keratosis

Actinic cheilosis

Mouth wash (Viadent) dysplasia

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Defined as a red patch that can not be

clinically or pathologically diagnosed as any

other condition

Almost all erythroleukoplakia demonstrate

dysplasia or CIS

Etiology is similar to oral SCC

May occur in conjunction with leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Risk of malignant transformation in

erythroleukoplakia about 4x greater than

homogenous leukoplakia

Predominately disease of older men with peak

prevalence of 65 to 74 years

Floor of mouth tongue and soft palate are

most common sites of involvement

Erythroplakia

The Management of Head and

Neck Cancer

Major advances

Conservative or partial resections

Micro vascular free-tissue transfer in

reconstruction

Better definition of the roles of chemotherapy

and radiotherapy

Despite these advances the treatment of loco

regional recurrence remains a major challenge

success rates for salvage therapy are poor

Treatment

Surgery

Radiotherapy

Chemotherapy

Immunotherapy

at present the role of immunotherapy remains investigational

Chemotherapy

Several randomized and non-randomized trial have evaluated chemotherapy for the treatment of head and neck cancer

Various agents have been shown to produce a response

No agents either alone or in combination have demonstrated an improvement in survival

cisplatin and 5 - FU

Uses

Inoperable tumors

Salvage therapy for recurrent tumors

Treatment

The main treatment modalities for head and neck

cancer remain surgery and radiotherapy

Patient factors that merit consideration

Impact on the quality of life

Medical condition ndash ldquoco - morbiditiesrdquo

Patient preference

Treatment cost and convenience

Compliance

Treatment

Early stage disease (stage I and II) can be treated with either surgery or radiotherapy with equivalent control rates

Small lesions of the oral cavity wide local excision is preferred over radiotherapy

Radiotherapy can be delivered to a site generally only once

Reserve this modality for less operable lesions

Treatment Combined Modality

Surgery and RadiotherapyIndications for post operative radiotherapy

Primary Tumor

Advance T stage

High histologic grade

Positive surgical resection margins

Lymphatic permeation

Vascular invasion

Perineural spread

Radiotherapy

Daily dose of 180 cGy to 200 cGy

5000 cGy over a five week period

T1 ndash 6000 to 6600 cGy

T2 - 6600 to 7000 cGy

T3T4 - gt 7000 cGy

ldquoshrinking field techniquerdquo

hyperfractionation technique 200 cGy per day for 25 days followed by 400 cGy per day for 5 days

D

Desquamative gingivitis is a clinical term to describe red painful glazed and friable gingivae which may be a manifestation of some mucocutaneous conditions such as lichen planus or the vesiculobullous disorders

Clinical features of desquamative

gingivitis

Fiery red friable gingiva

Painful desquamates easily

Buccal aspect of anterior attached gingiva

affected

Marginal gingiva spared

Not significantly improved by oral hygiene

measures alone

Differential Diagnosis Erosive Lichen Planus

Immune-mediated blistering diseases

Intra-epithelial

Pemphigus

Subepithelial

Pemphigoid

Linear IgA disease

Dermatitis herpetiformis

Epidermolysis bullosa

Erythema multiforme

Treatment Topical Corticosteroids Recurrent aphthous ulcers

bull Oral manifestations of Behccedilets disease Reiters syndrome acute

vulvar ulcer MAGIC syndrome PFAPA syndrome ulcerative colitis

Crohns disease Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome Sweets

syndrome among others

bull Drug-induced ulcerations mediated by an immune mechanism

bull Lichen planus

bull Cicatricial pemphigoid

bull Mucous membrane pemphigoid

bull Bullous pemphigoid

bull Erythema multiforme

bull Linear IgA dermatosis

bull Pemphigus vulgaris

Topicals Temovate cream 005 Clobetasol propionate

Halog cream 01 Halcinonide

Lidex cream 005 Fluocinonide

Topicort cream 025 Desoximethasone

Lidex gel 005 Fluocinonide

Aristocort cream H-P 05 Triamcinolone acetinode

Diprosone cream 005 Betamethasone dipropionate

Florone cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Maxiflor cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Synalar cream H-P 02 Fluocinolone acetonide

Topicals Tropicort-LP cream 005 Desoxymethasone

Benisone cream 0025 Betamethasone benzoate

Cordran cream 0025 Flurandenolide

Kenalog cream 01 Triamcinolone acetonide

Locoid cream 01 Hydrocortisone butyrate

Synalar cream 0025 Fluocinolone acetonide

Valisone cream 01 Betamethasone valerate

Tridesilon cream 005 Desonide

Locorten cream 003 Flumetasone pivalate

1 Hydrocortisone

Topical Corticosteroids

Used to treat oral lesions

Clobetasol (Temovate) -- Suppresses mitosis and increases synthesis of proteins that decrease inflammation and cause vasoconstriction Class I superpotent topical steroid useful in treating oral lesions Topical corticosteroids commonly are used intraorally for oral manifestations of autoimmune blistering skin diseases Since these diseases are chronic inflammatory in nature topical corticosteroids are very useful as an adjunct treatment Patients with disease confined to the gingiva should see a dentist to have a custom-made soft tray to carry the medication

H

How does herpes simplex develop

overexposure to sunlight

overexposure to wind

colds influenza and similar infections

heavy alcohol use

fever from any cause

the menstrual period

physical stress

emotional stress

Symptoms

Primary (Initial) HSV I Fever

Adenopathy

Ulcers deep in mouth

Secondary (Later) HSV I (Recurrent labial lesions) Fever Blisters form on outer vermillion border

Cold Sores form on inner lip Initial Vesicle

Next Crust

Last Healing in 10-14 days

Differential Diagnosis

Differs from Aphthous Ulcers in that

Found on keratinized (bound-down) intraoral

mucosa

Vesicles rupture into coalescing ulcers

HSV lesions are anterior compared with

Herpangina

Hand Foot and Mouth Disease

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Oral acyclovir (Zovirax) or the recently

developed drugs valacyclovir (Valtrex) or

famciclovir (Famvir) lessen the symptoms

and frequency of fever blister recurrences for

some patients These drugs prevent HSV from

multiplying and are effective when taken in

pill form prior to an outbreak of the virus

Systemic Antivirals

Acyclovir

Dose 15 mgkg (max 200 mg) PO 5xday for 7 days

Shortens first HSV infection by 6 days in children

Famciclovir

Shortens healing time by 2 days in UV-induced cases

Spruance (1999) J Infect Dis 179303-10

Valacyclovir (FDA approved for age 12 and older)

Adult dose 2 g PO bid for one day

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Topical antiviral creams containing acyclovir

(Zovirax) or penciclovir (Denavir) may also

help in limiting the extent or duration of

lesions if applied promptly to affected areas

Topical Treatments

Penciclovir (Denavir) heals HSV-1 sores on average about half a day faster than without treatment stops viral shedding and reduces the duration of the pain Ideally the patient should apply the cream within the first hour of symptoms although benefits have also been noted with later application It is continued for four consecutive days and should be reapplied every two hours while awake

Docosanol cream (Abreva) is an over-the-counter agent for oral-facial herpes It helps resist infection by inhibiting the ability of the virus to become fully active after it has attached itself to the host cell It is applied five times a day beginning at the first sign of tingling or pain Studies have been mixed on it benefits

Topical Treatments

Acyclovir cream (Zovirax) has been approved It may speed healing of oral herpes lesions and lessen the duration of pain particularly if it is applied early on (at the first sign of pain or tingling)

Lidex is a gel that contains a fluocinonide as corticosteroid Corticosteroids commonly called steroids are anti-inflammatory agents and not ordinarily used for herpes Some evidence suggests it may be effective in combination with oral famciclovir

Topical Treatments

Over-the-counter topical anesthetics may provide

modest relief They include Anbesol gel Blistex lip

ointment Campho-phenique Herpecin-L

Viractin and Zilactin In one study Viractin

reduced the duration of the attack compared to

placebo by two days It also relieved itching but had

little effect on other symptoms In general however

few studies have been conducted on any of these

products

X

Xerostomia

Xerostomia is not a disease but can be a symptom

of certain diseases It can produce serious

negative effects on the patients quality of life

affecting dietary habits nutritional status

speech taste tolerance to dental prosthesis and

increases susceptibility to dental caries The

increase in dental caries can be devastating in

many patients and therefore special care must be

made to control this condition

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Medications - Several hundred current medications

can cause xerostomia antihypertensives

antidepressants analgesics tranquilizers diuretics

and antihistamines c

-Cancer Therapy - Chemotherapeutic drugs can

change the flow and composition of the saliva

Radiation treatment that is focused on or near the

salivary gland can temporarily or permanently

damage the salivary glands

-Sjogrens syndrome - An autoimmune disease causes

xerostomia and dry eyes

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Other conditions -such as bone marrow transplants endocrine disorders stress anxiety depression and nutritional deficiencies may cause xerostomia

-Nerve Damage - Trauma to the head and neck area from surgery or wounds can damage the nerves that supply sensation to the mouth While the salivary glands may be left intact they cannot function normally without the nerves that signal them to produce saliva

Treatment

Identify the xerostomic condition and the

cause Some of the causes may be

ameliorated and this will aid therapy But

in many situations it will be difficult to

eliminate the causes Thus it will be

necessary for the Dentist to control the

results of xerostomia This is especially

true about the increase in dental caries

Treatment -pilocarpine (Salagen) 5mg qid prescription required

-special food preparation - blended and moist foods are easier to swallow

artificial saliva (available over-the-counter)

-sipping plain water is usually preferred over artificial saliva by most patients

-Biotene brand over-the-counter dry mouth products (toothpaste alcohol- free mouth rinse and Oralbalance lubricating gel)

-avoidance of alcohol-based mouth rinses

-use of water and glycerin mixed in a small aerosol spray bottle

RX

Contains sorbitol sodium

carboxymethlcellulose and

methylparaben in a

pleasantly flavored

solution

120 mL (406 fl oz)

Z

Treatment

Acyclovir (Zovirax)dagger800 mg orally five times

daily for 7 to 10 days

10 mg per kg IV every 8 hours for 7 to 10

daysDagger

$174 to 248 (129 to 200)

Famciclovir (Famvir)dagger500 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$140

Treatment

Valacyclovir (Valtrex)dagger1000 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$84

Prednisone (Deltasone)30 mg orally twice

daily on days 1 through 7 then 15 mg twice

daily on days 8 through 14 then 75 mg twice

daily on days 15 through 21

Treatment

Lotions containing calamine (eg Caladryl)

may be used on open lesions to reduce pain

and pruritus

Once the lesions have crusted over capsaicin

cream (Zostrix) may be applied

Topically administered lidocaine (Xylocaine)

and nerve blocks have also been reported to

be effective in reducing pain

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Amitriptyline (Elavil) -- By inhibiting reuptake of serotonin andor norepinephrine by presynaptic neuronal membrane may increase synaptic concentration in CNS Useful as analgesic for certain types of chronic and neuropathic pain

Adult DoseEarly in course of HZ 25 mgd PO hs to prevent PHNAfter PHN develops 30-100 mg PO qhs

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Capsaicin cream (Dolorac Capsin Zostrix) --Natural chemical derived from plants of Solanaceae family By depleting and preventing reaccumulation of substance P in peripheral sensory neurons may render skin and joints insensitive to pain Substance P thought to be chemomediator of pain transmission from periphery to CNS

Adult DoseCream Apply to skin tidqid for 3-4 consecutive wk and evaluate efficacy not to exceed 4 applicationsd

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Lidocaine (DermaFlex gel Lidoderm 5 patch) --Several recent studies have advocated topical administration of lidocaine as treatment of PHN Lidocaine gel (5) in placebo-controlled study showed significant relief in 23 patients studied Lidocaine tape also decreases severity of pain

Adult DoseGel (5) Apply to affected area prnPatch (5) Apply to most painful area up to 3 patches per application patch may remain in place for up to 12 h in any 24 h period

Postherpetic Neuralgia Gabapentin (Neurontin) -- This medication has been

approved by the FDA for the treatment of PHN Has properties common to other anticonvulsants and antineuralgic effects Exact mechanism of action is not known Structurally gabapentin is related to GABA but it does not interact with GABA receptors Believed to have a binding site at the alpha 2-delta protein an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gaited calcium channels In the rat brain binding is localized on neuronal dendritic areas Relevance of these observations to treatment of PHN is not known

Adult Dose100 mg PO tid titrate dose prn recommended dose is 900-1800 mg PO qd not to exceed 900 mg PO qid

BMS Treatment

Benzodiazepines

Clonazepam (Klonopin)025 to 2 mg per

day025 mg at bedtime increase dosage by

025 mg every 4 to 7 days until oral burning is

relieved or side effects occur as dosage

increases medication is taken as full dose or

in three divided doses

BMS Treatment

Anticonvulsants

Gabapentin (Neurontin) 300 to 1600 mg per

day100 mg at bedtime increase dosage by

100 mg every 4 to 7 days until oral burning is

relieved or side effects occur as dosage

increases medication is taken in three divided

doses

C

Candidiasis

Oral thrush and other Candida infections

occur when your immune system is

weakened by disease or drugs such as

prednisone or when antibiotics disturb the

natural balance of microorganisms in the

body

Predisposing factors for infection

Infancy or old age

Serious underlying disease such as cancer or infection with HIV

Dry mouth due to disease of the salivary glands or medications eg antihistamines diuretics

Dentures (especially if they are not regularly cleaned or fit badly)

Predisposing factors for infection

Smoking

Injury to the mouth

Nutritional deficiency eg iron ampor B-vitamin deficiency

Inhaled corticosteroids used to treat asthma eg beclometasone budesonide fluticasone Drink water after inhalation to reduce this complication

Clinical features

Acute pseudomembranous candidiasis There are

white patches on gums tongue amp inside the mouth

that can be peeled off leaving a raw area

Acute atrophic candidiasis There are smooth red

shiny patches on the tongue The mouth is very sore

Chronic atrophic candidiasis This is common in

those with dentures The underlying mucosa is red

and swollen

Clinical features

Angular cheilitis There are sore red splits at each side of the mouth more likely if there is overhang of the upper lip over the lower lip causing a moist deep furrow Angular cheilitis due to candida andor Staphylococcus aureus arises frequently in those taking the medication isotretinoin for acne this medication dries the lips

Chronic hyperplastic candidiasis This is a type of oral leukoplakia (white patch) inside the cheeks or on the tongue with persistent nodules or lumps It usually affects smokers and is pre-malignant Red patches (erythroplakia) as well as white patches may indicate malignant change

Clinical features

Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis presents

as a chronic pseudomembranous infection

The skin and nails are also affected

Median rhomboid glossitis - there is diamond-

shaped inflammation at the back of the

tongue

Severe infections may extend down the throat

(esophageal infection)

Rationale for Treatment Topical vs

Systemic Drugs

Topical antifungals are usually the drug of

choice for uncomplicated localized

candidiasis in patients with normal immune

function

Systemic antifungals are usually indicated in

cases of disseminated disease andor in

immunocompromised patients

Suggested Medications for the

Treatment of Candidiasis

Rx

Clotrimazole troches 10 mg

Disp 70 troches

Sig Let 1 troche dissolve in mouth 5 times

per day for 14 days Do not chew NPO 12

hour

Suggested Systemic Medications for

the Treatment of Candidiasis Rx

Ketoconazole tablets 200 mgDisp 14 tabletsSig Take 1 tab qd with a meal or orange juice for 14 days

RxFluconazole tablets 100 mgDisp 15 tabletsSig Take 2 tablets stat then 1 tablet qd for 14 days

RxItraconazole tablets 100 mgDisp 28 tabletsSig Take 1 tablet bid with a meal or orange juice for 14 days

CA

Head and Neck Cancer

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Intraoral Melanoma

Lymphoma

Intraoral Melanoma

The five year survival rate for oral melanoma

is less than 20 as compared to 75 for

Cutaneous melanomas The average time of

first local recurrence for oral melanoma is less

than one year and metastatic disease is usually

diagnosed within three months of the

recurrence The average survival rate after

metastasis is typically less than 6 months

Extranodal Lymphoma

Extranodal lymphomas usually develop as a

rapidly growing mass of the palate or

posterior tongue (area of Waldeyerrsquos ring)

Pain may or may not be a presenting sign

Clinically the lesion may present as an

erythematous mass with a boggy consistency

The average survival rate for AIDS patients

with an intraoral lymphoma is eight months

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Second primary ndash field cancerization

Incidence amp Mortality HampN Ca

41000 new cases annually

13000 affected will die of disease

Rates constant over last 20yrs

lt 5 of neoplasias US

Highest incidence southeastern amp south-

central Asia

Disease in Women

Prior to 1940 malefemale ratio - 101

1980s ratio 31

Reason tobacco use among women in early

decades of the century

Habits have stabilized ndash malefemale

incidence normalized

Tobacco Use

1956 Wynder et al HampN Ca 10-fold

increase among smokers

Most studies 5-fold to 25-fold increase

intensity and duration of tobacco

consumption

80-90 of HampN Ca patients use tobacco

Alcohol

Odds ratio increases 3- to 15-fold for HampN

Ca after adjusting for tobacco use with

consumption of alcohol

Multiplicative effect with tobacco and

alcohol

Location of cancer ndash oral

pharyngeal(topical mechanism)

Alcohol

Promotional effects independent of

initiation

-prostaglandin synthesis lipid peroxidation

free radical oxygen enhance cell turnover

Enhances cell permeability

Defective repair mechanisms

Depressed immunity

Dz

RISK FACTORS (RF)

1 RF

2 RF

3 RF

4 RF

The concept of

TUMOR

local

regional

systemic

local T

N

M

INFECTION PAIN

INFECTION NEOPLASM

CERVICAL LYMPH NODE ENLARGEMENT

bullbacterial

bullviral (local systemic)

bullfungal

bullpostinfect fibrosed node

bulllt 40 yrs lymphoma

bullgt 40 yrs metastatic SCC

OTHERS

bullleukemia

bullconnective tissue diseases (eg lupus)

bullsarcoidosis

Importance of early diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma

60

stage III amp IV

23 recurrence lt 2 yrs

lt 13 survive 3 yrs

40

stage I amp II

80-90 cure

Second primary tumor in successfully treated patients within 5-7

years up to 40 Follow-up important

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Mortality (8000) deaths per year

Mortality by Site

Tongue 432

Salivary 130

Floor of mouth 950

Lip 24

Other 319

Premalignant Lesions

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Erythroplasia

Carcinoma in situ

Verrucous Leukoplakia

Tobacco patch keratosis

Actinic cheilosis

Mouth wash (Viadent) dysplasia

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Defined as a red patch that can not be

clinically or pathologically diagnosed as any

other condition

Almost all erythroleukoplakia demonstrate

dysplasia or CIS

Etiology is similar to oral SCC

May occur in conjunction with leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Risk of malignant transformation in

erythroleukoplakia about 4x greater than

homogenous leukoplakia

Predominately disease of older men with peak

prevalence of 65 to 74 years

Floor of mouth tongue and soft palate are

most common sites of involvement

Erythroplakia

The Management of Head and

Neck Cancer

Major advances

Conservative or partial resections

Micro vascular free-tissue transfer in

reconstruction

Better definition of the roles of chemotherapy

and radiotherapy

Despite these advances the treatment of loco

regional recurrence remains a major challenge

success rates for salvage therapy are poor

Treatment

Surgery

Radiotherapy

Chemotherapy

Immunotherapy

at present the role of immunotherapy remains investigational

Chemotherapy

Several randomized and non-randomized trial have evaluated chemotherapy for the treatment of head and neck cancer

Various agents have been shown to produce a response

No agents either alone or in combination have demonstrated an improvement in survival

cisplatin and 5 - FU

Uses

Inoperable tumors

Salvage therapy for recurrent tumors

Treatment

The main treatment modalities for head and neck

cancer remain surgery and radiotherapy

Patient factors that merit consideration

Impact on the quality of life

Medical condition ndash ldquoco - morbiditiesrdquo

Patient preference

Treatment cost and convenience

Compliance

Treatment

Early stage disease (stage I and II) can be treated with either surgery or radiotherapy with equivalent control rates

Small lesions of the oral cavity wide local excision is preferred over radiotherapy

Radiotherapy can be delivered to a site generally only once

Reserve this modality for less operable lesions

Treatment Combined Modality

Surgery and RadiotherapyIndications for post operative radiotherapy

Primary Tumor

Advance T stage

High histologic grade

Positive surgical resection margins

Lymphatic permeation

Vascular invasion

Perineural spread

Radiotherapy

Daily dose of 180 cGy to 200 cGy

5000 cGy over a five week period

T1 ndash 6000 to 6600 cGy

T2 - 6600 to 7000 cGy

T3T4 - gt 7000 cGy

ldquoshrinking field techniquerdquo

hyperfractionation technique 200 cGy per day for 25 days followed by 400 cGy per day for 5 days

D

Desquamative gingivitis is a clinical term to describe red painful glazed and friable gingivae which may be a manifestation of some mucocutaneous conditions such as lichen planus or the vesiculobullous disorders

Clinical features of desquamative

gingivitis

Fiery red friable gingiva

Painful desquamates easily

Buccal aspect of anterior attached gingiva

affected

Marginal gingiva spared

Not significantly improved by oral hygiene

measures alone

Differential Diagnosis Erosive Lichen Planus

Immune-mediated blistering diseases

Intra-epithelial

Pemphigus

Subepithelial

Pemphigoid

Linear IgA disease

Dermatitis herpetiformis

Epidermolysis bullosa

Erythema multiforme

Treatment Topical Corticosteroids Recurrent aphthous ulcers

bull Oral manifestations of Behccedilets disease Reiters syndrome acute

vulvar ulcer MAGIC syndrome PFAPA syndrome ulcerative colitis

Crohns disease Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome Sweets

syndrome among others

bull Drug-induced ulcerations mediated by an immune mechanism

bull Lichen planus

bull Cicatricial pemphigoid

bull Mucous membrane pemphigoid

bull Bullous pemphigoid

bull Erythema multiforme

bull Linear IgA dermatosis

bull Pemphigus vulgaris

Topicals Temovate cream 005 Clobetasol propionate

Halog cream 01 Halcinonide

Lidex cream 005 Fluocinonide

Topicort cream 025 Desoximethasone

Lidex gel 005 Fluocinonide

Aristocort cream H-P 05 Triamcinolone acetinode

Diprosone cream 005 Betamethasone dipropionate

Florone cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Maxiflor cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Synalar cream H-P 02 Fluocinolone acetonide

Topicals Tropicort-LP cream 005 Desoxymethasone

Benisone cream 0025 Betamethasone benzoate

Cordran cream 0025 Flurandenolide

Kenalog cream 01 Triamcinolone acetonide

Locoid cream 01 Hydrocortisone butyrate

Synalar cream 0025 Fluocinolone acetonide

Valisone cream 01 Betamethasone valerate

Tridesilon cream 005 Desonide

Locorten cream 003 Flumetasone pivalate

1 Hydrocortisone

Topical Corticosteroids

Used to treat oral lesions

Clobetasol (Temovate) -- Suppresses mitosis and increases synthesis of proteins that decrease inflammation and cause vasoconstriction Class I superpotent topical steroid useful in treating oral lesions Topical corticosteroids commonly are used intraorally for oral manifestations of autoimmune blistering skin diseases Since these diseases are chronic inflammatory in nature topical corticosteroids are very useful as an adjunct treatment Patients with disease confined to the gingiva should see a dentist to have a custom-made soft tray to carry the medication

H

How does herpes simplex develop

overexposure to sunlight

overexposure to wind

colds influenza and similar infections

heavy alcohol use

fever from any cause

the menstrual period

physical stress

emotional stress

Symptoms

Primary (Initial) HSV I Fever

Adenopathy

Ulcers deep in mouth

Secondary (Later) HSV I (Recurrent labial lesions) Fever Blisters form on outer vermillion border

Cold Sores form on inner lip Initial Vesicle

Next Crust

Last Healing in 10-14 days

Differential Diagnosis

Differs from Aphthous Ulcers in that

Found on keratinized (bound-down) intraoral

mucosa

Vesicles rupture into coalescing ulcers

HSV lesions are anterior compared with

Herpangina

Hand Foot and Mouth Disease

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Oral acyclovir (Zovirax) or the recently

developed drugs valacyclovir (Valtrex) or

famciclovir (Famvir) lessen the symptoms

and frequency of fever blister recurrences for

some patients These drugs prevent HSV from

multiplying and are effective when taken in

pill form prior to an outbreak of the virus

Systemic Antivirals

Acyclovir

Dose 15 mgkg (max 200 mg) PO 5xday for 7 days

Shortens first HSV infection by 6 days in children

Famciclovir

Shortens healing time by 2 days in UV-induced cases

Spruance (1999) J Infect Dis 179303-10

Valacyclovir (FDA approved for age 12 and older)

Adult dose 2 g PO bid for one day

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Topical antiviral creams containing acyclovir

(Zovirax) or penciclovir (Denavir) may also

help in limiting the extent or duration of

lesions if applied promptly to affected areas

Topical Treatments

Penciclovir (Denavir) heals HSV-1 sores on average about half a day faster than without treatment stops viral shedding and reduces the duration of the pain Ideally the patient should apply the cream within the first hour of symptoms although benefits have also been noted with later application It is continued for four consecutive days and should be reapplied every two hours while awake

Docosanol cream (Abreva) is an over-the-counter agent for oral-facial herpes It helps resist infection by inhibiting the ability of the virus to become fully active after it has attached itself to the host cell It is applied five times a day beginning at the first sign of tingling or pain Studies have been mixed on it benefits

Topical Treatments

Acyclovir cream (Zovirax) has been approved It may speed healing of oral herpes lesions and lessen the duration of pain particularly if it is applied early on (at the first sign of pain or tingling)

Lidex is a gel that contains a fluocinonide as corticosteroid Corticosteroids commonly called steroids are anti-inflammatory agents and not ordinarily used for herpes Some evidence suggests it may be effective in combination with oral famciclovir

Topical Treatments

Over-the-counter topical anesthetics may provide

modest relief They include Anbesol gel Blistex lip

ointment Campho-phenique Herpecin-L

Viractin and Zilactin In one study Viractin

reduced the duration of the attack compared to

placebo by two days It also relieved itching but had

little effect on other symptoms In general however

few studies have been conducted on any of these

products

X

Xerostomia

Xerostomia is not a disease but can be a symptom

of certain diseases It can produce serious

negative effects on the patients quality of life

affecting dietary habits nutritional status

speech taste tolerance to dental prosthesis and

increases susceptibility to dental caries The

increase in dental caries can be devastating in

many patients and therefore special care must be

made to control this condition

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Medications - Several hundred current medications

can cause xerostomia antihypertensives

antidepressants analgesics tranquilizers diuretics

and antihistamines c

-Cancer Therapy - Chemotherapeutic drugs can

change the flow and composition of the saliva

Radiation treatment that is focused on or near the

salivary gland can temporarily or permanently

damage the salivary glands

-Sjogrens syndrome - An autoimmune disease causes

xerostomia and dry eyes

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Other conditions -such as bone marrow transplants endocrine disorders stress anxiety depression and nutritional deficiencies may cause xerostomia

-Nerve Damage - Trauma to the head and neck area from surgery or wounds can damage the nerves that supply sensation to the mouth While the salivary glands may be left intact they cannot function normally without the nerves that signal them to produce saliva

Treatment

Identify the xerostomic condition and the

cause Some of the causes may be

ameliorated and this will aid therapy But

in many situations it will be difficult to

eliminate the causes Thus it will be

necessary for the Dentist to control the

results of xerostomia This is especially

true about the increase in dental caries

Treatment -pilocarpine (Salagen) 5mg qid prescription required

-special food preparation - blended and moist foods are easier to swallow

artificial saliva (available over-the-counter)

-sipping plain water is usually preferred over artificial saliva by most patients

-Biotene brand over-the-counter dry mouth products (toothpaste alcohol- free mouth rinse and Oralbalance lubricating gel)

-avoidance of alcohol-based mouth rinses

-use of water and glycerin mixed in a small aerosol spray bottle

RX

Contains sorbitol sodium

carboxymethlcellulose and

methylparaben in a

pleasantly flavored

solution

120 mL (406 fl oz)

Z

Treatment

Acyclovir (Zovirax)dagger800 mg orally five times

daily for 7 to 10 days

10 mg per kg IV every 8 hours for 7 to 10

daysDagger

$174 to 248 (129 to 200)

Famciclovir (Famvir)dagger500 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$140

Treatment

Valacyclovir (Valtrex)dagger1000 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$84

Prednisone (Deltasone)30 mg orally twice

daily on days 1 through 7 then 15 mg twice

daily on days 8 through 14 then 75 mg twice

daily on days 15 through 21

Treatment

Lotions containing calamine (eg Caladryl)

may be used on open lesions to reduce pain

and pruritus

Once the lesions have crusted over capsaicin

cream (Zostrix) may be applied

Topically administered lidocaine (Xylocaine)

and nerve blocks have also been reported to

be effective in reducing pain

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Amitriptyline (Elavil) -- By inhibiting reuptake of serotonin andor norepinephrine by presynaptic neuronal membrane may increase synaptic concentration in CNS Useful as analgesic for certain types of chronic and neuropathic pain

Adult DoseEarly in course of HZ 25 mgd PO hs to prevent PHNAfter PHN develops 30-100 mg PO qhs

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Capsaicin cream (Dolorac Capsin Zostrix) --Natural chemical derived from plants of Solanaceae family By depleting and preventing reaccumulation of substance P in peripheral sensory neurons may render skin and joints insensitive to pain Substance P thought to be chemomediator of pain transmission from periphery to CNS

Adult DoseCream Apply to skin tidqid for 3-4 consecutive wk and evaluate efficacy not to exceed 4 applicationsd

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Lidocaine (DermaFlex gel Lidoderm 5 patch) --Several recent studies have advocated topical administration of lidocaine as treatment of PHN Lidocaine gel (5) in placebo-controlled study showed significant relief in 23 patients studied Lidocaine tape also decreases severity of pain

Adult DoseGel (5) Apply to affected area prnPatch (5) Apply to most painful area up to 3 patches per application patch may remain in place for up to 12 h in any 24 h period

Postherpetic Neuralgia Gabapentin (Neurontin) -- This medication has been

approved by the FDA for the treatment of PHN Has properties common to other anticonvulsants and antineuralgic effects Exact mechanism of action is not known Structurally gabapentin is related to GABA but it does not interact with GABA receptors Believed to have a binding site at the alpha 2-delta protein an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gaited calcium channels In the rat brain binding is localized on neuronal dendritic areas Relevance of these observations to treatment of PHN is not known

Adult Dose100 mg PO tid titrate dose prn recommended dose is 900-1800 mg PO qd not to exceed 900 mg PO qid

BMS Treatment

Anticonvulsants

Gabapentin (Neurontin) 300 to 1600 mg per

day100 mg at bedtime increase dosage by

100 mg every 4 to 7 days until oral burning is

relieved or side effects occur as dosage

increases medication is taken in three divided

doses

C

Candidiasis

Oral thrush and other Candida infections

occur when your immune system is

weakened by disease or drugs such as

prednisone or when antibiotics disturb the

natural balance of microorganisms in the

body

Predisposing factors for infection

Infancy or old age

Serious underlying disease such as cancer or infection with HIV

Dry mouth due to disease of the salivary glands or medications eg antihistamines diuretics

Dentures (especially if they are not regularly cleaned or fit badly)

Predisposing factors for infection

Smoking

Injury to the mouth

Nutritional deficiency eg iron ampor B-vitamin deficiency

Inhaled corticosteroids used to treat asthma eg beclometasone budesonide fluticasone Drink water after inhalation to reduce this complication

Clinical features

Acute pseudomembranous candidiasis There are

white patches on gums tongue amp inside the mouth

that can be peeled off leaving a raw area

Acute atrophic candidiasis There are smooth red

shiny patches on the tongue The mouth is very sore

Chronic atrophic candidiasis This is common in

those with dentures The underlying mucosa is red

and swollen

Clinical features

Angular cheilitis There are sore red splits at each side of the mouth more likely if there is overhang of the upper lip over the lower lip causing a moist deep furrow Angular cheilitis due to candida andor Staphylococcus aureus arises frequently in those taking the medication isotretinoin for acne this medication dries the lips

Chronic hyperplastic candidiasis This is a type of oral leukoplakia (white patch) inside the cheeks or on the tongue with persistent nodules or lumps It usually affects smokers and is pre-malignant Red patches (erythroplakia) as well as white patches may indicate malignant change

Clinical features

Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis presents

as a chronic pseudomembranous infection

The skin and nails are also affected

Median rhomboid glossitis - there is diamond-

shaped inflammation at the back of the

tongue

Severe infections may extend down the throat

(esophageal infection)

Rationale for Treatment Topical vs

Systemic Drugs

Topical antifungals are usually the drug of

choice for uncomplicated localized

candidiasis in patients with normal immune

function

Systemic antifungals are usually indicated in

cases of disseminated disease andor in

immunocompromised patients

Suggested Medications for the

Treatment of Candidiasis

Rx

Clotrimazole troches 10 mg

Disp 70 troches

Sig Let 1 troche dissolve in mouth 5 times

per day for 14 days Do not chew NPO 12

hour

Suggested Systemic Medications for

the Treatment of Candidiasis Rx

Ketoconazole tablets 200 mgDisp 14 tabletsSig Take 1 tab qd with a meal or orange juice for 14 days

RxFluconazole tablets 100 mgDisp 15 tabletsSig Take 2 tablets stat then 1 tablet qd for 14 days

RxItraconazole tablets 100 mgDisp 28 tabletsSig Take 1 tablet bid with a meal or orange juice for 14 days

CA

Head and Neck Cancer

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Intraoral Melanoma

Lymphoma

Intraoral Melanoma

The five year survival rate for oral melanoma

is less than 20 as compared to 75 for

Cutaneous melanomas The average time of

first local recurrence for oral melanoma is less

than one year and metastatic disease is usually

diagnosed within three months of the

recurrence The average survival rate after

metastasis is typically less than 6 months

Extranodal Lymphoma

Extranodal lymphomas usually develop as a

rapidly growing mass of the palate or

posterior tongue (area of Waldeyerrsquos ring)

Pain may or may not be a presenting sign

Clinically the lesion may present as an

erythematous mass with a boggy consistency

The average survival rate for AIDS patients

with an intraoral lymphoma is eight months

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Second primary ndash field cancerization

Incidence amp Mortality HampN Ca

41000 new cases annually

13000 affected will die of disease

Rates constant over last 20yrs

lt 5 of neoplasias US

Highest incidence southeastern amp south-

central Asia

Disease in Women

Prior to 1940 malefemale ratio - 101

1980s ratio 31

Reason tobacco use among women in early

decades of the century

Habits have stabilized ndash malefemale

incidence normalized

Tobacco Use

1956 Wynder et al HampN Ca 10-fold

increase among smokers

Most studies 5-fold to 25-fold increase

intensity and duration of tobacco

consumption

80-90 of HampN Ca patients use tobacco

Alcohol

Odds ratio increases 3- to 15-fold for HampN

Ca after adjusting for tobacco use with

consumption of alcohol

Multiplicative effect with tobacco and

alcohol

Location of cancer ndash oral

pharyngeal(topical mechanism)

Alcohol

Promotional effects independent of

initiation

-prostaglandin synthesis lipid peroxidation

free radical oxygen enhance cell turnover

Enhances cell permeability

Defective repair mechanisms

Depressed immunity

Dz

RISK FACTORS (RF)

1 RF

2 RF

3 RF

4 RF

The concept of

TUMOR

local

regional

systemic

local T

N

M

INFECTION PAIN

INFECTION NEOPLASM

CERVICAL LYMPH NODE ENLARGEMENT

bullbacterial

bullviral (local systemic)

bullfungal

bullpostinfect fibrosed node

bulllt 40 yrs lymphoma

bullgt 40 yrs metastatic SCC

OTHERS

bullleukemia

bullconnective tissue diseases (eg lupus)

bullsarcoidosis

Importance of early diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma

60

stage III amp IV

23 recurrence lt 2 yrs

lt 13 survive 3 yrs

40

stage I amp II

80-90 cure

Second primary tumor in successfully treated patients within 5-7

years up to 40 Follow-up important

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Mortality (8000) deaths per year

Mortality by Site

Tongue 432

Salivary 130

Floor of mouth 950

Lip 24

Other 319

Premalignant Lesions

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Erythroplasia

Carcinoma in situ

Verrucous Leukoplakia

Tobacco patch keratosis

Actinic cheilosis

Mouth wash (Viadent) dysplasia

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Defined as a red patch that can not be

clinically or pathologically diagnosed as any

other condition

Almost all erythroleukoplakia demonstrate

dysplasia or CIS

Etiology is similar to oral SCC

May occur in conjunction with leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Risk of malignant transformation in

erythroleukoplakia about 4x greater than

homogenous leukoplakia

Predominately disease of older men with peak

prevalence of 65 to 74 years

Floor of mouth tongue and soft palate are

most common sites of involvement

Erythroplakia

The Management of Head and

Neck Cancer

Major advances

Conservative or partial resections

Micro vascular free-tissue transfer in

reconstruction

Better definition of the roles of chemotherapy

and radiotherapy

Despite these advances the treatment of loco

regional recurrence remains a major challenge

success rates for salvage therapy are poor

Treatment

Surgery

Radiotherapy

Chemotherapy

Immunotherapy

at present the role of immunotherapy remains investigational

Chemotherapy

Several randomized and non-randomized trial have evaluated chemotherapy for the treatment of head and neck cancer

Various agents have been shown to produce a response

No agents either alone or in combination have demonstrated an improvement in survival

cisplatin and 5 - FU

Uses

Inoperable tumors

Salvage therapy for recurrent tumors

Treatment

The main treatment modalities for head and neck

cancer remain surgery and radiotherapy

Patient factors that merit consideration

Impact on the quality of life

Medical condition ndash ldquoco - morbiditiesrdquo

Patient preference

Treatment cost and convenience

Compliance

Treatment

Early stage disease (stage I and II) can be treated with either surgery or radiotherapy with equivalent control rates

Small lesions of the oral cavity wide local excision is preferred over radiotherapy

Radiotherapy can be delivered to a site generally only once

Reserve this modality for less operable lesions

Treatment Combined Modality

Surgery and RadiotherapyIndications for post operative radiotherapy

Primary Tumor

Advance T stage

High histologic grade

Positive surgical resection margins

Lymphatic permeation

Vascular invasion

Perineural spread

Radiotherapy

Daily dose of 180 cGy to 200 cGy

5000 cGy over a five week period

T1 ndash 6000 to 6600 cGy

T2 - 6600 to 7000 cGy

T3T4 - gt 7000 cGy

ldquoshrinking field techniquerdquo

hyperfractionation technique 200 cGy per day for 25 days followed by 400 cGy per day for 5 days

D

Desquamative gingivitis is a clinical term to describe red painful glazed and friable gingivae which may be a manifestation of some mucocutaneous conditions such as lichen planus or the vesiculobullous disorders

Clinical features of desquamative

gingivitis

Fiery red friable gingiva

Painful desquamates easily

Buccal aspect of anterior attached gingiva

affected

Marginal gingiva spared

Not significantly improved by oral hygiene

measures alone

Differential Diagnosis Erosive Lichen Planus

Immune-mediated blistering diseases

Intra-epithelial

Pemphigus

Subepithelial

Pemphigoid

Linear IgA disease

Dermatitis herpetiformis

Epidermolysis bullosa

Erythema multiforme

Treatment Topical Corticosteroids Recurrent aphthous ulcers

bull Oral manifestations of Behccedilets disease Reiters syndrome acute

vulvar ulcer MAGIC syndrome PFAPA syndrome ulcerative colitis

Crohns disease Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome Sweets

syndrome among others

bull Drug-induced ulcerations mediated by an immune mechanism

bull Lichen planus

bull Cicatricial pemphigoid

bull Mucous membrane pemphigoid

bull Bullous pemphigoid

bull Erythema multiforme

bull Linear IgA dermatosis

bull Pemphigus vulgaris

Topicals Temovate cream 005 Clobetasol propionate

Halog cream 01 Halcinonide

Lidex cream 005 Fluocinonide

Topicort cream 025 Desoximethasone

Lidex gel 005 Fluocinonide

Aristocort cream H-P 05 Triamcinolone acetinode

Diprosone cream 005 Betamethasone dipropionate

Florone cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Maxiflor cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Synalar cream H-P 02 Fluocinolone acetonide

Topicals Tropicort-LP cream 005 Desoxymethasone

Benisone cream 0025 Betamethasone benzoate

Cordran cream 0025 Flurandenolide

Kenalog cream 01 Triamcinolone acetonide

Locoid cream 01 Hydrocortisone butyrate

Synalar cream 0025 Fluocinolone acetonide

Valisone cream 01 Betamethasone valerate

Tridesilon cream 005 Desonide

Locorten cream 003 Flumetasone pivalate

1 Hydrocortisone

Topical Corticosteroids

Used to treat oral lesions

Clobetasol (Temovate) -- Suppresses mitosis and increases synthesis of proteins that decrease inflammation and cause vasoconstriction Class I superpotent topical steroid useful in treating oral lesions Topical corticosteroids commonly are used intraorally for oral manifestations of autoimmune blistering skin diseases Since these diseases are chronic inflammatory in nature topical corticosteroids are very useful as an adjunct treatment Patients with disease confined to the gingiva should see a dentist to have a custom-made soft tray to carry the medication

H

How does herpes simplex develop

overexposure to sunlight

overexposure to wind

colds influenza and similar infections

heavy alcohol use

fever from any cause

the menstrual period

physical stress

emotional stress

Symptoms

Primary (Initial) HSV I Fever

Adenopathy

Ulcers deep in mouth

Secondary (Later) HSV I (Recurrent labial lesions) Fever Blisters form on outer vermillion border

Cold Sores form on inner lip Initial Vesicle

Next Crust

Last Healing in 10-14 days

Differential Diagnosis

Differs from Aphthous Ulcers in that

Found on keratinized (bound-down) intraoral

mucosa

Vesicles rupture into coalescing ulcers

HSV lesions are anterior compared with

Herpangina

Hand Foot and Mouth Disease

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Oral acyclovir (Zovirax) or the recently

developed drugs valacyclovir (Valtrex) or

famciclovir (Famvir) lessen the symptoms

and frequency of fever blister recurrences for

some patients These drugs prevent HSV from

multiplying and are effective when taken in

pill form prior to an outbreak of the virus

Systemic Antivirals

Acyclovir

Dose 15 mgkg (max 200 mg) PO 5xday for 7 days

Shortens first HSV infection by 6 days in children

Famciclovir

Shortens healing time by 2 days in UV-induced cases

Spruance (1999) J Infect Dis 179303-10

Valacyclovir (FDA approved for age 12 and older)

Adult dose 2 g PO bid for one day

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Topical antiviral creams containing acyclovir

(Zovirax) or penciclovir (Denavir) may also

help in limiting the extent or duration of

lesions if applied promptly to affected areas

Topical Treatments

Penciclovir (Denavir) heals HSV-1 sores on average about half a day faster than without treatment stops viral shedding and reduces the duration of the pain Ideally the patient should apply the cream within the first hour of symptoms although benefits have also been noted with later application It is continued for four consecutive days and should be reapplied every two hours while awake

Docosanol cream (Abreva) is an over-the-counter agent for oral-facial herpes It helps resist infection by inhibiting the ability of the virus to become fully active after it has attached itself to the host cell It is applied five times a day beginning at the first sign of tingling or pain Studies have been mixed on it benefits

Topical Treatments

Acyclovir cream (Zovirax) has been approved It may speed healing of oral herpes lesions and lessen the duration of pain particularly if it is applied early on (at the first sign of pain or tingling)

Lidex is a gel that contains a fluocinonide as corticosteroid Corticosteroids commonly called steroids are anti-inflammatory agents and not ordinarily used for herpes Some evidence suggests it may be effective in combination with oral famciclovir

Topical Treatments

Over-the-counter topical anesthetics may provide

modest relief They include Anbesol gel Blistex lip

ointment Campho-phenique Herpecin-L

Viractin and Zilactin In one study Viractin

reduced the duration of the attack compared to

placebo by two days It also relieved itching but had

little effect on other symptoms In general however

few studies have been conducted on any of these

products

X

Xerostomia

Xerostomia is not a disease but can be a symptom

of certain diseases It can produce serious

negative effects on the patients quality of life

affecting dietary habits nutritional status

speech taste tolerance to dental prosthesis and

increases susceptibility to dental caries The

increase in dental caries can be devastating in

many patients and therefore special care must be

made to control this condition

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Medications - Several hundred current medications

can cause xerostomia antihypertensives

antidepressants analgesics tranquilizers diuretics

and antihistamines c

-Cancer Therapy - Chemotherapeutic drugs can

change the flow and composition of the saliva

Radiation treatment that is focused on or near the

salivary gland can temporarily or permanently

damage the salivary glands

-Sjogrens syndrome - An autoimmune disease causes

xerostomia and dry eyes

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Other conditions -such as bone marrow transplants endocrine disorders stress anxiety depression and nutritional deficiencies may cause xerostomia

-Nerve Damage - Trauma to the head and neck area from surgery or wounds can damage the nerves that supply sensation to the mouth While the salivary glands may be left intact they cannot function normally without the nerves that signal them to produce saliva

Treatment

Identify the xerostomic condition and the

cause Some of the causes may be

ameliorated and this will aid therapy But

in many situations it will be difficult to

eliminate the causes Thus it will be

necessary for the Dentist to control the

results of xerostomia This is especially

true about the increase in dental caries

Treatment -pilocarpine (Salagen) 5mg qid prescription required

-special food preparation - blended and moist foods are easier to swallow

artificial saliva (available over-the-counter)

-sipping plain water is usually preferred over artificial saliva by most patients

-Biotene brand over-the-counter dry mouth products (toothpaste alcohol- free mouth rinse and Oralbalance lubricating gel)

-avoidance of alcohol-based mouth rinses

-use of water and glycerin mixed in a small aerosol spray bottle

RX

Contains sorbitol sodium

carboxymethlcellulose and

methylparaben in a

pleasantly flavored

solution

120 mL (406 fl oz)

Z

Treatment

Acyclovir (Zovirax)dagger800 mg orally five times

daily for 7 to 10 days

10 mg per kg IV every 8 hours for 7 to 10

daysDagger

$174 to 248 (129 to 200)

Famciclovir (Famvir)dagger500 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$140

Treatment

Valacyclovir (Valtrex)dagger1000 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$84

Prednisone (Deltasone)30 mg orally twice

daily on days 1 through 7 then 15 mg twice

daily on days 8 through 14 then 75 mg twice

daily on days 15 through 21

Treatment

Lotions containing calamine (eg Caladryl)

may be used on open lesions to reduce pain

and pruritus

Once the lesions have crusted over capsaicin

cream (Zostrix) may be applied

Topically administered lidocaine (Xylocaine)

and nerve blocks have also been reported to

be effective in reducing pain

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Amitriptyline (Elavil) -- By inhibiting reuptake of serotonin andor norepinephrine by presynaptic neuronal membrane may increase synaptic concentration in CNS Useful as analgesic for certain types of chronic and neuropathic pain

Adult DoseEarly in course of HZ 25 mgd PO hs to prevent PHNAfter PHN develops 30-100 mg PO qhs

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Capsaicin cream (Dolorac Capsin Zostrix) --Natural chemical derived from plants of Solanaceae family By depleting and preventing reaccumulation of substance P in peripheral sensory neurons may render skin and joints insensitive to pain Substance P thought to be chemomediator of pain transmission from periphery to CNS

Adult DoseCream Apply to skin tidqid for 3-4 consecutive wk and evaluate efficacy not to exceed 4 applicationsd

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Lidocaine (DermaFlex gel Lidoderm 5 patch) --Several recent studies have advocated topical administration of lidocaine as treatment of PHN Lidocaine gel (5) in placebo-controlled study showed significant relief in 23 patients studied Lidocaine tape also decreases severity of pain

Adult DoseGel (5) Apply to affected area prnPatch (5) Apply to most painful area up to 3 patches per application patch may remain in place for up to 12 h in any 24 h period

Postherpetic Neuralgia Gabapentin (Neurontin) -- This medication has been

approved by the FDA for the treatment of PHN Has properties common to other anticonvulsants and antineuralgic effects Exact mechanism of action is not known Structurally gabapentin is related to GABA but it does not interact with GABA receptors Believed to have a binding site at the alpha 2-delta protein an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gaited calcium channels In the rat brain binding is localized on neuronal dendritic areas Relevance of these observations to treatment of PHN is not known

Adult Dose100 mg PO tid titrate dose prn recommended dose is 900-1800 mg PO qd not to exceed 900 mg PO qid

C

Candidiasis

Oral thrush and other Candida infections

occur when your immune system is

weakened by disease or drugs such as

prednisone or when antibiotics disturb the

natural balance of microorganisms in the

body

Predisposing factors for infection

Infancy or old age

Serious underlying disease such as cancer or infection with HIV

Dry mouth due to disease of the salivary glands or medications eg antihistamines diuretics

Dentures (especially if they are not regularly cleaned or fit badly)

Predisposing factors for infection

Smoking

Injury to the mouth

Nutritional deficiency eg iron ampor B-vitamin deficiency

Inhaled corticosteroids used to treat asthma eg beclometasone budesonide fluticasone Drink water after inhalation to reduce this complication

Clinical features

Acute pseudomembranous candidiasis There are

white patches on gums tongue amp inside the mouth

that can be peeled off leaving a raw area

Acute atrophic candidiasis There are smooth red

shiny patches on the tongue The mouth is very sore

Chronic atrophic candidiasis This is common in

those with dentures The underlying mucosa is red

and swollen

Clinical features

Angular cheilitis There are sore red splits at each side of the mouth more likely if there is overhang of the upper lip over the lower lip causing a moist deep furrow Angular cheilitis due to candida andor Staphylococcus aureus arises frequently in those taking the medication isotretinoin for acne this medication dries the lips

Chronic hyperplastic candidiasis This is a type of oral leukoplakia (white patch) inside the cheeks or on the tongue with persistent nodules or lumps It usually affects smokers and is pre-malignant Red patches (erythroplakia) as well as white patches may indicate malignant change

Clinical features

Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis presents

as a chronic pseudomembranous infection

The skin and nails are also affected

Median rhomboid glossitis - there is diamond-

shaped inflammation at the back of the

tongue

Severe infections may extend down the throat

(esophageal infection)

Rationale for Treatment Topical vs

Systemic Drugs

Topical antifungals are usually the drug of

choice for uncomplicated localized

candidiasis in patients with normal immune

function

Systemic antifungals are usually indicated in

cases of disseminated disease andor in

immunocompromised patients

Suggested Medications for the

Treatment of Candidiasis

Rx

Clotrimazole troches 10 mg

Disp 70 troches

Sig Let 1 troche dissolve in mouth 5 times

per day for 14 days Do not chew NPO 12

hour

Suggested Systemic Medications for

the Treatment of Candidiasis Rx

Ketoconazole tablets 200 mgDisp 14 tabletsSig Take 1 tab qd with a meal or orange juice for 14 days

RxFluconazole tablets 100 mgDisp 15 tabletsSig Take 2 tablets stat then 1 tablet qd for 14 days

RxItraconazole tablets 100 mgDisp 28 tabletsSig Take 1 tablet bid with a meal or orange juice for 14 days

CA

Head and Neck Cancer

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Intraoral Melanoma

Lymphoma

Intraoral Melanoma

The five year survival rate for oral melanoma

is less than 20 as compared to 75 for

Cutaneous melanomas The average time of

first local recurrence for oral melanoma is less

than one year and metastatic disease is usually

diagnosed within three months of the

recurrence The average survival rate after

metastasis is typically less than 6 months

Extranodal Lymphoma

Extranodal lymphomas usually develop as a

rapidly growing mass of the palate or

posterior tongue (area of Waldeyerrsquos ring)

Pain may or may not be a presenting sign

Clinically the lesion may present as an

erythematous mass with a boggy consistency

The average survival rate for AIDS patients

with an intraoral lymphoma is eight months

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Second primary ndash field cancerization

Incidence amp Mortality HampN Ca

41000 new cases annually

13000 affected will die of disease

Rates constant over last 20yrs

lt 5 of neoplasias US

Highest incidence southeastern amp south-

central Asia

Disease in Women

Prior to 1940 malefemale ratio - 101

1980s ratio 31

Reason tobacco use among women in early

decades of the century

Habits have stabilized ndash malefemale

incidence normalized

Tobacco Use

1956 Wynder et al HampN Ca 10-fold

increase among smokers

Most studies 5-fold to 25-fold increase

intensity and duration of tobacco

consumption

80-90 of HampN Ca patients use tobacco

Alcohol

Odds ratio increases 3- to 15-fold for HampN

Ca after adjusting for tobacco use with

consumption of alcohol

Multiplicative effect with tobacco and

alcohol

Location of cancer ndash oral

pharyngeal(topical mechanism)

Alcohol

Promotional effects independent of

initiation

-prostaglandin synthesis lipid peroxidation

free radical oxygen enhance cell turnover

Enhances cell permeability

Defective repair mechanisms

Depressed immunity

Dz

RISK FACTORS (RF)

1 RF

2 RF

3 RF

4 RF

The concept of

TUMOR

local

regional

systemic

local T

N

M

INFECTION PAIN

INFECTION NEOPLASM

CERVICAL LYMPH NODE ENLARGEMENT

bullbacterial

bullviral (local systemic)

bullfungal

bullpostinfect fibrosed node

bulllt 40 yrs lymphoma

bullgt 40 yrs metastatic SCC

OTHERS

bullleukemia

bullconnective tissue diseases (eg lupus)

bullsarcoidosis

Importance of early diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma

60

stage III amp IV

23 recurrence lt 2 yrs

lt 13 survive 3 yrs

40

stage I amp II

80-90 cure

Second primary tumor in successfully treated patients within 5-7

years up to 40 Follow-up important

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Mortality (8000) deaths per year

Mortality by Site

Tongue 432

Salivary 130

Floor of mouth 950

Lip 24

Other 319

Premalignant Lesions

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Erythroplasia

Carcinoma in situ

Verrucous Leukoplakia

Tobacco patch keratosis

Actinic cheilosis

Mouth wash (Viadent) dysplasia

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Defined as a red patch that can not be

clinically or pathologically diagnosed as any

other condition

Almost all erythroleukoplakia demonstrate

dysplasia or CIS

Etiology is similar to oral SCC

May occur in conjunction with leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Risk of malignant transformation in

erythroleukoplakia about 4x greater than

homogenous leukoplakia

Predominately disease of older men with peak

prevalence of 65 to 74 years

Floor of mouth tongue and soft palate are

most common sites of involvement

Erythroplakia

The Management of Head and

Neck Cancer

Major advances

Conservative or partial resections

Micro vascular free-tissue transfer in

reconstruction

Better definition of the roles of chemotherapy

and radiotherapy

Despite these advances the treatment of loco

regional recurrence remains a major challenge

success rates for salvage therapy are poor

Treatment

Surgery

Radiotherapy

Chemotherapy

Immunotherapy

at present the role of immunotherapy remains investigational

Chemotherapy

Several randomized and non-randomized trial have evaluated chemotherapy for the treatment of head and neck cancer

Various agents have been shown to produce a response

No agents either alone or in combination have demonstrated an improvement in survival

cisplatin and 5 - FU

Uses

Inoperable tumors

Salvage therapy for recurrent tumors

Treatment

The main treatment modalities for head and neck

cancer remain surgery and radiotherapy

Patient factors that merit consideration

Impact on the quality of life

Medical condition ndash ldquoco - morbiditiesrdquo

Patient preference

Treatment cost and convenience

Compliance

Treatment

Early stage disease (stage I and II) can be treated with either surgery or radiotherapy with equivalent control rates

Small lesions of the oral cavity wide local excision is preferred over radiotherapy

Radiotherapy can be delivered to a site generally only once

Reserve this modality for less operable lesions

Treatment Combined Modality

Surgery and RadiotherapyIndications for post operative radiotherapy

Primary Tumor

Advance T stage

High histologic grade

Positive surgical resection margins

Lymphatic permeation

Vascular invasion

Perineural spread

Radiotherapy

Daily dose of 180 cGy to 200 cGy

5000 cGy over a five week period

T1 ndash 6000 to 6600 cGy

T2 - 6600 to 7000 cGy

T3T4 - gt 7000 cGy

ldquoshrinking field techniquerdquo

hyperfractionation technique 200 cGy per day for 25 days followed by 400 cGy per day for 5 days

D

Desquamative gingivitis is a clinical term to describe red painful glazed and friable gingivae which may be a manifestation of some mucocutaneous conditions such as lichen planus or the vesiculobullous disorders

Clinical features of desquamative

gingivitis

Fiery red friable gingiva

Painful desquamates easily

Buccal aspect of anterior attached gingiva

affected

Marginal gingiva spared

Not significantly improved by oral hygiene

measures alone

Differential Diagnosis Erosive Lichen Planus

Immune-mediated blistering diseases

Intra-epithelial

Pemphigus

Subepithelial

Pemphigoid

Linear IgA disease

Dermatitis herpetiformis

Epidermolysis bullosa

Erythema multiforme

Treatment Topical Corticosteroids Recurrent aphthous ulcers

bull Oral manifestations of Behccedilets disease Reiters syndrome acute

vulvar ulcer MAGIC syndrome PFAPA syndrome ulcerative colitis

Crohns disease Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome Sweets

syndrome among others

bull Drug-induced ulcerations mediated by an immune mechanism

bull Lichen planus

bull Cicatricial pemphigoid

bull Mucous membrane pemphigoid

bull Bullous pemphigoid

bull Erythema multiforme

bull Linear IgA dermatosis

bull Pemphigus vulgaris

Topicals Temovate cream 005 Clobetasol propionate

Halog cream 01 Halcinonide

Lidex cream 005 Fluocinonide

Topicort cream 025 Desoximethasone

Lidex gel 005 Fluocinonide

Aristocort cream H-P 05 Triamcinolone acetinode

Diprosone cream 005 Betamethasone dipropionate

Florone cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Maxiflor cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Synalar cream H-P 02 Fluocinolone acetonide

Topicals Tropicort-LP cream 005 Desoxymethasone

Benisone cream 0025 Betamethasone benzoate

Cordran cream 0025 Flurandenolide

Kenalog cream 01 Triamcinolone acetonide

Locoid cream 01 Hydrocortisone butyrate

Synalar cream 0025 Fluocinolone acetonide

Valisone cream 01 Betamethasone valerate

Tridesilon cream 005 Desonide

Locorten cream 003 Flumetasone pivalate

1 Hydrocortisone

Topical Corticosteroids

Used to treat oral lesions

Clobetasol (Temovate) -- Suppresses mitosis and increases synthesis of proteins that decrease inflammation and cause vasoconstriction Class I superpotent topical steroid useful in treating oral lesions Topical corticosteroids commonly are used intraorally for oral manifestations of autoimmune blistering skin diseases Since these diseases are chronic inflammatory in nature topical corticosteroids are very useful as an adjunct treatment Patients with disease confined to the gingiva should see a dentist to have a custom-made soft tray to carry the medication

H

How does herpes simplex develop

overexposure to sunlight

overexposure to wind

colds influenza and similar infections

heavy alcohol use

fever from any cause

the menstrual period

physical stress

emotional stress

Symptoms

Primary (Initial) HSV I Fever

Adenopathy

Ulcers deep in mouth

Secondary (Later) HSV I (Recurrent labial lesions) Fever Blisters form on outer vermillion border

Cold Sores form on inner lip Initial Vesicle

Next Crust

Last Healing in 10-14 days

Differential Diagnosis

Differs from Aphthous Ulcers in that

Found on keratinized (bound-down) intraoral

mucosa

Vesicles rupture into coalescing ulcers

HSV lesions are anterior compared with

Herpangina

Hand Foot and Mouth Disease

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Oral acyclovir (Zovirax) or the recently

developed drugs valacyclovir (Valtrex) or

famciclovir (Famvir) lessen the symptoms

and frequency of fever blister recurrences for

some patients These drugs prevent HSV from

multiplying and are effective when taken in

pill form prior to an outbreak of the virus

Systemic Antivirals

Acyclovir

Dose 15 mgkg (max 200 mg) PO 5xday for 7 days

Shortens first HSV infection by 6 days in children

Famciclovir

Shortens healing time by 2 days in UV-induced cases

Spruance (1999) J Infect Dis 179303-10

Valacyclovir (FDA approved for age 12 and older)

Adult dose 2 g PO bid for one day

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Topical antiviral creams containing acyclovir

(Zovirax) or penciclovir (Denavir) may also

help in limiting the extent or duration of

lesions if applied promptly to affected areas

Topical Treatments

Penciclovir (Denavir) heals HSV-1 sores on average about half a day faster than without treatment stops viral shedding and reduces the duration of the pain Ideally the patient should apply the cream within the first hour of symptoms although benefits have also been noted with later application It is continued for four consecutive days and should be reapplied every two hours while awake

Docosanol cream (Abreva) is an over-the-counter agent for oral-facial herpes It helps resist infection by inhibiting the ability of the virus to become fully active after it has attached itself to the host cell It is applied five times a day beginning at the first sign of tingling or pain Studies have been mixed on it benefits

Topical Treatments

Acyclovir cream (Zovirax) has been approved It may speed healing of oral herpes lesions and lessen the duration of pain particularly if it is applied early on (at the first sign of pain or tingling)

Lidex is a gel that contains a fluocinonide as corticosteroid Corticosteroids commonly called steroids are anti-inflammatory agents and not ordinarily used for herpes Some evidence suggests it may be effective in combination with oral famciclovir

Topical Treatments

Over-the-counter topical anesthetics may provide

modest relief They include Anbesol gel Blistex lip

ointment Campho-phenique Herpecin-L

Viractin and Zilactin In one study Viractin

reduced the duration of the attack compared to

placebo by two days It also relieved itching but had

little effect on other symptoms In general however

few studies have been conducted on any of these

products

X

Xerostomia

Xerostomia is not a disease but can be a symptom

of certain diseases It can produce serious

negative effects on the patients quality of life

affecting dietary habits nutritional status

speech taste tolerance to dental prosthesis and

increases susceptibility to dental caries The

increase in dental caries can be devastating in

many patients and therefore special care must be

made to control this condition

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Medications - Several hundred current medications

can cause xerostomia antihypertensives

antidepressants analgesics tranquilizers diuretics

and antihistamines c

-Cancer Therapy - Chemotherapeutic drugs can

change the flow and composition of the saliva

Radiation treatment that is focused on or near the

salivary gland can temporarily or permanently

damage the salivary glands

-Sjogrens syndrome - An autoimmune disease causes

xerostomia and dry eyes

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Other conditions -such as bone marrow transplants endocrine disorders stress anxiety depression and nutritional deficiencies may cause xerostomia

-Nerve Damage - Trauma to the head and neck area from surgery or wounds can damage the nerves that supply sensation to the mouth While the salivary glands may be left intact they cannot function normally without the nerves that signal them to produce saliva

Treatment

Identify the xerostomic condition and the

cause Some of the causes may be

ameliorated and this will aid therapy But

in many situations it will be difficult to

eliminate the causes Thus it will be

necessary for the Dentist to control the

results of xerostomia This is especially

true about the increase in dental caries

Treatment -pilocarpine (Salagen) 5mg qid prescription required

-special food preparation - blended and moist foods are easier to swallow

artificial saliva (available over-the-counter)

-sipping plain water is usually preferred over artificial saliva by most patients

-Biotene brand over-the-counter dry mouth products (toothpaste alcohol- free mouth rinse and Oralbalance lubricating gel)

-avoidance of alcohol-based mouth rinses

-use of water and glycerin mixed in a small aerosol spray bottle

RX

Contains sorbitol sodium

carboxymethlcellulose and

methylparaben in a

pleasantly flavored

solution

120 mL (406 fl oz)

Z

Treatment

Acyclovir (Zovirax)dagger800 mg orally five times

daily for 7 to 10 days

10 mg per kg IV every 8 hours for 7 to 10

daysDagger

$174 to 248 (129 to 200)

Famciclovir (Famvir)dagger500 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$140

Treatment

Valacyclovir (Valtrex)dagger1000 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$84

Prednisone (Deltasone)30 mg orally twice

daily on days 1 through 7 then 15 mg twice

daily on days 8 through 14 then 75 mg twice

daily on days 15 through 21

Treatment

Lotions containing calamine (eg Caladryl)

may be used on open lesions to reduce pain

and pruritus

Once the lesions have crusted over capsaicin

cream (Zostrix) may be applied

Topically administered lidocaine (Xylocaine)

and nerve blocks have also been reported to

be effective in reducing pain

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Amitriptyline (Elavil) -- By inhibiting reuptake of serotonin andor norepinephrine by presynaptic neuronal membrane may increase synaptic concentration in CNS Useful as analgesic for certain types of chronic and neuropathic pain

Adult DoseEarly in course of HZ 25 mgd PO hs to prevent PHNAfter PHN develops 30-100 mg PO qhs

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Capsaicin cream (Dolorac Capsin Zostrix) --Natural chemical derived from plants of Solanaceae family By depleting and preventing reaccumulation of substance P in peripheral sensory neurons may render skin and joints insensitive to pain Substance P thought to be chemomediator of pain transmission from periphery to CNS

Adult DoseCream Apply to skin tidqid for 3-4 consecutive wk and evaluate efficacy not to exceed 4 applicationsd

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Lidocaine (DermaFlex gel Lidoderm 5 patch) --Several recent studies have advocated topical administration of lidocaine as treatment of PHN Lidocaine gel (5) in placebo-controlled study showed significant relief in 23 patients studied Lidocaine tape also decreases severity of pain

Adult DoseGel (5) Apply to affected area prnPatch (5) Apply to most painful area up to 3 patches per application patch may remain in place for up to 12 h in any 24 h period

Postherpetic Neuralgia Gabapentin (Neurontin) -- This medication has been

approved by the FDA for the treatment of PHN Has properties common to other anticonvulsants and antineuralgic effects Exact mechanism of action is not known Structurally gabapentin is related to GABA but it does not interact with GABA receptors Believed to have a binding site at the alpha 2-delta protein an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gaited calcium channels In the rat brain binding is localized on neuronal dendritic areas Relevance of these observations to treatment of PHN is not known

Adult Dose100 mg PO tid titrate dose prn recommended dose is 900-1800 mg PO qd not to exceed 900 mg PO qid

Candidiasis

Oral thrush and other Candida infections

occur when your immune system is

weakened by disease or drugs such as

prednisone or when antibiotics disturb the

natural balance of microorganisms in the

body

Predisposing factors for infection

Infancy or old age

Serious underlying disease such as cancer or infection with HIV

Dry mouth due to disease of the salivary glands or medications eg antihistamines diuretics

Dentures (especially if they are not regularly cleaned or fit badly)

Predisposing factors for infection

Smoking

Injury to the mouth

Nutritional deficiency eg iron ampor B-vitamin deficiency

Inhaled corticosteroids used to treat asthma eg beclometasone budesonide fluticasone Drink water after inhalation to reduce this complication

Clinical features

Acute pseudomembranous candidiasis There are

white patches on gums tongue amp inside the mouth

that can be peeled off leaving a raw area

Acute atrophic candidiasis There are smooth red

shiny patches on the tongue The mouth is very sore

Chronic atrophic candidiasis This is common in

those with dentures The underlying mucosa is red

and swollen

Clinical features

Angular cheilitis There are sore red splits at each side of the mouth more likely if there is overhang of the upper lip over the lower lip causing a moist deep furrow Angular cheilitis due to candida andor Staphylococcus aureus arises frequently in those taking the medication isotretinoin for acne this medication dries the lips

Chronic hyperplastic candidiasis This is a type of oral leukoplakia (white patch) inside the cheeks or on the tongue with persistent nodules or lumps It usually affects smokers and is pre-malignant Red patches (erythroplakia) as well as white patches may indicate malignant change

Clinical features

Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis presents

as a chronic pseudomembranous infection

The skin and nails are also affected

Median rhomboid glossitis - there is diamond-

shaped inflammation at the back of the

tongue

Severe infections may extend down the throat

(esophageal infection)

Rationale for Treatment Topical vs

Systemic Drugs

Topical antifungals are usually the drug of

choice for uncomplicated localized

candidiasis in patients with normal immune

function

Systemic antifungals are usually indicated in

cases of disseminated disease andor in

immunocompromised patients

Suggested Medications for the

Treatment of Candidiasis

Rx

Clotrimazole troches 10 mg

Disp 70 troches

Sig Let 1 troche dissolve in mouth 5 times

per day for 14 days Do not chew NPO 12

hour

Suggested Systemic Medications for

the Treatment of Candidiasis Rx

Ketoconazole tablets 200 mgDisp 14 tabletsSig Take 1 tab qd with a meal or orange juice for 14 days

RxFluconazole tablets 100 mgDisp 15 tabletsSig Take 2 tablets stat then 1 tablet qd for 14 days

RxItraconazole tablets 100 mgDisp 28 tabletsSig Take 1 tablet bid with a meal or orange juice for 14 days

CA

Head and Neck Cancer

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Intraoral Melanoma

Lymphoma

Intraoral Melanoma

The five year survival rate for oral melanoma

is less than 20 as compared to 75 for

Cutaneous melanomas The average time of

first local recurrence for oral melanoma is less

than one year and metastatic disease is usually

diagnosed within three months of the

recurrence The average survival rate after

metastasis is typically less than 6 months

Extranodal Lymphoma

Extranodal lymphomas usually develop as a

rapidly growing mass of the palate or

posterior tongue (area of Waldeyerrsquos ring)

Pain may or may not be a presenting sign

Clinically the lesion may present as an

erythematous mass with a boggy consistency

The average survival rate for AIDS patients

with an intraoral lymphoma is eight months

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Second primary ndash field cancerization

Incidence amp Mortality HampN Ca

41000 new cases annually

13000 affected will die of disease

Rates constant over last 20yrs

lt 5 of neoplasias US

Highest incidence southeastern amp south-

central Asia

Disease in Women

Prior to 1940 malefemale ratio - 101

1980s ratio 31

Reason tobacco use among women in early

decades of the century

Habits have stabilized ndash malefemale

incidence normalized

Tobacco Use

1956 Wynder et al HampN Ca 10-fold

increase among smokers

Most studies 5-fold to 25-fold increase

intensity and duration of tobacco

consumption

80-90 of HampN Ca patients use tobacco

Alcohol

Odds ratio increases 3- to 15-fold for HampN

Ca after adjusting for tobacco use with

consumption of alcohol

Multiplicative effect with tobacco and

alcohol

Location of cancer ndash oral

pharyngeal(topical mechanism)

Alcohol

Promotional effects independent of

initiation

-prostaglandin synthesis lipid peroxidation

free radical oxygen enhance cell turnover

Enhances cell permeability

Defective repair mechanisms

Depressed immunity

Dz

RISK FACTORS (RF)

1 RF

2 RF

3 RF

4 RF

The concept of

TUMOR

local

regional

systemic

local T

N

M

INFECTION PAIN

INFECTION NEOPLASM

CERVICAL LYMPH NODE ENLARGEMENT

bullbacterial

bullviral (local systemic)

bullfungal

bullpostinfect fibrosed node

bulllt 40 yrs lymphoma

bullgt 40 yrs metastatic SCC

OTHERS

bullleukemia

bullconnective tissue diseases (eg lupus)

bullsarcoidosis

Importance of early diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma

60

stage III amp IV

23 recurrence lt 2 yrs

lt 13 survive 3 yrs

40

stage I amp II

80-90 cure

Second primary tumor in successfully treated patients within 5-7

years up to 40 Follow-up important

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Mortality (8000) deaths per year

Mortality by Site

Tongue 432

Salivary 130

Floor of mouth 950

Lip 24

Other 319

Premalignant Lesions

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Erythroplasia

Carcinoma in situ

Verrucous Leukoplakia

Tobacco patch keratosis

Actinic cheilosis

Mouth wash (Viadent) dysplasia

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Defined as a red patch that can not be

clinically or pathologically diagnosed as any

other condition

Almost all erythroleukoplakia demonstrate

dysplasia or CIS

Etiology is similar to oral SCC

May occur in conjunction with leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Risk of malignant transformation in

erythroleukoplakia about 4x greater than

homogenous leukoplakia

Predominately disease of older men with peak

prevalence of 65 to 74 years

Floor of mouth tongue and soft palate are

most common sites of involvement

Erythroplakia

The Management of Head and

Neck Cancer

Major advances

Conservative or partial resections

Micro vascular free-tissue transfer in

reconstruction

Better definition of the roles of chemotherapy

and radiotherapy

Despite these advances the treatment of loco

regional recurrence remains a major challenge

success rates for salvage therapy are poor

Treatment

Surgery

Radiotherapy

Chemotherapy

Immunotherapy

at present the role of immunotherapy remains investigational

Chemotherapy

Several randomized and non-randomized trial have evaluated chemotherapy for the treatment of head and neck cancer

Various agents have been shown to produce a response

No agents either alone or in combination have demonstrated an improvement in survival

cisplatin and 5 - FU

Uses

Inoperable tumors

Salvage therapy for recurrent tumors

Treatment

The main treatment modalities for head and neck

cancer remain surgery and radiotherapy

Patient factors that merit consideration

Impact on the quality of life

Medical condition ndash ldquoco - morbiditiesrdquo

Patient preference

Treatment cost and convenience

Compliance

Treatment

Early stage disease (stage I and II) can be treated with either surgery or radiotherapy with equivalent control rates

Small lesions of the oral cavity wide local excision is preferred over radiotherapy

Radiotherapy can be delivered to a site generally only once

Reserve this modality for less operable lesions

Treatment Combined Modality

Surgery and RadiotherapyIndications for post operative radiotherapy

Primary Tumor

Advance T stage

High histologic grade

Positive surgical resection margins

Lymphatic permeation

Vascular invasion

Perineural spread

Radiotherapy

Daily dose of 180 cGy to 200 cGy

5000 cGy over a five week period

T1 ndash 6000 to 6600 cGy

T2 - 6600 to 7000 cGy

T3T4 - gt 7000 cGy

ldquoshrinking field techniquerdquo

hyperfractionation technique 200 cGy per day for 25 days followed by 400 cGy per day for 5 days

D

Desquamative gingivitis is a clinical term to describe red painful glazed and friable gingivae which may be a manifestation of some mucocutaneous conditions such as lichen planus or the vesiculobullous disorders

Clinical features of desquamative

gingivitis

Fiery red friable gingiva

Painful desquamates easily

Buccal aspect of anterior attached gingiva

affected

Marginal gingiva spared

Not significantly improved by oral hygiene

measures alone

Differential Diagnosis Erosive Lichen Planus

Immune-mediated blistering diseases

Intra-epithelial

Pemphigus

Subepithelial

Pemphigoid

Linear IgA disease

Dermatitis herpetiformis

Epidermolysis bullosa

Erythema multiforme

Treatment Topical Corticosteroids Recurrent aphthous ulcers

bull Oral manifestations of Behccedilets disease Reiters syndrome acute

vulvar ulcer MAGIC syndrome PFAPA syndrome ulcerative colitis

Crohns disease Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome Sweets

syndrome among others

bull Drug-induced ulcerations mediated by an immune mechanism

bull Lichen planus

bull Cicatricial pemphigoid

bull Mucous membrane pemphigoid

bull Bullous pemphigoid

bull Erythema multiforme

bull Linear IgA dermatosis

bull Pemphigus vulgaris

Topicals Temovate cream 005 Clobetasol propionate

Halog cream 01 Halcinonide

Lidex cream 005 Fluocinonide

Topicort cream 025 Desoximethasone

Lidex gel 005 Fluocinonide

Aristocort cream H-P 05 Triamcinolone acetinode

Diprosone cream 005 Betamethasone dipropionate

Florone cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Maxiflor cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Synalar cream H-P 02 Fluocinolone acetonide

Topicals Tropicort-LP cream 005 Desoxymethasone

Benisone cream 0025 Betamethasone benzoate

Cordran cream 0025 Flurandenolide

Kenalog cream 01 Triamcinolone acetonide

Locoid cream 01 Hydrocortisone butyrate

Synalar cream 0025 Fluocinolone acetonide

Valisone cream 01 Betamethasone valerate

Tridesilon cream 005 Desonide

Locorten cream 003 Flumetasone pivalate

1 Hydrocortisone

Topical Corticosteroids

Used to treat oral lesions

Clobetasol (Temovate) -- Suppresses mitosis and increases synthesis of proteins that decrease inflammation and cause vasoconstriction Class I superpotent topical steroid useful in treating oral lesions Topical corticosteroids commonly are used intraorally for oral manifestations of autoimmune blistering skin diseases Since these diseases are chronic inflammatory in nature topical corticosteroids are very useful as an adjunct treatment Patients with disease confined to the gingiva should see a dentist to have a custom-made soft tray to carry the medication

H

How does herpes simplex develop

overexposure to sunlight

overexposure to wind

colds influenza and similar infections

heavy alcohol use

fever from any cause

the menstrual period

physical stress

emotional stress

Symptoms

Primary (Initial) HSV I Fever

Adenopathy

Ulcers deep in mouth

Secondary (Later) HSV I (Recurrent labial lesions) Fever Blisters form on outer vermillion border

Cold Sores form on inner lip Initial Vesicle

Next Crust

Last Healing in 10-14 days

Differential Diagnosis

Differs from Aphthous Ulcers in that

Found on keratinized (bound-down) intraoral

mucosa

Vesicles rupture into coalescing ulcers

HSV lesions are anterior compared with

Herpangina

Hand Foot and Mouth Disease

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Oral acyclovir (Zovirax) or the recently

developed drugs valacyclovir (Valtrex) or

famciclovir (Famvir) lessen the symptoms

and frequency of fever blister recurrences for

some patients These drugs prevent HSV from

multiplying and are effective when taken in

pill form prior to an outbreak of the virus

Systemic Antivirals

Acyclovir

Dose 15 mgkg (max 200 mg) PO 5xday for 7 days

Shortens first HSV infection by 6 days in children

Famciclovir

Shortens healing time by 2 days in UV-induced cases

Spruance (1999) J Infect Dis 179303-10

Valacyclovir (FDA approved for age 12 and older)

Adult dose 2 g PO bid for one day

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Topical antiviral creams containing acyclovir

(Zovirax) or penciclovir (Denavir) may also

help in limiting the extent or duration of

lesions if applied promptly to affected areas

Topical Treatments

Penciclovir (Denavir) heals HSV-1 sores on average about half a day faster than without treatment stops viral shedding and reduces the duration of the pain Ideally the patient should apply the cream within the first hour of symptoms although benefits have also been noted with later application It is continued for four consecutive days and should be reapplied every two hours while awake

Docosanol cream (Abreva) is an over-the-counter agent for oral-facial herpes It helps resist infection by inhibiting the ability of the virus to become fully active after it has attached itself to the host cell It is applied five times a day beginning at the first sign of tingling or pain Studies have been mixed on it benefits

Topical Treatments

Acyclovir cream (Zovirax) has been approved It may speed healing of oral herpes lesions and lessen the duration of pain particularly if it is applied early on (at the first sign of pain or tingling)

Lidex is a gel that contains a fluocinonide as corticosteroid Corticosteroids commonly called steroids are anti-inflammatory agents and not ordinarily used for herpes Some evidence suggests it may be effective in combination with oral famciclovir

Topical Treatments

Over-the-counter topical anesthetics may provide

modest relief They include Anbesol gel Blistex lip

ointment Campho-phenique Herpecin-L

Viractin and Zilactin In one study Viractin

reduced the duration of the attack compared to

placebo by two days It also relieved itching but had

little effect on other symptoms In general however

few studies have been conducted on any of these

products

X

Xerostomia

Xerostomia is not a disease but can be a symptom

of certain diseases It can produce serious

negative effects on the patients quality of life

affecting dietary habits nutritional status

speech taste tolerance to dental prosthesis and

increases susceptibility to dental caries The

increase in dental caries can be devastating in

many patients and therefore special care must be

made to control this condition

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Medications - Several hundred current medications

can cause xerostomia antihypertensives

antidepressants analgesics tranquilizers diuretics

and antihistamines c

-Cancer Therapy - Chemotherapeutic drugs can

change the flow and composition of the saliva

Radiation treatment that is focused on or near the

salivary gland can temporarily or permanently

damage the salivary glands

-Sjogrens syndrome - An autoimmune disease causes

xerostomia and dry eyes

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Other conditions -such as bone marrow transplants endocrine disorders stress anxiety depression and nutritional deficiencies may cause xerostomia

-Nerve Damage - Trauma to the head and neck area from surgery or wounds can damage the nerves that supply sensation to the mouth While the salivary glands may be left intact they cannot function normally without the nerves that signal them to produce saliva

Treatment

Identify the xerostomic condition and the

cause Some of the causes may be

ameliorated and this will aid therapy But

in many situations it will be difficult to

eliminate the causes Thus it will be

necessary for the Dentist to control the

results of xerostomia This is especially

true about the increase in dental caries

Treatment -pilocarpine (Salagen) 5mg qid prescription required

-special food preparation - blended and moist foods are easier to swallow

artificial saliva (available over-the-counter)

-sipping plain water is usually preferred over artificial saliva by most patients

-Biotene brand over-the-counter dry mouth products (toothpaste alcohol- free mouth rinse and Oralbalance lubricating gel)

-avoidance of alcohol-based mouth rinses

-use of water and glycerin mixed in a small aerosol spray bottle

RX

Contains sorbitol sodium

carboxymethlcellulose and

methylparaben in a

pleasantly flavored

solution

120 mL (406 fl oz)

Z

Treatment

Acyclovir (Zovirax)dagger800 mg orally five times

daily for 7 to 10 days

10 mg per kg IV every 8 hours for 7 to 10

daysDagger

$174 to 248 (129 to 200)

Famciclovir (Famvir)dagger500 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$140

Treatment

Valacyclovir (Valtrex)dagger1000 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$84

Prednisone (Deltasone)30 mg orally twice

daily on days 1 through 7 then 15 mg twice

daily on days 8 through 14 then 75 mg twice

daily on days 15 through 21

Treatment

Lotions containing calamine (eg Caladryl)

may be used on open lesions to reduce pain

and pruritus

Once the lesions have crusted over capsaicin

cream (Zostrix) may be applied

Topically administered lidocaine (Xylocaine)

and nerve blocks have also been reported to

be effective in reducing pain

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Amitriptyline (Elavil) -- By inhibiting reuptake of serotonin andor norepinephrine by presynaptic neuronal membrane may increase synaptic concentration in CNS Useful as analgesic for certain types of chronic and neuropathic pain

Adult DoseEarly in course of HZ 25 mgd PO hs to prevent PHNAfter PHN develops 30-100 mg PO qhs

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Capsaicin cream (Dolorac Capsin Zostrix) --Natural chemical derived from plants of Solanaceae family By depleting and preventing reaccumulation of substance P in peripheral sensory neurons may render skin and joints insensitive to pain Substance P thought to be chemomediator of pain transmission from periphery to CNS

Adult DoseCream Apply to skin tidqid for 3-4 consecutive wk and evaluate efficacy not to exceed 4 applicationsd

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Lidocaine (DermaFlex gel Lidoderm 5 patch) --Several recent studies have advocated topical administration of lidocaine as treatment of PHN Lidocaine gel (5) in placebo-controlled study showed significant relief in 23 patients studied Lidocaine tape also decreases severity of pain

Adult DoseGel (5) Apply to affected area prnPatch (5) Apply to most painful area up to 3 patches per application patch may remain in place for up to 12 h in any 24 h period

Postherpetic Neuralgia Gabapentin (Neurontin) -- This medication has been

approved by the FDA for the treatment of PHN Has properties common to other anticonvulsants and antineuralgic effects Exact mechanism of action is not known Structurally gabapentin is related to GABA but it does not interact with GABA receptors Believed to have a binding site at the alpha 2-delta protein an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gaited calcium channels In the rat brain binding is localized on neuronal dendritic areas Relevance of these observations to treatment of PHN is not known

Adult Dose100 mg PO tid titrate dose prn recommended dose is 900-1800 mg PO qd not to exceed 900 mg PO qid

Predisposing factors for infection

Infancy or old age

Serious underlying disease such as cancer or infection with HIV

Dry mouth due to disease of the salivary glands or medications eg antihistamines diuretics

Dentures (especially if they are not regularly cleaned or fit badly)

Predisposing factors for infection

Smoking

Injury to the mouth

Nutritional deficiency eg iron ampor B-vitamin deficiency

Inhaled corticosteroids used to treat asthma eg beclometasone budesonide fluticasone Drink water after inhalation to reduce this complication

Clinical features

Acute pseudomembranous candidiasis There are

white patches on gums tongue amp inside the mouth

that can be peeled off leaving a raw area

Acute atrophic candidiasis There are smooth red

shiny patches on the tongue The mouth is very sore

Chronic atrophic candidiasis This is common in

those with dentures The underlying mucosa is red

and swollen

Clinical features

Angular cheilitis There are sore red splits at each side of the mouth more likely if there is overhang of the upper lip over the lower lip causing a moist deep furrow Angular cheilitis due to candida andor Staphylococcus aureus arises frequently in those taking the medication isotretinoin for acne this medication dries the lips

Chronic hyperplastic candidiasis This is a type of oral leukoplakia (white patch) inside the cheeks or on the tongue with persistent nodules or lumps It usually affects smokers and is pre-malignant Red patches (erythroplakia) as well as white patches may indicate malignant change

Clinical features

Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis presents

as a chronic pseudomembranous infection

The skin and nails are also affected

Median rhomboid glossitis - there is diamond-

shaped inflammation at the back of the

tongue

Severe infections may extend down the throat

(esophageal infection)

Rationale for Treatment Topical vs

Systemic Drugs

Topical antifungals are usually the drug of

choice for uncomplicated localized

candidiasis in patients with normal immune

function

Systemic antifungals are usually indicated in

cases of disseminated disease andor in

immunocompromised patients

Suggested Medications for the

Treatment of Candidiasis

Rx

Clotrimazole troches 10 mg

Disp 70 troches

Sig Let 1 troche dissolve in mouth 5 times

per day for 14 days Do not chew NPO 12

hour

Suggested Systemic Medications for

the Treatment of Candidiasis Rx

Ketoconazole tablets 200 mgDisp 14 tabletsSig Take 1 tab qd with a meal or orange juice for 14 days

RxFluconazole tablets 100 mgDisp 15 tabletsSig Take 2 tablets stat then 1 tablet qd for 14 days

RxItraconazole tablets 100 mgDisp 28 tabletsSig Take 1 tablet bid with a meal or orange juice for 14 days

CA

Head and Neck Cancer

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Intraoral Melanoma

Lymphoma

Intraoral Melanoma

The five year survival rate for oral melanoma

is less than 20 as compared to 75 for

Cutaneous melanomas The average time of

first local recurrence for oral melanoma is less

than one year and metastatic disease is usually

diagnosed within three months of the

recurrence The average survival rate after

metastasis is typically less than 6 months

Extranodal Lymphoma

Extranodal lymphomas usually develop as a

rapidly growing mass of the palate or

posterior tongue (area of Waldeyerrsquos ring)

Pain may or may not be a presenting sign

Clinically the lesion may present as an

erythematous mass with a boggy consistency

The average survival rate for AIDS patients

with an intraoral lymphoma is eight months

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Second primary ndash field cancerization

Incidence amp Mortality HampN Ca

41000 new cases annually

13000 affected will die of disease

Rates constant over last 20yrs

lt 5 of neoplasias US

Highest incidence southeastern amp south-

central Asia

Disease in Women

Prior to 1940 malefemale ratio - 101

1980s ratio 31

Reason tobacco use among women in early

decades of the century

Habits have stabilized ndash malefemale

incidence normalized

Tobacco Use

1956 Wynder et al HampN Ca 10-fold

increase among smokers

Most studies 5-fold to 25-fold increase

intensity and duration of tobacco

consumption

80-90 of HampN Ca patients use tobacco

Alcohol

Odds ratio increases 3- to 15-fold for HampN

Ca after adjusting for tobacco use with

consumption of alcohol

Multiplicative effect with tobacco and

alcohol

Location of cancer ndash oral

pharyngeal(topical mechanism)

Alcohol

Promotional effects independent of

initiation

-prostaglandin synthesis lipid peroxidation

free radical oxygen enhance cell turnover

Enhances cell permeability

Defective repair mechanisms

Depressed immunity

Dz

RISK FACTORS (RF)

1 RF

2 RF

3 RF

4 RF

The concept of

TUMOR

local

regional

systemic

local T

N

M

INFECTION PAIN

INFECTION NEOPLASM

CERVICAL LYMPH NODE ENLARGEMENT

bullbacterial

bullviral (local systemic)

bullfungal

bullpostinfect fibrosed node

bulllt 40 yrs lymphoma

bullgt 40 yrs metastatic SCC

OTHERS

bullleukemia

bullconnective tissue diseases (eg lupus)

bullsarcoidosis

Importance of early diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma

60

stage III amp IV

23 recurrence lt 2 yrs

lt 13 survive 3 yrs

40

stage I amp II

80-90 cure

Second primary tumor in successfully treated patients within 5-7

years up to 40 Follow-up important

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Mortality (8000) deaths per year

Mortality by Site

Tongue 432

Salivary 130

Floor of mouth 950

Lip 24

Other 319

Premalignant Lesions

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Erythroplasia

Carcinoma in situ

Verrucous Leukoplakia

Tobacco patch keratosis

Actinic cheilosis

Mouth wash (Viadent) dysplasia

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Defined as a red patch that can not be

clinically or pathologically diagnosed as any

other condition

Almost all erythroleukoplakia demonstrate

dysplasia or CIS

Etiology is similar to oral SCC

May occur in conjunction with leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Risk of malignant transformation in

erythroleukoplakia about 4x greater than

homogenous leukoplakia

Predominately disease of older men with peak

prevalence of 65 to 74 years

Floor of mouth tongue and soft palate are

most common sites of involvement

Erythroplakia

The Management of Head and

Neck Cancer

Major advances

Conservative or partial resections

Micro vascular free-tissue transfer in

reconstruction

Better definition of the roles of chemotherapy

and radiotherapy

Despite these advances the treatment of loco

regional recurrence remains a major challenge

success rates for salvage therapy are poor

Treatment

Surgery

Radiotherapy

Chemotherapy

Immunotherapy

at present the role of immunotherapy remains investigational

Chemotherapy

Several randomized and non-randomized trial have evaluated chemotherapy for the treatment of head and neck cancer

Various agents have been shown to produce a response

No agents either alone or in combination have demonstrated an improvement in survival

cisplatin and 5 - FU

Uses

Inoperable tumors

Salvage therapy for recurrent tumors

Treatment

The main treatment modalities for head and neck

cancer remain surgery and radiotherapy

Patient factors that merit consideration

Impact on the quality of life

Medical condition ndash ldquoco - morbiditiesrdquo

Patient preference

Treatment cost and convenience

Compliance

Treatment

Early stage disease (stage I and II) can be treated with either surgery or radiotherapy with equivalent control rates

Small lesions of the oral cavity wide local excision is preferred over radiotherapy

Radiotherapy can be delivered to a site generally only once

Reserve this modality for less operable lesions

Treatment Combined Modality

Surgery and RadiotherapyIndications for post operative radiotherapy

Primary Tumor

Advance T stage

High histologic grade

Positive surgical resection margins

Lymphatic permeation

Vascular invasion

Perineural spread

Radiotherapy

Daily dose of 180 cGy to 200 cGy

5000 cGy over a five week period

T1 ndash 6000 to 6600 cGy

T2 - 6600 to 7000 cGy

T3T4 - gt 7000 cGy

ldquoshrinking field techniquerdquo

hyperfractionation technique 200 cGy per day for 25 days followed by 400 cGy per day for 5 days

D

Desquamative gingivitis is a clinical term to describe red painful glazed and friable gingivae which may be a manifestation of some mucocutaneous conditions such as lichen planus or the vesiculobullous disorders

Clinical features of desquamative

gingivitis

Fiery red friable gingiva

Painful desquamates easily

Buccal aspect of anterior attached gingiva

affected

Marginal gingiva spared

Not significantly improved by oral hygiene

measures alone

Differential Diagnosis Erosive Lichen Planus

Immune-mediated blistering diseases

Intra-epithelial

Pemphigus

Subepithelial

Pemphigoid

Linear IgA disease

Dermatitis herpetiformis

Epidermolysis bullosa

Erythema multiforme

Treatment Topical Corticosteroids Recurrent aphthous ulcers

bull Oral manifestations of Behccedilets disease Reiters syndrome acute

vulvar ulcer MAGIC syndrome PFAPA syndrome ulcerative colitis

Crohns disease Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome Sweets

syndrome among others

bull Drug-induced ulcerations mediated by an immune mechanism

bull Lichen planus

bull Cicatricial pemphigoid

bull Mucous membrane pemphigoid

bull Bullous pemphigoid

bull Erythema multiforme

bull Linear IgA dermatosis

bull Pemphigus vulgaris

Topicals Temovate cream 005 Clobetasol propionate

Halog cream 01 Halcinonide

Lidex cream 005 Fluocinonide

Topicort cream 025 Desoximethasone

Lidex gel 005 Fluocinonide

Aristocort cream H-P 05 Triamcinolone acetinode

Diprosone cream 005 Betamethasone dipropionate

Florone cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Maxiflor cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Synalar cream H-P 02 Fluocinolone acetonide

Topicals Tropicort-LP cream 005 Desoxymethasone

Benisone cream 0025 Betamethasone benzoate

Cordran cream 0025 Flurandenolide

Kenalog cream 01 Triamcinolone acetonide

Locoid cream 01 Hydrocortisone butyrate

Synalar cream 0025 Fluocinolone acetonide

Valisone cream 01 Betamethasone valerate

Tridesilon cream 005 Desonide

Locorten cream 003 Flumetasone pivalate

1 Hydrocortisone

Topical Corticosteroids

Used to treat oral lesions

Clobetasol (Temovate) -- Suppresses mitosis and increases synthesis of proteins that decrease inflammation and cause vasoconstriction Class I superpotent topical steroid useful in treating oral lesions Topical corticosteroids commonly are used intraorally for oral manifestations of autoimmune blistering skin diseases Since these diseases are chronic inflammatory in nature topical corticosteroids are very useful as an adjunct treatment Patients with disease confined to the gingiva should see a dentist to have a custom-made soft tray to carry the medication

H

How does herpes simplex develop

overexposure to sunlight

overexposure to wind

colds influenza and similar infections

heavy alcohol use

fever from any cause

the menstrual period

physical stress

emotional stress

Symptoms

Primary (Initial) HSV I Fever

Adenopathy

Ulcers deep in mouth

Secondary (Later) HSV I (Recurrent labial lesions) Fever Blisters form on outer vermillion border

Cold Sores form on inner lip Initial Vesicle

Next Crust

Last Healing in 10-14 days

Differential Diagnosis

Differs from Aphthous Ulcers in that

Found on keratinized (bound-down) intraoral

mucosa

Vesicles rupture into coalescing ulcers

HSV lesions are anterior compared with

Herpangina

Hand Foot and Mouth Disease

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Oral acyclovir (Zovirax) or the recently

developed drugs valacyclovir (Valtrex) or

famciclovir (Famvir) lessen the symptoms

and frequency of fever blister recurrences for

some patients These drugs prevent HSV from

multiplying and are effective when taken in

pill form prior to an outbreak of the virus

Systemic Antivirals

Acyclovir

Dose 15 mgkg (max 200 mg) PO 5xday for 7 days

Shortens first HSV infection by 6 days in children

Famciclovir

Shortens healing time by 2 days in UV-induced cases

Spruance (1999) J Infect Dis 179303-10

Valacyclovir (FDA approved for age 12 and older)

Adult dose 2 g PO bid for one day

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Topical antiviral creams containing acyclovir

(Zovirax) or penciclovir (Denavir) may also

help in limiting the extent or duration of

lesions if applied promptly to affected areas

Topical Treatments

Penciclovir (Denavir) heals HSV-1 sores on average about half a day faster than without treatment stops viral shedding and reduces the duration of the pain Ideally the patient should apply the cream within the first hour of symptoms although benefits have also been noted with later application It is continued for four consecutive days and should be reapplied every two hours while awake

Docosanol cream (Abreva) is an over-the-counter agent for oral-facial herpes It helps resist infection by inhibiting the ability of the virus to become fully active after it has attached itself to the host cell It is applied five times a day beginning at the first sign of tingling or pain Studies have been mixed on it benefits

Topical Treatments

Acyclovir cream (Zovirax) has been approved It may speed healing of oral herpes lesions and lessen the duration of pain particularly if it is applied early on (at the first sign of pain or tingling)

Lidex is a gel that contains a fluocinonide as corticosteroid Corticosteroids commonly called steroids are anti-inflammatory agents and not ordinarily used for herpes Some evidence suggests it may be effective in combination with oral famciclovir

Topical Treatments

Over-the-counter topical anesthetics may provide

modest relief They include Anbesol gel Blistex lip

ointment Campho-phenique Herpecin-L

Viractin and Zilactin In one study Viractin

reduced the duration of the attack compared to

placebo by two days It also relieved itching but had

little effect on other symptoms In general however

few studies have been conducted on any of these

products

X

Xerostomia

Xerostomia is not a disease but can be a symptom

of certain diseases It can produce serious

negative effects on the patients quality of life

affecting dietary habits nutritional status

speech taste tolerance to dental prosthesis and

increases susceptibility to dental caries The

increase in dental caries can be devastating in

many patients and therefore special care must be

made to control this condition

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Medications - Several hundred current medications

can cause xerostomia antihypertensives

antidepressants analgesics tranquilizers diuretics

and antihistamines c

-Cancer Therapy - Chemotherapeutic drugs can

change the flow and composition of the saliva

Radiation treatment that is focused on or near the

salivary gland can temporarily or permanently

damage the salivary glands

-Sjogrens syndrome - An autoimmune disease causes

xerostomia and dry eyes

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Other conditions -such as bone marrow transplants endocrine disorders stress anxiety depression and nutritional deficiencies may cause xerostomia

-Nerve Damage - Trauma to the head and neck area from surgery or wounds can damage the nerves that supply sensation to the mouth While the salivary glands may be left intact they cannot function normally without the nerves that signal them to produce saliva

Treatment

Identify the xerostomic condition and the

cause Some of the causes may be

ameliorated and this will aid therapy But

in many situations it will be difficult to

eliminate the causes Thus it will be

necessary for the Dentist to control the

results of xerostomia This is especially

true about the increase in dental caries

Treatment -pilocarpine (Salagen) 5mg qid prescription required

-special food preparation - blended and moist foods are easier to swallow

artificial saliva (available over-the-counter)

-sipping plain water is usually preferred over artificial saliva by most patients

-Biotene brand over-the-counter dry mouth products (toothpaste alcohol- free mouth rinse and Oralbalance lubricating gel)

-avoidance of alcohol-based mouth rinses

-use of water and glycerin mixed in a small aerosol spray bottle

RX

Contains sorbitol sodium

carboxymethlcellulose and

methylparaben in a

pleasantly flavored

solution

120 mL (406 fl oz)

Z

Treatment

Acyclovir (Zovirax)dagger800 mg orally five times

daily for 7 to 10 days

10 mg per kg IV every 8 hours for 7 to 10

daysDagger

$174 to 248 (129 to 200)

Famciclovir (Famvir)dagger500 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$140

Treatment

Valacyclovir (Valtrex)dagger1000 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$84

Prednisone (Deltasone)30 mg orally twice

daily on days 1 through 7 then 15 mg twice

daily on days 8 through 14 then 75 mg twice

daily on days 15 through 21

Treatment

Lotions containing calamine (eg Caladryl)

may be used on open lesions to reduce pain

and pruritus

Once the lesions have crusted over capsaicin

cream (Zostrix) may be applied

Topically administered lidocaine (Xylocaine)

and nerve blocks have also been reported to

be effective in reducing pain

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Amitriptyline (Elavil) -- By inhibiting reuptake of serotonin andor norepinephrine by presynaptic neuronal membrane may increase synaptic concentration in CNS Useful as analgesic for certain types of chronic and neuropathic pain

Adult DoseEarly in course of HZ 25 mgd PO hs to prevent PHNAfter PHN develops 30-100 mg PO qhs

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Capsaicin cream (Dolorac Capsin Zostrix) --Natural chemical derived from plants of Solanaceae family By depleting and preventing reaccumulation of substance P in peripheral sensory neurons may render skin and joints insensitive to pain Substance P thought to be chemomediator of pain transmission from periphery to CNS

Adult DoseCream Apply to skin tidqid for 3-4 consecutive wk and evaluate efficacy not to exceed 4 applicationsd

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Lidocaine (DermaFlex gel Lidoderm 5 patch) --Several recent studies have advocated topical administration of lidocaine as treatment of PHN Lidocaine gel (5) in placebo-controlled study showed significant relief in 23 patients studied Lidocaine tape also decreases severity of pain

Adult DoseGel (5) Apply to affected area prnPatch (5) Apply to most painful area up to 3 patches per application patch may remain in place for up to 12 h in any 24 h period

Postherpetic Neuralgia Gabapentin (Neurontin) -- This medication has been

approved by the FDA for the treatment of PHN Has properties common to other anticonvulsants and antineuralgic effects Exact mechanism of action is not known Structurally gabapentin is related to GABA but it does not interact with GABA receptors Believed to have a binding site at the alpha 2-delta protein an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gaited calcium channels In the rat brain binding is localized on neuronal dendritic areas Relevance of these observations to treatment of PHN is not known

Adult Dose100 mg PO tid titrate dose prn recommended dose is 900-1800 mg PO qd not to exceed 900 mg PO qid

Predisposing factors for infection

Smoking

Injury to the mouth

Nutritional deficiency eg iron ampor B-vitamin deficiency

Inhaled corticosteroids used to treat asthma eg beclometasone budesonide fluticasone Drink water after inhalation to reduce this complication

Clinical features

Acute pseudomembranous candidiasis There are

white patches on gums tongue amp inside the mouth

that can be peeled off leaving a raw area

Acute atrophic candidiasis There are smooth red

shiny patches on the tongue The mouth is very sore

Chronic atrophic candidiasis This is common in

those with dentures The underlying mucosa is red

and swollen

Clinical features

Angular cheilitis There are sore red splits at each side of the mouth more likely if there is overhang of the upper lip over the lower lip causing a moist deep furrow Angular cheilitis due to candida andor Staphylococcus aureus arises frequently in those taking the medication isotretinoin for acne this medication dries the lips

Chronic hyperplastic candidiasis This is a type of oral leukoplakia (white patch) inside the cheeks or on the tongue with persistent nodules or lumps It usually affects smokers and is pre-malignant Red patches (erythroplakia) as well as white patches may indicate malignant change

Clinical features

Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis presents

as a chronic pseudomembranous infection

The skin and nails are also affected

Median rhomboid glossitis - there is diamond-

shaped inflammation at the back of the

tongue

Severe infections may extend down the throat

(esophageal infection)

Rationale for Treatment Topical vs

Systemic Drugs

Topical antifungals are usually the drug of

choice for uncomplicated localized

candidiasis in patients with normal immune

function

Systemic antifungals are usually indicated in

cases of disseminated disease andor in

immunocompromised patients

Suggested Medications for the

Treatment of Candidiasis

Rx

Clotrimazole troches 10 mg

Disp 70 troches

Sig Let 1 troche dissolve in mouth 5 times

per day for 14 days Do not chew NPO 12

hour

Suggested Systemic Medications for

the Treatment of Candidiasis Rx

Ketoconazole tablets 200 mgDisp 14 tabletsSig Take 1 tab qd with a meal or orange juice for 14 days

RxFluconazole tablets 100 mgDisp 15 tabletsSig Take 2 tablets stat then 1 tablet qd for 14 days

RxItraconazole tablets 100 mgDisp 28 tabletsSig Take 1 tablet bid with a meal or orange juice for 14 days

CA

Head and Neck Cancer

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Intraoral Melanoma

Lymphoma

Intraoral Melanoma

The five year survival rate for oral melanoma

is less than 20 as compared to 75 for

Cutaneous melanomas The average time of

first local recurrence for oral melanoma is less

than one year and metastatic disease is usually

diagnosed within three months of the

recurrence The average survival rate after

metastasis is typically less than 6 months

Extranodal Lymphoma

Extranodal lymphomas usually develop as a

rapidly growing mass of the palate or

posterior tongue (area of Waldeyerrsquos ring)

Pain may or may not be a presenting sign

Clinically the lesion may present as an

erythematous mass with a boggy consistency

The average survival rate for AIDS patients

with an intraoral lymphoma is eight months

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Second primary ndash field cancerization

Incidence amp Mortality HampN Ca

41000 new cases annually

13000 affected will die of disease

Rates constant over last 20yrs

lt 5 of neoplasias US

Highest incidence southeastern amp south-

central Asia

Disease in Women

Prior to 1940 malefemale ratio - 101

1980s ratio 31

Reason tobacco use among women in early

decades of the century

Habits have stabilized ndash malefemale

incidence normalized

Tobacco Use

1956 Wynder et al HampN Ca 10-fold

increase among smokers

Most studies 5-fold to 25-fold increase

intensity and duration of tobacco

consumption

80-90 of HampN Ca patients use tobacco

Alcohol

Odds ratio increases 3- to 15-fold for HampN

Ca after adjusting for tobacco use with

consumption of alcohol

Multiplicative effect with tobacco and

alcohol

Location of cancer ndash oral

pharyngeal(topical mechanism)

Alcohol

Promotional effects independent of

initiation

-prostaglandin synthesis lipid peroxidation

free radical oxygen enhance cell turnover

Enhances cell permeability

Defective repair mechanisms

Depressed immunity

Dz

RISK FACTORS (RF)

1 RF

2 RF

3 RF

4 RF

The concept of

TUMOR

local

regional

systemic

local T

N

M

INFECTION PAIN

INFECTION NEOPLASM

CERVICAL LYMPH NODE ENLARGEMENT

bullbacterial

bullviral (local systemic)

bullfungal

bullpostinfect fibrosed node

bulllt 40 yrs lymphoma

bullgt 40 yrs metastatic SCC

OTHERS

bullleukemia

bullconnective tissue diseases (eg lupus)

bullsarcoidosis

Importance of early diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma

60

stage III amp IV

23 recurrence lt 2 yrs

lt 13 survive 3 yrs

40

stage I amp II

80-90 cure

Second primary tumor in successfully treated patients within 5-7

years up to 40 Follow-up important

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Mortality (8000) deaths per year

Mortality by Site

Tongue 432

Salivary 130

Floor of mouth 950

Lip 24

Other 319

Premalignant Lesions

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Erythroplasia

Carcinoma in situ

Verrucous Leukoplakia

Tobacco patch keratosis

Actinic cheilosis

Mouth wash (Viadent) dysplasia

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Defined as a red patch that can not be

clinically or pathologically diagnosed as any

other condition

Almost all erythroleukoplakia demonstrate

dysplasia or CIS

Etiology is similar to oral SCC

May occur in conjunction with leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Risk of malignant transformation in

erythroleukoplakia about 4x greater than

homogenous leukoplakia

Predominately disease of older men with peak

prevalence of 65 to 74 years

Floor of mouth tongue and soft palate are

most common sites of involvement

Erythroplakia

The Management of Head and

Neck Cancer

Major advances

Conservative or partial resections

Micro vascular free-tissue transfer in

reconstruction

Better definition of the roles of chemotherapy

and radiotherapy

Despite these advances the treatment of loco

regional recurrence remains a major challenge

success rates for salvage therapy are poor

Treatment

Surgery

Radiotherapy

Chemotherapy

Immunotherapy

at present the role of immunotherapy remains investigational

Chemotherapy

Several randomized and non-randomized trial have evaluated chemotherapy for the treatment of head and neck cancer

Various agents have been shown to produce a response

No agents either alone or in combination have demonstrated an improvement in survival

cisplatin and 5 - FU

Uses

Inoperable tumors

Salvage therapy for recurrent tumors

Treatment

The main treatment modalities for head and neck

cancer remain surgery and radiotherapy

Patient factors that merit consideration

Impact on the quality of life

Medical condition ndash ldquoco - morbiditiesrdquo

Patient preference

Treatment cost and convenience

Compliance

Treatment

Early stage disease (stage I and II) can be treated with either surgery or radiotherapy with equivalent control rates

Small lesions of the oral cavity wide local excision is preferred over radiotherapy

Radiotherapy can be delivered to a site generally only once

Reserve this modality for less operable lesions

Treatment Combined Modality

Surgery and RadiotherapyIndications for post operative radiotherapy

Primary Tumor

Advance T stage

High histologic grade

Positive surgical resection margins

Lymphatic permeation

Vascular invasion

Perineural spread

Radiotherapy

Daily dose of 180 cGy to 200 cGy

5000 cGy over a five week period

T1 ndash 6000 to 6600 cGy

T2 - 6600 to 7000 cGy

T3T4 - gt 7000 cGy

ldquoshrinking field techniquerdquo

hyperfractionation technique 200 cGy per day for 25 days followed by 400 cGy per day for 5 days

D

Desquamative gingivitis is a clinical term to describe red painful glazed and friable gingivae which may be a manifestation of some mucocutaneous conditions such as lichen planus or the vesiculobullous disorders

Clinical features of desquamative

gingivitis

Fiery red friable gingiva

Painful desquamates easily

Buccal aspect of anterior attached gingiva

affected

Marginal gingiva spared

Not significantly improved by oral hygiene

measures alone

Differential Diagnosis Erosive Lichen Planus

Immune-mediated blistering diseases

Intra-epithelial

Pemphigus

Subepithelial

Pemphigoid

Linear IgA disease

Dermatitis herpetiformis

Epidermolysis bullosa

Erythema multiforme

Treatment Topical Corticosteroids Recurrent aphthous ulcers

bull Oral manifestations of Behccedilets disease Reiters syndrome acute

vulvar ulcer MAGIC syndrome PFAPA syndrome ulcerative colitis

Crohns disease Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome Sweets

syndrome among others

bull Drug-induced ulcerations mediated by an immune mechanism

bull Lichen planus

bull Cicatricial pemphigoid

bull Mucous membrane pemphigoid

bull Bullous pemphigoid

bull Erythema multiforme

bull Linear IgA dermatosis

bull Pemphigus vulgaris

Topicals Temovate cream 005 Clobetasol propionate

Halog cream 01 Halcinonide

Lidex cream 005 Fluocinonide

Topicort cream 025 Desoximethasone

Lidex gel 005 Fluocinonide

Aristocort cream H-P 05 Triamcinolone acetinode

Diprosone cream 005 Betamethasone dipropionate

Florone cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Maxiflor cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Synalar cream H-P 02 Fluocinolone acetonide

Topicals Tropicort-LP cream 005 Desoxymethasone

Benisone cream 0025 Betamethasone benzoate

Cordran cream 0025 Flurandenolide

Kenalog cream 01 Triamcinolone acetonide

Locoid cream 01 Hydrocortisone butyrate

Synalar cream 0025 Fluocinolone acetonide

Valisone cream 01 Betamethasone valerate

Tridesilon cream 005 Desonide

Locorten cream 003 Flumetasone pivalate

1 Hydrocortisone

Topical Corticosteroids

Used to treat oral lesions

Clobetasol (Temovate) -- Suppresses mitosis and increases synthesis of proteins that decrease inflammation and cause vasoconstriction Class I superpotent topical steroid useful in treating oral lesions Topical corticosteroids commonly are used intraorally for oral manifestations of autoimmune blistering skin diseases Since these diseases are chronic inflammatory in nature topical corticosteroids are very useful as an adjunct treatment Patients with disease confined to the gingiva should see a dentist to have a custom-made soft tray to carry the medication

H

How does herpes simplex develop

overexposure to sunlight

overexposure to wind

colds influenza and similar infections

heavy alcohol use

fever from any cause

the menstrual period

physical stress

emotional stress

Symptoms

Primary (Initial) HSV I Fever

Adenopathy

Ulcers deep in mouth

Secondary (Later) HSV I (Recurrent labial lesions) Fever Blisters form on outer vermillion border

Cold Sores form on inner lip Initial Vesicle

Next Crust

Last Healing in 10-14 days

Differential Diagnosis

Differs from Aphthous Ulcers in that

Found on keratinized (bound-down) intraoral

mucosa

Vesicles rupture into coalescing ulcers

HSV lesions are anterior compared with

Herpangina

Hand Foot and Mouth Disease

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Oral acyclovir (Zovirax) or the recently

developed drugs valacyclovir (Valtrex) or

famciclovir (Famvir) lessen the symptoms

and frequency of fever blister recurrences for

some patients These drugs prevent HSV from

multiplying and are effective when taken in

pill form prior to an outbreak of the virus

Systemic Antivirals

Acyclovir

Dose 15 mgkg (max 200 mg) PO 5xday for 7 days

Shortens first HSV infection by 6 days in children

Famciclovir

Shortens healing time by 2 days in UV-induced cases

Spruance (1999) J Infect Dis 179303-10

Valacyclovir (FDA approved for age 12 and older)

Adult dose 2 g PO bid for one day

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Topical antiviral creams containing acyclovir

(Zovirax) or penciclovir (Denavir) may also

help in limiting the extent or duration of

lesions if applied promptly to affected areas

Topical Treatments

Penciclovir (Denavir) heals HSV-1 sores on average about half a day faster than without treatment stops viral shedding and reduces the duration of the pain Ideally the patient should apply the cream within the first hour of symptoms although benefits have also been noted with later application It is continued for four consecutive days and should be reapplied every two hours while awake

Docosanol cream (Abreva) is an over-the-counter agent for oral-facial herpes It helps resist infection by inhibiting the ability of the virus to become fully active after it has attached itself to the host cell It is applied five times a day beginning at the first sign of tingling or pain Studies have been mixed on it benefits

Topical Treatments

Acyclovir cream (Zovirax) has been approved It may speed healing of oral herpes lesions and lessen the duration of pain particularly if it is applied early on (at the first sign of pain or tingling)

Lidex is a gel that contains a fluocinonide as corticosteroid Corticosteroids commonly called steroids are anti-inflammatory agents and not ordinarily used for herpes Some evidence suggests it may be effective in combination with oral famciclovir

Topical Treatments

Over-the-counter topical anesthetics may provide

modest relief They include Anbesol gel Blistex lip

ointment Campho-phenique Herpecin-L

Viractin and Zilactin In one study Viractin

reduced the duration of the attack compared to

placebo by two days It also relieved itching but had

little effect on other symptoms In general however

few studies have been conducted on any of these

products

X

Xerostomia

Xerostomia is not a disease but can be a symptom

of certain diseases It can produce serious

negative effects on the patients quality of life

affecting dietary habits nutritional status

speech taste tolerance to dental prosthesis and

increases susceptibility to dental caries The

increase in dental caries can be devastating in

many patients and therefore special care must be

made to control this condition

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Medications - Several hundred current medications

can cause xerostomia antihypertensives

antidepressants analgesics tranquilizers diuretics

and antihistamines c

-Cancer Therapy - Chemotherapeutic drugs can

change the flow and composition of the saliva

Radiation treatment that is focused on or near the

salivary gland can temporarily or permanently

damage the salivary glands

-Sjogrens syndrome - An autoimmune disease causes

xerostomia and dry eyes

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Other conditions -such as bone marrow transplants endocrine disorders stress anxiety depression and nutritional deficiencies may cause xerostomia

-Nerve Damage - Trauma to the head and neck area from surgery or wounds can damage the nerves that supply sensation to the mouth While the salivary glands may be left intact they cannot function normally without the nerves that signal them to produce saliva

Treatment

Identify the xerostomic condition and the

cause Some of the causes may be

ameliorated and this will aid therapy But

in many situations it will be difficult to

eliminate the causes Thus it will be

necessary for the Dentist to control the

results of xerostomia This is especially

true about the increase in dental caries

Treatment -pilocarpine (Salagen) 5mg qid prescription required

-special food preparation - blended and moist foods are easier to swallow

artificial saliva (available over-the-counter)

-sipping plain water is usually preferred over artificial saliva by most patients

-Biotene brand over-the-counter dry mouth products (toothpaste alcohol- free mouth rinse and Oralbalance lubricating gel)

-avoidance of alcohol-based mouth rinses

-use of water and glycerin mixed in a small aerosol spray bottle

RX

Contains sorbitol sodium

carboxymethlcellulose and

methylparaben in a

pleasantly flavored

solution

120 mL (406 fl oz)

Z

Treatment

Acyclovir (Zovirax)dagger800 mg orally five times

daily for 7 to 10 days

10 mg per kg IV every 8 hours for 7 to 10

daysDagger

$174 to 248 (129 to 200)

Famciclovir (Famvir)dagger500 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$140

Treatment

Valacyclovir (Valtrex)dagger1000 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$84

Prednisone (Deltasone)30 mg orally twice

daily on days 1 through 7 then 15 mg twice

daily on days 8 through 14 then 75 mg twice

daily on days 15 through 21

Treatment

Lotions containing calamine (eg Caladryl)

may be used on open lesions to reduce pain

and pruritus

Once the lesions have crusted over capsaicin

cream (Zostrix) may be applied

Topically administered lidocaine (Xylocaine)

and nerve blocks have also been reported to

be effective in reducing pain

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Amitriptyline (Elavil) -- By inhibiting reuptake of serotonin andor norepinephrine by presynaptic neuronal membrane may increase synaptic concentration in CNS Useful as analgesic for certain types of chronic and neuropathic pain

Adult DoseEarly in course of HZ 25 mgd PO hs to prevent PHNAfter PHN develops 30-100 mg PO qhs

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Capsaicin cream (Dolorac Capsin Zostrix) --Natural chemical derived from plants of Solanaceae family By depleting and preventing reaccumulation of substance P in peripheral sensory neurons may render skin and joints insensitive to pain Substance P thought to be chemomediator of pain transmission from periphery to CNS

Adult DoseCream Apply to skin tidqid for 3-4 consecutive wk and evaluate efficacy not to exceed 4 applicationsd

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Lidocaine (DermaFlex gel Lidoderm 5 patch) --Several recent studies have advocated topical administration of lidocaine as treatment of PHN Lidocaine gel (5) in placebo-controlled study showed significant relief in 23 patients studied Lidocaine tape also decreases severity of pain

Adult DoseGel (5) Apply to affected area prnPatch (5) Apply to most painful area up to 3 patches per application patch may remain in place for up to 12 h in any 24 h period

Postherpetic Neuralgia Gabapentin (Neurontin) -- This medication has been

approved by the FDA for the treatment of PHN Has properties common to other anticonvulsants and antineuralgic effects Exact mechanism of action is not known Structurally gabapentin is related to GABA but it does not interact with GABA receptors Believed to have a binding site at the alpha 2-delta protein an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gaited calcium channels In the rat brain binding is localized on neuronal dendritic areas Relevance of these observations to treatment of PHN is not known

Adult Dose100 mg PO tid titrate dose prn recommended dose is 900-1800 mg PO qd not to exceed 900 mg PO qid

Clinical features

Acute pseudomembranous candidiasis There are

white patches on gums tongue amp inside the mouth

that can be peeled off leaving a raw area

Acute atrophic candidiasis There are smooth red

shiny patches on the tongue The mouth is very sore

Chronic atrophic candidiasis This is common in

those with dentures The underlying mucosa is red

and swollen

Clinical features

Angular cheilitis There are sore red splits at each side of the mouth more likely if there is overhang of the upper lip over the lower lip causing a moist deep furrow Angular cheilitis due to candida andor Staphylococcus aureus arises frequently in those taking the medication isotretinoin for acne this medication dries the lips

Chronic hyperplastic candidiasis This is a type of oral leukoplakia (white patch) inside the cheeks or on the tongue with persistent nodules or lumps It usually affects smokers and is pre-malignant Red patches (erythroplakia) as well as white patches may indicate malignant change

Clinical features

Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis presents

as a chronic pseudomembranous infection

The skin and nails are also affected

Median rhomboid glossitis - there is diamond-

shaped inflammation at the back of the

tongue

Severe infections may extend down the throat

(esophageal infection)

Rationale for Treatment Topical vs

Systemic Drugs

Topical antifungals are usually the drug of

choice for uncomplicated localized

candidiasis in patients with normal immune

function

Systemic antifungals are usually indicated in

cases of disseminated disease andor in

immunocompromised patients

Suggested Medications for the

Treatment of Candidiasis

Rx

Clotrimazole troches 10 mg

Disp 70 troches

Sig Let 1 troche dissolve in mouth 5 times

per day for 14 days Do not chew NPO 12

hour

Suggested Systemic Medications for

the Treatment of Candidiasis Rx

Ketoconazole tablets 200 mgDisp 14 tabletsSig Take 1 tab qd with a meal or orange juice for 14 days

RxFluconazole tablets 100 mgDisp 15 tabletsSig Take 2 tablets stat then 1 tablet qd for 14 days

RxItraconazole tablets 100 mgDisp 28 tabletsSig Take 1 tablet bid with a meal or orange juice for 14 days

CA

Head and Neck Cancer

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Intraoral Melanoma

Lymphoma

Intraoral Melanoma

The five year survival rate for oral melanoma

is less than 20 as compared to 75 for

Cutaneous melanomas The average time of

first local recurrence for oral melanoma is less

than one year and metastatic disease is usually

diagnosed within three months of the

recurrence The average survival rate after

metastasis is typically less than 6 months

Extranodal Lymphoma

Extranodal lymphomas usually develop as a

rapidly growing mass of the palate or

posterior tongue (area of Waldeyerrsquos ring)

Pain may or may not be a presenting sign

Clinically the lesion may present as an

erythematous mass with a boggy consistency

The average survival rate for AIDS patients

with an intraoral lymphoma is eight months

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Second primary ndash field cancerization

Incidence amp Mortality HampN Ca

41000 new cases annually

13000 affected will die of disease

Rates constant over last 20yrs

lt 5 of neoplasias US

Highest incidence southeastern amp south-

central Asia

Disease in Women

Prior to 1940 malefemale ratio - 101

1980s ratio 31

Reason tobacco use among women in early

decades of the century

Habits have stabilized ndash malefemale

incidence normalized

Tobacco Use

1956 Wynder et al HampN Ca 10-fold

increase among smokers

Most studies 5-fold to 25-fold increase

intensity and duration of tobacco

consumption

80-90 of HampN Ca patients use tobacco

Alcohol

Odds ratio increases 3- to 15-fold for HampN

Ca after adjusting for tobacco use with

consumption of alcohol

Multiplicative effect with tobacco and

alcohol

Location of cancer ndash oral

pharyngeal(topical mechanism)

Alcohol

Promotional effects independent of

initiation

-prostaglandin synthesis lipid peroxidation

free radical oxygen enhance cell turnover

Enhances cell permeability

Defective repair mechanisms

Depressed immunity

Dz

RISK FACTORS (RF)

1 RF

2 RF

3 RF

4 RF

The concept of

TUMOR

local

regional

systemic

local T

N

M

INFECTION PAIN

INFECTION NEOPLASM

CERVICAL LYMPH NODE ENLARGEMENT

bullbacterial

bullviral (local systemic)

bullfungal

bullpostinfect fibrosed node

bulllt 40 yrs lymphoma

bullgt 40 yrs metastatic SCC

OTHERS

bullleukemia

bullconnective tissue diseases (eg lupus)

bullsarcoidosis

Importance of early diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma

60

stage III amp IV

23 recurrence lt 2 yrs

lt 13 survive 3 yrs

40

stage I amp II

80-90 cure

Second primary tumor in successfully treated patients within 5-7

years up to 40 Follow-up important

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Mortality (8000) deaths per year

Mortality by Site

Tongue 432

Salivary 130

Floor of mouth 950

Lip 24

Other 319

Premalignant Lesions

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Erythroplasia

Carcinoma in situ

Verrucous Leukoplakia

Tobacco patch keratosis

Actinic cheilosis

Mouth wash (Viadent) dysplasia

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Defined as a red patch that can not be

clinically or pathologically diagnosed as any

other condition

Almost all erythroleukoplakia demonstrate

dysplasia or CIS

Etiology is similar to oral SCC

May occur in conjunction with leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Risk of malignant transformation in

erythroleukoplakia about 4x greater than

homogenous leukoplakia

Predominately disease of older men with peak

prevalence of 65 to 74 years

Floor of mouth tongue and soft palate are

most common sites of involvement

Erythroplakia

The Management of Head and

Neck Cancer

Major advances

Conservative or partial resections

Micro vascular free-tissue transfer in

reconstruction

Better definition of the roles of chemotherapy

and radiotherapy

Despite these advances the treatment of loco

regional recurrence remains a major challenge

success rates for salvage therapy are poor

Treatment

Surgery

Radiotherapy

Chemotherapy

Immunotherapy

at present the role of immunotherapy remains investigational

Chemotherapy

Several randomized and non-randomized trial have evaluated chemotherapy for the treatment of head and neck cancer

Various agents have been shown to produce a response

No agents either alone or in combination have demonstrated an improvement in survival

cisplatin and 5 - FU

Uses

Inoperable tumors

Salvage therapy for recurrent tumors

Treatment

The main treatment modalities for head and neck

cancer remain surgery and radiotherapy

Patient factors that merit consideration

Impact on the quality of life

Medical condition ndash ldquoco - morbiditiesrdquo

Patient preference

Treatment cost and convenience

Compliance

Treatment

Early stage disease (stage I and II) can be treated with either surgery or radiotherapy with equivalent control rates

Small lesions of the oral cavity wide local excision is preferred over radiotherapy

Radiotherapy can be delivered to a site generally only once

Reserve this modality for less operable lesions

Treatment Combined Modality

Surgery and RadiotherapyIndications for post operative radiotherapy

Primary Tumor

Advance T stage

High histologic grade

Positive surgical resection margins

Lymphatic permeation

Vascular invasion

Perineural spread

Radiotherapy

Daily dose of 180 cGy to 200 cGy

5000 cGy over a five week period

T1 ndash 6000 to 6600 cGy

T2 - 6600 to 7000 cGy

T3T4 - gt 7000 cGy

ldquoshrinking field techniquerdquo

hyperfractionation technique 200 cGy per day for 25 days followed by 400 cGy per day for 5 days

D

Desquamative gingivitis is a clinical term to describe red painful glazed and friable gingivae which may be a manifestation of some mucocutaneous conditions such as lichen planus or the vesiculobullous disorders

Clinical features of desquamative

gingivitis

Fiery red friable gingiva

Painful desquamates easily

Buccal aspect of anterior attached gingiva

affected

Marginal gingiva spared

Not significantly improved by oral hygiene

measures alone

Differential Diagnosis Erosive Lichen Planus

Immune-mediated blistering diseases

Intra-epithelial

Pemphigus

Subepithelial

Pemphigoid

Linear IgA disease

Dermatitis herpetiformis

Epidermolysis bullosa

Erythema multiforme

Treatment Topical Corticosteroids Recurrent aphthous ulcers

bull Oral manifestations of Behccedilets disease Reiters syndrome acute

vulvar ulcer MAGIC syndrome PFAPA syndrome ulcerative colitis

Crohns disease Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome Sweets

syndrome among others

bull Drug-induced ulcerations mediated by an immune mechanism

bull Lichen planus

bull Cicatricial pemphigoid

bull Mucous membrane pemphigoid

bull Bullous pemphigoid

bull Erythema multiforme

bull Linear IgA dermatosis

bull Pemphigus vulgaris

Topicals Temovate cream 005 Clobetasol propionate

Halog cream 01 Halcinonide

Lidex cream 005 Fluocinonide

Topicort cream 025 Desoximethasone

Lidex gel 005 Fluocinonide

Aristocort cream H-P 05 Triamcinolone acetinode

Diprosone cream 005 Betamethasone dipropionate

Florone cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Maxiflor cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Synalar cream H-P 02 Fluocinolone acetonide

Topicals Tropicort-LP cream 005 Desoxymethasone

Benisone cream 0025 Betamethasone benzoate

Cordran cream 0025 Flurandenolide

Kenalog cream 01 Triamcinolone acetonide

Locoid cream 01 Hydrocortisone butyrate

Synalar cream 0025 Fluocinolone acetonide

Valisone cream 01 Betamethasone valerate

Tridesilon cream 005 Desonide

Locorten cream 003 Flumetasone pivalate

1 Hydrocortisone

Topical Corticosteroids

Used to treat oral lesions

Clobetasol (Temovate) -- Suppresses mitosis and increases synthesis of proteins that decrease inflammation and cause vasoconstriction Class I superpotent topical steroid useful in treating oral lesions Topical corticosteroids commonly are used intraorally for oral manifestations of autoimmune blistering skin diseases Since these diseases are chronic inflammatory in nature topical corticosteroids are very useful as an adjunct treatment Patients with disease confined to the gingiva should see a dentist to have a custom-made soft tray to carry the medication

H

How does herpes simplex develop

overexposure to sunlight

overexposure to wind

colds influenza and similar infections

heavy alcohol use

fever from any cause

the menstrual period

physical stress

emotional stress

Symptoms

Primary (Initial) HSV I Fever

Adenopathy

Ulcers deep in mouth

Secondary (Later) HSV I (Recurrent labial lesions) Fever Blisters form on outer vermillion border

Cold Sores form on inner lip Initial Vesicle

Next Crust

Last Healing in 10-14 days

Differential Diagnosis

Differs from Aphthous Ulcers in that

Found on keratinized (bound-down) intraoral

mucosa

Vesicles rupture into coalescing ulcers

HSV lesions are anterior compared with

Herpangina

Hand Foot and Mouth Disease

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Oral acyclovir (Zovirax) or the recently

developed drugs valacyclovir (Valtrex) or

famciclovir (Famvir) lessen the symptoms

and frequency of fever blister recurrences for

some patients These drugs prevent HSV from

multiplying and are effective when taken in

pill form prior to an outbreak of the virus

Systemic Antivirals

Acyclovir

Dose 15 mgkg (max 200 mg) PO 5xday for 7 days

Shortens first HSV infection by 6 days in children

Famciclovir

Shortens healing time by 2 days in UV-induced cases

Spruance (1999) J Infect Dis 179303-10

Valacyclovir (FDA approved for age 12 and older)

Adult dose 2 g PO bid for one day

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Topical antiviral creams containing acyclovir

(Zovirax) or penciclovir (Denavir) may also

help in limiting the extent or duration of

lesions if applied promptly to affected areas

Topical Treatments

Penciclovir (Denavir) heals HSV-1 sores on average about half a day faster than without treatment stops viral shedding and reduces the duration of the pain Ideally the patient should apply the cream within the first hour of symptoms although benefits have also been noted with later application It is continued for four consecutive days and should be reapplied every two hours while awake

Docosanol cream (Abreva) is an over-the-counter agent for oral-facial herpes It helps resist infection by inhibiting the ability of the virus to become fully active after it has attached itself to the host cell It is applied five times a day beginning at the first sign of tingling or pain Studies have been mixed on it benefits

Topical Treatments

Acyclovir cream (Zovirax) has been approved It may speed healing of oral herpes lesions and lessen the duration of pain particularly if it is applied early on (at the first sign of pain or tingling)

Lidex is a gel that contains a fluocinonide as corticosteroid Corticosteroids commonly called steroids are anti-inflammatory agents and not ordinarily used for herpes Some evidence suggests it may be effective in combination with oral famciclovir

Topical Treatments

Over-the-counter topical anesthetics may provide

modest relief They include Anbesol gel Blistex lip

ointment Campho-phenique Herpecin-L

Viractin and Zilactin In one study Viractin

reduced the duration of the attack compared to

placebo by two days It also relieved itching but had

little effect on other symptoms In general however

few studies have been conducted on any of these

products

X

Xerostomia

Xerostomia is not a disease but can be a symptom

of certain diseases It can produce serious

negative effects on the patients quality of life

affecting dietary habits nutritional status

speech taste tolerance to dental prosthesis and

increases susceptibility to dental caries The

increase in dental caries can be devastating in

many patients and therefore special care must be

made to control this condition

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Medications - Several hundred current medications

can cause xerostomia antihypertensives

antidepressants analgesics tranquilizers diuretics

and antihistamines c

-Cancer Therapy - Chemotherapeutic drugs can

change the flow and composition of the saliva

Radiation treatment that is focused on or near the

salivary gland can temporarily or permanently

damage the salivary glands

-Sjogrens syndrome - An autoimmune disease causes

xerostomia and dry eyes

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Other conditions -such as bone marrow transplants endocrine disorders stress anxiety depression and nutritional deficiencies may cause xerostomia

-Nerve Damage - Trauma to the head and neck area from surgery or wounds can damage the nerves that supply sensation to the mouth While the salivary glands may be left intact they cannot function normally without the nerves that signal them to produce saliva

Treatment

Identify the xerostomic condition and the

cause Some of the causes may be

ameliorated and this will aid therapy But

in many situations it will be difficult to

eliminate the causes Thus it will be

necessary for the Dentist to control the

results of xerostomia This is especially

true about the increase in dental caries

Treatment -pilocarpine (Salagen) 5mg qid prescription required

-special food preparation - blended and moist foods are easier to swallow

artificial saliva (available over-the-counter)

-sipping plain water is usually preferred over artificial saliva by most patients

-Biotene brand over-the-counter dry mouth products (toothpaste alcohol- free mouth rinse and Oralbalance lubricating gel)

-avoidance of alcohol-based mouth rinses

-use of water and glycerin mixed in a small aerosol spray bottle

RX

Contains sorbitol sodium

carboxymethlcellulose and

methylparaben in a

pleasantly flavored

solution

120 mL (406 fl oz)

Z

Treatment

Acyclovir (Zovirax)dagger800 mg orally five times

daily for 7 to 10 days

10 mg per kg IV every 8 hours for 7 to 10

daysDagger

$174 to 248 (129 to 200)

Famciclovir (Famvir)dagger500 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$140

Treatment

Valacyclovir (Valtrex)dagger1000 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$84

Prednisone (Deltasone)30 mg orally twice

daily on days 1 through 7 then 15 mg twice

daily on days 8 through 14 then 75 mg twice

daily on days 15 through 21

Treatment

Lotions containing calamine (eg Caladryl)

may be used on open lesions to reduce pain

and pruritus

Once the lesions have crusted over capsaicin

cream (Zostrix) may be applied

Topically administered lidocaine (Xylocaine)

and nerve blocks have also been reported to

be effective in reducing pain

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Amitriptyline (Elavil) -- By inhibiting reuptake of serotonin andor norepinephrine by presynaptic neuronal membrane may increase synaptic concentration in CNS Useful as analgesic for certain types of chronic and neuropathic pain

Adult DoseEarly in course of HZ 25 mgd PO hs to prevent PHNAfter PHN develops 30-100 mg PO qhs

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Capsaicin cream (Dolorac Capsin Zostrix) --Natural chemical derived from plants of Solanaceae family By depleting and preventing reaccumulation of substance P in peripheral sensory neurons may render skin and joints insensitive to pain Substance P thought to be chemomediator of pain transmission from periphery to CNS

Adult DoseCream Apply to skin tidqid for 3-4 consecutive wk and evaluate efficacy not to exceed 4 applicationsd

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Lidocaine (DermaFlex gel Lidoderm 5 patch) --Several recent studies have advocated topical administration of lidocaine as treatment of PHN Lidocaine gel (5) in placebo-controlled study showed significant relief in 23 patients studied Lidocaine tape also decreases severity of pain

Adult DoseGel (5) Apply to affected area prnPatch (5) Apply to most painful area up to 3 patches per application patch may remain in place for up to 12 h in any 24 h period

Postherpetic Neuralgia Gabapentin (Neurontin) -- This medication has been

approved by the FDA for the treatment of PHN Has properties common to other anticonvulsants and antineuralgic effects Exact mechanism of action is not known Structurally gabapentin is related to GABA but it does not interact with GABA receptors Believed to have a binding site at the alpha 2-delta protein an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gaited calcium channels In the rat brain binding is localized on neuronal dendritic areas Relevance of these observations to treatment of PHN is not known

Adult Dose100 mg PO tid titrate dose prn recommended dose is 900-1800 mg PO qd not to exceed 900 mg PO qid

Clinical features

Angular cheilitis There are sore red splits at each side of the mouth more likely if there is overhang of the upper lip over the lower lip causing a moist deep furrow Angular cheilitis due to candida andor Staphylococcus aureus arises frequently in those taking the medication isotretinoin for acne this medication dries the lips

Chronic hyperplastic candidiasis This is a type of oral leukoplakia (white patch) inside the cheeks or on the tongue with persistent nodules or lumps It usually affects smokers and is pre-malignant Red patches (erythroplakia) as well as white patches may indicate malignant change

Clinical features

Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis presents

as a chronic pseudomembranous infection

The skin and nails are also affected

Median rhomboid glossitis - there is diamond-

shaped inflammation at the back of the

tongue

Severe infections may extend down the throat

(esophageal infection)

Rationale for Treatment Topical vs

Systemic Drugs

Topical antifungals are usually the drug of

choice for uncomplicated localized

candidiasis in patients with normal immune

function

Systemic antifungals are usually indicated in

cases of disseminated disease andor in

immunocompromised patients

Suggested Medications for the

Treatment of Candidiasis

Rx

Clotrimazole troches 10 mg

Disp 70 troches

Sig Let 1 troche dissolve in mouth 5 times

per day for 14 days Do not chew NPO 12

hour

Suggested Systemic Medications for

the Treatment of Candidiasis Rx

Ketoconazole tablets 200 mgDisp 14 tabletsSig Take 1 tab qd with a meal or orange juice for 14 days

RxFluconazole tablets 100 mgDisp 15 tabletsSig Take 2 tablets stat then 1 tablet qd for 14 days

RxItraconazole tablets 100 mgDisp 28 tabletsSig Take 1 tablet bid with a meal or orange juice for 14 days

CA

Head and Neck Cancer

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Intraoral Melanoma

Lymphoma

Intraoral Melanoma

The five year survival rate for oral melanoma

is less than 20 as compared to 75 for

Cutaneous melanomas The average time of

first local recurrence for oral melanoma is less

than one year and metastatic disease is usually

diagnosed within three months of the

recurrence The average survival rate after

metastasis is typically less than 6 months

Extranodal Lymphoma

Extranodal lymphomas usually develop as a

rapidly growing mass of the palate or

posterior tongue (area of Waldeyerrsquos ring)

Pain may or may not be a presenting sign

Clinically the lesion may present as an

erythematous mass with a boggy consistency

The average survival rate for AIDS patients

with an intraoral lymphoma is eight months

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Second primary ndash field cancerization

Incidence amp Mortality HampN Ca

41000 new cases annually

13000 affected will die of disease

Rates constant over last 20yrs

lt 5 of neoplasias US

Highest incidence southeastern amp south-

central Asia

Disease in Women

Prior to 1940 malefemale ratio - 101

1980s ratio 31

Reason tobacco use among women in early

decades of the century

Habits have stabilized ndash malefemale

incidence normalized

Tobacco Use

1956 Wynder et al HampN Ca 10-fold

increase among smokers

Most studies 5-fold to 25-fold increase

intensity and duration of tobacco

consumption

80-90 of HampN Ca patients use tobacco

Alcohol

Odds ratio increases 3- to 15-fold for HampN

Ca after adjusting for tobacco use with

consumption of alcohol

Multiplicative effect with tobacco and

alcohol

Location of cancer ndash oral

pharyngeal(topical mechanism)

Alcohol

Promotional effects independent of

initiation

-prostaglandin synthesis lipid peroxidation

free radical oxygen enhance cell turnover

Enhances cell permeability

Defective repair mechanisms

Depressed immunity

Dz

RISK FACTORS (RF)

1 RF

2 RF

3 RF

4 RF

The concept of

TUMOR

local

regional

systemic

local T

N

M

INFECTION PAIN

INFECTION NEOPLASM

CERVICAL LYMPH NODE ENLARGEMENT

bullbacterial

bullviral (local systemic)

bullfungal

bullpostinfect fibrosed node

bulllt 40 yrs lymphoma

bullgt 40 yrs metastatic SCC

OTHERS

bullleukemia

bullconnective tissue diseases (eg lupus)

bullsarcoidosis

Importance of early diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma

60

stage III amp IV

23 recurrence lt 2 yrs

lt 13 survive 3 yrs

40

stage I amp II

80-90 cure

Second primary tumor in successfully treated patients within 5-7

years up to 40 Follow-up important

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Mortality (8000) deaths per year

Mortality by Site

Tongue 432

Salivary 130

Floor of mouth 950

Lip 24

Other 319

Premalignant Lesions

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Erythroplasia

Carcinoma in situ

Verrucous Leukoplakia

Tobacco patch keratosis

Actinic cheilosis

Mouth wash (Viadent) dysplasia

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Defined as a red patch that can not be

clinically or pathologically diagnosed as any

other condition

Almost all erythroleukoplakia demonstrate

dysplasia or CIS

Etiology is similar to oral SCC

May occur in conjunction with leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Risk of malignant transformation in

erythroleukoplakia about 4x greater than

homogenous leukoplakia

Predominately disease of older men with peak

prevalence of 65 to 74 years

Floor of mouth tongue and soft palate are

most common sites of involvement

Erythroplakia

The Management of Head and

Neck Cancer

Major advances

Conservative or partial resections

Micro vascular free-tissue transfer in

reconstruction

Better definition of the roles of chemotherapy

and radiotherapy

Despite these advances the treatment of loco

regional recurrence remains a major challenge

success rates for salvage therapy are poor

Treatment

Surgery

Radiotherapy

Chemotherapy

Immunotherapy

at present the role of immunotherapy remains investigational

Chemotherapy

Several randomized and non-randomized trial have evaluated chemotherapy for the treatment of head and neck cancer

Various agents have been shown to produce a response

No agents either alone or in combination have demonstrated an improvement in survival

cisplatin and 5 - FU

Uses

Inoperable tumors

Salvage therapy for recurrent tumors

Treatment

The main treatment modalities for head and neck

cancer remain surgery and radiotherapy

Patient factors that merit consideration

Impact on the quality of life

Medical condition ndash ldquoco - morbiditiesrdquo

Patient preference

Treatment cost and convenience

Compliance

Treatment

Early stage disease (stage I and II) can be treated with either surgery or radiotherapy with equivalent control rates

Small lesions of the oral cavity wide local excision is preferred over radiotherapy

Radiotherapy can be delivered to a site generally only once

Reserve this modality for less operable lesions

Treatment Combined Modality

Surgery and RadiotherapyIndications for post operative radiotherapy

Primary Tumor

Advance T stage

High histologic grade

Positive surgical resection margins

Lymphatic permeation

Vascular invasion

Perineural spread

Radiotherapy

Daily dose of 180 cGy to 200 cGy

5000 cGy over a five week period

T1 ndash 6000 to 6600 cGy

T2 - 6600 to 7000 cGy

T3T4 - gt 7000 cGy

ldquoshrinking field techniquerdquo

hyperfractionation technique 200 cGy per day for 25 days followed by 400 cGy per day for 5 days

D

Desquamative gingivitis is a clinical term to describe red painful glazed and friable gingivae which may be a manifestation of some mucocutaneous conditions such as lichen planus or the vesiculobullous disorders

Clinical features of desquamative

gingivitis

Fiery red friable gingiva

Painful desquamates easily

Buccal aspect of anterior attached gingiva

affected

Marginal gingiva spared

Not significantly improved by oral hygiene

measures alone

Differential Diagnosis Erosive Lichen Planus

Immune-mediated blistering diseases

Intra-epithelial

Pemphigus

Subepithelial

Pemphigoid

Linear IgA disease

Dermatitis herpetiformis

Epidermolysis bullosa

Erythema multiforme

Treatment Topical Corticosteroids Recurrent aphthous ulcers

bull Oral manifestations of Behccedilets disease Reiters syndrome acute

vulvar ulcer MAGIC syndrome PFAPA syndrome ulcerative colitis

Crohns disease Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome Sweets

syndrome among others

bull Drug-induced ulcerations mediated by an immune mechanism

bull Lichen planus

bull Cicatricial pemphigoid

bull Mucous membrane pemphigoid

bull Bullous pemphigoid

bull Erythema multiforme

bull Linear IgA dermatosis

bull Pemphigus vulgaris

Topicals Temovate cream 005 Clobetasol propionate

Halog cream 01 Halcinonide

Lidex cream 005 Fluocinonide

Topicort cream 025 Desoximethasone

Lidex gel 005 Fluocinonide

Aristocort cream H-P 05 Triamcinolone acetinode

Diprosone cream 005 Betamethasone dipropionate

Florone cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Maxiflor cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Synalar cream H-P 02 Fluocinolone acetonide

Topicals Tropicort-LP cream 005 Desoxymethasone

Benisone cream 0025 Betamethasone benzoate

Cordran cream 0025 Flurandenolide

Kenalog cream 01 Triamcinolone acetonide

Locoid cream 01 Hydrocortisone butyrate

Synalar cream 0025 Fluocinolone acetonide

Valisone cream 01 Betamethasone valerate

Tridesilon cream 005 Desonide

Locorten cream 003 Flumetasone pivalate

1 Hydrocortisone

Topical Corticosteroids

Used to treat oral lesions

Clobetasol (Temovate) -- Suppresses mitosis and increases synthesis of proteins that decrease inflammation and cause vasoconstriction Class I superpotent topical steroid useful in treating oral lesions Topical corticosteroids commonly are used intraorally for oral manifestations of autoimmune blistering skin diseases Since these diseases are chronic inflammatory in nature topical corticosteroids are very useful as an adjunct treatment Patients with disease confined to the gingiva should see a dentist to have a custom-made soft tray to carry the medication

H

How does herpes simplex develop

overexposure to sunlight

overexposure to wind

colds influenza and similar infections

heavy alcohol use

fever from any cause

the menstrual period

physical stress

emotional stress

Symptoms

Primary (Initial) HSV I Fever

Adenopathy

Ulcers deep in mouth

Secondary (Later) HSV I (Recurrent labial lesions) Fever Blisters form on outer vermillion border

Cold Sores form on inner lip Initial Vesicle

Next Crust

Last Healing in 10-14 days

Differential Diagnosis

Differs from Aphthous Ulcers in that

Found on keratinized (bound-down) intraoral

mucosa

Vesicles rupture into coalescing ulcers

HSV lesions are anterior compared with

Herpangina

Hand Foot and Mouth Disease

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Oral acyclovir (Zovirax) or the recently

developed drugs valacyclovir (Valtrex) or

famciclovir (Famvir) lessen the symptoms

and frequency of fever blister recurrences for

some patients These drugs prevent HSV from

multiplying and are effective when taken in

pill form prior to an outbreak of the virus

Systemic Antivirals

Acyclovir

Dose 15 mgkg (max 200 mg) PO 5xday for 7 days

Shortens first HSV infection by 6 days in children

Famciclovir

Shortens healing time by 2 days in UV-induced cases

Spruance (1999) J Infect Dis 179303-10

Valacyclovir (FDA approved for age 12 and older)

Adult dose 2 g PO bid for one day

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Topical antiviral creams containing acyclovir

(Zovirax) or penciclovir (Denavir) may also

help in limiting the extent or duration of

lesions if applied promptly to affected areas

Topical Treatments

Penciclovir (Denavir) heals HSV-1 sores on average about half a day faster than without treatment stops viral shedding and reduces the duration of the pain Ideally the patient should apply the cream within the first hour of symptoms although benefits have also been noted with later application It is continued for four consecutive days and should be reapplied every two hours while awake

Docosanol cream (Abreva) is an over-the-counter agent for oral-facial herpes It helps resist infection by inhibiting the ability of the virus to become fully active after it has attached itself to the host cell It is applied five times a day beginning at the first sign of tingling or pain Studies have been mixed on it benefits

Topical Treatments

Acyclovir cream (Zovirax) has been approved It may speed healing of oral herpes lesions and lessen the duration of pain particularly if it is applied early on (at the first sign of pain or tingling)

Lidex is a gel that contains a fluocinonide as corticosteroid Corticosteroids commonly called steroids are anti-inflammatory agents and not ordinarily used for herpes Some evidence suggests it may be effective in combination with oral famciclovir

Topical Treatments

Over-the-counter topical anesthetics may provide

modest relief They include Anbesol gel Blistex lip

ointment Campho-phenique Herpecin-L

Viractin and Zilactin In one study Viractin

reduced the duration of the attack compared to

placebo by two days It also relieved itching but had

little effect on other symptoms In general however

few studies have been conducted on any of these

products

X

Xerostomia

Xerostomia is not a disease but can be a symptom

of certain diseases It can produce serious

negative effects on the patients quality of life

affecting dietary habits nutritional status

speech taste tolerance to dental prosthesis and

increases susceptibility to dental caries The

increase in dental caries can be devastating in

many patients and therefore special care must be

made to control this condition

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Medications - Several hundred current medications

can cause xerostomia antihypertensives

antidepressants analgesics tranquilizers diuretics

and antihistamines c

-Cancer Therapy - Chemotherapeutic drugs can

change the flow and composition of the saliva

Radiation treatment that is focused on or near the

salivary gland can temporarily or permanently

damage the salivary glands

-Sjogrens syndrome - An autoimmune disease causes

xerostomia and dry eyes

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Other conditions -such as bone marrow transplants endocrine disorders stress anxiety depression and nutritional deficiencies may cause xerostomia

-Nerve Damage - Trauma to the head and neck area from surgery or wounds can damage the nerves that supply sensation to the mouth While the salivary glands may be left intact they cannot function normally without the nerves that signal them to produce saliva

Treatment

Identify the xerostomic condition and the

cause Some of the causes may be

ameliorated and this will aid therapy But

in many situations it will be difficult to

eliminate the causes Thus it will be

necessary for the Dentist to control the

results of xerostomia This is especially

true about the increase in dental caries

Treatment -pilocarpine (Salagen) 5mg qid prescription required

-special food preparation - blended and moist foods are easier to swallow

artificial saliva (available over-the-counter)

-sipping plain water is usually preferred over artificial saliva by most patients

-Biotene brand over-the-counter dry mouth products (toothpaste alcohol- free mouth rinse and Oralbalance lubricating gel)

-avoidance of alcohol-based mouth rinses

-use of water and glycerin mixed in a small aerosol spray bottle

RX

Contains sorbitol sodium

carboxymethlcellulose and

methylparaben in a

pleasantly flavored

solution

120 mL (406 fl oz)

Z

Treatment

Acyclovir (Zovirax)dagger800 mg orally five times

daily for 7 to 10 days

10 mg per kg IV every 8 hours for 7 to 10

daysDagger

$174 to 248 (129 to 200)

Famciclovir (Famvir)dagger500 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$140

Treatment

Valacyclovir (Valtrex)dagger1000 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$84

Prednisone (Deltasone)30 mg orally twice

daily on days 1 through 7 then 15 mg twice

daily on days 8 through 14 then 75 mg twice

daily on days 15 through 21

Treatment

Lotions containing calamine (eg Caladryl)

may be used on open lesions to reduce pain

and pruritus

Once the lesions have crusted over capsaicin

cream (Zostrix) may be applied

Topically administered lidocaine (Xylocaine)

and nerve blocks have also been reported to

be effective in reducing pain

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Amitriptyline (Elavil) -- By inhibiting reuptake of serotonin andor norepinephrine by presynaptic neuronal membrane may increase synaptic concentration in CNS Useful as analgesic for certain types of chronic and neuropathic pain

Adult DoseEarly in course of HZ 25 mgd PO hs to prevent PHNAfter PHN develops 30-100 mg PO qhs

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Capsaicin cream (Dolorac Capsin Zostrix) --Natural chemical derived from plants of Solanaceae family By depleting and preventing reaccumulation of substance P in peripheral sensory neurons may render skin and joints insensitive to pain Substance P thought to be chemomediator of pain transmission from periphery to CNS

Adult DoseCream Apply to skin tidqid for 3-4 consecutive wk and evaluate efficacy not to exceed 4 applicationsd

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Lidocaine (DermaFlex gel Lidoderm 5 patch) --Several recent studies have advocated topical administration of lidocaine as treatment of PHN Lidocaine gel (5) in placebo-controlled study showed significant relief in 23 patients studied Lidocaine tape also decreases severity of pain

Adult DoseGel (5) Apply to affected area prnPatch (5) Apply to most painful area up to 3 patches per application patch may remain in place for up to 12 h in any 24 h period

Postherpetic Neuralgia Gabapentin (Neurontin) -- This medication has been

approved by the FDA for the treatment of PHN Has properties common to other anticonvulsants and antineuralgic effects Exact mechanism of action is not known Structurally gabapentin is related to GABA but it does not interact with GABA receptors Believed to have a binding site at the alpha 2-delta protein an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gaited calcium channels In the rat brain binding is localized on neuronal dendritic areas Relevance of these observations to treatment of PHN is not known

Adult Dose100 mg PO tid titrate dose prn recommended dose is 900-1800 mg PO qd not to exceed 900 mg PO qid

Clinical features

Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis presents

as a chronic pseudomembranous infection

The skin and nails are also affected

Median rhomboid glossitis - there is diamond-

shaped inflammation at the back of the

tongue

Severe infections may extend down the throat

(esophageal infection)

Rationale for Treatment Topical vs

Systemic Drugs

Topical antifungals are usually the drug of

choice for uncomplicated localized

candidiasis in patients with normal immune

function

Systemic antifungals are usually indicated in

cases of disseminated disease andor in

immunocompromised patients

Suggested Medications for the

Treatment of Candidiasis

Rx

Clotrimazole troches 10 mg

Disp 70 troches

Sig Let 1 troche dissolve in mouth 5 times

per day for 14 days Do not chew NPO 12

hour

Suggested Systemic Medications for

the Treatment of Candidiasis Rx

Ketoconazole tablets 200 mgDisp 14 tabletsSig Take 1 tab qd with a meal or orange juice for 14 days

RxFluconazole tablets 100 mgDisp 15 tabletsSig Take 2 tablets stat then 1 tablet qd for 14 days

RxItraconazole tablets 100 mgDisp 28 tabletsSig Take 1 tablet bid with a meal or orange juice for 14 days

CA

Head and Neck Cancer

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Intraoral Melanoma

Lymphoma

Intraoral Melanoma

The five year survival rate for oral melanoma

is less than 20 as compared to 75 for

Cutaneous melanomas The average time of

first local recurrence for oral melanoma is less

than one year and metastatic disease is usually

diagnosed within three months of the

recurrence The average survival rate after

metastasis is typically less than 6 months

Extranodal Lymphoma

Extranodal lymphomas usually develop as a

rapidly growing mass of the palate or

posterior tongue (area of Waldeyerrsquos ring)

Pain may or may not be a presenting sign

Clinically the lesion may present as an

erythematous mass with a boggy consistency

The average survival rate for AIDS patients

with an intraoral lymphoma is eight months

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Second primary ndash field cancerization

Incidence amp Mortality HampN Ca

41000 new cases annually

13000 affected will die of disease

Rates constant over last 20yrs

lt 5 of neoplasias US

Highest incidence southeastern amp south-

central Asia

Disease in Women

Prior to 1940 malefemale ratio - 101

1980s ratio 31

Reason tobacco use among women in early

decades of the century

Habits have stabilized ndash malefemale

incidence normalized

Tobacco Use

1956 Wynder et al HampN Ca 10-fold

increase among smokers

Most studies 5-fold to 25-fold increase

intensity and duration of tobacco

consumption

80-90 of HampN Ca patients use tobacco

Alcohol

Odds ratio increases 3- to 15-fold for HampN

Ca after adjusting for tobacco use with

consumption of alcohol

Multiplicative effect with tobacco and

alcohol

Location of cancer ndash oral

pharyngeal(topical mechanism)

Alcohol

Promotional effects independent of

initiation

-prostaglandin synthesis lipid peroxidation

free radical oxygen enhance cell turnover

Enhances cell permeability

Defective repair mechanisms

Depressed immunity

Dz

RISK FACTORS (RF)

1 RF

2 RF

3 RF

4 RF

The concept of

TUMOR

local

regional

systemic

local T

N

M

INFECTION PAIN

INFECTION NEOPLASM

CERVICAL LYMPH NODE ENLARGEMENT

bullbacterial

bullviral (local systemic)

bullfungal

bullpostinfect fibrosed node

bulllt 40 yrs lymphoma

bullgt 40 yrs metastatic SCC

OTHERS

bullleukemia

bullconnective tissue diseases (eg lupus)

bullsarcoidosis

Importance of early diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma

60

stage III amp IV

23 recurrence lt 2 yrs

lt 13 survive 3 yrs

40

stage I amp II

80-90 cure

Second primary tumor in successfully treated patients within 5-7

years up to 40 Follow-up important

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Mortality (8000) deaths per year

Mortality by Site

Tongue 432

Salivary 130

Floor of mouth 950

Lip 24

Other 319

Premalignant Lesions

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Erythroplasia

Carcinoma in situ

Verrucous Leukoplakia

Tobacco patch keratosis

Actinic cheilosis

Mouth wash (Viadent) dysplasia

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Defined as a red patch that can not be

clinically or pathologically diagnosed as any

other condition

Almost all erythroleukoplakia demonstrate

dysplasia or CIS

Etiology is similar to oral SCC

May occur in conjunction with leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Risk of malignant transformation in

erythroleukoplakia about 4x greater than

homogenous leukoplakia

Predominately disease of older men with peak

prevalence of 65 to 74 years

Floor of mouth tongue and soft palate are

most common sites of involvement

Erythroplakia

The Management of Head and

Neck Cancer

Major advances

Conservative or partial resections

Micro vascular free-tissue transfer in

reconstruction

Better definition of the roles of chemotherapy

and radiotherapy

Despite these advances the treatment of loco

regional recurrence remains a major challenge

success rates for salvage therapy are poor

Treatment

Surgery

Radiotherapy

Chemotherapy

Immunotherapy

at present the role of immunotherapy remains investigational

Chemotherapy

Several randomized and non-randomized trial have evaluated chemotherapy for the treatment of head and neck cancer

Various agents have been shown to produce a response

No agents either alone or in combination have demonstrated an improvement in survival

cisplatin and 5 - FU

Uses

Inoperable tumors

Salvage therapy for recurrent tumors

Treatment

The main treatment modalities for head and neck

cancer remain surgery and radiotherapy

Patient factors that merit consideration

Impact on the quality of life

Medical condition ndash ldquoco - morbiditiesrdquo

Patient preference

Treatment cost and convenience

Compliance

Treatment

Early stage disease (stage I and II) can be treated with either surgery or radiotherapy with equivalent control rates

Small lesions of the oral cavity wide local excision is preferred over radiotherapy

Radiotherapy can be delivered to a site generally only once

Reserve this modality for less operable lesions

Treatment Combined Modality

Surgery and RadiotherapyIndications for post operative radiotherapy

Primary Tumor

Advance T stage

High histologic grade

Positive surgical resection margins

Lymphatic permeation

Vascular invasion

Perineural spread

Radiotherapy

Daily dose of 180 cGy to 200 cGy

5000 cGy over a five week period

T1 ndash 6000 to 6600 cGy

T2 - 6600 to 7000 cGy

T3T4 - gt 7000 cGy

ldquoshrinking field techniquerdquo

hyperfractionation technique 200 cGy per day for 25 days followed by 400 cGy per day for 5 days

D

Desquamative gingivitis is a clinical term to describe red painful glazed and friable gingivae which may be a manifestation of some mucocutaneous conditions such as lichen planus or the vesiculobullous disorders

Clinical features of desquamative

gingivitis

Fiery red friable gingiva

Painful desquamates easily

Buccal aspect of anterior attached gingiva

affected

Marginal gingiva spared

Not significantly improved by oral hygiene

measures alone

Differential Diagnosis Erosive Lichen Planus

Immune-mediated blistering diseases

Intra-epithelial

Pemphigus

Subepithelial

Pemphigoid

Linear IgA disease

Dermatitis herpetiformis

Epidermolysis bullosa

Erythema multiforme

Treatment Topical Corticosteroids Recurrent aphthous ulcers

bull Oral manifestations of Behccedilets disease Reiters syndrome acute

vulvar ulcer MAGIC syndrome PFAPA syndrome ulcerative colitis

Crohns disease Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome Sweets

syndrome among others

bull Drug-induced ulcerations mediated by an immune mechanism

bull Lichen planus

bull Cicatricial pemphigoid

bull Mucous membrane pemphigoid

bull Bullous pemphigoid

bull Erythema multiforme

bull Linear IgA dermatosis

bull Pemphigus vulgaris

Topicals Temovate cream 005 Clobetasol propionate

Halog cream 01 Halcinonide

Lidex cream 005 Fluocinonide

Topicort cream 025 Desoximethasone

Lidex gel 005 Fluocinonide

Aristocort cream H-P 05 Triamcinolone acetinode

Diprosone cream 005 Betamethasone dipropionate

Florone cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Maxiflor cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Synalar cream H-P 02 Fluocinolone acetonide

Topicals Tropicort-LP cream 005 Desoxymethasone

Benisone cream 0025 Betamethasone benzoate

Cordran cream 0025 Flurandenolide

Kenalog cream 01 Triamcinolone acetonide

Locoid cream 01 Hydrocortisone butyrate

Synalar cream 0025 Fluocinolone acetonide

Valisone cream 01 Betamethasone valerate

Tridesilon cream 005 Desonide

Locorten cream 003 Flumetasone pivalate

1 Hydrocortisone

Topical Corticosteroids

Used to treat oral lesions

Clobetasol (Temovate) -- Suppresses mitosis and increases synthesis of proteins that decrease inflammation and cause vasoconstriction Class I superpotent topical steroid useful in treating oral lesions Topical corticosteroids commonly are used intraorally for oral manifestations of autoimmune blistering skin diseases Since these diseases are chronic inflammatory in nature topical corticosteroids are very useful as an adjunct treatment Patients with disease confined to the gingiva should see a dentist to have a custom-made soft tray to carry the medication

H

How does herpes simplex develop

overexposure to sunlight

overexposure to wind

colds influenza and similar infections

heavy alcohol use

fever from any cause

the menstrual period

physical stress

emotional stress

Symptoms

Primary (Initial) HSV I Fever

Adenopathy

Ulcers deep in mouth

Secondary (Later) HSV I (Recurrent labial lesions) Fever Blisters form on outer vermillion border

Cold Sores form on inner lip Initial Vesicle

Next Crust

Last Healing in 10-14 days

Differential Diagnosis

Differs from Aphthous Ulcers in that

Found on keratinized (bound-down) intraoral

mucosa

Vesicles rupture into coalescing ulcers

HSV lesions are anterior compared with

Herpangina

Hand Foot and Mouth Disease

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Oral acyclovir (Zovirax) or the recently

developed drugs valacyclovir (Valtrex) or

famciclovir (Famvir) lessen the symptoms

and frequency of fever blister recurrences for

some patients These drugs prevent HSV from

multiplying and are effective when taken in

pill form prior to an outbreak of the virus

Systemic Antivirals

Acyclovir

Dose 15 mgkg (max 200 mg) PO 5xday for 7 days

Shortens first HSV infection by 6 days in children

Famciclovir

Shortens healing time by 2 days in UV-induced cases

Spruance (1999) J Infect Dis 179303-10

Valacyclovir (FDA approved for age 12 and older)

Adult dose 2 g PO bid for one day

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Topical antiviral creams containing acyclovir

(Zovirax) or penciclovir (Denavir) may also

help in limiting the extent or duration of

lesions if applied promptly to affected areas

Topical Treatments

Penciclovir (Denavir) heals HSV-1 sores on average about half a day faster than without treatment stops viral shedding and reduces the duration of the pain Ideally the patient should apply the cream within the first hour of symptoms although benefits have also been noted with later application It is continued for four consecutive days and should be reapplied every two hours while awake

Docosanol cream (Abreva) is an over-the-counter agent for oral-facial herpes It helps resist infection by inhibiting the ability of the virus to become fully active after it has attached itself to the host cell It is applied five times a day beginning at the first sign of tingling or pain Studies have been mixed on it benefits

Topical Treatments

Acyclovir cream (Zovirax) has been approved It may speed healing of oral herpes lesions and lessen the duration of pain particularly if it is applied early on (at the first sign of pain or tingling)

Lidex is a gel that contains a fluocinonide as corticosteroid Corticosteroids commonly called steroids are anti-inflammatory agents and not ordinarily used for herpes Some evidence suggests it may be effective in combination with oral famciclovir

Topical Treatments

Over-the-counter topical anesthetics may provide

modest relief They include Anbesol gel Blistex lip

ointment Campho-phenique Herpecin-L

Viractin and Zilactin In one study Viractin

reduced the duration of the attack compared to

placebo by two days It also relieved itching but had

little effect on other symptoms In general however

few studies have been conducted on any of these

products

X

Xerostomia

Xerostomia is not a disease but can be a symptom

of certain diseases It can produce serious

negative effects on the patients quality of life

affecting dietary habits nutritional status

speech taste tolerance to dental prosthesis and

increases susceptibility to dental caries The

increase in dental caries can be devastating in

many patients and therefore special care must be

made to control this condition

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Medications - Several hundred current medications

can cause xerostomia antihypertensives

antidepressants analgesics tranquilizers diuretics

and antihistamines c

-Cancer Therapy - Chemotherapeutic drugs can

change the flow and composition of the saliva

Radiation treatment that is focused on or near the

salivary gland can temporarily or permanently

damage the salivary glands

-Sjogrens syndrome - An autoimmune disease causes

xerostomia and dry eyes

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Other conditions -such as bone marrow transplants endocrine disorders stress anxiety depression and nutritional deficiencies may cause xerostomia

-Nerve Damage - Trauma to the head and neck area from surgery or wounds can damage the nerves that supply sensation to the mouth While the salivary glands may be left intact they cannot function normally without the nerves that signal them to produce saliva

Treatment

Identify the xerostomic condition and the

cause Some of the causes may be

ameliorated and this will aid therapy But

in many situations it will be difficult to

eliminate the causes Thus it will be

necessary for the Dentist to control the

results of xerostomia This is especially

true about the increase in dental caries

Treatment -pilocarpine (Salagen) 5mg qid prescription required

-special food preparation - blended and moist foods are easier to swallow

artificial saliva (available over-the-counter)

-sipping plain water is usually preferred over artificial saliva by most patients

-Biotene brand over-the-counter dry mouth products (toothpaste alcohol- free mouth rinse and Oralbalance lubricating gel)

-avoidance of alcohol-based mouth rinses

-use of water and glycerin mixed in a small aerosol spray bottle

RX

Contains sorbitol sodium

carboxymethlcellulose and

methylparaben in a

pleasantly flavored

solution

120 mL (406 fl oz)

Z

Treatment

Acyclovir (Zovirax)dagger800 mg orally five times

daily for 7 to 10 days

10 mg per kg IV every 8 hours for 7 to 10

daysDagger

$174 to 248 (129 to 200)

Famciclovir (Famvir)dagger500 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$140

Treatment

Valacyclovir (Valtrex)dagger1000 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$84

Prednisone (Deltasone)30 mg orally twice

daily on days 1 through 7 then 15 mg twice

daily on days 8 through 14 then 75 mg twice

daily on days 15 through 21

Treatment

Lotions containing calamine (eg Caladryl)

may be used on open lesions to reduce pain

and pruritus

Once the lesions have crusted over capsaicin

cream (Zostrix) may be applied

Topically administered lidocaine (Xylocaine)

and nerve blocks have also been reported to

be effective in reducing pain

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Amitriptyline (Elavil) -- By inhibiting reuptake of serotonin andor norepinephrine by presynaptic neuronal membrane may increase synaptic concentration in CNS Useful as analgesic for certain types of chronic and neuropathic pain

Adult DoseEarly in course of HZ 25 mgd PO hs to prevent PHNAfter PHN develops 30-100 mg PO qhs

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Capsaicin cream (Dolorac Capsin Zostrix) --Natural chemical derived from plants of Solanaceae family By depleting and preventing reaccumulation of substance P in peripheral sensory neurons may render skin and joints insensitive to pain Substance P thought to be chemomediator of pain transmission from periphery to CNS

Adult DoseCream Apply to skin tidqid for 3-4 consecutive wk and evaluate efficacy not to exceed 4 applicationsd

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Lidocaine (DermaFlex gel Lidoderm 5 patch) --Several recent studies have advocated topical administration of lidocaine as treatment of PHN Lidocaine gel (5) in placebo-controlled study showed significant relief in 23 patients studied Lidocaine tape also decreases severity of pain

Adult DoseGel (5) Apply to affected area prnPatch (5) Apply to most painful area up to 3 patches per application patch may remain in place for up to 12 h in any 24 h period

Postherpetic Neuralgia Gabapentin (Neurontin) -- This medication has been

approved by the FDA for the treatment of PHN Has properties common to other anticonvulsants and antineuralgic effects Exact mechanism of action is not known Structurally gabapentin is related to GABA but it does not interact with GABA receptors Believed to have a binding site at the alpha 2-delta protein an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gaited calcium channels In the rat brain binding is localized on neuronal dendritic areas Relevance of these observations to treatment of PHN is not known

Adult Dose100 mg PO tid titrate dose prn recommended dose is 900-1800 mg PO qd not to exceed 900 mg PO qid

Rationale for Treatment Topical vs

Systemic Drugs

Topical antifungals are usually the drug of

choice for uncomplicated localized

candidiasis in patients with normal immune

function

Systemic antifungals are usually indicated in

cases of disseminated disease andor in

immunocompromised patients

Suggested Medications for the

Treatment of Candidiasis

Rx

Clotrimazole troches 10 mg

Disp 70 troches

Sig Let 1 troche dissolve in mouth 5 times

per day for 14 days Do not chew NPO 12

hour

Suggested Systemic Medications for

the Treatment of Candidiasis Rx

Ketoconazole tablets 200 mgDisp 14 tabletsSig Take 1 tab qd with a meal or orange juice for 14 days

RxFluconazole tablets 100 mgDisp 15 tabletsSig Take 2 tablets stat then 1 tablet qd for 14 days

RxItraconazole tablets 100 mgDisp 28 tabletsSig Take 1 tablet bid with a meal or orange juice for 14 days

CA

Head and Neck Cancer

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Intraoral Melanoma

Lymphoma

Intraoral Melanoma

The five year survival rate for oral melanoma

is less than 20 as compared to 75 for

Cutaneous melanomas The average time of

first local recurrence for oral melanoma is less

than one year and metastatic disease is usually

diagnosed within three months of the

recurrence The average survival rate after

metastasis is typically less than 6 months

Extranodal Lymphoma

Extranodal lymphomas usually develop as a

rapidly growing mass of the palate or

posterior tongue (area of Waldeyerrsquos ring)

Pain may or may not be a presenting sign

Clinically the lesion may present as an

erythematous mass with a boggy consistency

The average survival rate for AIDS patients

with an intraoral lymphoma is eight months

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Second primary ndash field cancerization

Incidence amp Mortality HampN Ca

41000 new cases annually

13000 affected will die of disease

Rates constant over last 20yrs

lt 5 of neoplasias US

Highest incidence southeastern amp south-

central Asia

Disease in Women

Prior to 1940 malefemale ratio - 101

1980s ratio 31

Reason tobacco use among women in early

decades of the century

Habits have stabilized ndash malefemale

incidence normalized

Tobacco Use

1956 Wynder et al HampN Ca 10-fold

increase among smokers

Most studies 5-fold to 25-fold increase

intensity and duration of tobacco

consumption

80-90 of HampN Ca patients use tobacco

Alcohol

Odds ratio increases 3- to 15-fold for HampN

Ca after adjusting for tobacco use with

consumption of alcohol

Multiplicative effect with tobacco and

alcohol

Location of cancer ndash oral

pharyngeal(topical mechanism)

Alcohol

Promotional effects independent of

initiation

-prostaglandin synthesis lipid peroxidation

free radical oxygen enhance cell turnover

Enhances cell permeability

Defective repair mechanisms

Depressed immunity

Dz

RISK FACTORS (RF)

1 RF

2 RF

3 RF

4 RF

The concept of

TUMOR

local

regional

systemic

local T

N

M

INFECTION PAIN

INFECTION NEOPLASM

CERVICAL LYMPH NODE ENLARGEMENT

bullbacterial

bullviral (local systemic)

bullfungal

bullpostinfect fibrosed node

bulllt 40 yrs lymphoma

bullgt 40 yrs metastatic SCC

OTHERS

bullleukemia

bullconnective tissue diseases (eg lupus)

bullsarcoidosis

Importance of early diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma

60

stage III amp IV

23 recurrence lt 2 yrs

lt 13 survive 3 yrs

40

stage I amp II

80-90 cure

Second primary tumor in successfully treated patients within 5-7

years up to 40 Follow-up important

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Mortality (8000) deaths per year

Mortality by Site

Tongue 432

Salivary 130

Floor of mouth 950

Lip 24

Other 319

Premalignant Lesions

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Erythroplasia

Carcinoma in situ

Verrucous Leukoplakia

Tobacco patch keratosis

Actinic cheilosis

Mouth wash (Viadent) dysplasia

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Defined as a red patch that can not be

clinically or pathologically diagnosed as any

other condition

Almost all erythroleukoplakia demonstrate

dysplasia or CIS

Etiology is similar to oral SCC

May occur in conjunction with leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Risk of malignant transformation in

erythroleukoplakia about 4x greater than

homogenous leukoplakia

Predominately disease of older men with peak

prevalence of 65 to 74 years

Floor of mouth tongue and soft palate are

most common sites of involvement

Erythroplakia

The Management of Head and

Neck Cancer

Major advances

Conservative or partial resections

Micro vascular free-tissue transfer in

reconstruction

Better definition of the roles of chemotherapy

and radiotherapy

Despite these advances the treatment of loco

regional recurrence remains a major challenge

success rates for salvage therapy are poor

Treatment

Surgery

Radiotherapy

Chemotherapy

Immunotherapy

at present the role of immunotherapy remains investigational

Chemotherapy

Several randomized and non-randomized trial have evaluated chemotherapy for the treatment of head and neck cancer

Various agents have been shown to produce a response

No agents either alone or in combination have demonstrated an improvement in survival

cisplatin and 5 - FU

Uses

Inoperable tumors

Salvage therapy for recurrent tumors

Treatment

The main treatment modalities for head and neck

cancer remain surgery and radiotherapy

Patient factors that merit consideration

Impact on the quality of life

Medical condition ndash ldquoco - morbiditiesrdquo

Patient preference

Treatment cost and convenience

Compliance

Treatment

Early stage disease (stage I and II) can be treated with either surgery or radiotherapy with equivalent control rates

Small lesions of the oral cavity wide local excision is preferred over radiotherapy

Radiotherapy can be delivered to a site generally only once

Reserve this modality for less operable lesions

Treatment Combined Modality

Surgery and RadiotherapyIndications for post operative radiotherapy

Primary Tumor

Advance T stage

High histologic grade

Positive surgical resection margins

Lymphatic permeation

Vascular invasion

Perineural spread

Radiotherapy

Daily dose of 180 cGy to 200 cGy

5000 cGy over a five week period

T1 ndash 6000 to 6600 cGy

T2 - 6600 to 7000 cGy

T3T4 - gt 7000 cGy

ldquoshrinking field techniquerdquo

hyperfractionation technique 200 cGy per day for 25 days followed by 400 cGy per day for 5 days

D

Desquamative gingivitis is a clinical term to describe red painful glazed and friable gingivae which may be a manifestation of some mucocutaneous conditions such as lichen planus or the vesiculobullous disorders

Clinical features of desquamative

gingivitis

Fiery red friable gingiva

Painful desquamates easily

Buccal aspect of anterior attached gingiva

affected

Marginal gingiva spared

Not significantly improved by oral hygiene

measures alone

Differential Diagnosis Erosive Lichen Planus

Immune-mediated blistering diseases

Intra-epithelial

Pemphigus

Subepithelial

Pemphigoid

Linear IgA disease

Dermatitis herpetiformis

Epidermolysis bullosa

Erythema multiforme

Treatment Topical Corticosteroids Recurrent aphthous ulcers

bull Oral manifestations of Behccedilets disease Reiters syndrome acute

vulvar ulcer MAGIC syndrome PFAPA syndrome ulcerative colitis

Crohns disease Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome Sweets

syndrome among others

bull Drug-induced ulcerations mediated by an immune mechanism

bull Lichen planus

bull Cicatricial pemphigoid

bull Mucous membrane pemphigoid

bull Bullous pemphigoid

bull Erythema multiforme

bull Linear IgA dermatosis

bull Pemphigus vulgaris

Topicals Temovate cream 005 Clobetasol propionate

Halog cream 01 Halcinonide

Lidex cream 005 Fluocinonide

Topicort cream 025 Desoximethasone

Lidex gel 005 Fluocinonide

Aristocort cream H-P 05 Triamcinolone acetinode

Diprosone cream 005 Betamethasone dipropionate

Florone cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Maxiflor cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Synalar cream H-P 02 Fluocinolone acetonide

Topicals Tropicort-LP cream 005 Desoxymethasone

Benisone cream 0025 Betamethasone benzoate

Cordran cream 0025 Flurandenolide

Kenalog cream 01 Triamcinolone acetonide

Locoid cream 01 Hydrocortisone butyrate

Synalar cream 0025 Fluocinolone acetonide

Valisone cream 01 Betamethasone valerate

Tridesilon cream 005 Desonide

Locorten cream 003 Flumetasone pivalate

1 Hydrocortisone

Topical Corticosteroids

Used to treat oral lesions

Clobetasol (Temovate) -- Suppresses mitosis and increases synthesis of proteins that decrease inflammation and cause vasoconstriction Class I superpotent topical steroid useful in treating oral lesions Topical corticosteroids commonly are used intraorally for oral manifestations of autoimmune blistering skin diseases Since these diseases are chronic inflammatory in nature topical corticosteroids are very useful as an adjunct treatment Patients with disease confined to the gingiva should see a dentist to have a custom-made soft tray to carry the medication

H

How does herpes simplex develop

overexposure to sunlight

overexposure to wind

colds influenza and similar infections

heavy alcohol use

fever from any cause

the menstrual period

physical stress

emotional stress

Symptoms

Primary (Initial) HSV I Fever

Adenopathy

Ulcers deep in mouth

Secondary (Later) HSV I (Recurrent labial lesions) Fever Blisters form on outer vermillion border

Cold Sores form on inner lip Initial Vesicle

Next Crust

Last Healing in 10-14 days

Differential Diagnosis

Differs from Aphthous Ulcers in that

Found on keratinized (bound-down) intraoral

mucosa

Vesicles rupture into coalescing ulcers

HSV lesions are anterior compared with

Herpangina

Hand Foot and Mouth Disease

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Oral acyclovir (Zovirax) or the recently

developed drugs valacyclovir (Valtrex) or

famciclovir (Famvir) lessen the symptoms

and frequency of fever blister recurrences for

some patients These drugs prevent HSV from

multiplying and are effective when taken in

pill form prior to an outbreak of the virus

Systemic Antivirals

Acyclovir

Dose 15 mgkg (max 200 mg) PO 5xday for 7 days

Shortens first HSV infection by 6 days in children

Famciclovir

Shortens healing time by 2 days in UV-induced cases

Spruance (1999) J Infect Dis 179303-10

Valacyclovir (FDA approved for age 12 and older)

Adult dose 2 g PO bid for one day

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Topical antiviral creams containing acyclovir

(Zovirax) or penciclovir (Denavir) may also

help in limiting the extent or duration of

lesions if applied promptly to affected areas

Topical Treatments

Penciclovir (Denavir) heals HSV-1 sores on average about half a day faster than without treatment stops viral shedding and reduces the duration of the pain Ideally the patient should apply the cream within the first hour of symptoms although benefits have also been noted with later application It is continued for four consecutive days and should be reapplied every two hours while awake

Docosanol cream (Abreva) is an over-the-counter agent for oral-facial herpes It helps resist infection by inhibiting the ability of the virus to become fully active after it has attached itself to the host cell It is applied five times a day beginning at the first sign of tingling or pain Studies have been mixed on it benefits

Topical Treatments

Acyclovir cream (Zovirax) has been approved It may speed healing of oral herpes lesions and lessen the duration of pain particularly if it is applied early on (at the first sign of pain or tingling)

Lidex is a gel that contains a fluocinonide as corticosteroid Corticosteroids commonly called steroids are anti-inflammatory agents and not ordinarily used for herpes Some evidence suggests it may be effective in combination with oral famciclovir

Topical Treatments

Over-the-counter topical anesthetics may provide

modest relief They include Anbesol gel Blistex lip

ointment Campho-phenique Herpecin-L

Viractin and Zilactin In one study Viractin

reduced the duration of the attack compared to

placebo by two days It also relieved itching but had

little effect on other symptoms In general however

few studies have been conducted on any of these

products

X

Xerostomia

Xerostomia is not a disease but can be a symptom

of certain diseases It can produce serious

negative effects on the patients quality of life

affecting dietary habits nutritional status

speech taste tolerance to dental prosthesis and

increases susceptibility to dental caries The

increase in dental caries can be devastating in

many patients and therefore special care must be

made to control this condition

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Medications - Several hundred current medications

can cause xerostomia antihypertensives

antidepressants analgesics tranquilizers diuretics

and antihistamines c

-Cancer Therapy - Chemotherapeutic drugs can

change the flow and composition of the saliva

Radiation treatment that is focused on or near the

salivary gland can temporarily or permanently

damage the salivary glands

-Sjogrens syndrome - An autoimmune disease causes

xerostomia and dry eyes

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Other conditions -such as bone marrow transplants endocrine disorders stress anxiety depression and nutritional deficiencies may cause xerostomia

-Nerve Damage - Trauma to the head and neck area from surgery or wounds can damage the nerves that supply sensation to the mouth While the salivary glands may be left intact they cannot function normally without the nerves that signal them to produce saliva

Treatment

Identify the xerostomic condition and the

cause Some of the causes may be

ameliorated and this will aid therapy But

in many situations it will be difficult to

eliminate the causes Thus it will be

necessary for the Dentist to control the

results of xerostomia This is especially

true about the increase in dental caries

Treatment -pilocarpine (Salagen) 5mg qid prescription required

-special food preparation - blended and moist foods are easier to swallow

artificial saliva (available over-the-counter)

-sipping plain water is usually preferred over artificial saliva by most patients

-Biotene brand over-the-counter dry mouth products (toothpaste alcohol- free mouth rinse and Oralbalance lubricating gel)

-avoidance of alcohol-based mouth rinses

-use of water and glycerin mixed in a small aerosol spray bottle

RX

Contains sorbitol sodium

carboxymethlcellulose and

methylparaben in a

pleasantly flavored

solution

120 mL (406 fl oz)

Z

Treatment

Acyclovir (Zovirax)dagger800 mg orally five times

daily for 7 to 10 days

10 mg per kg IV every 8 hours for 7 to 10

daysDagger

$174 to 248 (129 to 200)

Famciclovir (Famvir)dagger500 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$140

Treatment

Valacyclovir (Valtrex)dagger1000 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$84

Prednisone (Deltasone)30 mg orally twice

daily on days 1 through 7 then 15 mg twice

daily on days 8 through 14 then 75 mg twice

daily on days 15 through 21

Treatment

Lotions containing calamine (eg Caladryl)

may be used on open lesions to reduce pain

and pruritus

Once the lesions have crusted over capsaicin

cream (Zostrix) may be applied

Topically administered lidocaine (Xylocaine)

and nerve blocks have also been reported to

be effective in reducing pain

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Amitriptyline (Elavil) -- By inhibiting reuptake of serotonin andor norepinephrine by presynaptic neuronal membrane may increase synaptic concentration in CNS Useful as analgesic for certain types of chronic and neuropathic pain

Adult DoseEarly in course of HZ 25 mgd PO hs to prevent PHNAfter PHN develops 30-100 mg PO qhs

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Capsaicin cream (Dolorac Capsin Zostrix) --Natural chemical derived from plants of Solanaceae family By depleting and preventing reaccumulation of substance P in peripheral sensory neurons may render skin and joints insensitive to pain Substance P thought to be chemomediator of pain transmission from periphery to CNS

Adult DoseCream Apply to skin tidqid for 3-4 consecutive wk and evaluate efficacy not to exceed 4 applicationsd

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Lidocaine (DermaFlex gel Lidoderm 5 patch) --Several recent studies have advocated topical administration of lidocaine as treatment of PHN Lidocaine gel (5) in placebo-controlled study showed significant relief in 23 patients studied Lidocaine tape also decreases severity of pain

Adult DoseGel (5) Apply to affected area prnPatch (5) Apply to most painful area up to 3 patches per application patch may remain in place for up to 12 h in any 24 h period

Postherpetic Neuralgia Gabapentin (Neurontin) -- This medication has been

approved by the FDA for the treatment of PHN Has properties common to other anticonvulsants and antineuralgic effects Exact mechanism of action is not known Structurally gabapentin is related to GABA but it does not interact with GABA receptors Believed to have a binding site at the alpha 2-delta protein an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gaited calcium channels In the rat brain binding is localized on neuronal dendritic areas Relevance of these observations to treatment of PHN is not known

Adult Dose100 mg PO tid titrate dose prn recommended dose is 900-1800 mg PO qd not to exceed 900 mg PO qid

Suggested Medications for the

Treatment of Candidiasis

Rx

Clotrimazole troches 10 mg

Disp 70 troches

Sig Let 1 troche dissolve in mouth 5 times

per day for 14 days Do not chew NPO 12

hour

Suggested Systemic Medications for

the Treatment of Candidiasis Rx

Ketoconazole tablets 200 mgDisp 14 tabletsSig Take 1 tab qd with a meal or orange juice for 14 days

RxFluconazole tablets 100 mgDisp 15 tabletsSig Take 2 tablets stat then 1 tablet qd for 14 days

RxItraconazole tablets 100 mgDisp 28 tabletsSig Take 1 tablet bid with a meal or orange juice for 14 days

CA

Head and Neck Cancer

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Intraoral Melanoma

Lymphoma

Intraoral Melanoma

The five year survival rate for oral melanoma

is less than 20 as compared to 75 for

Cutaneous melanomas The average time of

first local recurrence for oral melanoma is less

than one year and metastatic disease is usually

diagnosed within three months of the

recurrence The average survival rate after

metastasis is typically less than 6 months

Extranodal Lymphoma

Extranodal lymphomas usually develop as a

rapidly growing mass of the palate or

posterior tongue (area of Waldeyerrsquos ring)

Pain may or may not be a presenting sign

Clinically the lesion may present as an

erythematous mass with a boggy consistency

The average survival rate for AIDS patients

with an intraoral lymphoma is eight months

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Second primary ndash field cancerization

Incidence amp Mortality HampN Ca

41000 new cases annually

13000 affected will die of disease

Rates constant over last 20yrs

lt 5 of neoplasias US

Highest incidence southeastern amp south-

central Asia

Disease in Women

Prior to 1940 malefemale ratio - 101

1980s ratio 31

Reason tobacco use among women in early

decades of the century

Habits have stabilized ndash malefemale

incidence normalized

Tobacco Use

1956 Wynder et al HampN Ca 10-fold

increase among smokers

Most studies 5-fold to 25-fold increase

intensity and duration of tobacco

consumption

80-90 of HampN Ca patients use tobacco

Alcohol

Odds ratio increases 3- to 15-fold for HampN

Ca after adjusting for tobacco use with

consumption of alcohol

Multiplicative effect with tobacco and

alcohol

Location of cancer ndash oral

pharyngeal(topical mechanism)

Alcohol

Promotional effects independent of

initiation

-prostaglandin synthesis lipid peroxidation

free radical oxygen enhance cell turnover

Enhances cell permeability

Defective repair mechanisms

Depressed immunity

Dz

RISK FACTORS (RF)

1 RF

2 RF

3 RF

4 RF

The concept of

TUMOR

local

regional

systemic

local T

N

M

INFECTION PAIN

INFECTION NEOPLASM

CERVICAL LYMPH NODE ENLARGEMENT

bullbacterial

bullviral (local systemic)

bullfungal

bullpostinfect fibrosed node

bulllt 40 yrs lymphoma

bullgt 40 yrs metastatic SCC

OTHERS

bullleukemia

bullconnective tissue diseases (eg lupus)

bullsarcoidosis

Importance of early diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma

60

stage III amp IV

23 recurrence lt 2 yrs

lt 13 survive 3 yrs

40

stage I amp II

80-90 cure

Second primary tumor in successfully treated patients within 5-7

years up to 40 Follow-up important

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Mortality (8000) deaths per year

Mortality by Site

Tongue 432

Salivary 130

Floor of mouth 950

Lip 24

Other 319

Premalignant Lesions

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Erythroplasia

Carcinoma in situ

Verrucous Leukoplakia

Tobacco patch keratosis

Actinic cheilosis

Mouth wash (Viadent) dysplasia

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Defined as a red patch that can not be

clinically or pathologically diagnosed as any

other condition

Almost all erythroleukoplakia demonstrate

dysplasia or CIS

Etiology is similar to oral SCC

May occur in conjunction with leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Risk of malignant transformation in

erythroleukoplakia about 4x greater than

homogenous leukoplakia

Predominately disease of older men with peak

prevalence of 65 to 74 years

Floor of mouth tongue and soft palate are

most common sites of involvement

Erythroplakia

The Management of Head and

Neck Cancer

Major advances

Conservative or partial resections

Micro vascular free-tissue transfer in

reconstruction

Better definition of the roles of chemotherapy

and radiotherapy

Despite these advances the treatment of loco

regional recurrence remains a major challenge

success rates for salvage therapy are poor

Treatment

Surgery

Radiotherapy

Chemotherapy

Immunotherapy

at present the role of immunotherapy remains investigational

Chemotherapy

Several randomized and non-randomized trial have evaluated chemotherapy for the treatment of head and neck cancer

Various agents have been shown to produce a response

No agents either alone or in combination have demonstrated an improvement in survival

cisplatin and 5 - FU

Uses

Inoperable tumors

Salvage therapy for recurrent tumors

Treatment

The main treatment modalities for head and neck

cancer remain surgery and radiotherapy

Patient factors that merit consideration

Impact on the quality of life

Medical condition ndash ldquoco - morbiditiesrdquo

Patient preference

Treatment cost and convenience

Compliance

Treatment

Early stage disease (stage I and II) can be treated with either surgery or radiotherapy with equivalent control rates

Small lesions of the oral cavity wide local excision is preferred over radiotherapy

Radiotherapy can be delivered to a site generally only once

Reserve this modality for less operable lesions

Treatment Combined Modality

Surgery and RadiotherapyIndications for post operative radiotherapy

Primary Tumor

Advance T stage

High histologic grade

Positive surgical resection margins

Lymphatic permeation

Vascular invasion

Perineural spread

Radiotherapy

Daily dose of 180 cGy to 200 cGy

5000 cGy over a five week period

T1 ndash 6000 to 6600 cGy

T2 - 6600 to 7000 cGy

T3T4 - gt 7000 cGy

ldquoshrinking field techniquerdquo

hyperfractionation technique 200 cGy per day for 25 days followed by 400 cGy per day for 5 days

D

Desquamative gingivitis is a clinical term to describe red painful glazed and friable gingivae which may be a manifestation of some mucocutaneous conditions such as lichen planus or the vesiculobullous disorders

Clinical features of desquamative

gingivitis

Fiery red friable gingiva

Painful desquamates easily

Buccal aspect of anterior attached gingiva

affected

Marginal gingiva spared

Not significantly improved by oral hygiene

measures alone

Differential Diagnosis Erosive Lichen Planus

Immune-mediated blistering diseases

Intra-epithelial

Pemphigus

Subepithelial

Pemphigoid

Linear IgA disease

Dermatitis herpetiformis

Epidermolysis bullosa

Erythema multiforme

Treatment Topical Corticosteroids Recurrent aphthous ulcers

bull Oral manifestations of Behccedilets disease Reiters syndrome acute

vulvar ulcer MAGIC syndrome PFAPA syndrome ulcerative colitis

Crohns disease Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome Sweets

syndrome among others

bull Drug-induced ulcerations mediated by an immune mechanism

bull Lichen planus

bull Cicatricial pemphigoid

bull Mucous membrane pemphigoid

bull Bullous pemphigoid

bull Erythema multiforme

bull Linear IgA dermatosis

bull Pemphigus vulgaris

Topicals Temovate cream 005 Clobetasol propionate

Halog cream 01 Halcinonide

Lidex cream 005 Fluocinonide

Topicort cream 025 Desoximethasone

Lidex gel 005 Fluocinonide

Aristocort cream H-P 05 Triamcinolone acetinode

Diprosone cream 005 Betamethasone dipropionate

Florone cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Maxiflor cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Synalar cream H-P 02 Fluocinolone acetonide

Topicals Tropicort-LP cream 005 Desoxymethasone

Benisone cream 0025 Betamethasone benzoate

Cordran cream 0025 Flurandenolide

Kenalog cream 01 Triamcinolone acetonide

Locoid cream 01 Hydrocortisone butyrate

Synalar cream 0025 Fluocinolone acetonide

Valisone cream 01 Betamethasone valerate

Tridesilon cream 005 Desonide

Locorten cream 003 Flumetasone pivalate

1 Hydrocortisone

Topical Corticosteroids

Used to treat oral lesions

Clobetasol (Temovate) -- Suppresses mitosis and increases synthesis of proteins that decrease inflammation and cause vasoconstriction Class I superpotent topical steroid useful in treating oral lesions Topical corticosteroids commonly are used intraorally for oral manifestations of autoimmune blistering skin diseases Since these diseases are chronic inflammatory in nature topical corticosteroids are very useful as an adjunct treatment Patients with disease confined to the gingiva should see a dentist to have a custom-made soft tray to carry the medication

H

How does herpes simplex develop

overexposure to sunlight

overexposure to wind

colds influenza and similar infections

heavy alcohol use

fever from any cause

the menstrual period

physical stress

emotional stress

Symptoms

Primary (Initial) HSV I Fever

Adenopathy

Ulcers deep in mouth

Secondary (Later) HSV I (Recurrent labial lesions) Fever Blisters form on outer vermillion border

Cold Sores form on inner lip Initial Vesicle

Next Crust

Last Healing in 10-14 days

Differential Diagnosis

Differs from Aphthous Ulcers in that

Found on keratinized (bound-down) intraoral

mucosa

Vesicles rupture into coalescing ulcers

HSV lesions are anterior compared with

Herpangina

Hand Foot and Mouth Disease

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Oral acyclovir (Zovirax) or the recently

developed drugs valacyclovir (Valtrex) or

famciclovir (Famvir) lessen the symptoms

and frequency of fever blister recurrences for

some patients These drugs prevent HSV from

multiplying and are effective when taken in

pill form prior to an outbreak of the virus

Systemic Antivirals

Acyclovir

Dose 15 mgkg (max 200 mg) PO 5xday for 7 days

Shortens first HSV infection by 6 days in children

Famciclovir

Shortens healing time by 2 days in UV-induced cases

Spruance (1999) J Infect Dis 179303-10

Valacyclovir (FDA approved for age 12 and older)

Adult dose 2 g PO bid for one day

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Topical antiviral creams containing acyclovir

(Zovirax) or penciclovir (Denavir) may also

help in limiting the extent or duration of

lesions if applied promptly to affected areas

Topical Treatments

Penciclovir (Denavir) heals HSV-1 sores on average about half a day faster than without treatment stops viral shedding and reduces the duration of the pain Ideally the patient should apply the cream within the first hour of symptoms although benefits have also been noted with later application It is continued for four consecutive days and should be reapplied every two hours while awake

Docosanol cream (Abreva) is an over-the-counter agent for oral-facial herpes It helps resist infection by inhibiting the ability of the virus to become fully active after it has attached itself to the host cell It is applied five times a day beginning at the first sign of tingling or pain Studies have been mixed on it benefits

Topical Treatments

Acyclovir cream (Zovirax) has been approved It may speed healing of oral herpes lesions and lessen the duration of pain particularly if it is applied early on (at the first sign of pain or tingling)

Lidex is a gel that contains a fluocinonide as corticosteroid Corticosteroids commonly called steroids are anti-inflammatory agents and not ordinarily used for herpes Some evidence suggests it may be effective in combination with oral famciclovir

Topical Treatments

Over-the-counter topical anesthetics may provide

modest relief They include Anbesol gel Blistex lip

ointment Campho-phenique Herpecin-L

Viractin and Zilactin In one study Viractin

reduced the duration of the attack compared to

placebo by two days It also relieved itching but had

little effect on other symptoms In general however

few studies have been conducted on any of these

products

X

Xerostomia

Xerostomia is not a disease but can be a symptom

of certain diseases It can produce serious

negative effects on the patients quality of life

affecting dietary habits nutritional status

speech taste tolerance to dental prosthesis and

increases susceptibility to dental caries The

increase in dental caries can be devastating in

many patients and therefore special care must be

made to control this condition

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Medications - Several hundred current medications

can cause xerostomia antihypertensives

antidepressants analgesics tranquilizers diuretics

and antihistamines c

-Cancer Therapy - Chemotherapeutic drugs can

change the flow and composition of the saliva

Radiation treatment that is focused on or near the

salivary gland can temporarily or permanently

damage the salivary glands

-Sjogrens syndrome - An autoimmune disease causes

xerostomia and dry eyes

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Other conditions -such as bone marrow transplants endocrine disorders stress anxiety depression and nutritional deficiencies may cause xerostomia

-Nerve Damage - Trauma to the head and neck area from surgery or wounds can damage the nerves that supply sensation to the mouth While the salivary glands may be left intact they cannot function normally without the nerves that signal them to produce saliva

Treatment

Identify the xerostomic condition and the

cause Some of the causes may be

ameliorated and this will aid therapy But

in many situations it will be difficult to

eliminate the causes Thus it will be

necessary for the Dentist to control the

results of xerostomia This is especially

true about the increase in dental caries

Treatment -pilocarpine (Salagen) 5mg qid prescription required

-special food preparation - blended and moist foods are easier to swallow

artificial saliva (available over-the-counter)

-sipping plain water is usually preferred over artificial saliva by most patients

-Biotene brand over-the-counter dry mouth products (toothpaste alcohol- free mouth rinse and Oralbalance lubricating gel)

-avoidance of alcohol-based mouth rinses

-use of water and glycerin mixed in a small aerosol spray bottle

RX

Contains sorbitol sodium

carboxymethlcellulose and

methylparaben in a

pleasantly flavored

solution

120 mL (406 fl oz)

Z

Treatment

Acyclovir (Zovirax)dagger800 mg orally five times

daily for 7 to 10 days

10 mg per kg IV every 8 hours for 7 to 10

daysDagger

$174 to 248 (129 to 200)

Famciclovir (Famvir)dagger500 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$140

Treatment

Valacyclovir (Valtrex)dagger1000 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$84

Prednisone (Deltasone)30 mg orally twice

daily on days 1 through 7 then 15 mg twice

daily on days 8 through 14 then 75 mg twice

daily on days 15 through 21

Treatment

Lotions containing calamine (eg Caladryl)

may be used on open lesions to reduce pain

and pruritus

Once the lesions have crusted over capsaicin

cream (Zostrix) may be applied

Topically administered lidocaine (Xylocaine)

and nerve blocks have also been reported to

be effective in reducing pain

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Amitriptyline (Elavil) -- By inhibiting reuptake of serotonin andor norepinephrine by presynaptic neuronal membrane may increase synaptic concentration in CNS Useful as analgesic for certain types of chronic and neuropathic pain

Adult DoseEarly in course of HZ 25 mgd PO hs to prevent PHNAfter PHN develops 30-100 mg PO qhs

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Capsaicin cream (Dolorac Capsin Zostrix) --Natural chemical derived from plants of Solanaceae family By depleting and preventing reaccumulation of substance P in peripheral sensory neurons may render skin and joints insensitive to pain Substance P thought to be chemomediator of pain transmission from periphery to CNS

Adult DoseCream Apply to skin tidqid for 3-4 consecutive wk and evaluate efficacy not to exceed 4 applicationsd

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Lidocaine (DermaFlex gel Lidoderm 5 patch) --Several recent studies have advocated topical administration of lidocaine as treatment of PHN Lidocaine gel (5) in placebo-controlled study showed significant relief in 23 patients studied Lidocaine tape also decreases severity of pain

Adult DoseGel (5) Apply to affected area prnPatch (5) Apply to most painful area up to 3 patches per application patch may remain in place for up to 12 h in any 24 h period

Postherpetic Neuralgia Gabapentin (Neurontin) -- This medication has been

approved by the FDA for the treatment of PHN Has properties common to other anticonvulsants and antineuralgic effects Exact mechanism of action is not known Structurally gabapentin is related to GABA but it does not interact with GABA receptors Believed to have a binding site at the alpha 2-delta protein an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gaited calcium channels In the rat brain binding is localized on neuronal dendritic areas Relevance of these observations to treatment of PHN is not known

Adult Dose100 mg PO tid titrate dose prn recommended dose is 900-1800 mg PO qd not to exceed 900 mg PO qid

Suggested Systemic Medications for

the Treatment of Candidiasis Rx

Ketoconazole tablets 200 mgDisp 14 tabletsSig Take 1 tab qd with a meal or orange juice for 14 days

RxFluconazole tablets 100 mgDisp 15 tabletsSig Take 2 tablets stat then 1 tablet qd for 14 days

RxItraconazole tablets 100 mgDisp 28 tabletsSig Take 1 tablet bid with a meal or orange juice for 14 days

CA

Head and Neck Cancer

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Intraoral Melanoma

Lymphoma

Intraoral Melanoma

The five year survival rate for oral melanoma

is less than 20 as compared to 75 for

Cutaneous melanomas The average time of

first local recurrence for oral melanoma is less

than one year and metastatic disease is usually

diagnosed within three months of the

recurrence The average survival rate after

metastasis is typically less than 6 months

Extranodal Lymphoma

Extranodal lymphomas usually develop as a

rapidly growing mass of the palate or

posterior tongue (area of Waldeyerrsquos ring)

Pain may or may not be a presenting sign

Clinically the lesion may present as an

erythematous mass with a boggy consistency

The average survival rate for AIDS patients

with an intraoral lymphoma is eight months

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Second primary ndash field cancerization

Incidence amp Mortality HampN Ca

41000 new cases annually

13000 affected will die of disease

Rates constant over last 20yrs

lt 5 of neoplasias US

Highest incidence southeastern amp south-

central Asia

Disease in Women

Prior to 1940 malefemale ratio - 101

1980s ratio 31

Reason tobacco use among women in early

decades of the century

Habits have stabilized ndash malefemale

incidence normalized

Tobacco Use

1956 Wynder et al HampN Ca 10-fold

increase among smokers

Most studies 5-fold to 25-fold increase

intensity and duration of tobacco

consumption

80-90 of HampN Ca patients use tobacco

Alcohol

Odds ratio increases 3- to 15-fold for HampN

Ca after adjusting for tobacco use with

consumption of alcohol

Multiplicative effect with tobacco and

alcohol

Location of cancer ndash oral

pharyngeal(topical mechanism)

Alcohol

Promotional effects independent of

initiation

-prostaglandin synthesis lipid peroxidation

free radical oxygen enhance cell turnover

Enhances cell permeability

Defective repair mechanisms

Depressed immunity

Dz

RISK FACTORS (RF)

1 RF

2 RF

3 RF

4 RF

The concept of

TUMOR

local

regional

systemic

local T

N

M

INFECTION PAIN

INFECTION NEOPLASM

CERVICAL LYMPH NODE ENLARGEMENT

bullbacterial

bullviral (local systemic)

bullfungal

bullpostinfect fibrosed node

bulllt 40 yrs lymphoma

bullgt 40 yrs metastatic SCC

OTHERS

bullleukemia

bullconnective tissue diseases (eg lupus)

bullsarcoidosis

Importance of early diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma

60

stage III amp IV

23 recurrence lt 2 yrs

lt 13 survive 3 yrs

40

stage I amp II

80-90 cure

Second primary tumor in successfully treated patients within 5-7

years up to 40 Follow-up important

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Mortality (8000) deaths per year

Mortality by Site

Tongue 432

Salivary 130

Floor of mouth 950

Lip 24

Other 319

Premalignant Lesions

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Erythroplasia

Carcinoma in situ

Verrucous Leukoplakia

Tobacco patch keratosis

Actinic cheilosis

Mouth wash (Viadent) dysplasia

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Defined as a red patch that can not be

clinically or pathologically diagnosed as any

other condition

Almost all erythroleukoplakia demonstrate

dysplasia or CIS

Etiology is similar to oral SCC

May occur in conjunction with leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Risk of malignant transformation in

erythroleukoplakia about 4x greater than

homogenous leukoplakia

Predominately disease of older men with peak

prevalence of 65 to 74 years

Floor of mouth tongue and soft palate are

most common sites of involvement

Erythroplakia

The Management of Head and

Neck Cancer

Major advances

Conservative or partial resections

Micro vascular free-tissue transfer in

reconstruction

Better definition of the roles of chemotherapy

and radiotherapy

Despite these advances the treatment of loco

regional recurrence remains a major challenge

success rates for salvage therapy are poor

Treatment

Surgery

Radiotherapy

Chemotherapy

Immunotherapy

at present the role of immunotherapy remains investigational

Chemotherapy

Several randomized and non-randomized trial have evaluated chemotherapy for the treatment of head and neck cancer

Various agents have been shown to produce a response

No agents either alone or in combination have demonstrated an improvement in survival

cisplatin and 5 - FU

Uses

Inoperable tumors

Salvage therapy for recurrent tumors

Treatment

The main treatment modalities for head and neck

cancer remain surgery and radiotherapy

Patient factors that merit consideration

Impact on the quality of life

Medical condition ndash ldquoco - morbiditiesrdquo

Patient preference

Treatment cost and convenience

Compliance

Treatment

Early stage disease (stage I and II) can be treated with either surgery or radiotherapy with equivalent control rates

Small lesions of the oral cavity wide local excision is preferred over radiotherapy

Radiotherapy can be delivered to a site generally only once

Reserve this modality for less operable lesions

Treatment Combined Modality

Surgery and RadiotherapyIndications for post operative radiotherapy

Primary Tumor

Advance T stage

High histologic grade

Positive surgical resection margins

Lymphatic permeation

Vascular invasion

Perineural spread

Radiotherapy

Daily dose of 180 cGy to 200 cGy

5000 cGy over a five week period

T1 ndash 6000 to 6600 cGy

T2 - 6600 to 7000 cGy

T3T4 - gt 7000 cGy

ldquoshrinking field techniquerdquo

hyperfractionation technique 200 cGy per day for 25 days followed by 400 cGy per day for 5 days

D

Desquamative gingivitis is a clinical term to describe red painful glazed and friable gingivae which may be a manifestation of some mucocutaneous conditions such as lichen planus or the vesiculobullous disorders

Clinical features of desquamative

gingivitis

Fiery red friable gingiva

Painful desquamates easily

Buccal aspect of anterior attached gingiva

affected

Marginal gingiva spared

Not significantly improved by oral hygiene

measures alone

Differential Diagnosis Erosive Lichen Planus

Immune-mediated blistering diseases

Intra-epithelial

Pemphigus

Subepithelial

Pemphigoid

Linear IgA disease

Dermatitis herpetiformis

Epidermolysis bullosa

Erythema multiforme

Treatment Topical Corticosteroids Recurrent aphthous ulcers

bull Oral manifestations of Behccedilets disease Reiters syndrome acute

vulvar ulcer MAGIC syndrome PFAPA syndrome ulcerative colitis

Crohns disease Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome Sweets

syndrome among others

bull Drug-induced ulcerations mediated by an immune mechanism

bull Lichen planus

bull Cicatricial pemphigoid

bull Mucous membrane pemphigoid

bull Bullous pemphigoid

bull Erythema multiforme

bull Linear IgA dermatosis

bull Pemphigus vulgaris

Topicals Temovate cream 005 Clobetasol propionate

Halog cream 01 Halcinonide

Lidex cream 005 Fluocinonide

Topicort cream 025 Desoximethasone

Lidex gel 005 Fluocinonide

Aristocort cream H-P 05 Triamcinolone acetinode

Diprosone cream 005 Betamethasone dipropionate

Florone cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Maxiflor cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Synalar cream H-P 02 Fluocinolone acetonide

Topicals Tropicort-LP cream 005 Desoxymethasone

Benisone cream 0025 Betamethasone benzoate

Cordran cream 0025 Flurandenolide

Kenalog cream 01 Triamcinolone acetonide

Locoid cream 01 Hydrocortisone butyrate

Synalar cream 0025 Fluocinolone acetonide

Valisone cream 01 Betamethasone valerate

Tridesilon cream 005 Desonide

Locorten cream 003 Flumetasone pivalate

1 Hydrocortisone

Topical Corticosteroids

Used to treat oral lesions

Clobetasol (Temovate) -- Suppresses mitosis and increases synthesis of proteins that decrease inflammation and cause vasoconstriction Class I superpotent topical steroid useful in treating oral lesions Topical corticosteroids commonly are used intraorally for oral manifestations of autoimmune blistering skin diseases Since these diseases are chronic inflammatory in nature topical corticosteroids are very useful as an adjunct treatment Patients with disease confined to the gingiva should see a dentist to have a custom-made soft tray to carry the medication

H

How does herpes simplex develop

overexposure to sunlight

overexposure to wind

colds influenza and similar infections

heavy alcohol use

fever from any cause

the menstrual period

physical stress

emotional stress

Symptoms

Primary (Initial) HSV I Fever

Adenopathy

Ulcers deep in mouth

Secondary (Later) HSV I (Recurrent labial lesions) Fever Blisters form on outer vermillion border

Cold Sores form on inner lip Initial Vesicle

Next Crust

Last Healing in 10-14 days

Differential Diagnosis

Differs from Aphthous Ulcers in that

Found on keratinized (bound-down) intraoral

mucosa

Vesicles rupture into coalescing ulcers

HSV lesions are anterior compared with

Herpangina

Hand Foot and Mouth Disease

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Oral acyclovir (Zovirax) or the recently

developed drugs valacyclovir (Valtrex) or

famciclovir (Famvir) lessen the symptoms

and frequency of fever blister recurrences for

some patients These drugs prevent HSV from

multiplying and are effective when taken in

pill form prior to an outbreak of the virus

Systemic Antivirals

Acyclovir

Dose 15 mgkg (max 200 mg) PO 5xday for 7 days

Shortens first HSV infection by 6 days in children

Famciclovir

Shortens healing time by 2 days in UV-induced cases

Spruance (1999) J Infect Dis 179303-10

Valacyclovir (FDA approved for age 12 and older)

Adult dose 2 g PO bid for one day

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Topical antiviral creams containing acyclovir

(Zovirax) or penciclovir (Denavir) may also

help in limiting the extent or duration of

lesions if applied promptly to affected areas

Topical Treatments

Penciclovir (Denavir) heals HSV-1 sores on average about half a day faster than without treatment stops viral shedding and reduces the duration of the pain Ideally the patient should apply the cream within the first hour of symptoms although benefits have also been noted with later application It is continued for four consecutive days and should be reapplied every two hours while awake

Docosanol cream (Abreva) is an over-the-counter agent for oral-facial herpes It helps resist infection by inhibiting the ability of the virus to become fully active after it has attached itself to the host cell It is applied five times a day beginning at the first sign of tingling or pain Studies have been mixed on it benefits

Topical Treatments

Acyclovir cream (Zovirax) has been approved It may speed healing of oral herpes lesions and lessen the duration of pain particularly if it is applied early on (at the first sign of pain or tingling)

Lidex is a gel that contains a fluocinonide as corticosteroid Corticosteroids commonly called steroids are anti-inflammatory agents and not ordinarily used for herpes Some evidence suggests it may be effective in combination with oral famciclovir

Topical Treatments

Over-the-counter topical anesthetics may provide

modest relief They include Anbesol gel Blistex lip

ointment Campho-phenique Herpecin-L

Viractin and Zilactin In one study Viractin

reduced the duration of the attack compared to

placebo by two days It also relieved itching but had

little effect on other symptoms In general however

few studies have been conducted on any of these

products

X

Xerostomia

Xerostomia is not a disease but can be a symptom

of certain diseases It can produce serious

negative effects on the patients quality of life

affecting dietary habits nutritional status

speech taste tolerance to dental prosthesis and

increases susceptibility to dental caries The

increase in dental caries can be devastating in

many patients and therefore special care must be

made to control this condition

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Medications - Several hundred current medications

can cause xerostomia antihypertensives

antidepressants analgesics tranquilizers diuretics

and antihistamines c

-Cancer Therapy - Chemotherapeutic drugs can

change the flow and composition of the saliva

Radiation treatment that is focused on or near the

salivary gland can temporarily or permanently

damage the salivary glands

-Sjogrens syndrome - An autoimmune disease causes

xerostomia and dry eyes

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Other conditions -such as bone marrow transplants endocrine disorders stress anxiety depression and nutritional deficiencies may cause xerostomia

-Nerve Damage - Trauma to the head and neck area from surgery or wounds can damage the nerves that supply sensation to the mouth While the salivary glands may be left intact they cannot function normally without the nerves that signal them to produce saliva

Treatment

Identify the xerostomic condition and the

cause Some of the causes may be

ameliorated and this will aid therapy But

in many situations it will be difficult to

eliminate the causes Thus it will be

necessary for the Dentist to control the

results of xerostomia This is especially

true about the increase in dental caries

Treatment -pilocarpine (Salagen) 5mg qid prescription required

-special food preparation - blended and moist foods are easier to swallow

artificial saliva (available over-the-counter)

-sipping plain water is usually preferred over artificial saliva by most patients

-Biotene brand over-the-counter dry mouth products (toothpaste alcohol- free mouth rinse and Oralbalance lubricating gel)

-avoidance of alcohol-based mouth rinses

-use of water and glycerin mixed in a small aerosol spray bottle

RX

Contains sorbitol sodium

carboxymethlcellulose and

methylparaben in a

pleasantly flavored

solution

120 mL (406 fl oz)

Z

Treatment

Acyclovir (Zovirax)dagger800 mg orally five times

daily for 7 to 10 days

10 mg per kg IV every 8 hours for 7 to 10

daysDagger

$174 to 248 (129 to 200)

Famciclovir (Famvir)dagger500 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$140

Treatment

Valacyclovir (Valtrex)dagger1000 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$84

Prednisone (Deltasone)30 mg orally twice

daily on days 1 through 7 then 15 mg twice

daily on days 8 through 14 then 75 mg twice

daily on days 15 through 21

Treatment

Lotions containing calamine (eg Caladryl)

may be used on open lesions to reduce pain

and pruritus

Once the lesions have crusted over capsaicin

cream (Zostrix) may be applied

Topically administered lidocaine (Xylocaine)

and nerve blocks have also been reported to

be effective in reducing pain

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Amitriptyline (Elavil) -- By inhibiting reuptake of serotonin andor norepinephrine by presynaptic neuronal membrane may increase synaptic concentration in CNS Useful as analgesic for certain types of chronic and neuropathic pain

Adult DoseEarly in course of HZ 25 mgd PO hs to prevent PHNAfter PHN develops 30-100 mg PO qhs

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Capsaicin cream (Dolorac Capsin Zostrix) --Natural chemical derived from plants of Solanaceae family By depleting and preventing reaccumulation of substance P in peripheral sensory neurons may render skin and joints insensitive to pain Substance P thought to be chemomediator of pain transmission from periphery to CNS

Adult DoseCream Apply to skin tidqid for 3-4 consecutive wk and evaluate efficacy not to exceed 4 applicationsd

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Lidocaine (DermaFlex gel Lidoderm 5 patch) --Several recent studies have advocated topical administration of lidocaine as treatment of PHN Lidocaine gel (5) in placebo-controlled study showed significant relief in 23 patients studied Lidocaine tape also decreases severity of pain

Adult DoseGel (5) Apply to affected area prnPatch (5) Apply to most painful area up to 3 patches per application patch may remain in place for up to 12 h in any 24 h period

Postherpetic Neuralgia Gabapentin (Neurontin) -- This medication has been

approved by the FDA for the treatment of PHN Has properties common to other anticonvulsants and antineuralgic effects Exact mechanism of action is not known Structurally gabapentin is related to GABA but it does not interact with GABA receptors Believed to have a binding site at the alpha 2-delta protein an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gaited calcium channels In the rat brain binding is localized on neuronal dendritic areas Relevance of these observations to treatment of PHN is not known

Adult Dose100 mg PO tid titrate dose prn recommended dose is 900-1800 mg PO qd not to exceed 900 mg PO qid

CA

Head and Neck Cancer

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Intraoral Melanoma

Lymphoma

Intraoral Melanoma

The five year survival rate for oral melanoma

is less than 20 as compared to 75 for

Cutaneous melanomas The average time of

first local recurrence for oral melanoma is less

than one year and metastatic disease is usually

diagnosed within three months of the

recurrence The average survival rate after

metastasis is typically less than 6 months

Extranodal Lymphoma

Extranodal lymphomas usually develop as a

rapidly growing mass of the palate or

posterior tongue (area of Waldeyerrsquos ring)

Pain may or may not be a presenting sign

Clinically the lesion may present as an

erythematous mass with a boggy consistency

The average survival rate for AIDS patients

with an intraoral lymphoma is eight months

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Second primary ndash field cancerization

Incidence amp Mortality HampN Ca

41000 new cases annually

13000 affected will die of disease

Rates constant over last 20yrs

lt 5 of neoplasias US

Highest incidence southeastern amp south-

central Asia

Disease in Women

Prior to 1940 malefemale ratio - 101

1980s ratio 31

Reason tobacco use among women in early

decades of the century

Habits have stabilized ndash malefemale

incidence normalized

Tobacco Use

1956 Wynder et al HampN Ca 10-fold

increase among smokers

Most studies 5-fold to 25-fold increase

intensity and duration of tobacco

consumption

80-90 of HampN Ca patients use tobacco

Alcohol

Odds ratio increases 3- to 15-fold for HampN

Ca after adjusting for tobacco use with

consumption of alcohol

Multiplicative effect with tobacco and

alcohol

Location of cancer ndash oral

pharyngeal(topical mechanism)

Alcohol

Promotional effects independent of

initiation

-prostaglandin synthesis lipid peroxidation

free radical oxygen enhance cell turnover

Enhances cell permeability

Defective repair mechanisms

Depressed immunity

Dz

RISK FACTORS (RF)

1 RF

2 RF

3 RF

4 RF

The concept of

TUMOR

local

regional

systemic

local T

N

M

INFECTION PAIN

INFECTION NEOPLASM

CERVICAL LYMPH NODE ENLARGEMENT

bullbacterial

bullviral (local systemic)

bullfungal

bullpostinfect fibrosed node

bulllt 40 yrs lymphoma

bullgt 40 yrs metastatic SCC

OTHERS

bullleukemia

bullconnective tissue diseases (eg lupus)

bullsarcoidosis

Importance of early diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma

60

stage III amp IV

23 recurrence lt 2 yrs

lt 13 survive 3 yrs

40

stage I amp II

80-90 cure

Second primary tumor in successfully treated patients within 5-7

years up to 40 Follow-up important

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Mortality (8000) deaths per year

Mortality by Site

Tongue 432

Salivary 130

Floor of mouth 950

Lip 24

Other 319

Premalignant Lesions

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Erythroplasia

Carcinoma in situ

Verrucous Leukoplakia

Tobacco patch keratosis

Actinic cheilosis

Mouth wash (Viadent) dysplasia

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Defined as a red patch that can not be

clinically or pathologically diagnosed as any

other condition

Almost all erythroleukoplakia demonstrate

dysplasia or CIS

Etiology is similar to oral SCC

May occur in conjunction with leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Risk of malignant transformation in

erythroleukoplakia about 4x greater than

homogenous leukoplakia

Predominately disease of older men with peak

prevalence of 65 to 74 years

Floor of mouth tongue and soft palate are

most common sites of involvement

Erythroplakia

The Management of Head and

Neck Cancer

Major advances

Conservative or partial resections

Micro vascular free-tissue transfer in

reconstruction

Better definition of the roles of chemotherapy

and radiotherapy

Despite these advances the treatment of loco

regional recurrence remains a major challenge

success rates for salvage therapy are poor

Treatment

Surgery

Radiotherapy

Chemotherapy

Immunotherapy

at present the role of immunotherapy remains investigational

Chemotherapy

Several randomized and non-randomized trial have evaluated chemotherapy for the treatment of head and neck cancer

Various agents have been shown to produce a response

No agents either alone or in combination have demonstrated an improvement in survival

cisplatin and 5 - FU

Uses

Inoperable tumors

Salvage therapy for recurrent tumors

Treatment

The main treatment modalities for head and neck

cancer remain surgery and radiotherapy

Patient factors that merit consideration

Impact on the quality of life

Medical condition ndash ldquoco - morbiditiesrdquo

Patient preference

Treatment cost and convenience

Compliance

Treatment

Early stage disease (stage I and II) can be treated with either surgery or radiotherapy with equivalent control rates

Small lesions of the oral cavity wide local excision is preferred over radiotherapy

Radiotherapy can be delivered to a site generally only once

Reserve this modality for less operable lesions

Treatment Combined Modality

Surgery and RadiotherapyIndications for post operative radiotherapy

Primary Tumor

Advance T stage

High histologic grade

Positive surgical resection margins

Lymphatic permeation

Vascular invasion

Perineural spread

Radiotherapy

Daily dose of 180 cGy to 200 cGy

5000 cGy over a five week period

T1 ndash 6000 to 6600 cGy

T2 - 6600 to 7000 cGy

T3T4 - gt 7000 cGy

ldquoshrinking field techniquerdquo

hyperfractionation technique 200 cGy per day for 25 days followed by 400 cGy per day for 5 days

D

Desquamative gingivitis is a clinical term to describe red painful glazed and friable gingivae which may be a manifestation of some mucocutaneous conditions such as lichen planus or the vesiculobullous disorders

Clinical features of desquamative

gingivitis

Fiery red friable gingiva

Painful desquamates easily

Buccal aspect of anterior attached gingiva

affected

Marginal gingiva spared

Not significantly improved by oral hygiene

measures alone

Differential Diagnosis Erosive Lichen Planus

Immune-mediated blistering diseases

Intra-epithelial

Pemphigus

Subepithelial

Pemphigoid

Linear IgA disease

Dermatitis herpetiformis

Epidermolysis bullosa

Erythema multiforme

Treatment Topical Corticosteroids Recurrent aphthous ulcers

bull Oral manifestations of Behccedilets disease Reiters syndrome acute

vulvar ulcer MAGIC syndrome PFAPA syndrome ulcerative colitis

Crohns disease Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome Sweets

syndrome among others

bull Drug-induced ulcerations mediated by an immune mechanism

bull Lichen planus

bull Cicatricial pemphigoid

bull Mucous membrane pemphigoid

bull Bullous pemphigoid

bull Erythema multiforme

bull Linear IgA dermatosis

bull Pemphigus vulgaris

Topicals Temovate cream 005 Clobetasol propionate

Halog cream 01 Halcinonide

Lidex cream 005 Fluocinonide

Topicort cream 025 Desoximethasone

Lidex gel 005 Fluocinonide

Aristocort cream H-P 05 Triamcinolone acetinode

Diprosone cream 005 Betamethasone dipropionate

Florone cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Maxiflor cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Synalar cream H-P 02 Fluocinolone acetonide

Topicals Tropicort-LP cream 005 Desoxymethasone

Benisone cream 0025 Betamethasone benzoate

Cordran cream 0025 Flurandenolide

Kenalog cream 01 Triamcinolone acetonide

Locoid cream 01 Hydrocortisone butyrate

Synalar cream 0025 Fluocinolone acetonide

Valisone cream 01 Betamethasone valerate

Tridesilon cream 005 Desonide

Locorten cream 003 Flumetasone pivalate

1 Hydrocortisone

Topical Corticosteroids

Used to treat oral lesions

Clobetasol (Temovate) -- Suppresses mitosis and increases synthesis of proteins that decrease inflammation and cause vasoconstriction Class I superpotent topical steroid useful in treating oral lesions Topical corticosteroids commonly are used intraorally for oral manifestations of autoimmune blistering skin diseases Since these diseases are chronic inflammatory in nature topical corticosteroids are very useful as an adjunct treatment Patients with disease confined to the gingiva should see a dentist to have a custom-made soft tray to carry the medication

H

How does herpes simplex develop

overexposure to sunlight

overexposure to wind

colds influenza and similar infections

heavy alcohol use

fever from any cause

the menstrual period

physical stress

emotional stress

Symptoms

Primary (Initial) HSV I Fever

Adenopathy

Ulcers deep in mouth

Secondary (Later) HSV I (Recurrent labial lesions) Fever Blisters form on outer vermillion border

Cold Sores form on inner lip Initial Vesicle

Next Crust

Last Healing in 10-14 days

Differential Diagnosis

Differs from Aphthous Ulcers in that

Found on keratinized (bound-down) intraoral

mucosa

Vesicles rupture into coalescing ulcers

HSV lesions are anterior compared with

Herpangina

Hand Foot and Mouth Disease

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Oral acyclovir (Zovirax) or the recently

developed drugs valacyclovir (Valtrex) or

famciclovir (Famvir) lessen the symptoms

and frequency of fever blister recurrences for

some patients These drugs prevent HSV from

multiplying and are effective when taken in

pill form prior to an outbreak of the virus

Systemic Antivirals

Acyclovir

Dose 15 mgkg (max 200 mg) PO 5xday for 7 days

Shortens first HSV infection by 6 days in children

Famciclovir

Shortens healing time by 2 days in UV-induced cases

Spruance (1999) J Infect Dis 179303-10

Valacyclovir (FDA approved for age 12 and older)

Adult dose 2 g PO bid for one day

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Topical antiviral creams containing acyclovir

(Zovirax) or penciclovir (Denavir) may also

help in limiting the extent or duration of

lesions if applied promptly to affected areas

Topical Treatments

Penciclovir (Denavir) heals HSV-1 sores on average about half a day faster than without treatment stops viral shedding and reduces the duration of the pain Ideally the patient should apply the cream within the first hour of symptoms although benefits have also been noted with later application It is continued for four consecutive days and should be reapplied every two hours while awake

Docosanol cream (Abreva) is an over-the-counter agent for oral-facial herpes It helps resist infection by inhibiting the ability of the virus to become fully active after it has attached itself to the host cell It is applied five times a day beginning at the first sign of tingling or pain Studies have been mixed on it benefits

Topical Treatments

Acyclovir cream (Zovirax) has been approved It may speed healing of oral herpes lesions and lessen the duration of pain particularly if it is applied early on (at the first sign of pain or tingling)

Lidex is a gel that contains a fluocinonide as corticosteroid Corticosteroids commonly called steroids are anti-inflammatory agents and not ordinarily used for herpes Some evidence suggests it may be effective in combination with oral famciclovir

Topical Treatments

Over-the-counter topical anesthetics may provide

modest relief They include Anbesol gel Blistex lip

ointment Campho-phenique Herpecin-L

Viractin and Zilactin In one study Viractin

reduced the duration of the attack compared to

placebo by two days It also relieved itching but had

little effect on other symptoms In general however

few studies have been conducted on any of these

products

X

Xerostomia

Xerostomia is not a disease but can be a symptom

of certain diseases It can produce serious

negative effects on the patients quality of life

affecting dietary habits nutritional status

speech taste tolerance to dental prosthesis and

increases susceptibility to dental caries The

increase in dental caries can be devastating in

many patients and therefore special care must be

made to control this condition

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Medications - Several hundred current medications

can cause xerostomia antihypertensives

antidepressants analgesics tranquilizers diuretics

and antihistamines c

-Cancer Therapy - Chemotherapeutic drugs can

change the flow and composition of the saliva

Radiation treatment that is focused on or near the

salivary gland can temporarily or permanently

damage the salivary glands

-Sjogrens syndrome - An autoimmune disease causes

xerostomia and dry eyes

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Other conditions -such as bone marrow transplants endocrine disorders stress anxiety depression and nutritional deficiencies may cause xerostomia

-Nerve Damage - Trauma to the head and neck area from surgery or wounds can damage the nerves that supply sensation to the mouth While the salivary glands may be left intact they cannot function normally without the nerves that signal them to produce saliva

Treatment

Identify the xerostomic condition and the

cause Some of the causes may be

ameliorated and this will aid therapy But

in many situations it will be difficult to

eliminate the causes Thus it will be

necessary for the Dentist to control the

results of xerostomia This is especially

true about the increase in dental caries

Treatment -pilocarpine (Salagen) 5mg qid prescription required

-special food preparation - blended and moist foods are easier to swallow

artificial saliva (available over-the-counter)

-sipping plain water is usually preferred over artificial saliva by most patients

-Biotene brand over-the-counter dry mouth products (toothpaste alcohol- free mouth rinse and Oralbalance lubricating gel)

-avoidance of alcohol-based mouth rinses

-use of water and glycerin mixed in a small aerosol spray bottle

RX

Contains sorbitol sodium

carboxymethlcellulose and

methylparaben in a

pleasantly flavored

solution

120 mL (406 fl oz)

Z

Treatment

Acyclovir (Zovirax)dagger800 mg orally five times

daily for 7 to 10 days

10 mg per kg IV every 8 hours for 7 to 10

daysDagger

$174 to 248 (129 to 200)

Famciclovir (Famvir)dagger500 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$140

Treatment

Valacyclovir (Valtrex)dagger1000 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$84

Prednisone (Deltasone)30 mg orally twice

daily on days 1 through 7 then 15 mg twice

daily on days 8 through 14 then 75 mg twice

daily on days 15 through 21

Treatment

Lotions containing calamine (eg Caladryl)

may be used on open lesions to reduce pain

and pruritus

Once the lesions have crusted over capsaicin

cream (Zostrix) may be applied

Topically administered lidocaine (Xylocaine)

and nerve blocks have also been reported to

be effective in reducing pain

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Amitriptyline (Elavil) -- By inhibiting reuptake of serotonin andor norepinephrine by presynaptic neuronal membrane may increase synaptic concentration in CNS Useful as analgesic for certain types of chronic and neuropathic pain

Adult DoseEarly in course of HZ 25 mgd PO hs to prevent PHNAfter PHN develops 30-100 mg PO qhs

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Capsaicin cream (Dolorac Capsin Zostrix) --Natural chemical derived from plants of Solanaceae family By depleting and preventing reaccumulation of substance P in peripheral sensory neurons may render skin and joints insensitive to pain Substance P thought to be chemomediator of pain transmission from periphery to CNS

Adult DoseCream Apply to skin tidqid for 3-4 consecutive wk and evaluate efficacy not to exceed 4 applicationsd

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Lidocaine (DermaFlex gel Lidoderm 5 patch) --Several recent studies have advocated topical administration of lidocaine as treatment of PHN Lidocaine gel (5) in placebo-controlled study showed significant relief in 23 patients studied Lidocaine tape also decreases severity of pain

Adult DoseGel (5) Apply to affected area prnPatch (5) Apply to most painful area up to 3 patches per application patch may remain in place for up to 12 h in any 24 h period

Postherpetic Neuralgia Gabapentin (Neurontin) -- This medication has been

approved by the FDA for the treatment of PHN Has properties common to other anticonvulsants and antineuralgic effects Exact mechanism of action is not known Structurally gabapentin is related to GABA but it does not interact with GABA receptors Believed to have a binding site at the alpha 2-delta protein an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gaited calcium channels In the rat brain binding is localized on neuronal dendritic areas Relevance of these observations to treatment of PHN is not known

Adult Dose100 mg PO tid titrate dose prn recommended dose is 900-1800 mg PO qd not to exceed 900 mg PO qid

Head and Neck Cancer

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Intraoral Melanoma

Lymphoma

Intraoral Melanoma

The five year survival rate for oral melanoma

is less than 20 as compared to 75 for

Cutaneous melanomas The average time of

first local recurrence for oral melanoma is less

than one year and metastatic disease is usually

diagnosed within three months of the

recurrence The average survival rate after

metastasis is typically less than 6 months

Extranodal Lymphoma

Extranodal lymphomas usually develop as a

rapidly growing mass of the palate or

posterior tongue (area of Waldeyerrsquos ring)

Pain may or may not be a presenting sign

Clinically the lesion may present as an

erythematous mass with a boggy consistency

The average survival rate for AIDS patients

with an intraoral lymphoma is eight months

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Second primary ndash field cancerization

Incidence amp Mortality HampN Ca

41000 new cases annually

13000 affected will die of disease

Rates constant over last 20yrs

lt 5 of neoplasias US

Highest incidence southeastern amp south-

central Asia

Disease in Women

Prior to 1940 malefemale ratio - 101

1980s ratio 31

Reason tobacco use among women in early

decades of the century

Habits have stabilized ndash malefemale

incidence normalized

Tobacco Use

1956 Wynder et al HampN Ca 10-fold

increase among smokers

Most studies 5-fold to 25-fold increase

intensity and duration of tobacco

consumption

80-90 of HampN Ca patients use tobacco

Alcohol

Odds ratio increases 3- to 15-fold for HampN

Ca after adjusting for tobacco use with

consumption of alcohol

Multiplicative effect with tobacco and

alcohol

Location of cancer ndash oral

pharyngeal(topical mechanism)

Alcohol

Promotional effects independent of

initiation

-prostaglandin synthesis lipid peroxidation

free radical oxygen enhance cell turnover

Enhances cell permeability

Defective repair mechanisms

Depressed immunity

Dz

RISK FACTORS (RF)

1 RF

2 RF

3 RF

4 RF

The concept of

TUMOR

local

regional

systemic

local T

N

M

INFECTION PAIN

INFECTION NEOPLASM

CERVICAL LYMPH NODE ENLARGEMENT

bullbacterial

bullviral (local systemic)

bullfungal

bullpostinfect fibrosed node

bulllt 40 yrs lymphoma

bullgt 40 yrs metastatic SCC

OTHERS

bullleukemia

bullconnective tissue diseases (eg lupus)

bullsarcoidosis

Importance of early diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma

60

stage III amp IV

23 recurrence lt 2 yrs

lt 13 survive 3 yrs

40

stage I amp II

80-90 cure

Second primary tumor in successfully treated patients within 5-7

years up to 40 Follow-up important

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Mortality (8000) deaths per year

Mortality by Site

Tongue 432

Salivary 130

Floor of mouth 950

Lip 24

Other 319

Premalignant Lesions

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Erythroplasia

Carcinoma in situ

Verrucous Leukoplakia

Tobacco patch keratosis

Actinic cheilosis

Mouth wash (Viadent) dysplasia

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Defined as a red patch that can not be

clinically or pathologically diagnosed as any

other condition

Almost all erythroleukoplakia demonstrate

dysplasia or CIS

Etiology is similar to oral SCC

May occur in conjunction with leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Risk of malignant transformation in

erythroleukoplakia about 4x greater than

homogenous leukoplakia

Predominately disease of older men with peak

prevalence of 65 to 74 years

Floor of mouth tongue and soft palate are

most common sites of involvement

Erythroplakia

The Management of Head and

Neck Cancer

Major advances

Conservative or partial resections

Micro vascular free-tissue transfer in

reconstruction

Better definition of the roles of chemotherapy

and radiotherapy

Despite these advances the treatment of loco

regional recurrence remains a major challenge

success rates for salvage therapy are poor

Treatment

Surgery

Radiotherapy

Chemotherapy

Immunotherapy

at present the role of immunotherapy remains investigational

Chemotherapy

Several randomized and non-randomized trial have evaluated chemotherapy for the treatment of head and neck cancer

Various agents have been shown to produce a response

No agents either alone or in combination have demonstrated an improvement in survival

cisplatin and 5 - FU

Uses

Inoperable tumors

Salvage therapy for recurrent tumors

Treatment

The main treatment modalities for head and neck

cancer remain surgery and radiotherapy

Patient factors that merit consideration

Impact on the quality of life

Medical condition ndash ldquoco - morbiditiesrdquo

Patient preference

Treatment cost and convenience

Compliance

Treatment

Early stage disease (stage I and II) can be treated with either surgery or radiotherapy with equivalent control rates

Small lesions of the oral cavity wide local excision is preferred over radiotherapy

Radiotherapy can be delivered to a site generally only once

Reserve this modality for less operable lesions

Treatment Combined Modality

Surgery and RadiotherapyIndications for post operative radiotherapy

Primary Tumor

Advance T stage

High histologic grade

Positive surgical resection margins

Lymphatic permeation

Vascular invasion

Perineural spread

Radiotherapy

Daily dose of 180 cGy to 200 cGy

5000 cGy over a five week period

T1 ndash 6000 to 6600 cGy

T2 - 6600 to 7000 cGy

T3T4 - gt 7000 cGy

ldquoshrinking field techniquerdquo

hyperfractionation technique 200 cGy per day for 25 days followed by 400 cGy per day for 5 days

D

Desquamative gingivitis is a clinical term to describe red painful glazed and friable gingivae which may be a manifestation of some mucocutaneous conditions such as lichen planus or the vesiculobullous disorders

Clinical features of desquamative

gingivitis

Fiery red friable gingiva

Painful desquamates easily

Buccal aspect of anterior attached gingiva

affected

Marginal gingiva spared

Not significantly improved by oral hygiene

measures alone

Differential Diagnosis Erosive Lichen Planus

Immune-mediated blistering diseases

Intra-epithelial

Pemphigus

Subepithelial

Pemphigoid

Linear IgA disease

Dermatitis herpetiformis

Epidermolysis bullosa

Erythema multiforme

Treatment Topical Corticosteroids Recurrent aphthous ulcers

bull Oral manifestations of Behccedilets disease Reiters syndrome acute

vulvar ulcer MAGIC syndrome PFAPA syndrome ulcerative colitis

Crohns disease Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome Sweets

syndrome among others

bull Drug-induced ulcerations mediated by an immune mechanism

bull Lichen planus

bull Cicatricial pemphigoid

bull Mucous membrane pemphigoid

bull Bullous pemphigoid

bull Erythema multiforme

bull Linear IgA dermatosis

bull Pemphigus vulgaris

Topicals Temovate cream 005 Clobetasol propionate

Halog cream 01 Halcinonide

Lidex cream 005 Fluocinonide

Topicort cream 025 Desoximethasone

Lidex gel 005 Fluocinonide

Aristocort cream H-P 05 Triamcinolone acetinode

Diprosone cream 005 Betamethasone dipropionate

Florone cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Maxiflor cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Synalar cream H-P 02 Fluocinolone acetonide

Topicals Tropicort-LP cream 005 Desoxymethasone

Benisone cream 0025 Betamethasone benzoate

Cordran cream 0025 Flurandenolide

Kenalog cream 01 Triamcinolone acetonide

Locoid cream 01 Hydrocortisone butyrate

Synalar cream 0025 Fluocinolone acetonide

Valisone cream 01 Betamethasone valerate

Tridesilon cream 005 Desonide

Locorten cream 003 Flumetasone pivalate

1 Hydrocortisone

Topical Corticosteroids

Used to treat oral lesions

Clobetasol (Temovate) -- Suppresses mitosis and increases synthesis of proteins that decrease inflammation and cause vasoconstriction Class I superpotent topical steroid useful in treating oral lesions Topical corticosteroids commonly are used intraorally for oral manifestations of autoimmune blistering skin diseases Since these diseases are chronic inflammatory in nature topical corticosteroids are very useful as an adjunct treatment Patients with disease confined to the gingiva should see a dentist to have a custom-made soft tray to carry the medication

H

How does herpes simplex develop

overexposure to sunlight

overexposure to wind

colds influenza and similar infections

heavy alcohol use

fever from any cause

the menstrual period

physical stress

emotional stress

Symptoms

Primary (Initial) HSV I Fever

Adenopathy

Ulcers deep in mouth

Secondary (Later) HSV I (Recurrent labial lesions) Fever Blisters form on outer vermillion border

Cold Sores form on inner lip Initial Vesicle

Next Crust

Last Healing in 10-14 days

Differential Diagnosis

Differs from Aphthous Ulcers in that

Found on keratinized (bound-down) intraoral

mucosa

Vesicles rupture into coalescing ulcers

HSV lesions are anterior compared with

Herpangina

Hand Foot and Mouth Disease

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Oral acyclovir (Zovirax) or the recently

developed drugs valacyclovir (Valtrex) or

famciclovir (Famvir) lessen the symptoms

and frequency of fever blister recurrences for

some patients These drugs prevent HSV from

multiplying and are effective when taken in

pill form prior to an outbreak of the virus

Systemic Antivirals

Acyclovir

Dose 15 mgkg (max 200 mg) PO 5xday for 7 days

Shortens first HSV infection by 6 days in children

Famciclovir

Shortens healing time by 2 days in UV-induced cases

Spruance (1999) J Infect Dis 179303-10

Valacyclovir (FDA approved for age 12 and older)

Adult dose 2 g PO bid for one day

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Topical antiviral creams containing acyclovir

(Zovirax) or penciclovir (Denavir) may also

help in limiting the extent or duration of

lesions if applied promptly to affected areas

Topical Treatments

Penciclovir (Denavir) heals HSV-1 sores on average about half a day faster than without treatment stops viral shedding and reduces the duration of the pain Ideally the patient should apply the cream within the first hour of symptoms although benefits have also been noted with later application It is continued for four consecutive days and should be reapplied every two hours while awake

Docosanol cream (Abreva) is an over-the-counter agent for oral-facial herpes It helps resist infection by inhibiting the ability of the virus to become fully active after it has attached itself to the host cell It is applied five times a day beginning at the first sign of tingling or pain Studies have been mixed on it benefits

Topical Treatments

Acyclovir cream (Zovirax) has been approved It may speed healing of oral herpes lesions and lessen the duration of pain particularly if it is applied early on (at the first sign of pain or tingling)

Lidex is a gel that contains a fluocinonide as corticosteroid Corticosteroids commonly called steroids are anti-inflammatory agents and not ordinarily used for herpes Some evidence suggests it may be effective in combination with oral famciclovir

Topical Treatments

Over-the-counter topical anesthetics may provide

modest relief They include Anbesol gel Blistex lip

ointment Campho-phenique Herpecin-L

Viractin and Zilactin In one study Viractin

reduced the duration of the attack compared to

placebo by two days It also relieved itching but had

little effect on other symptoms In general however

few studies have been conducted on any of these

products

X

Xerostomia

Xerostomia is not a disease but can be a symptom

of certain diseases It can produce serious

negative effects on the patients quality of life

affecting dietary habits nutritional status

speech taste tolerance to dental prosthesis and

increases susceptibility to dental caries The

increase in dental caries can be devastating in

many patients and therefore special care must be

made to control this condition

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Medications - Several hundred current medications

can cause xerostomia antihypertensives

antidepressants analgesics tranquilizers diuretics

and antihistamines c

-Cancer Therapy - Chemotherapeutic drugs can

change the flow and composition of the saliva

Radiation treatment that is focused on or near the

salivary gland can temporarily or permanently

damage the salivary glands

-Sjogrens syndrome - An autoimmune disease causes

xerostomia and dry eyes

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Other conditions -such as bone marrow transplants endocrine disorders stress anxiety depression and nutritional deficiencies may cause xerostomia

-Nerve Damage - Trauma to the head and neck area from surgery or wounds can damage the nerves that supply sensation to the mouth While the salivary glands may be left intact they cannot function normally without the nerves that signal them to produce saliva

Treatment

Identify the xerostomic condition and the

cause Some of the causes may be

ameliorated and this will aid therapy But

in many situations it will be difficult to

eliminate the causes Thus it will be

necessary for the Dentist to control the

results of xerostomia This is especially

true about the increase in dental caries

Treatment -pilocarpine (Salagen) 5mg qid prescription required

-special food preparation - blended and moist foods are easier to swallow

artificial saliva (available over-the-counter)

-sipping plain water is usually preferred over artificial saliva by most patients

-Biotene brand over-the-counter dry mouth products (toothpaste alcohol- free mouth rinse and Oralbalance lubricating gel)

-avoidance of alcohol-based mouth rinses

-use of water and glycerin mixed in a small aerosol spray bottle

RX

Contains sorbitol sodium

carboxymethlcellulose and

methylparaben in a

pleasantly flavored

solution

120 mL (406 fl oz)

Z

Treatment

Acyclovir (Zovirax)dagger800 mg orally five times

daily for 7 to 10 days

10 mg per kg IV every 8 hours for 7 to 10

daysDagger

$174 to 248 (129 to 200)

Famciclovir (Famvir)dagger500 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$140

Treatment

Valacyclovir (Valtrex)dagger1000 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$84

Prednisone (Deltasone)30 mg orally twice

daily on days 1 through 7 then 15 mg twice

daily on days 8 through 14 then 75 mg twice

daily on days 15 through 21

Treatment

Lotions containing calamine (eg Caladryl)

may be used on open lesions to reduce pain

and pruritus

Once the lesions have crusted over capsaicin

cream (Zostrix) may be applied

Topically administered lidocaine (Xylocaine)

and nerve blocks have also been reported to

be effective in reducing pain

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Amitriptyline (Elavil) -- By inhibiting reuptake of serotonin andor norepinephrine by presynaptic neuronal membrane may increase synaptic concentration in CNS Useful as analgesic for certain types of chronic and neuropathic pain

Adult DoseEarly in course of HZ 25 mgd PO hs to prevent PHNAfter PHN develops 30-100 mg PO qhs

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Capsaicin cream (Dolorac Capsin Zostrix) --Natural chemical derived from plants of Solanaceae family By depleting and preventing reaccumulation of substance P in peripheral sensory neurons may render skin and joints insensitive to pain Substance P thought to be chemomediator of pain transmission from periphery to CNS

Adult DoseCream Apply to skin tidqid for 3-4 consecutive wk and evaluate efficacy not to exceed 4 applicationsd

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Lidocaine (DermaFlex gel Lidoderm 5 patch) --Several recent studies have advocated topical administration of lidocaine as treatment of PHN Lidocaine gel (5) in placebo-controlled study showed significant relief in 23 patients studied Lidocaine tape also decreases severity of pain

Adult DoseGel (5) Apply to affected area prnPatch (5) Apply to most painful area up to 3 patches per application patch may remain in place for up to 12 h in any 24 h period

Postherpetic Neuralgia Gabapentin (Neurontin) -- This medication has been

approved by the FDA for the treatment of PHN Has properties common to other anticonvulsants and antineuralgic effects Exact mechanism of action is not known Structurally gabapentin is related to GABA but it does not interact with GABA receptors Believed to have a binding site at the alpha 2-delta protein an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gaited calcium channels In the rat brain binding is localized on neuronal dendritic areas Relevance of these observations to treatment of PHN is not known

Adult Dose100 mg PO tid titrate dose prn recommended dose is 900-1800 mg PO qd not to exceed 900 mg PO qid

Intraoral Melanoma

The five year survival rate for oral melanoma

is less than 20 as compared to 75 for

Cutaneous melanomas The average time of

first local recurrence for oral melanoma is less

than one year and metastatic disease is usually

diagnosed within three months of the

recurrence The average survival rate after

metastasis is typically less than 6 months

Extranodal Lymphoma

Extranodal lymphomas usually develop as a

rapidly growing mass of the palate or

posterior tongue (area of Waldeyerrsquos ring)

Pain may or may not be a presenting sign

Clinically the lesion may present as an

erythematous mass with a boggy consistency

The average survival rate for AIDS patients

with an intraoral lymphoma is eight months

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Second primary ndash field cancerization

Incidence amp Mortality HampN Ca

41000 new cases annually

13000 affected will die of disease

Rates constant over last 20yrs

lt 5 of neoplasias US

Highest incidence southeastern amp south-

central Asia

Disease in Women

Prior to 1940 malefemale ratio - 101

1980s ratio 31

Reason tobacco use among women in early

decades of the century

Habits have stabilized ndash malefemale

incidence normalized

Tobacco Use

1956 Wynder et al HampN Ca 10-fold

increase among smokers

Most studies 5-fold to 25-fold increase

intensity and duration of tobacco

consumption

80-90 of HampN Ca patients use tobacco

Alcohol

Odds ratio increases 3- to 15-fold for HampN

Ca after adjusting for tobacco use with

consumption of alcohol

Multiplicative effect with tobacco and

alcohol

Location of cancer ndash oral

pharyngeal(topical mechanism)

Alcohol

Promotional effects independent of

initiation

-prostaglandin synthesis lipid peroxidation

free radical oxygen enhance cell turnover

Enhances cell permeability

Defective repair mechanisms

Depressed immunity

Dz

RISK FACTORS (RF)

1 RF

2 RF

3 RF

4 RF

The concept of

TUMOR

local

regional

systemic

local T

N

M

INFECTION PAIN

INFECTION NEOPLASM

CERVICAL LYMPH NODE ENLARGEMENT

bullbacterial

bullviral (local systemic)

bullfungal

bullpostinfect fibrosed node

bulllt 40 yrs lymphoma

bullgt 40 yrs metastatic SCC

OTHERS

bullleukemia

bullconnective tissue diseases (eg lupus)

bullsarcoidosis

Importance of early diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma

60

stage III amp IV

23 recurrence lt 2 yrs

lt 13 survive 3 yrs

40

stage I amp II

80-90 cure

Second primary tumor in successfully treated patients within 5-7

years up to 40 Follow-up important

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Mortality (8000) deaths per year

Mortality by Site

Tongue 432

Salivary 130

Floor of mouth 950

Lip 24

Other 319

Premalignant Lesions

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Erythroplasia

Carcinoma in situ

Verrucous Leukoplakia

Tobacco patch keratosis

Actinic cheilosis

Mouth wash (Viadent) dysplasia

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Defined as a red patch that can not be

clinically or pathologically diagnosed as any

other condition

Almost all erythroleukoplakia demonstrate

dysplasia or CIS

Etiology is similar to oral SCC

May occur in conjunction with leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Risk of malignant transformation in

erythroleukoplakia about 4x greater than

homogenous leukoplakia

Predominately disease of older men with peak

prevalence of 65 to 74 years

Floor of mouth tongue and soft palate are

most common sites of involvement

Erythroplakia

The Management of Head and

Neck Cancer

Major advances

Conservative or partial resections

Micro vascular free-tissue transfer in

reconstruction

Better definition of the roles of chemotherapy

and radiotherapy

Despite these advances the treatment of loco

regional recurrence remains a major challenge

success rates for salvage therapy are poor

Treatment

Surgery

Radiotherapy

Chemotherapy

Immunotherapy

at present the role of immunotherapy remains investigational

Chemotherapy

Several randomized and non-randomized trial have evaluated chemotherapy for the treatment of head and neck cancer

Various agents have been shown to produce a response

No agents either alone or in combination have demonstrated an improvement in survival

cisplatin and 5 - FU

Uses

Inoperable tumors

Salvage therapy for recurrent tumors

Treatment

The main treatment modalities for head and neck

cancer remain surgery and radiotherapy

Patient factors that merit consideration

Impact on the quality of life

Medical condition ndash ldquoco - morbiditiesrdquo

Patient preference

Treatment cost and convenience

Compliance

Treatment

Early stage disease (stage I and II) can be treated with either surgery or radiotherapy with equivalent control rates

Small lesions of the oral cavity wide local excision is preferred over radiotherapy

Radiotherapy can be delivered to a site generally only once

Reserve this modality for less operable lesions

Treatment Combined Modality

Surgery and RadiotherapyIndications for post operative radiotherapy

Primary Tumor

Advance T stage

High histologic grade

Positive surgical resection margins

Lymphatic permeation

Vascular invasion

Perineural spread

Radiotherapy

Daily dose of 180 cGy to 200 cGy

5000 cGy over a five week period

T1 ndash 6000 to 6600 cGy

T2 - 6600 to 7000 cGy

T3T4 - gt 7000 cGy

ldquoshrinking field techniquerdquo

hyperfractionation technique 200 cGy per day for 25 days followed by 400 cGy per day for 5 days

D

Desquamative gingivitis is a clinical term to describe red painful glazed and friable gingivae which may be a manifestation of some mucocutaneous conditions such as lichen planus or the vesiculobullous disorders

Clinical features of desquamative

gingivitis

Fiery red friable gingiva

Painful desquamates easily

Buccal aspect of anterior attached gingiva

affected

Marginal gingiva spared

Not significantly improved by oral hygiene

measures alone

Differential Diagnosis Erosive Lichen Planus

Immune-mediated blistering diseases

Intra-epithelial

Pemphigus

Subepithelial

Pemphigoid

Linear IgA disease

Dermatitis herpetiformis

Epidermolysis bullosa

Erythema multiforme

Treatment Topical Corticosteroids Recurrent aphthous ulcers

bull Oral manifestations of Behccedilets disease Reiters syndrome acute

vulvar ulcer MAGIC syndrome PFAPA syndrome ulcerative colitis

Crohns disease Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome Sweets

syndrome among others

bull Drug-induced ulcerations mediated by an immune mechanism

bull Lichen planus

bull Cicatricial pemphigoid

bull Mucous membrane pemphigoid

bull Bullous pemphigoid

bull Erythema multiforme

bull Linear IgA dermatosis

bull Pemphigus vulgaris

Topicals Temovate cream 005 Clobetasol propionate

Halog cream 01 Halcinonide

Lidex cream 005 Fluocinonide

Topicort cream 025 Desoximethasone

Lidex gel 005 Fluocinonide

Aristocort cream H-P 05 Triamcinolone acetinode

Diprosone cream 005 Betamethasone dipropionate

Florone cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Maxiflor cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Synalar cream H-P 02 Fluocinolone acetonide

Topicals Tropicort-LP cream 005 Desoxymethasone

Benisone cream 0025 Betamethasone benzoate

Cordran cream 0025 Flurandenolide

Kenalog cream 01 Triamcinolone acetonide

Locoid cream 01 Hydrocortisone butyrate

Synalar cream 0025 Fluocinolone acetonide

Valisone cream 01 Betamethasone valerate

Tridesilon cream 005 Desonide

Locorten cream 003 Flumetasone pivalate

1 Hydrocortisone

Topical Corticosteroids

Used to treat oral lesions

Clobetasol (Temovate) -- Suppresses mitosis and increases synthesis of proteins that decrease inflammation and cause vasoconstriction Class I superpotent topical steroid useful in treating oral lesions Topical corticosteroids commonly are used intraorally for oral manifestations of autoimmune blistering skin diseases Since these diseases are chronic inflammatory in nature topical corticosteroids are very useful as an adjunct treatment Patients with disease confined to the gingiva should see a dentist to have a custom-made soft tray to carry the medication

H

How does herpes simplex develop

overexposure to sunlight

overexposure to wind

colds influenza and similar infections

heavy alcohol use

fever from any cause

the menstrual period

physical stress

emotional stress

Symptoms

Primary (Initial) HSV I Fever

Adenopathy

Ulcers deep in mouth

Secondary (Later) HSV I (Recurrent labial lesions) Fever Blisters form on outer vermillion border

Cold Sores form on inner lip Initial Vesicle

Next Crust

Last Healing in 10-14 days

Differential Diagnosis

Differs from Aphthous Ulcers in that

Found on keratinized (bound-down) intraoral

mucosa

Vesicles rupture into coalescing ulcers

HSV lesions are anterior compared with

Herpangina

Hand Foot and Mouth Disease

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Oral acyclovir (Zovirax) or the recently

developed drugs valacyclovir (Valtrex) or

famciclovir (Famvir) lessen the symptoms

and frequency of fever blister recurrences for

some patients These drugs prevent HSV from

multiplying and are effective when taken in

pill form prior to an outbreak of the virus

Systemic Antivirals

Acyclovir

Dose 15 mgkg (max 200 mg) PO 5xday for 7 days

Shortens first HSV infection by 6 days in children

Famciclovir

Shortens healing time by 2 days in UV-induced cases

Spruance (1999) J Infect Dis 179303-10

Valacyclovir (FDA approved for age 12 and older)

Adult dose 2 g PO bid for one day

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Topical antiviral creams containing acyclovir

(Zovirax) or penciclovir (Denavir) may also

help in limiting the extent or duration of

lesions if applied promptly to affected areas

Topical Treatments

Penciclovir (Denavir) heals HSV-1 sores on average about half a day faster than without treatment stops viral shedding and reduces the duration of the pain Ideally the patient should apply the cream within the first hour of symptoms although benefits have also been noted with later application It is continued for four consecutive days and should be reapplied every two hours while awake

Docosanol cream (Abreva) is an over-the-counter agent for oral-facial herpes It helps resist infection by inhibiting the ability of the virus to become fully active after it has attached itself to the host cell It is applied five times a day beginning at the first sign of tingling or pain Studies have been mixed on it benefits

Topical Treatments

Acyclovir cream (Zovirax) has been approved It may speed healing of oral herpes lesions and lessen the duration of pain particularly if it is applied early on (at the first sign of pain or tingling)

Lidex is a gel that contains a fluocinonide as corticosteroid Corticosteroids commonly called steroids are anti-inflammatory agents and not ordinarily used for herpes Some evidence suggests it may be effective in combination with oral famciclovir

Topical Treatments

Over-the-counter topical anesthetics may provide

modest relief They include Anbesol gel Blistex lip

ointment Campho-phenique Herpecin-L

Viractin and Zilactin In one study Viractin

reduced the duration of the attack compared to

placebo by two days It also relieved itching but had

little effect on other symptoms In general however

few studies have been conducted on any of these

products

X

Xerostomia

Xerostomia is not a disease but can be a symptom

of certain diseases It can produce serious

negative effects on the patients quality of life

affecting dietary habits nutritional status

speech taste tolerance to dental prosthesis and

increases susceptibility to dental caries The

increase in dental caries can be devastating in

many patients and therefore special care must be

made to control this condition

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Medications - Several hundred current medications

can cause xerostomia antihypertensives

antidepressants analgesics tranquilizers diuretics

and antihistamines c

-Cancer Therapy - Chemotherapeutic drugs can

change the flow and composition of the saliva

Radiation treatment that is focused on or near the

salivary gland can temporarily or permanently

damage the salivary glands

-Sjogrens syndrome - An autoimmune disease causes

xerostomia and dry eyes

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Other conditions -such as bone marrow transplants endocrine disorders stress anxiety depression and nutritional deficiencies may cause xerostomia

-Nerve Damage - Trauma to the head and neck area from surgery or wounds can damage the nerves that supply sensation to the mouth While the salivary glands may be left intact they cannot function normally without the nerves that signal them to produce saliva

Treatment

Identify the xerostomic condition and the

cause Some of the causes may be

ameliorated and this will aid therapy But

in many situations it will be difficult to

eliminate the causes Thus it will be

necessary for the Dentist to control the

results of xerostomia This is especially

true about the increase in dental caries

Treatment -pilocarpine (Salagen) 5mg qid prescription required

-special food preparation - blended and moist foods are easier to swallow

artificial saliva (available over-the-counter)

-sipping plain water is usually preferred over artificial saliva by most patients

-Biotene brand over-the-counter dry mouth products (toothpaste alcohol- free mouth rinse and Oralbalance lubricating gel)

-avoidance of alcohol-based mouth rinses

-use of water and glycerin mixed in a small aerosol spray bottle

RX

Contains sorbitol sodium

carboxymethlcellulose and

methylparaben in a

pleasantly flavored

solution

120 mL (406 fl oz)

Z

Treatment

Acyclovir (Zovirax)dagger800 mg orally five times

daily for 7 to 10 days

10 mg per kg IV every 8 hours for 7 to 10

daysDagger

$174 to 248 (129 to 200)

Famciclovir (Famvir)dagger500 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$140

Treatment

Valacyclovir (Valtrex)dagger1000 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$84

Prednisone (Deltasone)30 mg orally twice

daily on days 1 through 7 then 15 mg twice

daily on days 8 through 14 then 75 mg twice

daily on days 15 through 21

Treatment

Lotions containing calamine (eg Caladryl)

may be used on open lesions to reduce pain

and pruritus

Once the lesions have crusted over capsaicin

cream (Zostrix) may be applied

Topically administered lidocaine (Xylocaine)

and nerve blocks have also been reported to

be effective in reducing pain

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Amitriptyline (Elavil) -- By inhibiting reuptake of serotonin andor norepinephrine by presynaptic neuronal membrane may increase synaptic concentration in CNS Useful as analgesic for certain types of chronic and neuropathic pain

Adult DoseEarly in course of HZ 25 mgd PO hs to prevent PHNAfter PHN develops 30-100 mg PO qhs

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Capsaicin cream (Dolorac Capsin Zostrix) --Natural chemical derived from plants of Solanaceae family By depleting and preventing reaccumulation of substance P in peripheral sensory neurons may render skin and joints insensitive to pain Substance P thought to be chemomediator of pain transmission from periphery to CNS

Adult DoseCream Apply to skin tidqid for 3-4 consecutive wk and evaluate efficacy not to exceed 4 applicationsd

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Lidocaine (DermaFlex gel Lidoderm 5 patch) --Several recent studies have advocated topical administration of lidocaine as treatment of PHN Lidocaine gel (5) in placebo-controlled study showed significant relief in 23 patients studied Lidocaine tape also decreases severity of pain

Adult DoseGel (5) Apply to affected area prnPatch (5) Apply to most painful area up to 3 patches per application patch may remain in place for up to 12 h in any 24 h period

Postherpetic Neuralgia Gabapentin (Neurontin) -- This medication has been

approved by the FDA for the treatment of PHN Has properties common to other anticonvulsants and antineuralgic effects Exact mechanism of action is not known Structurally gabapentin is related to GABA but it does not interact with GABA receptors Believed to have a binding site at the alpha 2-delta protein an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gaited calcium channels In the rat brain binding is localized on neuronal dendritic areas Relevance of these observations to treatment of PHN is not known

Adult Dose100 mg PO tid titrate dose prn recommended dose is 900-1800 mg PO qd not to exceed 900 mg PO qid

Extranodal Lymphoma

Extranodal lymphomas usually develop as a

rapidly growing mass of the palate or

posterior tongue (area of Waldeyerrsquos ring)

Pain may or may not be a presenting sign

Clinically the lesion may present as an

erythematous mass with a boggy consistency

The average survival rate for AIDS patients

with an intraoral lymphoma is eight months

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Second primary ndash field cancerization

Incidence amp Mortality HampN Ca

41000 new cases annually

13000 affected will die of disease

Rates constant over last 20yrs

lt 5 of neoplasias US

Highest incidence southeastern amp south-

central Asia

Disease in Women

Prior to 1940 malefemale ratio - 101

1980s ratio 31

Reason tobacco use among women in early

decades of the century

Habits have stabilized ndash malefemale

incidence normalized

Tobacco Use

1956 Wynder et al HampN Ca 10-fold

increase among smokers

Most studies 5-fold to 25-fold increase

intensity and duration of tobacco

consumption

80-90 of HampN Ca patients use tobacco

Alcohol

Odds ratio increases 3- to 15-fold for HampN

Ca after adjusting for tobacco use with

consumption of alcohol

Multiplicative effect with tobacco and

alcohol

Location of cancer ndash oral

pharyngeal(topical mechanism)

Alcohol

Promotional effects independent of

initiation

-prostaglandin synthesis lipid peroxidation

free radical oxygen enhance cell turnover

Enhances cell permeability

Defective repair mechanisms

Depressed immunity

Dz

RISK FACTORS (RF)

1 RF

2 RF

3 RF

4 RF

The concept of

TUMOR

local

regional

systemic

local T

N

M

INFECTION PAIN

INFECTION NEOPLASM

CERVICAL LYMPH NODE ENLARGEMENT

bullbacterial

bullviral (local systemic)

bullfungal

bullpostinfect fibrosed node

bulllt 40 yrs lymphoma

bullgt 40 yrs metastatic SCC

OTHERS

bullleukemia

bullconnective tissue diseases (eg lupus)

bullsarcoidosis

Importance of early diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma

60

stage III amp IV

23 recurrence lt 2 yrs

lt 13 survive 3 yrs

40

stage I amp II

80-90 cure

Second primary tumor in successfully treated patients within 5-7

years up to 40 Follow-up important

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Mortality (8000) deaths per year

Mortality by Site

Tongue 432

Salivary 130

Floor of mouth 950

Lip 24

Other 319

Premalignant Lesions

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Erythroplasia

Carcinoma in situ

Verrucous Leukoplakia

Tobacco patch keratosis

Actinic cheilosis

Mouth wash (Viadent) dysplasia

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Defined as a red patch that can not be

clinically or pathologically diagnosed as any

other condition

Almost all erythroleukoplakia demonstrate

dysplasia or CIS

Etiology is similar to oral SCC

May occur in conjunction with leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Risk of malignant transformation in

erythroleukoplakia about 4x greater than

homogenous leukoplakia

Predominately disease of older men with peak

prevalence of 65 to 74 years

Floor of mouth tongue and soft palate are

most common sites of involvement

Erythroplakia

The Management of Head and

Neck Cancer

Major advances

Conservative or partial resections

Micro vascular free-tissue transfer in

reconstruction

Better definition of the roles of chemotherapy

and radiotherapy

Despite these advances the treatment of loco

regional recurrence remains a major challenge

success rates for salvage therapy are poor

Treatment

Surgery

Radiotherapy

Chemotherapy

Immunotherapy

at present the role of immunotherapy remains investigational

Chemotherapy

Several randomized and non-randomized trial have evaluated chemotherapy for the treatment of head and neck cancer

Various agents have been shown to produce a response

No agents either alone or in combination have demonstrated an improvement in survival

cisplatin and 5 - FU

Uses

Inoperable tumors

Salvage therapy for recurrent tumors

Treatment

The main treatment modalities for head and neck

cancer remain surgery and radiotherapy

Patient factors that merit consideration

Impact on the quality of life

Medical condition ndash ldquoco - morbiditiesrdquo

Patient preference

Treatment cost and convenience

Compliance

Treatment

Early stage disease (stage I and II) can be treated with either surgery or radiotherapy with equivalent control rates

Small lesions of the oral cavity wide local excision is preferred over radiotherapy

Radiotherapy can be delivered to a site generally only once

Reserve this modality for less operable lesions

Treatment Combined Modality

Surgery and RadiotherapyIndications for post operative radiotherapy

Primary Tumor

Advance T stage

High histologic grade

Positive surgical resection margins

Lymphatic permeation

Vascular invasion

Perineural spread

Radiotherapy

Daily dose of 180 cGy to 200 cGy

5000 cGy over a five week period

T1 ndash 6000 to 6600 cGy

T2 - 6600 to 7000 cGy

T3T4 - gt 7000 cGy

ldquoshrinking field techniquerdquo

hyperfractionation technique 200 cGy per day for 25 days followed by 400 cGy per day for 5 days

D

Desquamative gingivitis is a clinical term to describe red painful glazed and friable gingivae which may be a manifestation of some mucocutaneous conditions such as lichen planus or the vesiculobullous disorders

Clinical features of desquamative

gingivitis

Fiery red friable gingiva

Painful desquamates easily

Buccal aspect of anterior attached gingiva

affected

Marginal gingiva spared

Not significantly improved by oral hygiene

measures alone

Differential Diagnosis Erosive Lichen Planus

Immune-mediated blistering diseases

Intra-epithelial

Pemphigus

Subepithelial

Pemphigoid

Linear IgA disease

Dermatitis herpetiformis

Epidermolysis bullosa

Erythema multiforme

Treatment Topical Corticosteroids Recurrent aphthous ulcers

bull Oral manifestations of Behccedilets disease Reiters syndrome acute

vulvar ulcer MAGIC syndrome PFAPA syndrome ulcerative colitis

Crohns disease Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome Sweets

syndrome among others

bull Drug-induced ulcerations mediated by an immune mechanism

bull Lichen planus

bull Cicatricial pemphigoid

bull Mucous membrane pemphigoid

bull Bullous pemphigoid

bull Erythema multiforme

bull Linear IgA dermatosis

bull Pemphigus vulgaris

Topicals Temovate cream 005 Clobetasol propionate

Halog cream 01 Halcinonide

Lidex cream 005 Fluocinonide

Topicort cream 025 Desoximethasone

Lidex gel 005 Fluocinonide

Aristocort cream H-P 05 Triamcinolone acetinode

Diprosone cream 005 Betamethasone dipropionate

Florone cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Maxiflor cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Synalar cream H-P 02 Fluocinolone acetonide

Topicals Tropicort-LP cream 005 Desoxymethasone

Benisone cream 0025 Betamethasone benzoate

Cordran cream 0025 Flurandenolide

Kenalog cream 01 Triamcinolone acetonide

Locoid cream 01 Hydrocortisone butyrate

Synalar cream 0025 Fluocinolone acetonide

Valisone cream 01 Betamethasone valerate

Tridesilon cream 005 Desonide

Locorten cream 003 Flumetasone pivalate

1 Hydrocortisone

Topical Corticosteroids

Used to treat oral lesions

Clobetasol (Temovate) -- Suppresses mitosis and increases synthesis of proteins that decrease inflammation and cause vasoconstriction Class I superpotent topical steroid useful in treating oral lesions Topical corticosteroids commonly are used intraorally for oral manifestations of autoimmune blistering skin diseases Since these diseases are chronic inflammatory in nature topical corticosteroids are very useful as an adjunct treatment Patients with disease confined to the gingiva should see a dentist to have a custom-made soft tray to carry the medication

H

How does herpes simplex develop

overexposure to sunlight

overexposure to wind

colds influenza and similar infections

heavy alcohol use

fever from any cause

the menstrual period

physical stress

emotional stress

Symptoms

Primary (Initial) HSV I Fever

Adenopathy

Ulcers deep in mouth

Secondary (Later) HSV I (Recurrent labial lesions) Fever Blisters form on outer vermillion border

Cold Sores form on inner lip Initial Vesicle

Next Crust

Last Healing in 10-14 days

Differential Diagnosis

Differs from Aphthous Ulcers in that

Found on keratinized (bound-down) intraoral

mucosa

Vesicles rupture into coalescing ulcers

HSV lesions are anterior compared with

Herpangina

Hand Foot and Mouth Disease

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Oral acyclovir (Zovirax) or the recently

developed drugs valacyclovir (Valtrex) or

famciclovir (Famvir) lessen the symptoms

and frequency of fever blister recurrences for

some patients These drugs prevent HSV from

multiplying and are effective when taken in

pill form prior to an outbreak of the virus

Systemic Antivirals

Acyclovir

Dose 15 mgkg (max 200 mg) PO 5xday for 7 days

Shortens first HSV infection by 6 days in children

Famciclovir

Shortens healing time by 2 days in UV-induced cases

Spruance (1999) J Infect Dis 179303-10

Valacyclovir (FDA approved for age 12 and older)

Adult dose 2 g PO bid for one day

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Topical antiviral creams containing acyclovir

(Zovirax) or penciclovir (Denavir) may also

help in limiting the extent or duration of

lesions if applied promptly to affected areas

Topical Treatments

Penciclovir (Denavir) heals HSV-1 sores on average about half a day faster than without treatment stops viral shedding and reduces the duration of the pain Ideally the patient should apply the cream within the first hour of symptoms although benefits have also been noted with later application It is continued for four consecutive days and should be reapplied every two hours while awake

Docosanol cream (Abreva) is an over-the-counter agent for oral-facial herpes It helps resist infection by inhibiting the ability of the virus to become fully active after it has attached itself to the host cell It is applied five times a day beginning at the first sign of tingling or pain Studies have been mixed on it benefits

Topical Treatments

Acyclovir cream (Zovirax) has been approved It may speed healing of oral herpes lesions and lessen the duration of pain particularly if it is applied early on (at the first sign of pain or tingling)

Lidex is a gel that contains a fluocinonide as corticosteroid Corticosteroids commonly called steroids are anti-inflammatory agents and not ordinarily used for herpes Some evidence suggests it may be effective in combination with oral famciclovir

Topical Treatments

Over-the-counter topical anesthetics may provide

modest relief They include Anbesol gel Blistex lip

ointment Campho-phenique Herpecin-L

Viractin and Zilactin In one study Viractin

reduced the duration of the attack compared to

placebo by two days It also relieved itching but had

little effect on other symptoms In general however

few studies have been conducted on any of these

products

X

Xerostomia

Xerostomia is not a disease but can be a symptom

of certain diseases It can produce serious

negative effects on the patients quality of life

affecting dietary habits nutritional status

speech taste tolerance to dental prosthesis and

increases susceptibility to dental caries The

increase in dental caries can be devastating in

many patients and therefore special care must be

made to control this condition

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Medications - Several hundred current medications

can cause xerostomia antihypertensives

antidepressants analgesics tranquilizers diuretics

and antihistamines c

-Cancer Therapy - Chemotherapeutic drugs can

change the flow and composition of the saliva

Radiation treatment that is focused on or near the

salivary gland can temporarily or permanently

damage the salivary glands

-Sjogrens syndrome - An autoimmune disease causes

xerostomia and dry eyes

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Other conditions -such as bone marrow transplants endocrine disorders stress anxiety depression and nutritional deficiencies may cause xerostomia

-Nerve Damage - Trauma to the head and neck area from surgery or wounds can damage the nerves that supply sensation to the mouth While the salivary glands may be left intact they cannot function normally without the nerves that signal them to produce saliva

Treatment

Identify the xerostomic condition and the

cause Some of the causes may be

ameliorated and this will aid therapy But

in many situations it will be difficult to

eliminate the causes Thus it will be

necessary for the Dentist to control the

results of xerostomia This is especially

true about the increase in dental caries

Treatment -pilocarpine (Salagen) 5mg qid prescription required

-special food preparation - blended and moist foods are easier to swallow

artificial saliva (available over-the-counter)

-sipping plain water is usually preferred over artificial saliva by most patients

-Biotene brand over-the-counter dry mouth products (toothpaste alcohol- free mouth rinse and Oralbalance lubricating gel)

-avoidance of alcohol-based mouth rinses

-use of water and glycerin mixed in a small aerosol spray bottle

RX

Contains sorbitol sodium

carboxymethlcellulose and

methylparaben in a

pleasantly flavored

solution

120 mL (406 fl oz)

Z

Treatment

Acyclovir (Zovirax)dagger800 mg orally five times

daily for 7 to 10 days

10 mg per kg IV every 8 hours for 7 to 10

daysDagger

$174 to 248 (129 to 200)

Famciclovir (Famvir)dagger500 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$140

Treatment

Valacyclovir (Valtrex)dagger1000 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$84

Prednisone (Deltasone)30 mg orally twice

daily on days 1 through 7 then 15 mg twice

daily on days 8 through 14 then 75 mg twice

daily on days 15 through 21

Treatment

Lotions containing calamine (eg Caladryl)

may be used on open lesions to reduce pain

and pruritus

Once the lesions have crusted over capsaicin

cream (Zostrix) may be applied

Topically administered lidocaine (Xylocaine)

and nerve blocks have also been reported to

be effective in reducing pain

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Amitriptyline (Elavil) -- By inhibiting reuptake of serotonin andor norepinephrine by presynaptic neuronal membrane may increase synaptic concentration in CNS Useful as analgesic for certain types of chronic and neuropathic pain

Adult DoseEarly in course of HZ 25 mgd PO hs to prevent PHNAfter PHN develops 30-100 mg PO qhs

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Capsaicin cream (Dolorac Capsin Zostrix) --Natural chemical derived from plants of Solanaceae family By depleting and preventing reaccumulation of substance P in peripheral sensory neurons may render skin and joints insensitive to pain Substance P thought to be chemomediator of pain transmission from periphery to CNS

Adult DoseCream Apply to skin tidqid for 3-4 consecutive wk and evaluate efficacy not to exceed 4 applicationsd

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Lidocaine (DermaFlex gel Lidoderm 5 patch) --Several recent studies have advocated topical administration of lidocaine as treatment of PHN Lidocaine gel (5) in placebo-controlled study showed significant relief in 23 patients studied Lidocaine tape also decreases severity of pain

Adult DoseGel (5) Apply to affected area prnPatch (5) Apply to most painful area up to 3 patches per application patch may remain in place for up to 12 h in any 24 h period

Postherpetic Neuralgia Gabapentin (Neurontin) -- This medication has been

approved by the FDA for the treatment of PHN Has properties common to other anticonvulsants and antineuralgic effects Exact mechanism of action is not known Structurally gabapentin is related to GABA but it does not interact with GABA receptors Believed to have a binding site at the alpha 2-delta protein an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gaited calcium channels In the rat brain binding is localized on neuronal dendritic areas Relevance of these observations to treatment of PHN is not known

Adult Dose100 mg PO tid titrate dose prn recommended dose is 900-1800 mg PO qd not to exceed 900 mg PO qid

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Second primary ndash field cancerization

Incidence amp Mortality HampN Ca

41000 new cases annually

13000 affected will die of disease

Rates constant over last 20yrs

lt 5 of neoplasias US

Highest incidence southeastern amp south-

central Asia

Disease in Women

Prior to 1940 malefemale ratio - 101

1980s ratio 31

Reason tobacco use among women in early

decades of the century

Habits have stabilized ndash malefemale

incidence normalized

Tobacco Use

1956 Wynder et al HampN Ca 10-fold

increase among smokers

Most studies 5-fold to 25-fold increase

intensity and duration of tobacco

consumption

80-90 of HampN Ca patients use tobacco

Alcohol

Odds ratio increases 3- to 15-fold for HampN

Ca after adjusting for tobacco use with

consumption of alcohol

Multiplicative effect with tobacco and

alcohol

Location of cancer ndash oral

pharyngeal(topical mechanism)

Alcohol

Promotional effects independent of

initiation

-prostaglandin synthesis lipid peroxidation

free radical oxygen enhance cell turnover

Enhances cell permeability

Defective repair mechanisms

Depressed immunity

Dz

RISK FACTORS (RF)

1 RF

2 RF

3 RF

4 RF

The concept of

TUMOR

local

regional

systemic

local T

N

M

INFECTION PAIN

INFECTION NEOPLASM

CERVICAL LYMPH NODE ENLARGEMENT

bullbacterial

bullviral (local systemic)

bullfungal

bullpostinfect fibrosed node

bulllt 40 yrs lymphoma

bullgt 40 yrs metastatic SCC

OTHERS

bullleukemia

bullconnective tissue diseases (eg lupus)

bullsarcoidosis

Importance of early diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma

60

stage III amp IV

23 recurrence lt 2 yrs

lt 13 survive 3 yrs

40

stage I amp II

80-90 cure

Second primary tumor in successfully treated patients within 5-7

years up to 40 Follow-up important

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Mortality (8000) deaths per year

Mortality by Site

Tongue 432

Salivary 130

Floor of mouth 950

Lip 24

Other 319

Premalignant Lesions

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Erythroplasia

Carcinoma in situ

Verrucous Leukoplakia

Tobacco patch keratosis

Actinic cheilosis

Mouth wash (Viadent) dysplasia

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Defined as a red patch that can not be

clinically or pathologically diagnosed as any

other condition

Almost all erythroleukoplakia demonstrate

dysplasia or CIS

Etiology is similar to oral SCC

May occur in conjunction with leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Risk of malignant transformation in

erythroleukoplakia about 4x greater than

homogenous leukoplakia

Predominately disease of older men with peak

prevalence of 65 to 74 years

Floor of mouth tongue and soft palate are

most common sites of involvement

Erythroplakia

The Management of Head and

Neck Cancer

Major advances

Conservative or partial resections

Micro vascular free-tissue transfer in

reconstruction

Better definition of the roles of chemotherapy

and radiotherapy

Despite these advances the treatment of loco

regional recurrence remains a major challenge

success rates for salvage therapy are poor

Treatment

Surgery

Radiotherapy

Chemotherapy

Immunotherapy

at present the role of immunotherapy remains investigational

Chemotherapy

Several randomized and non-randomized trial have evaluated chemotherapy for the treatment of head and neck cancer

Various agents have been shown to produce a response

No agents either alone or in combination have demonstrated an improvement in survival

cisplatin and 5 - FU

Uses

Inoperable tumors

Salvage therapy for recurrent tumors

Treatment

The main treatment modalities for head and neck

cancer remain surgery and radiotherapy

Patient factors that merit consideration

Impact on the quality of life

Medical condition ndash ldquoco - morbiditiesrdquo

Patient preference

Treatment cost and convenience

Compliance

Treatment

Early stage disease (stage I and II) can be treated with either surgery or radiotherapy with equivalent control rates

Small lesions of the oral cavity wide local excision is preferred over radiotherapy

Radiotherapy can be delivered to a site generally only once

Reserve this modality for less operable lesions

Treatment Combined Modality

Surgery and RadiotherapyIndications for post operative radiotherapy

Primary Tumor

Advance T stage

High histologic grade

Positive surgical resection margins

Lymphatic permeation

Vascular invasion

Perineural spread

Radiotherapy

Daily dose of 180 cGy to 200 cGy

5000 cGy over a five week period

T1 ndash 6000 to 6600 cGy

T2 - 6600 to 7000 cGy

T3T4 - gt 7000 cGy

ldquoshrinking field techniquerdquo

hyperfractionation technique 200 cGy per day for 25 days followed by 400 cGy per day for 5 days

D

Desquamative gingivitis is a clinical term to describe red painful glazed and friable gingivae which may be a manifestation of some mucocutaneous conditions such as lichen planus or the vesiculobullous disorders

Clinical features of desquamative

gingivitis

Fiery red friable gingiva

Painful desquamates easily

Buccal aspect of anterior attached gingiva

affected

Marginal gingiva spared

Not significantly improved by oral hygiene

measures alone

Differential Diagnosis Erosive Lichen Planus

Immune-mediated blistering diseases

Intra-epithelial

Pemphigus

Subepithelial

Pemphigoid

Linear IgA disease

Dermatitis herpetiformis

Epidermolysis bullosa

Erythema multiforme

Treatment Topical Corticosteroids Recurrent aphthous ulcers

bull Oral manifestations of Behccedilets disease Reiters syndrome acute

vulvar ulcer MAGIC syndrome PFAPA syndrome ulcerative colitis

Crohns disease Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome Sweets

syndrome among others

bull Drug-induced ulcerations mediated by an immune mechanism

bull Lichen planus

bull Cicatricial pemphigoid

bull Mucous membrane pemphigoid

bull Bullous pemphigoid

bull Erythema multiforme

bull Linear IgA dermatosis

bull Pemphigus vulgaris

Topicals Temovate cream 005 Clobetasol propionate

Halog cream 01 Halcinonide

Lidex cream 005 Fluocinonide

Topicort cream 025 Desoximethasone

Lidex gel 005 Fluocinonide

Aristocort cream H-P 05 Triamcinolone acetinode

Diprosone cream 005 Betamethasone dipropionate

Florone cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Maxiflor cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Synalar cream H-P 02 Fluocinolone acetonide

Topicals Tropicort-LP cream 005 Desoxymethasone

Benisone cream 0025 Betamethasone benzoate

Cordran cream 0025 Flurandenolide

Kenalog cream 01 Triamcinolone acetonide

Locoid cream 01 Hydrocortisone butyrate

Synalar cream 0025 Fluocinolone acetonide

Valisone cream 01 Betamethasone valerate

Tridesilon cream 005 Desonide

Locorten cream 003 Flumetasone pivalate

1 Hydrocortisone

Topical Corticosteroids

Used to treat oral lesions

Clobetasol (Temovate) -- Suppresses mitosis and increases synthesis of proteins that decrease inflammation and cause vasoconstriction Class I superpotent topical steroid useful in treating oral lesions Topical corticosteroids commonly are used intraorally for oral manifestations of autoimmune blistering skin diseases Since these diseases are chronic inflammatory in nature topical corticosteroids are very useful as an adjunct treatment Patients with disease confined to the gingiva should see a dentist to have a custom-made soft tray to carry the medication

H

How does herpes simplex develop

overexposure to sunlight

overexposure to wind

colds influenza and similar infections

heavy alcohol use

fever from any cause

the menstrual period

physical stress

emotional stress

Symptoms

Primary (Initial) HSV I Fever

Adenopathy

Ulcers deep in mouth

Secondary (Later) HSV I (Recurrent labial lesions) Fever Blisters form on outer vermillion border

Cold Sores form on inner lip Initial Vesicle

Next Crust

Last Healing in 10-14 days

Differential Diagnosis

Differs from Aphthous Ulcers in that

Found on keratinized (bound-down) intraoral

mucosa

Vesicles rupture into coalescing ulcers

HSV lesions are anterior compared with

Herpangina

Hand Foot and Mouth Disease

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Oral acyclovir (Zovirax) or the recently

developed drugs valacyclovir (Valtrex) or

famciclovir (Famvir) lessen the symptoms

and frequency of fever blister recurrences for

some patients These drugs prevent HSV from

multiplying and are effective when taken in

pill form prior to an outbreak of the virus

Systemic Antivirals

Acyclovir

Dose 15 mgkg (max 200 mg) PO 5xday for 7 days

Shortens first HSV infection by 6 days in children

Famciclovir

Shortens healing time by 2 days in UV-induced cases

Spruance (1999) J Infect Dis 179303-10

Valacyclovir (FDA approved for age 12 and older)

Adult dose 2 g PO bid for one day

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Topical antiviral creams containing acyclovir

(Zovirax) or penciclovir (Denavir) may also

help in limiting the extent or duration of

lesions if applied promptly to affected areas

Topical Treatments

Penciclovir (Denavir) heals HSV-1 sores on average about half a day faster than without treatment stops viral shedding and reduces the duration of the pain Ideally the patient should apply the cream within the first hour of symptoms although benefits have also been noted with later application It is continued for four consecutive days and should be reapplied every two hours while awake

Docosanol cream (Abreva) is an over-the-counter agent for oral-facial herpes It helps resist infection by inhibiting the ability of the virus to become fully active after it has attached itself to the host cell It is applied five times a day beginning at the first sign of tingling or pain Studies have been mixed on it benefits

Topical Treatments

Acyclovir cream (Zovirax) has been approved It may speed healing of oral herpes lesions and lessen the duration of pain particularly if it is applied early on (at the first sign of pain or tingling)

Lidex is a gel that contains a fluocinonide as corticosteroid Corticosteroids commonly called steroids are anti-inflammatory agents and not ordinarily used for herpes Some evidence suggests it may be effective in combination with oral famciclovir

Topical Treatments

Over-the-counter topical anesthetics may provide

modest relief They include Anbesol gel Blistex lip

ointment Campho-phenique Herpecin-L

Viractin and Zilactin In one study Viractin

reduced the duration of the attack compared to

placebo by two days It also relieved itching but had

little effect on other symptoms In general however

few studies have been conducted on any of these

products

X

Xerostomia

Xerostomia is not a disease but can be a symptom

of certain diseases It can produce serious

negative effects on the patients quality of life

affecting dietary habits nutritional status

speech taste tolerance to dental prosthesis and

increases susceptibility to dental caries The

increase in dental caries can be devastating in

many patients and therefore special care must be

made to control this condition

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Medications - Several hundred current medications

can cause xerostomia antihypertensives

antidepressants analgesics tranquilizers diuretics

and antihistamines c

-Cancer Therapy - Chemotherapeutic drugs can

change the flow and composition of the saliva

Radiation treatment that is focused on or near the

salivary gland can temporarily or permanently

damage the salivary glands

-Sjogrens syndrome - An autoimmune disease causes

xerostomia and dry eyes

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Other conditions -such as bone marrow transplants endocrine disorders stress anxiety depression and nutritional deficiencies may cause xerostomia

-Nerve Damage - Trauma to the head and neck area from surgery or wounds can damage the nerves that supply sensation to the mouth While the salivary glands may be left intact they cannot function normally without the nerves that signal them to produce saliva

Treatment

Identify the xerostomic condition and the

cause Some of the causes may be

ameliorated and this will aid therapy But

in many situations it will be difficult to

eliminate the causes Thus it will be

necessary for the Dentist to control the

results of xerostomia This is especially

true about the increase in dental caries

Treatment -pilocarpine (Salagen) 5mg qid prescription required

-special food preparation - blended and moist foods are easier to swallow

artificial saliva (available over-the-counter)

-sipping plain water is usually preferred over artificial saliva by most patients

-Biotene brand over-the-counter dry mouth products (toothpaste alcohol- free mouth rinse and Oralbalance lubricating gel)

-avoidance of alcohol-based mouth rinses

-use of water and glycerin mixed in a small aerosol spray bottle

RX

Contains sorbitol sodium

carboxymethlcellulose and

methylparaben in a

pleasantly flavored

solution

120 mL (406 fl oz)

Z

Treatment

Acyclovir (Zovirax)dagger800 mg orally five times

daily for 7 to 10 days

10 mg per kg IV every 8 hours for 7 to 10

daysDagger

$174 to 248 (129 to 200)

Famciclovir (Famvir)dagger500 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$140

Treatment

Valacyclovir (Valtrex)dagger1000 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$84

Prednisone (Deltasone)30 mg orally twice

daily on days 1 through 7 then 15 mg twice

daily on days 8 through 14 then 75 mg twice

daily on days 15 through 21

Treatment

Lotions containing calamine (eg Caladryl)

may be used on open lesions to reduce pain

and pruritus

Once the lesions have crusted over capsaicin

cream (Zostrix) may be applied

Topically administered lidocaine (Xylocaine)

and nerve blocks have also been reported to

be effective in reducing pain

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Amitriptyline (Elavil) -- By inhibiting reuptake of serotonin andor norepinephrine by presynaptic neuronal membrane may increase synaptic concentration in CNS Useful as analgesic for certain types of chronic and neuropathic pain

Adult DoseEarly in course of HZ 25 mgd PO hs to prevent PHNAfter PHN develops 30-100 mg PO qhs

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Capsaicin cream (Dolorac Capsin Zostrix) --Natural chemical derived from plants of Solanaceae family By depleting and preventing reaccumulation of substance P in peripheral sensory neurons may render skin and joints insensitive to pain Substance P thought to be chemomediator of pain transmission from periphery to CNS

Adult DoseCream Apply to skin tidqid for 3-4 consecutive wk and evaluate efficacy not to exceed 4 applicationsd

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Lidocaine (DermaFlex gel Lidoderm 5 patch) --Several recent studies have advocated topical administration of lidocaine as treatment of PHN Lidocaine gel (5) in placebo-controlled study showed significant relief in 23 patients studied Lidocaine tape also decreases severity of pain

Adult DoseGel (5) Apply to affected area prnPatch (5) Apply to most painful area up to 3 patches per application patch may remain in place for up to 12 h in any 24 h period

Postherpetic Neuralgia Gabapentin (Neurontin) -- This medication has been

approved by the FDA for the treatment of PHN Has properties common to other anticonvulsants and antineuralgic effects Exact mechanism of action is not known Structurally gabapentin is related to GABA but it does not interact with GABA receptors Believed to have a binding site at the alpha 2-delta protein an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gaited calcium channels In the rat brain binding is localized on neuronal dendritic areas Relevance of these observations to treatment of PHN is not known

Adult Dose100 mg PO tid titrate dose prn recommended dose is 900-1800 mg PO qd not to exceed 900 mg PO qid

Incidence amp Mortality HampN Ca

41000 new cases annually

13000 affected will die of disease

Rates constant over last 20yrs

lt 5 of neoplasias US

Highest incidence southeastern amp south-

central Asia

Disease in Women

Prior to 1940 malefemale ratio - 101

1980s ratio 31

Reason tobacco use among women in early

decades of the century

Habits have stabilized ndash malefemale

incidence normalized

Tobacco Use

1956 Wynder et al HampN Ca 10-fold

increase among smokers

Most studies 5-fold to 25-fold increase

intensity and duration of tobacco

consumption

80-90 of HampN Ca patients use tobacco

Alcohol

Odds ratio increases 3- to 15-fold for HampN

Ca after adjusting for tobacco use with

consumption of alcohol

Multiplicative effect with tobacco and

alcohol

Location of cancer ndash oral

pharyngeal(topical mechanism)

Alcohol

Promotional effects independent of

initiation

-prostaglandin synthesis lipid peroxidation

free radical oxygen enhance cell turnover

Enhances cell permeability

Defective repair mechanisms

Depressed immunity

Dz

RISK FACTORS (RF)

1 RF

2 RF

3 RF

4 RF

The concept of

TUMOR

local

regional

systemic

local T

N

M

INFECTION PAIN

INFECTION NEOPLASM

CERVICAL LYMPH NODE ENLARGEMENT

bullbacterial

bullviral (local systemic)

bullfungal

bullpostinfect fibrosed node

bulllt 40 yrs lymphoma

bullgt 40 yrs metastatic SCC

OTHERS

bullleukemia

bullconnective tissue diseases (eg lupus)

bullsarcoidosis

Importance of early diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma

60

stage III amp IV

23 recurrence lt 2 yrs

lt 13 survive 3 yrs

40

stage I amp II

80-90 cure

Second primary tumor in successfully treated patients within 5-7

years up to 40 Follow-up important

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Mortality (8000) deaths per year

Mortality by Site

Tongue 432

Salivary 130

Floor of mouth 950

Lip 24

Other 319

Premalignant Lesions

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Erythroplasia

Carcinoma in situ

Verrucous Leukoplakia

Tobacco patch keratosis

Actinic cheilosis

Mouth wash (Viadent) dysplasia

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Defined as a red patch that can not be

clinically or pathologically diagnosed as any

other condition

Almost all erythroleukoplakia demonstrate

dysplasia or CIS

Etiology is similar to oral SCC

May occur in conjunction with leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Risk of malignant transformation in

erythroleukoplakia about 4x greater than

homogenous leukoplakia

Predominately disease of older men with peak

prevalence of 65 to 74 years

Floor of mouth tongue and soft palate are

most common sites of involvement

Erythroplakia

The Management of Head and

Neck Cancer

Major advances

Conservative or partial resections

Micro vascular free-tissue transfer in

reconstruction

Better definition of the roles of chemotherapy

and radiotherapy

Despite these advances the treatment of loco

regional recurrence remains a major challenge

success rates for salvage therapy are poor

Treatment

Surgery

Radiotherapy

Chemotherapy

Immunotherapy

at present the role of immunotherapy remains investigational

Chemotherapy

Several randomized and non-randomized trial have evaluated chemotherapy for the treatment of head and neck cancer

Various agents have been shown to produce a response

No agents either alone or in combination have demonstrated an improvement in survival

cisplatin and 5 - FU

Uses

Inoperable tumors

Salvage therapy for recurrent tumors

Treatment

The main treatment modalities for head and neck

cancer remain surgery and radiotherapy

Patient factors that merit consideration

Impact on the quality of life

Medical condition ndash ldquoco - morbiditiesrdquo

Patient preference

Treatment cost and convenience

Compliance

Treatment

Early stage disease (stage I and II) can be treated with either surgery or radiotherapy with equivalent control rates

Small lesions of the oral cavity wide local excision is preferred over radiotherapy

Radiotherapy can be delivered to a site generally only once

Reserve this modality for less operable lesions

Treatment Combined Modality

Surgery and RadiotherapyIndications for post operative radiotherapy

Primary Tumor

Advance T stage

High histologic grade

Positive surgical resection margins

Lymphatic permeation

Vascular invasion

Perineural spread

Radiotherapy

Daily dose of 180 cGy to 200 cGy

5000 cGy over a five week period

T1 ndash 6000 to 6600 cGy

T2 - 6600 to 7000 cGy

T3T4 - gt 7000 cGy

ldquoshrinking field techniquerdquo

hyperfractionation technique 200 cGy per day for 25 days followed by 400 cGy per day for 5 days

D

Desquamative gingivitis is a clinical term to describe red painful glazed and friable gingivae which may be a manifestation of some mucocutaneous conditions such as lichen planus or the vesiculobullous disorders

Clinical features of desquamative

gingivitis

Fiery red friable gingiva

Painful desquamates easily

Buccal aspect of anterior attached gingiva

affected

Marginal gingiva spared

Not significantly improved by oral hygiene

measures alone

Differential Diagnosis Erosive Lichen Planus

Immune-mediated blistering diseases

Intra-epithelial

Pemphigus

Subepithelial

Pemphigoid

Linear IgA disease

Dermatitis herpetiformis

Epidermolysis bullosa

Erythema multiforme

Treatment Topical Corticosteroids Recurrent aphthous ulcers

bull Oral manifestations of Behccedilets disease Reiters syndrome acute

vulvar ulcer MAGIC syndrome PFAPA syndrome ulcerative colitis

Crohns disease Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome Sweets

syndrome among others

bull Drug-induced ulcerations mediated by an immune mechanism

bull Lichen planus

bull Cicatricial pemphigoid

bull Mucous membrane pemphigoid

bull Bullous pemphigoid

bull Erythema multiforme

bull Linear IgA dermatosis

bull Pemphigus vulgaris

Topicals Temovate cream 005 Clobetasol propionate

Halog cream 01 Halcinonide

Lidex cream 005 Fluocinonide

Topicort cream 025 Desoximethasone

Lidex gel 005 Fluocinonide

Aristocort cream H-P 05 Triamcinolone acetinode

Diprosone cream 005 Betamethasone dipropionate

Florone cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Maxiflor cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Synalar cream H-P 02 Fluocinolone acetonide

Topicals Tropicort-LP cream 005 Desoxymethasone

Benisone cream 0025 Betamethasone benzoate

Cordran cream 0025 Flurandenolide

Kenalog cream 01 Triamcinolone acetonide

Locoid cream 01 Hydrocortisone butyrate

Synalar cream 0025 Fluocinolone acetonide

Valisone cream 01 Betamethasone valerate

Tridesilon cream 005 Desonide

Locorten cream 003 Flumetasone pivalate

1 Hydrocortisone

Topical Corticosteroids

Used to treat oral lesions

Clobetasol (Temovate) -- Suppresses mitosis and increases synthesis of proteins that decrease inflammation and cause vasoconstriction Class I superpotent topical steroid useful in treating oral lesions Topical corticosteroids commonly are used intraorally for oral manifestations of autoimmune blistering skin diseases Since these diseases are chronic inflammatory in nature topical corticosteroids are very useful as an adjunct treatment Patients with disease confined to the gingiva should see a dentist to have a custom-made soft tray to carry the medication

H

How does herpes simplex develop

overexposure to sunlight

overexposure to wind

colds influenza and similar infections

heavy alcohol use

fever from any cause

the menstrual period

physical stress

emotional stress

Symptoms

Primary (Initial) HSV I Fever

Adenopathy

Ulcers deep in mouth

Secondary (Later) HSV I (Recurrent labial lesions) Fever Blisters form on outer vermillion border

Cold Sores form on inner lip Initial Vesicle

Next Crust

Last Healing in 10-14 days

Differential Diagnosis

Differs from Aphthous Ulcers in that

Found on keratinized (bound-down) intraoral

mucosa

Vesicles rupture into coalescing ulcers

HSV lesions are anterior compared with

Herpangina

Hand Foot and Mouth Disease

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Oral acyclovir (Zovirax) or the recently

developed drugs valacyclovir (Valtrex) or

famciclovir (Famvir) lessen the symptoms

and frequency of fever blister recurrences for

some patients These drugs prevent HSV from

multiplying and are effective when taken in

pill form prior to an outbreak of the virus

Systemic Antivirals

Acyclovir

Dose 15 mgkg (max 200 mg) PO 5xday for 7 days

Shortens first HSV infection by 6 days in children

Famciclovir

Shortens healing time by 2 days in UV-induced cases

Spruance (1999) J Infect Dis 179303-10

Valacyclovir (FDA approved for age 12 and older)

Adult dose 2 g PO bid for one day

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Topical antiviral creams containing acyclovir

(Zovirax) or penciclovir (Denavir) may also

help in limiting the extent or duration of

lesions if applied promptly to affected areas

Topical Treatments

Penciclovir (Denavir) heals HSV-1 sores on average about half a day faster than without treatment stops viral shedding and reduces the duration of the pain Ideally the patient should apply the cream within the first hour of symptoms although benefits have also been noted with later application It is continued for four consecutive days and should be reapplied every two hours while awake

Docosanol cream (Abreva) is an over-the-counter agent for oral-facial herpes It helps resist infection by inhibiting the ability of the virus to become fully active after it has attached itself to the host cell It is applied five times a day beginning at the first sign of tingling or pain Studies have been mixed on it benefits

Topical Treatments

Acyclovir cream (Zovirax) has been approved It may speed healing of oral herpes lesions and lessen the duration of pain particularly if it is applied early on (at the first sign of pain or tingling)

Lidex is a gel that contains a fluocinonide as corticosteroid Corticosteroids commonly called steroids are anti-inflammatory agents and not ordinarily used for herpes Some evidence suggests it may be effective in combination with oral famciclovir

Topical Treatments

Over-the-counter topical anesthetics may provide

modest relief They include Anbesol gel Blistex lip

ointment Campho-phenique Herpecin-L

Viractin and Zilactin In one study Viractin

reduced the duration of the attack compared to

placebo by two days It also relieved itching but had

little effect on other symptoms In general however

few studies have been conducted on any of these

products

X

Xerostomia

Xerostomia is not a disease but can be a symptom

of certain diseases It can produce serious

negative effects on the patients quality of life

affecting dietary habits nutritional status

speech taste tolerance to dental prosthesis and

increases susceptibility to dental caries The

increase in dental caries can be devastating in

many patients and therefore special care must be

made to control this condition

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Medications - Several hundred current medications

can cause xerostomia antihypertensives

antidepressants analgesics tranquilizers diuretics

and antihistamines c

-Cancer Therapy - Chemotherapeutic drugs can

change the flow and composition of the saliva

Radiation treatment that is focused on or near the

salivary gland can temporarily or permanently

damage the salivary glands

-Sjogrens syndrome - An autoimmune disease causes

xerostomia and dry eyes

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Other conditions -such as bone marrow transplants endocrine disorders stress anxiety depression and nutritional deficiencies may cause xerostomia

-Nerve Damage - Trauma to the head and neck area from surgery or wounds can damage the nerves that supply sensation to the mouth While the salivary glands may be left intact they cannot function normally without the nerves that signal them to produce saliva

Treatment

Identify the xerostomic condition and the

cause Some of the causes may be

ameliorated and this will aid therapy But

in many situations it will be difficult to

eliminate the causes Thus it will be

necessary for the Dentist to control the

results of xerostomia This is especially

true about the increase in dental caries

Treatment -pilocarpine (Salagen) 5mg qid prescription required

-special food preparation - blended and moist foods are easier to swallow

artificial saliva (available over-the-counter)

-sipping plain water is usually preferred over artificial saliva by most patients

-Biotene brand over-the-counter dry mouth products (toothpaste alcohol- free mouth rinse and Oralbalance lubricating gel)

-avoidance of alcohol-based mouth rinses

-use of water and glycerin mixed in a small aerosol spray bottle

RX

Contains sorbitol sodium

carboxymethlcellulose and

methylparaben in a

pleasantly flavored

solution

120 mL (406 fl oz)

Z

Treatment

Acyclovir (Zovirax)dagger800 mg orally five times

daily for 7 to 10 days

10 mg per kg IV every 8 hours for 7 to 10

daysDagger

$174 to 248 (129 to 200)

Famciclovir (Famvir)dagger500 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$140

Treatment

Valacyclovir (Valtrex)dagger1000 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$84

Prednisone (Deltasone)30 mg orally twice

daily on days 1 through 7 then 15 mg twice

daily on days 8 through 14 then 75 mg twice

daily on days 15 through 21

Treatment

Lotions containing calamine (eg Caladryl)

may be used on open lesions to reduce pain

and pruritus

Once the lesions have crusted over capsaicin

cream (Zostrix) may be applied

Topically administered lidocaine (Xylocaine)

and nerve blocks have also been reported to

be effective in reducing pain

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Amitriptyline (Elavil) -- By inhibiting reuptake of serotonin andor norepinephrine by presynaptic neuronal membrane may increase synaptic concentration in CNS Useful as analgesic for certain types of chronic and neuropathic pain

Adult DoseEarly in course of HZ 25 mgd PO hs to prevent PHNAfter PHN develops 30-100 mg PO qhs

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Capsaicin cream (Dolorac Capsin Zostrix) --Natural chemical derived from plants of Solanaceae family By depleting and preventing reaccumulation of substance P in peripheral sensory neurons may render skin and joints insensitive to pain Substance P thought to be chemomediator of pain transmission from periphery to CNS

Adult DoseCream Apply to skin tidqid for 3-4 consecutive wk and evaluate efficacy not to exceed 4 applicationsd

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Lidocaine (DermaFlex gel Lidoderm 5 patch) --Several recent studies have advocated topical administration of lidocaine as treatment of PHN Lidocaine gel (5) in placebo-controlled study showed significant relief in 23 patients studied Lidocaine tape also decreases severity of pain

Adult DoseGel (5) Apply to affected area prnPatch (5) Apply to most painful area up to 3 patches per application patch may remain in place for up to 12 h in any 24 h period

Postherpetic Neuralgia Gabapentin (Neurontin) -- This medication has been

approved by the FDA for the treatment of PHN Has properties common to other anticonvulsants and antineuralgic effects Exact mechanism of action is not known Structurally gabapentin is related to GABA but it does not interact with GABA receptors Believed to have a binding site at the alpha 2-delta protein an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gaited calcium channels In the rat brain binding is localized on neuronal dendritic areas Relevance of these observations to treatment of PHN is not known

Adult Dose100 mg PO tid titrate dose prn recommended dose is 900-1800 mg PO qd not to exceed 900 mg PO qid

Disease in Women

Prior to 1940 malefemale ratio - 101

1980s ratio 31

Reason tobacco use among women in early

decades of the century

Habits have stabilized ndash malefemale

incidence normalized

Tobacco Use

1956 Wynder et al HampN Ca 10-fold

increase among smokers

Most studies 5-fold to 25-fold increase

intensity and duration of tobacco

consumption

80-90 of HampN Ca patients use tobacco

Alcohol

Odds ratio increases 3- to 15-fold for HampN

Ca after adjusting for tobacco use with

consumption of alcohol

Multiplicative effect with tobacco and

alcohol

Location of cancer ndash oral

pharyngeal(topical mechanism)

Alcohol

Promotional effects independent of

initiation

-prostaglandin synthesis lipid peroxidation

free radical oxygen enhance cell turnover

Enhances cell permeability

Defective repair mechanisms

Depressed immunity

Dz

RISK FACTORS (RF)

1 RF

2 RF

3 RF

4 RF

The concept of

TUMOR

local

regional

systemic

local T

N

M

INFECTION PAIN

INFECTION NEOPLASM

CERVICAL LYMPH NODE ENLARGEMENT

bullbacterial

bullviral (local systemic)

bullfungal

bullpostinfect fibrosed node

bulllt 40 yrs lymphoma

bullgt 40 yrs metastatic SCC

OTHERS

bullleukemia

bullconnective tissue diseases (eg lupus)

bullsarcoidosis

Importance of early diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma

60

stage III amp IV

23 recurrence lt 2 yrs

lt 13 survive 3 yrs

40

stage I amp II

80-90 cure

Second primary tumor in successfully treated patients within 5-7

years up to 40 Follow-up important

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Mortality (8000) deaths per year

Mortality by Site

Tongue 432

Salivary 130

Floor of mouth 950

Lip 24

Other 319

Premalignant Lesions

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Erythroplasia

Carcinoma in situ

Verrucous Leukoplakia

Tobacco patch keratosis

Actinic cheilosis

Mouth wash (Viadent) dysplasia

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Defined as a red patch that can not be

clinically or pathologically diagnosed as any

other condition

Almost all erythroleukoplakia demonstrate

dysplasia or CIS

Etiology is similar to oral SCC

May occur in conjunction with leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Risk of malignant transformation in

erythroleukoplakia about 4x greater than

homogenous leukoplakia

Predominately disease of older men with peak

prevalence of 65 to 74 years

Floor of mouth tongue and soft palate are

most common sites of involvement

Erythroplakia

The Management of Head and

Neck Cancer

Major advances

Conservative or partial resections

Micro vascular free-tissue transfer in

reconstruction

Better definition of the roles of chemotherapy

and radiotherapy

Despite these advances the treatment of loco

regional recurrence remains a major challenge

success rates for salvage therapy are poor

Treatment

Surgery

Radiotherapy

Chemotherapy

Immunotherapy

at present the role of immunotherapy remains investigational

Chemotherapy

Several randomized and non-randomized trial have evaluated chemotherapy for the treatment of head and neck cancer

Various agents have been shown to produce a response

No agents either alone or in combination have demonstrated an improvement in survival

cisplatin and 5 - FU

Uses

Inoperable tumors

Salvage therapy for recurrent tumors

Treatment

The main treatment modalities for head and neck

cancer remain surgery and radiotherapy

Patient factors that merit consideration

Impact on the quality of life

Medical condition ndash ldquoco - morbiditiesrdquo

Patient preference

Treatment cost and convenience

Compliance

Treatment

Early stage disease (stage I and II) can be treated with either surgery or radiotherapy with equivalent control rates

Small lesions of the oral cavity wide local excision is preferred over radiotherapy

Radiotherapy can be delivered to a site generally only once

Reserve this modality for less operable lesions

Treatment Combined Modality

Surgery and RadiotherapyIndications for post operative radiotherapy

Primary Tumor

Advance T stage

High histologic grade

Positive surgical resection margins

Lymphatic permeation

Vascular invasion

Perineural spread

Radiotherapy

Daily dose of 180 cGy to 200 cGy

5000 cGy over a five week period

T1 ndash 6000 to 6600 cGy

T2 - 6600 to 7000 cGy

T3T4 - gt 7000 cGy

ldquoshrinking field techniquerdquo

hyperfractionation technique 200 cGy per day for 25 days followed by 400 cGy per day for 5 days

D

Desquamative gingivitis is a clinical term to describe red painful glazed and friable gingivae which may be a manifestation of some mucocutaneous conditions such as lichen planus or the vesiculobullous disorders

Clinical features of desquamative

gingivitis

Fiery red friable gingiva

Painful desquamates easily

Buccal aspect of anterior attached gingiva

affected

Marginal gingiva spared

Not significantly improved by oral hygiene

measures alone

Differential Diagnosis Erosive Lichen Planus

Immune-mediated blistering diseases

Intra-epithelial

Pemphigus

Subepithelial

Pemphigoid

Linear IgA disease

Dermatitis herpetiformis

Epidermolysis bullosa

Erythema multiforme

Treatment Topical Corticosteroids Recurrent aphthous ulcers

bull Oral manifestations of Behccedilets disease Reiters syndrome acute

vulvar ulcer MAGIC syndrome PFAPA syndrome ulcerative colitis

Crohns disease Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome Sweets

syndrome among others

bull Drug-induced ulcerations mediated by an immune mechanism

bull Lichen planus

bull Cicatricial pemphigoid

bull Mucous membrane pemphigoid

bull Bullous pemphigoid

bull Erythema multiforme

bull Linear IgA dermatosis

bull Pemphigus vulgaris

Topicals Temovate cream 005 Clobetasol propionate

Halog cream 01 Halcinonide

Lidex cream 005 Fluocinonide

Topicort cream 025 Desoximethasone

Lidex gel 005 Fluocinonide

Aristocort cream H-P 05 Triamcinolone acetinode

Diprosone cream 005 Betamethasone dipropionate

Florone cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Maxiflor cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Synalar cream H-P 02 Fluocinolone acetonide

Topicals Tropicort-LP cream 005 Desoxymethasone

Benisone cream 0025 Betamethasone benzoate

Cordran cream 0025 Flurandenolide

Kenalog cream 01 Triamcinolone acetonide

Locoid cream 01 Hydrocortisone butyrate

Synalar cream 0025 Fluocinolone acetonide

Valisone cream 01 Betamethasone valerate

Tridesilon cream 005 Desonide

Locorten cream 003 Flumetasone pivalate

1 Hydrocortisone

Topical Corticosteroids

Used to treat oral lesions

Clobetasol (Temovate) -- Suppresses mitosis and increases synthesis of proteins that decrease inflammation and cause vasoconstriction Class I superpotent topical steroid useful in treating oral lesions Topical corticosteroids commonly are used intraorally for oral manifestations of autoimmune blistering skin diseases Since these diseases are chronic inflammatory in nature topical corticosteroids are very useful as an adjunct treatment Patients with disease confined to the gingiva should see a dentist to have a custom-made soft tray to carry the medication

H

How does herpes simplex develop

overexposure to sunlight

overexposure to wind

colds influenza and similar infections

heavy alcohol use

fever from any cause

the menstrual period

physical stress

emotional stress

Symptoms

Primary (Initial) HSV I Fever

Adenopathy

Ulcers deep in mouth

Secondary (Later) HSV I (Recurrent labial lesions) Fever Blisters form on outer vermillion border

Cold Sores form on inner lip Initial Vesicle

Next Crust

Last Healing in 10-14 days

Differential Diagnosis

Differs from Aphthous Ulcers in that

Found on keratinized (bound-down) intraoral

mucosa

Vesicles rupture into coalescing ulcers

HSV lesions are anterior compared with

Herpangina

Hand Foot and Mouth Disease

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Oral acyclovir (Zovirax) or the recently

developed drugs valacyclovir (Valtrex) or

famciclovir (Famvir) lessen the symptoms

and frequency of fever blister recurrences for

some patients These drugs prevent HSV from

multiplying and are effective when taken in

pill form prior to an outbreak of the virus

Systemic Antivirals

Acyclovir

Dose 15 mgkg (max 200 mg) PO 5xday for 7 days

Shortens first HSV infection by 6 days in children

Famciclovir

Shortens healing time by 2 days in UV-induced cases

Spruance (1999) J Infect Dis 179303-10

Valacyclovir (FDA approved for age 12 and older)

Adult dose 2 g PO bid for one day

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Topical antiviral creams containing acyclovir

(Zovirax) or penciclovir (Denavir) may also

help in limiting the extent or duration of

lesions if applied promptly to affected areas

Topical Treatments

Penciclovir (Denavir) heals HSV-1 sores on average about half a day faster than without treatment stops viral shedding and reduces the duration of the pain Ideally the patient should apply the cream within the first hour of symptoms although benefits have also been noted with later application It is continued for four consecutive days and should be reapplied every two hours while awake

Docosanol cream (Abreva) is an over-the-counter agent for oral-facial herpes It helps resist infection by inhibiting the ability of the virus to become fully active after it has attached itself to the host cell It is applied five times a day beginning at the first sign of tingling or pain Studies have been mixed on it benefits

Topical Treatments

Acyclovir cream (Zovirax) has been approved It may speed healing of oral herpes lesions and lessen the duration of pain particularly if it is applied early on (at the first sign of pain or tingling)

Lidex is a gel that contains a fluocinonide as corticosteroid Corticosteroids commonly called steroids are anti-inflammatory agents and not ordinarily used for herpes Some evidence suggests it may be effective in combination with oral famciclovir

Topical Treatments

Over-the-counter topical anesthetics may provide

modest relief They include Anbesol gel Blistex lip

ointment Campho-phenique Herpecin-L

Viractin and Zilactin In one study Viractin

reduced the duration of the attack compared to

placebo by two days It also relieved itching but had

little effect on other symptoms In general however

few studies have been conducted on any of these

products

X

Xerostomia

Xerostomia is not a disease but can be a symptom

of certain diseases It can produce serious

negative effects on the patients quality of life

affecting dietary habits nutritional status

speech taste tolerance to dental prosthesis and

increases susceptibility to dental caries The

increase in dental caries can be devastating in

many patients and therefore special care must be

made to control this condition

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Medications - Several hundred current medications

can cause xerostomia antihypertensives

antidepressants analgesics tranquilizers diuretics

and antihistamines c

-Cancer Therapy - Chemotherapeutic drugs can

change the flow and composition of the saliva

Radiation treatment that is focused on or near the

salivary gland can temporarily or permanently

damage the salivary glands

-Sjogrens syndrome - An autoimmune disease causes

xerostomia and dry eyes

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Other conditions -such as bone marrow transplants endocrine disorders stress anxiety depression and nutritional deficiencies may cause xerostomia

-Nerve Damage - Trauma to the head and neck area from surgery or wounds can damage the nerves that supply sensation to the mouth While the salivary glands may be left intact they cannot function normally without the nerves that signal them to produce saliva

Treatment

Identify the xerostomic condition and the

cause Some of the causes may be

ameliorated and this will aid therapy But

in many situations it will be difficult to

eliminate the causes Thus it will be

necessary for the Dentist to control the

results of xerostomia This is especially

true about the increase in dental caries

Treatment -pilocarpine (Salagen) 5mg qid prescription required

-special food preparation - blended and moist foods are easier to swallow

artificial saliva (available over-the-counter)

-sipping plain water is usually preferred over artificial saliva by most patients

-Biotene brand over-the-counter dry mouth products (toothpaste alcohol- free mouth rinse and Oralbalance lubricating gel)

-avoidance of alcohol-based mouth rinses

-use of water and glycerin mixed in a small aerosol spray bottle

RX

Contains sorbitol sodium

carboxymethlcellulose and

methylparaben in a

pleasantly flavored

solution

120 mL (406 fl oz)

Z

Treatment

Acyclovir (Zovirax)dagger800 mg orally five times

daily for 7 to 10 days

10 mg per kg IV every 8 hours for 7 to 10

daysDagger

$174 to 248 (129 to 200)

Famciclovir (Famvir)dagger500 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$140

Treatment

Valacyclovir (Valtrex)dagger1000 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$84

Prednisone (Deltasone)30 mg orally twice

daily on days 1 through 7 then 15 mg twice

daily on days 8 through 14 then 75 mg twice

daily on days 15 through 21

Treatment

Lotions containing calamine (eg Caladryl)

may be used on open lesions to reduce pain

and pruritus

Once the lesions have crusted over capsaicin

cream (Zostrix) may be applied

Topically administered lidocaine (Xylocaine)

and nerve blocks have also been reported to

be effective in reducing pain

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Amitriptyline (Elavil) -- By inhibiting reuptake of serotonin andor norepinephrine by presynaptic neuronal membrane may increase synaptic concentration in CNS Useful as analgesic for certain types of chronic and neuropathic pain

Adult DoseEarly in course of HZ 25 mgd PO hs to prevent PHNAfter PHN develops 30-100 mg PO qhs

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Capsaicin cream (Dolorac Capsin Zostrix) --Natural chemical derived from plants of Solanaceae family By depleting and preventing reaccumulation of substance P in peripheral sensory neurons may render skin and joints insensitive to pain Substance P thought to be chemomediator of pain transmission from periphery to CNS

Adult DoseCream Apply to skin tidqid for 3-4 consecutive wk and evaluate efficacy not to exceed 4 applicationsd

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Lidocaine (DermaFlex gel Lidoderm 5 patch) --Several recent studies have advocated topical administration of lidocaine as treatment of PHN Lidocaine gel (5) in placebo-controlled study showed significant relief in 23 patients studied Lidocaine tape also decreases severity of pain

Adult DoseGel (5) Apply to affected area prnPatch (5) Apply to most painful area up to 3 patches per application patch may remain in place for up to 12 h in any 24 h period

Postherpetic Neuralgia Gabapentin (Neurontin) -- This medication has been

approved by the FDA for the treatment of PHN Has properties common to other anticonvulsants and antineuralgic effects Exact mechanism of action is not known Structurally gabapentin is related to GABA but it does not interact with GABA receptors Believed to have a binding site at the alpha 2-delta protein an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gaited calcium channels In the rat brain binding is localized on neuronal dendritic areas Relevance of these observations to treatment of PHN is not known

Adult Dose100 mg PO tid titrate dose prn recommended dose is 900-1800 mg PO qd not to exceed 900 mg PO qid

Tobacco Use

1956 Wynder et al HampN Ca 10-fold

increase among smokers

Most studies 5-fold to 25-fold increase

intensity and duration of tobacco

consumption

80-90 of HampN Ca patients use tobacco

Alcohol

Odds ratio increases 3- to 15-fold for HampN

Ca after adjusting for tobacco use with

consumption of alcohol

Multiplicative effect with tobacco and

alcohol

Location of cancer ndash oral

pharyngeal(topical mechanism)

Alcohol

Promotional effects independent of

initiation

-prostaglandin synthesis lipid peroxidation

free radical oxygen enhance cell turnover

Enhances cell permeability

Defective repair mechanisms

Depressed immunity

Dz

RISK FACTORS (RF)

1 RF

2 RF

3 RF

4 RF

The concept of

TUMOR

local

regional

systemic

local T

N

M

INFECTION PAIN

INFECTION NEOPLASM

CERVICAL LYMPH NODE ENLARGEMENT

bullbacterial

bullviral (local systemic)

bullfungal

bullpostinfect fibrosed node

bulllt 40 yrs lymphoma

bullgt 40 yrs metastatic SCC

OTHERS

bullleukemia

bullconnective tissue diseases (eg lupus)

bullsarcoidosis

Importance of early diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma

60

stage III amp IV

23 recurrence lt 2 yrs

lt 13 survive 3 yrs

40

stage I amp II

80-90 cure

Second primary tumor in successfully treated patients within 5-7

years up to 40 Follow-up important

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Mortality (8000) deaths per year

Mortality by Site

Tongue 432

Salivary 130

Floor of mouth 950

Lip 24

Other 319

Premalignant Lesions

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Erythroplasia

Carcinoma in situ

Verrucous Leukoplakia

Tobacco patch keratosis

Actinic cheilosis

Mouth wash (Viadent) dysplasia

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Defined as a red patch that can not be

clinically or pathologically diagnosed as any

other condition

Almost all erythroleukoplakia demonstrate

dysplasia or CIS

Etiology is similar to oral SCC

May occur in conjunction with leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Risk of malignant transformation in

erythroleukoplakia about 4x greater than

homogenous leukoplakia

Predominately disease of older men with peak

prevalence of 65 to 74 years

Floor of mouth tongue and soft palate are

most common sites of involvement

Erythroplakia

The Management of Head and

Neck Cancer

Major advances

Conservative or partial resections

Micro vascular free-tissue transfer in

reconstruction

Better definition of the roles of chemotherapy

and radiotherapy

Despite these advances the treatment of loco

regional recurrence remains a major challenge

success rates for salvage therapy are poor

Treatment

Surgery

Radiotherapy

Chemotherapy

Immunotherapy

at present the role of immunotherapy remains investigational

Chemotherapy

Several randomized and non-randomized trial have evaluated chemotherapy for the treatment of head and neck cancer

Various agents have been shown to produce a response

No agents either alone or in combination have demonstrated an improvement in survival

cisplatin and 5 - FU

Uses

Inoperable tumors

Salvage therapy for recurrent tumors

Treatment

The main treatment modalities for head and neck

cancer remain surgery and radiotherapy

Patient factors that merit consideration

Impact on the quality of life

Medical condition ndash ldquoco - morbiditiesrdquo

Patient preference

Treatment cost and convenience

Compliance

Treatment

Early stage disease (stage I and II) can be treated with either surgery or radiotherapy with equivalent control rates

Small lesions of the oral cavity wide local excision is preferred over radiotherapy

Radiotherapy can be delivered to a site generally only once

Reserve this modality for less operable lesions

Treatment Combined Modality

Surgery and RadiotherapyIndications for post operative radiotherapy

Primary Tumor

Advance T stage

High histologic grade

Positive surgical resection margins

Lymphatic permeation

Vascular invasion

Perineural spread

Radiotherapy

Daily dose of 180 cGy to 200 cGy

5000 cGy over a five week period

T1 ndash 6000 to 6600 cGy

T2 - 6600 to 7000 cGy

T3T4 - gt 7000 cGy

ldquoshrinking field techniquerdquo

hyperfractionation technique 200 cGy per day for 25 days followed by 400 cGy per day for 5 days

D

Desquamative gingivitis is a clinical term to describe red painful glazed and friable gingivae which may be a manifestation of some mucocutaneous conditions such as lichen planus or the vesiculobullous disorders

Clinical features of desquamative

gingivitis

Fiery red friable gingiva

Painful desquamates easily

Buccal aspect of anterior attached gingiva

affected

Marginal gingiva spared

Not significantly improved by oral hygiene

measures alone

Differential Diagnosis Erosive Lichen Planus

Immune-mediated blistering diseases

Intra-epithelial

Pemphigus

Subepithelial

Pemphigoid

Linear IgA disease

Dermatitis herpetiformis

Epidermolysis bullosa

Erythema multiforme

Treatment Topical Corticosteroids Recurrent aphthous ulcers

bull Oral manifestations of Behccedilets disease Reiters syndrome acute

vulvar ulcer MAGIC syndrome PFAPA syndrome ulcerative colitis

Crohns disease Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome Sweets

syndrome among others

bull Drug-induced ulcerations mediated by an immune mechanism

bull Lichen planus

bull Cicatricial pemphigoid

bull Mucous membrane pemphigoid

bull Bullous pemphigoid

bull Erythema multiforme

bull Linear IgA dermatosis

bull Pemphigus vulgaris

Topicals Temovate cream 005 Clobetasol propionate

Halog cream 01 Halcinonide

Lidex cream 005 Fluocinonide

Topicort cream 025 Desoximethasone

Lidex gel 005 Fluocinonide

Aristocort cream H-P 05 Triamcinolone acetinode

Diprosone cream 005 Betamethasone dipropionate

Florone cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Maxiflor cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Synalar cream H-P 02 Fluocinolone acetonide

Topicals Tropicort-LP cream 005 Desoxymethasone

Benisone cream 0025 Betamethasone benzoate

Cordran cream 0025 Flurandenolide

Kenalog cream 01 Triamcinolone acetonide

Locoid cream 01 Hydrocortisone butyrate

Synalar cream 0025 Fluocinolone acetonide

Valisone cream 01 Betamethasone valerate

Tridesilon cream 005 Desonide

Locorten cream 003 Flumetasone pivalate

1 Hydrocortisone

Topical Corticosteroids

Used to treat oral lesions

Clobetasol (Temovate) -- Suppresses mitosis and increases synthesis of proteins that decrease inflammation and cause vasoconstriction Class I superpotent topical steroid useful in treating oral lesions Topical corticosteroids commonly are used intraorally for oral manifestations of autoimmune blistering skin diseases Since these diseases are chronic inflammatory in nature topical corticosteroids are very useful as an adjunct treatment Patients with disease confined to the gingiva should see a dentist to have a custom-made soft tray to carry the medication

H

How does herpes simplex develop

overexposure to sunlight

overexposure to wind

colds influenza and similar infections

heavy alcohol use

fever from any cause

the menstrual period

physical stress

emotional stress

Symptoms

Primary (Initial) HSV I Fever

Adenopathy

Ulcers deep in mouth

Secondary (Later) HSV I (Recurrent labial lesions) Fever Blisters form on outer vermillion border

Cold Sores form on inner lip Initial Vesicle

Next Crust

Last Healing in 10-14 days

Differential Diagnosis

Differs from Aphthous Ulcers in that

Found on keratinized (bound-down) intraoral

mucosa

Vesicles rupture into coalescing ulcers

HSV lesions are anterior compared with

Herpangina

Hand Foot and Mouth Disease

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Oral acyclovir (Zovirax) or the recently

developed drugs valacyclovir (Valtrex) or

famciclovir (Famvir) lessen the symptoms

and frequency of fever blister recurrences for

some patients These drugs prevent HSV from

multiplying and are effective when taken in

pill form prior to an outbreak of the virus

Systemic Antivirals

Acyclovir

Dose 15 mgkg (max 200 mg) PO 5xday for 7 days

Shortens first HSV infection by 6 days in children

Famciclovir

Shortens healing time by 2 days in UV-induced cases

Spruance (1999) J Infect Dis 179303-10

Valacyclovir (FDA approved for age 12 and older)

Adult dose 2 g PO bid for one day

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Topical antiviral creams containing acyclovir

(Zovirax) or penciclovir (Denavir) may also

help in limiting the extent or duration of

lesions if applied promptly to affected areas

Topical Treatments

Penciclovir (Denavir) heals HSV-1 sores on average about half a day faster than without treatment stops viral shedding and reduces the duration of the pain Ideally the patient should apply the cream within the first hour of symptoms although benefits have also been noted with later application It is continued for four consecutive days and should be reapplied every two hours while awake

Docosanol cream (Abreva) is an over-the-counter agent for oral-facial herpes It helps resist infection by inhibiting the ability of the virus to become fully active after it has attached itself to the host cell It is applied five times a day beginning at the first sign of tingling or pain Studies have been mixed on it benefits

Topical Treatments

Acyclovir cream (Zovirax) has been approved It may speed healing of oral herpes lesions and lessen the duration of pain particularly if it is applied early on (at the first sign of pain or tingling)

Lidex is a gel that contains a fluocinonide as corticosteroid Corticosteroids commonly called steroids are anti-inflammatory agents and not ordinarily used for herpes Some evidence suggests it may be effective in combination with oral famciclovir

Topical Treatments

Over-the-counter topical anesthetics may provide

modest relief They include Anbesol gel Blistex lip

ointment Campho-phenique Herpecin-L

Viractin and Zilactin In one study Viractin

reduced the duration of the attack compared to

placebo by two days It also relieved itching but had

little effect on other symptoms In general however

few studies have been conducted on any of these

products

X

Xerostomia

Xerostomia is not a disease but can be a symptom

of certain diseases It can produce serious

negative effects on the patients quality of life

affecting dietary habits nutritional status

speech taste tolerance to dental prosthesis and

increases susceptibility to dental caries The

increase in dental caries can be devastating in

many patients and therefore special care must be

made to control this condition

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Medications - Several hundred current medications

can cause xerostomia antihypertensives

antidepressants analgesics tranquilizers diuretics

and antihistamines c

-Cancer Therapy - Chemotherapeutic drugs can

change the flow and composition of the saliva

Radiation treatment that is focused on or near the

salivary gland can temporarily or permanently

damage the salivary glands

-Sjogrens syndrome - An autoimmune disease causes

xerostomia and dry eyes

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Other conditions -such as bone marrow transplants endocrine disorders stress anxiety depression and nutritional deficiencies may cause xerostomia

-Nerve Damage - Trauma to the head and neck area from surgery or wounds can damage the nerves that supply sensation to the mouth While the salivary glands may be left intact they cannot function normally without the nerves that signal them to produce saliva

Treatment

Identify the xerostomic condition and the

cause Some of the causes may be

ameliorated and this will aid therapy But

in many situations it will be difficult to

eliminate the causes Thus it will be

necessary for the Dentist to control the

results of xerostomia This is especially

true about the increase in dental caries

Treatment -pilocarpine (Salagen) 5mg qid prescription required

-special food preparation - blended and moist foods are easier to swallow

artificial saliva (available over-the-counter)

-sipping plain water is usually preferred over artificial saliva by most patients

-Biotene brand over-the-counter dry mouth products (toothpaste alcohol- free mouth rinse and Oralbalance lubricating gel)

-avoidance of alcohol-based mouth rinses

-use of water and glycerin mixed in a small aerosol spray bottle

RX

Contains sorbitol sodium

carboxymethlcellulose and

methylparaben in a

pleasantly flavored

solution

120 mL (406 fl oz)

Z

Treatment

Acyclovir (Zovirax)dagger800 mg orally five times

daily for 7 to 10 days

10 mg per kg IV every 8 hours for 7 to 10

daysDagger

$174 to 248 (129 to 200)

Famciclovir (Famvir)dagger500 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$140

Treatment

Valacyclovir (Valtrex)dagger1000 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$84

Prednisone (Deltasone)30 mg orally twice

daily on days 1 through 7 then 15 mg twice

daily on days 8 through 14 then 75 mg twice

daily on days 15 through 21

Treatment

Lotions containing calamine (eg Caladryl)

may be used on open lesions to reduce pain

and pruritus

Once the lesions have crusted over capsaicin

cream (Zostrix) may be applied

Topically administered lidocaine (Xylocaine)

and nerve blocks have also been reported to

be effective in reducing pain

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Amitriptyline (Elavil) -- By inhibiting reuptake of serotonin andor norepinephrine by presynaptic neuronal membrane may increase synaptic concentration in CNS Useful as analgesic for certain types of chronic and neuropathic pain

Adult DoseEarly in course of HZ 25 mgd PO hs to prevent PHNAfter PHN develops 30-100 mg PO qhs

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Capsaicin cream (Dolorac Capsin Zostrix) --Natural chemical derived from plants of Solanaceae family By depleting and preventing reaccumulation of substance P in peripheral sensory neurons may render skin and joints insensitive to pain Substance P thought to be chemomediator of pain transmission from periphery to CNS

Adult DoseCream Apply to skin tidqid for 3-4 consecutive wk and evaluate efficacy not to exceed 4 applicationsd

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Lidocaine (DermaFlex gel Lidoderm 5 patch) --Several recent studies have advocated topical administration of lidocaine as treatment of PHN Lidocaine gel (5) in placebo-controlled study showed significant relief in 23 patients studied Lidocaine tape also decreases severity of pain

Adult DoseGel (5) Apply to affected area prnPatch (5) Apply to most painful area up to 3 patches per application patch may remain in place for up to 12 h in any 24 h period

Postherpetic Neuralgia Gabapentin (Neurontin) -- This medication has been

approved by the FDA for the treatment of PHN Has properties common to other anticonvulsants and antineuralgic effects Exact mechanism of action is not known Structurally gabapentin is related to GABA but it does not interact with GABA receptors Believed to have a binding site at the alpha 2-delta protein an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gaited calcium channels In the rat brain binding is localized on neuronal dendritic areas Relevance of these observations to treatment of PHN is not known

Adult Dose100 mg PO tid titrate dose prn recommended dose is 900-1800 mg PO qd not to exceed 900 mg PO qid

Alcohol

Odds ratio increases 3- to 15-fold for HampN

Ca after adjusting for tobacco use with

consumption of alcohol

Multiplicative effect with tobacco and

alcohol

Location of cancer ndash oral

pharyngeal(topical mechanism)

Alcohol

Promotional effects independent of

initiation

-prostaglandin synthesis lipid peroxidation

free radical oxygen enhance cell turnover

Enhances cell permeability

Defective repair mechanisms

Depressed immunity

Dz

RISK FACTORS (RF)

1 RF

2 RF

3 RF

4 RF

The concept of

TUMOR

local

regional

systemic

local T

N

M

INFECTION PAIN

INFECTION NEOPLASM

CERVICAL LYMPH NODE ENLARGEMENT

bullbacterial

bullviral (local systemic)

bullfungal

bullpostinfect fibrosed node

bulllt 40 yrs lymphoma

bullgt 40 yrs metastatic SCC

OTHERS

bullleukemia

bullconnective tissue diseases (eg lupus)

bullsarcoidosis

Importance of early diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma

60

stage III amp IV

23 recurrence lt 2 yrs

lt 13 survive 3 yrs

40

stage I amp II

80-90 cure

Second primary tumor in successfully treated patients within 5-7

years up to 40 Follow-up important

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Mortality (8000) deaths per year

Mortality by Site

Tongue 432

Salivary 130

Floor of mouth 950

Lip 24

Other 319

Premalignant Lesions

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Erythroplasia

Carcinoma in situ

Verrucous Leukoplakia

Tobacco patch keratosis

Actinic cheilosis

Mouth wash (Viadent) dysplasia

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Defined as a red patch that can not be

clinically or pathologically diagnosed as any

other condition

Almost all erythroleukoplakia demonstrate

dysplasia or CIS

Etiology is similar to oral SCC

May occur in conjunction with leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Risk of malignant transformation in

erythroleukoplakia about 4x greater than

homogenous leukoplakia

Predominately disease of older men with peak

prevalence of 65 to 74 years

Floor of mouth tongue and soft palate are

most common sites of involvement

Erythroplakia

The Management of Head and

Neck Cancer

Major advances

Conservative or partial resections

Micro vascular free-tissue transfer in

reconstruction

Better definition of the roles of chemotherapy

and radiotherapy

Despite these advances the treatment of loco

regional recurrence remains a major challenge

success rates for salvage therapy are poor

Treatment

Surgery

Radiotherapy

Chemotherapy

Immunotherapy

at present the role of immunotherapy remains investigational

Chemotherapy

Several randomized and non-randomized trial have evaluated chemotherapy for the treatment of head and neck cancer

Various agents have been shown to produce a response

No agents either alone or in combination have demonstrated an improvement in survival

cisplatin and 5 - FU

Uses

Inoperable tumors

Salvage therapy for recurrent tumors

Treatment

The main treatment modalities for head and neck

cancer remain surgery and radiotherapy

Patient factors that merit consideration

Impact on the quality of life

Medical condition ndash ldquoco - morbiditiesrdquo

Patient preference

Treatment cost and convenience

Compliance

Treatment

Early stage disease (stage I and II) can be treated with either surgery or radiotherapy with equivalent control rates

Small lesions of the oral cavity wide local excision is preferred over radiotherapy

Radiotherapy can be delivered to a site generally only once

Reserve this modality for less operable lesions

Treatment Combined Modality

Surgery and RadiotherapyIndications for post operative radiotherapy

Primary Tumor

Advance T stage

High histologic grade

Positive surgical resection margins

Lymphatic permeation

Vascular invasion

Perineural spread

Radiotherapy

Daily dose of 180 cGy to 200 cGy

5000 cGy over a five week period

T1 ndash 6000 to 6600 cGy

T2 - 6600 to 7000 cGy

T3T4 - gt 7000 cGy

ldquoshrinking field techniquerdquo

hyperfractionation technique 200 cGy per day for 25 days followed by 400 cGy per day for 5 days

D

Desquamative gingivitis is a clinical term to describe red painful glazed and friable gingivae which may be a manifestation of some mucocutaneous conditions such as lichen planus or the vesiculobullous disorders

Clinical features of desquamative

gingivitis

Fiery red friable gingiva

Painful desquamates easily

Buccal aspect of anterior attached gingiva

affected

Marginal gingiva spared

Not significantly improved by oral hygiene

measures alone

Differential Diagnosis Erosive Lichen Planus

Immune-mediated blistering diseases

Intra-epithelial

Pemphigus

Subepithelial

Pemphigoid

Linear IgA disease

Dermatitis herpetiformis

Epidermolysis bullosa

Erythema multiforme

Treatment Topical Corticosteroids Recurrent aphthous ulcers

bull Oral manifestations of Behccedilets disease Reiters syndrome acute

vulvar ulcer MAGIC syndrome PFAPA syndrome ulcerative colitis

Crohns disease Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome Sweets

syndrome among others

bull Drug-induced ulcerations mediated by an immune mechanism

bull Lichen planus

bull Cicatricial pemphigoid

bull Mucous membrane pemphigoid

bull Bullous pemphigoid

bull Erythema multiforme

bull Linear IgA dermatosis

bull Pemphigus vulgaris

Topicals Temovate cream 005 Clobetasol propionate

Halog cream 01 Halcinonide

Lidex cream 005 Fluocinonide

Topicort cream 025 Desoximethasone

Lidex gel 005 Fluocinonide

Aristocort cream H-P 05 Triamcinolone acetinode

Diprosone cream 005 Betamethasone dipropionate

Florone cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Maxiflor cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Synalar cream H-P 02 Fluocinolone acetonide

Topicals Tropicort-LP cream 005 Desoxymethasone

Benisone cream 0025 Betamethasone benzoate

Cordran cream 0025 Flurandenolide

Kenalog cream 01 Triamcinolone acetonide

Locoid cream 01 Hydrocortisone butyrate

Synalar cream 0025 Fluocinolone acetonide

Valisone cream 01 Betamethasone valerate

Tridesilon cream 005 Desonide

Locorten cream 003 Flumetasone pivalate

1 Hydrocortisone

Topical Corticosteroids

Used to treat oral lesions

Clobetasol (Temovate) -- Suppresses mitosis and increases synthesis of proteins that decrease inflammation and cause vasoconstriction Class I superpotent topical steroid useful in treating oral lesions Topical corticosteroids commonly are used intraorally for oral manifestations of autoimmune blistering skin diseases Since these diseases are chronic inflammatory in nature topical corticosteroids are very useful as an adjunct treatment Patients with disease confined to the gingiva should see a dentist to have a custom-made soft tray to carry the medication

H

How does herpes simplex develop

overexposure to sunlight

overexposure to wind

colds influenza and similar infections

heavy alcohol use

fever from any cause

the menstrual period

physical stress

emotional stress

Symptoms

Primary (Initial) HSV I Fever

Adenopathy

Ulcers deep in mouth

Secondary (Later) HSV I (Recurrent labial lesions) Fever Blisters form on outer vermillion border

Cold Sores form on inner lip Initial Vesicle

Next Crust

Last Healing in 10-14 days

Differential Diagnosis

Differs from Aphthous Ulcers in that

Found on keratinized (bound-down) intraoral

mucosa

Vesicles rupture into coalescing ulcers

HSV lesions are anterior compared with

Herpangina

Hand Foot and Mouth Disease

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Oral acyclovir (Zovirax) or the recently

developed drugs valacyclovir (Valtrex) or

famciclovir (Famvir) lessen the symptoms

and frequency of fever blister recurrences for

some patients These drugs prevent HSV from

multiplying and are effective when taken in

pill form prior to an outbreak of the virus

Systemic Antivirals

Acyclovir

Dose 15 mgkg (max 200 mg) PO 5xday for 7 days

Shortens first HSV infection by 6 days in children

Famciclovir

Shortens healing time by 2 days in UV-induced cases

Spruance (1999) J Infect Dis 179303-10

Valacyclovir (FDA approved for age 12 and older)

Adult dose 2 g PO bid for one day

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Topical antiviral creams containing acyclovir

(Zovirax) or penciclovir (Denavir) may also

help in limiting the extent or duration of

lesions if applied promptly to affected areas

Topical Treatments

Penciclovir (Denavir) heals HSV-1 sores on average about half a day faster than without treatment stops viral shedding and reduces the duration of the pain Ideally the patient should apply the cream within the first hour of symptoms although benefits have also been noted with later application It is continued for four consecutive days and should be reapplied every two hours while awake

Docosanol cream (Abreva) is an over-the-counter agent for oral-facial herpes It helps resist infection by inhibiting the ability of the virus to become fully active after it has attached itself to the host cell It is applied five times a day beginning at the first sign of tingling or pain Studies have been mixed on it benefits

Topical Treatments

Acyclovir cream (Zovirax) has been approved It may speed healing of oral herpes lesions and lessen the duration of pain particularly if it is applied early on (at the first sign of pain or tingling)

Lidex is a gel that contains a fluocinonide as corticosteroid Corticosteroids commonly called steroids are anti-inflammatory agents and not ordinarily used for herpes Some evidence suggests it may be effective in combination with oral famciclovir

Topical Treatments

Over-the-counter topical anesthetics may provide

modest relief They include Anbesol gel Blistex lip

ointment Campho-phenique Herpecin-L

Viractin and Zilactin In one study Viractin

reduced the duration of the attack compared to

placebo by two days It also relieved itching but had

little effect on other symptoms In general however

few studies have been conducted on any of these

products

X

Xerostomia

Xerostomia is not a disease but can be a symptom

of certain diseases It can produce serious

negative effects on the patients quality of life

affecting dietary habits nutritional status

speech taste tolerance to dental prosthesis and

increases susceptibility to dental caries The

increase in dental caries can be devastating in

many patients and therefore special care must be

made to control this condition

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Medications - Several hundred current medications

can cause xerostomia antihypertensives

antidepressants analgesics tranquilizers diuretics

and antihistamines c

-Cancer Therapy - Chemotherapeutic drugs can

change the flow and composition of the saliva

Radiation treatment that is focused on or near the

salivary gland can temporarily or permanently

damage the salivary glands

-Sjogrens syndrome - An autoimmune disease causes

xerostomia and dry eyes

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Other conditions -such as bone marrow transplants endocrine disorders stress anxiety depression and nutritional deficiencies may cause xerostomia

-Nerve Damage - Trauma to the head and neck area from surgery or wounds can damage the nerves that supply sensation to the mouth While the salivary glands may be left intact they cannot function normally without the nerves that signal them to produce saliva

Treatment

Identify the xerostomic condition and the

cause Some of the causes may be

ameliorated and this will aid therapy But

in many situations it will be difficult to

eliminate the causes Thus it will be

necessary for the Dentist to control the

results of xerostomia This is especially

true about the increase in dental caries

Treatment -pilocarpine (Salagen) 5mg qid prescription required

-special food preparation - blended and moist foods are easier to swallow

artificial saliva (available over-the-counter)

-sipping plain water is usually preferred over artificial saliva by most patients

-Biotene brand over-the-counter dry mouth products (toothpaste alcohol- free mouth rinse and Oralbalance lubricating gel)

-avoidance of alcohol-based mouth rinses

-use of water and glycerin mixed in a small aerosol spray bottle

RX

Contains sorbitol sodium

carboxymethlcellulose and

methylparaben in a

pleasantly flavored

solution

120 mL (406 fl oz)

Z

Treatment

Acyclovir (Zovirax)dagger800 mg orally five times

daily for 7 to 10 days

10 mg per kg IV every 8 hours for 7 to 10

daysDagger

$174 to 248 (129 to 200)

Famciclovir (Famvir)dagger500 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$140

Treatment

Valacyclovir (Valtrex)dagger1000 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$84

Prednisone (Deltasone)30 mg orally twice

daily on days 1 through 7 then 15 mg twice

daily on days 8 through 14 then 75 mg twice

daily on days 15 through 21

Treatment

Lotions containing calamine (eg Caladryl)

may be used on open lesions to reduce pain

and pruritus

Once the lesions have crusted over capsaicin

cream (Zostrix) may be applied

Topically administered lidocaine (Xylocaine)

and nerve blocks have also been reported to

be effective in reducing pain

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Amitriptyline (Elavil) -- By inhibiting reuptake of serotonin andor norepinephrine by presynaptic neuronal membrane may increase synaptic concentration in CNS Useful as analgesic for certain types of chronic and neuropathic pain

Adult DoseEarly in course of HZ 25 mgd PO hs to prevent PHNAfter PHN develops 30-100 mg PO qhs

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Capsaicin cream (Dolorac Capsin Zostrix) --Natural chemical derived from plants of Solanaceae family By depleting and preventing reaccumulation of substance P in peripheral sensory neurons may render skin and joints insensitive to pain Substance P thought to be chemomediator of pain transmission from periphery to CNS

Adult DoseCream Apply to skin tidqid for 3-4 consecutive wk and evaluate efficacy not to exceed 4 applicationsd

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Lidocaine (DermaFlex gel Lidoderm 5 patch) --Several recent studies have advocated topical administration of lidocaine as treatment of PHN Lidocaine gel (5) in placebo-controlled study showed significant relief in 23 patients studied Lidocaine tape also decreases severity of pain

Adult DoseGel (5) Apply to affected area prnPatch (5) Apply to most painful area up to 3 patches per application patch may remain in place for up to 12 h in any 24 h period

Postherpetic Neuralgia Gabapentin (Neurontin) -- This medication has been

approved by the FDA for the treatment of PHN Has properties common to other anticonvulsants and antineuralgic effects Exact mechanism of action is not known Structurally gabapentin is related to GABA but it does not interact with GABA receptors Believed to have a binding site at the alpha 2-delta protein an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gaited calcium channels In the rat brain binding is localized on neuronal dendritic areas Relevance of these observations to treatment of PHN is not known

Adult Dose100 mg PO tid titrate dose prn recommended dose is 900-1800 mg PO qd not to exceed 900 mg PO qid

Alcohol

Promotional effects independent of

initiation

-prostaglandin synthesis lipid peroxidation

free radical oxygen enhance cell turnover

Enhances cell permeability

Defective repair mechanisms

Depressed immunity

Dz

RISK FACTORS (RF)

1 RF

2 RF

3 RF

4 RF

The concept of

TUMOR

local

regional

systemic

local T

N

M

INFECTION PAIN

INFECTION NEOPLASM

CERVICAL LYMPH NODE ENLARGEMENT

bullbacterial

bullviral (local systemic)

bullfungal

bullpostinfect fibrosed node

bulllt 40 yrs lymphoma

bullgt 40 yrs metastatic SCC

OTHERS

bullleukemia

bullconnective tissue diseases (eg lupus)

bullsarcoidosis

Importance of early diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma

60

stage III amp IV

23 recurrence lt 2 yrs

lt 13 survive 3 yrs

40

stage I amp II

80-90 cure

Second primary tumor in successfully treated patients within 5-7

years up to 40 Follow-up important

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Mortality (8000) deaths per year

Mortality by Site

Tongue 432

Salivary 130

Floor of mouth 950

Lip 24

Other 319

Premalignant Lesions

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Erythroplasia

Carcinoma in situ

Verrucous Leukoplakia

Tobacco patch keratosis

Actinic cheilosis

Mouth wash (Viadent) dysplasia

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Defined as a red patch that can not be

clinically or pathologically diagnosed as any

other condition

Almost all erythroleukoplakia demonstrate

dysplasia or CIS

Etiology is similar to oral SCC

May occur in conjunction with leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Risk of malignant transformation in

erythroleukoplakia about 4x greater than

homogenous leukoplakia

Predominately disease of older men with peak

prevalence of 65 to 74 years

Floor of mouth tongue and soft palate are

most common sites of involvement

Erythroplakia

The Management of Head and

Neck Cancer

Major advances

Conservative or partial resections

Micro vascular free-tissue transfer in

reconstruction

Better definition of the roles of chemotherapy

and radiotherapy

Despite these advances the treatment of loco

regional recurrence remains a major challenge

success rates for salvage therapy are poor

Treatment

Surgery

Radiotherapy

Chemotherapy

Immunotherapy

at present the role of immunotherapy remains investigational

Chemotherapy

Several randomized and non-randomized trial have evaluated chemotherapy for the treatment of head and neck cancer

Various agents have been shown to produce a response

No agents either alone or in combination have demonstrated an improvement in survival

cisplatin and 5 - FU

Uses

Inoperable tumors

Salvage therapy for recurrent tumors

Treatment

The main treatment modalities for head and neck

cancer remain surgery and radiotherapy

Patient factors that merit consideration

Impact on the quality of life

Medical condition ndash ldquoco - morbiditiesrdquo

Patient preference

Treatment cost and convenience

Compliance

Treatment

Early stage disease (stage I and II) can be treated with either surgery or radiotherapy with equivalent control rates

Small lesions of the oral cavity wide local excision is preferred over radiotherapy

Radiotherapy can be delivered to a site generally only once

Reserve this modality for less operable lesions

Treatment Combined Modality

Surgery and RadiotherapyIndications for post operative radiotherapy

Primary Tumor

Advance T stage

High histologic grade

Positive surgical resection margins

Lymphatic permeation

Vascular invasion

Perineural spread

Radiotherapy

Daily dose of 180 cGy to 200 cGy

5000 cGy over a five week period

T1 ndash 6000 to 6600 cGy

T2 - 6600 to 7000 cGy

T3T4 - gt 7000 cGy

ldquoshrinking field techniquerdquo

hyperfractionation technique 200 cGy per day for 25 days followed by 400 cGy per day for 5 days

D

Desquamative gingivitis is a clinical term to describe red painful glazed and friable gingivae which may be a manifestation of some mucocutaneous conditions such as lichen planus or the vesiculobullous disorders

Clinical features of desquamative

gingivitis

Fiery red friable gingiva

Painful desquamates easily

Buccal aspect of anterior attached gingiva

affected

Marginal gingiva spared

Not significantly improved by oral hygiene

measures alone

Differential Diagnosis Erosive Lichen Planus

Immune-mediated blistering diseases

Intra-epithelial

Pemphigus

Subepithelial

Pemphigoid

Linear IgA disease

Dermatitis herpetiformis

Epidermolysis bullosa

Erythema multiforme

Treatment Topical Corticosteroids Recurrent aphthous ulcers

bull Oral manifestations of Behccedilets disease Reiters syndrome acute

vulvar ulcer MAGIC syndrome PFAPA syndrome ulcerative colitis

Crohns disease Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome Sweets

syndrome among others

bull Drug-induced ulcerations mediated by an immune mechanism

bull Lichen planus

bull Cicatricial pemphigoid

bull Mucous membrane pemphigoid

bull Bullous pemphigoid

bull Erythema multiforme

bull Linear IgA dermatosis

bull Pemphigus vulgaris

Topicals Temovate cream 005 Clobetasol propionate

Halog cream 01 Halcinonide

Lidex cream 005 Fluocinonide

Topicort cream 025 Desoximethasone

Lidex gel 005 Fluocinonide

Aristocort cream H-P 05 Triamcinolone acetinode

Diprosone cream 005 Betamethasone dipropionate

Florone cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Maxiflor cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Synalar cream H-P 02 Fluocinolone acetonide

Topicals Tropicort-LP cream 005 Desoxymethasone

Benisone cream 0025 Betamethasone benzoate

Cordran cream 0025 Flurandenolide

Kenalog cream 01 Triamcinolone acetonide

Locoid cream 01 Hydrocortisone butyrate

Synalar cream 0025 Fluocinolone acetonide

Valisone cream 01 Betamethasone valerate

Tridesilon cream 005 Desonide

Locorten cream 003 Flumetasone pivalate

1 Hydrocortisone

Topical Corticosteroids

Used to treat oral lesions

Clobetasol (Temovate) -- Suppresses mitosis and increases synthesis of proteins that decrease inflammation and cause vasoconstriction Class I superpotent topical steroid useful in treating oral lesions Topical corticosteroids commonly are used intraorally for oral manifestations of autoimmune blistering skin diseases Since these diseases are chronic inflammatory in nature topical corticosteroids are very useful as an adjunct treatment Patients with disease confined to the gingiva should see a dentist to have a custom-made soft tray to carry the medication

H

How does herpes simplex develop

overexposure to sunlight

overexposure to wind

colds influenza and similar infections

heavy alcohol use

fever from any cause

the menstrual period

physical stress

emotional stress

Symptoms

Primary (Initial) HSV I Fever

Adenopathy

Ulcers deep in mouth

Secondary (Later) HSV I (Recurrent labial lesions) Fever Blisters form on outer vermillion border

Cold Sores form on inner lip Initial Vesicle

Next Crust

Last Healing in 10-14 days

Differential Diagnosis

Differs from Aphthous Ulcers in that

Found on keratinized (bound-down) intraoral

mucosa

Vesicles rupture into coalescing ulcers

HSV lesions are anterior compared with

Herpangina

Hand Foot and Mouth Disease

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Oral acyclovir (Zovirax) or the recently

developed drugs valacyclovir (Valtrex) or

famciclovir (Famvir) lessen the symptoms

and frequency of fever blister recurrences for

some patients These drugs prevent HSV from

multiplying and are effective when taken in

pill form prior to an outbreak of the virus

Systemic Antivirals

Acyclovir

Dose 15 mgkg (max 200 mg) PO 5xday for 7 days

Shortens first HSV infection by 6 days in children

Famciclovir

Shortens healing time by 2 days in UV-induced cases

Spruance (1999) J Infect Dis 179303-10

Valacyclovir (FDA approved for age 12 and older)

Adult dose 2 g PO bid for one day

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Topical antiviral creams containing acyclovir

(Zovirax) or penciclovir (Denavir) may also

help in limiting the extent or duration of

lesions if applied promptly to affected areas

Topical Treatments

Penciclovir (Denavir) heals HSV-1 sores on average about half a day faster than without treatment stops viral shedding and reduces the duration of the pain Ideally the patient should apply the cream within the first hour of symptoms although benefits have also been noted with later application It is continued for four consecutive days and should be reapplied every two hours while awake

Docosanol cream (Abreva) is an over-the-counter agent for oral-facial herpes It helps resist infection by inhibiting the ability of the virus to become fully active after it has attached itself to the host cell It is applied five times a day beginning at the first sign of tingling or pain Studies have been mixed on it benefits

Topical Treatments

Acyclovir cream (Zovirax) has been approved It may speed healing of oral herpes lesions and lessen the duration of pain particularly if it is applied early on (at the first sign of pain or tingling)

Lidex is a gel that contains a fluocinonide as corticosteroid Corticosteroids commonly called steroids are anti-inflammatory agents and not ordinarily used for herpes Some evidence suggests it may be effective in combination with oral famciclovir

Topical Treatments

Over-the-counter topical anesthetics may provide

modest relief They include Anbesol gel Blistex lip

ointment Campho-phenique Herpecin-L

Viractin and Zilactin In one study Viractin

reduced the duration of the attack compared to

placebo by two days It also relieved itching but had

little effect on other symptoms In general however

few studies have been conducted on any of these

products

X

Xerostomia

Xerostomia is not a disease but can be a symptom

of certain diseases It can produce serious

negative effects on the patients quality of life

affecting dietary habits nutritional status

speech taste tolerance to dental prosthesis and

increases susceptibility to dental caries The

increase in dental caries can be devastating in

many patients and therefore special care must be

made to control this condition

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Medications - Several hundred current medications

can cause xerostomia antihypertensives

antidepressants analgesics tranquilizers diuretics

and antihistamines c

-Cancer Therapy - Chemotherapeutic drugs can

change the flow and composition of the saliva

Radiation treatment that is focused on or near the

salivary gland can temporarily or permanently

damage the salivary glands

-Sjogrens syndrome - An autoimmune disease causes

xerostomia and dry eyes

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Other conditions -such as bone marrow transplants endocrine disorders stress anxiety depression and nutritional deficiencies may cause xerostomia

-Nerve Damage - Trauma to the head and neck area from surgery or wounds can damage the nerves that supply sensation to the mouth While the salivary glands may be left intact they cannot function normally without the nerves that signal them to produce saliva

Treatment

Identify the xerostomic condition and the

cause Some of the causes may be

ameliorated and this will aid therapy But

in many situations it will be difficult to

eliminate the causes Thus it will be

necessary for the Dentist to control the

results of xerostomia This is especially

true about the increase in dental caries

Treatment -pilocarpine (Salagen) 5mg qid prescription required

-special food preparation - blended and moist foods are easier to swallow

artificial saliva (available over-the-counter)

-sipping plain water is usually preferred over artificial saliva by most patients

-Biotene brand over-the-counter dry mouth products (toothpaste alcohol- free mouth rinse and Oralbalance lubricating gel)

-avoidance of alcohol-based mouth rinses

-use of water and glycerin mixed in a small aerosol spray bottle

RX

Contains sorbitol sodium

carboxymethlcellulose and

methylparaben in a

pleasantly flavored

solution

120 mL (406 fl oz)

Z

Treatment

Acyclovir (Zovirax)dagger800 mg orally five times

daily for 7 to 10 days

10 mg per kg IV every 8 hours for 7 to 10

daysDagger

$174 to 248 (129 to 200)

Famciclovir (Famvir)dagger500 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$140

Treatment

Valacyclovir (Valtrex)dagger1000 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$84

Prednisone (Deltasone)30 mg orally twice

daily on days 1 through 7 then 15 mg twice

daily on days 8 through 14 then 75 mg twice

daily on days 15 through 21

Treatment

Lotions containing calamine (eg Caladryl)

may be used on open lesions to reduce pain

and pruritus

Once the lesions have crusted over capsaicin

cream (Zostrix) may be applied

Topically administered lidocaine (Xylocaine)

and nerve blocks have also been reported to

be effective in reducing pain

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Amitriptyline (Elavil) -- By inhibiting reuptake of serotonin andor norepinephrine by presynaptic neuronal membrane may increase synaptic concentration in CNS Useful as analgesic for certain types of chronic and neuropathic pain

Adult DoseEarly in course of HZ 25 mgd PO hs to prevent PHNAfter PHN develops 30-100 mg PO qhs

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Capsaicin cream (Dolorac Capsin Zostrix) --Natural chemical derived from plants of Solanaceae family By depleting and preventing reaccumulation of substance P in peripheral sensory neurons may render skin and joints insensitive to pain Substance P thought to be chemomediator of pain transmission from periphery to CNS

Adult DoseCream Apply to skin tidqid for 3-4 consecutive wk and evaluate efficacy not to exceed 4 applicationsd

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Lidocaine (DermaFlex gel Lidoderm 5 patch) --Several recent studies have advocated topical administration of lidocaine as treatment of PHN Lidocaine gel (5) in placebo-controlled study showed significant relief in 23 patients studied Lidocaine tape also decreases severity of pain

Adult DoseGel (5) Apply to affected area prnPatch (5) Apply to most painful area up to 3 patches per application patch may remain in place for up to 12 h in any 24 h period

Postherpetic Neuralgia Gabapentin (Neurontin) -- This medication has been

approved by the FDA for the treatment of PHN Has properties common to other anticonvulsants and antineuralgic effects Exact mechanism of action is not known Structurally gabapentin is related to GABA but it does not interact with GABA receptors Believed to have a binding site at the alpha 2-delta protein an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gaited calcium channels In the rat brain binding is localized on neuronal dendritic areas Relevance of these observations to treatment of PHN is not known

Adult Dose100 mg PO tid titrate dose prn recommended dose is 900-1800 mg PO qd not to exceed 900 mg PO qid

Dz

RISK FACTORS (RF)

1 RF

2 RF

3 RF

4 RF

The concept of

TUMOR

local

regional

systemic

local T

N

M

INFECTION PAIN

INFECTION NEOPLASM

CERVICAL LYMPH NODE ENLARGEMENT

bullbacterial

bullviral (local systemic)

bullfungal

bullpostinfect fibrosed node

bulllt 40 yrs lymphoma

bullgt 40 yrs metastatic SCC

OTHERS

bullleukemia

bullconnective tissue diseases (eg lupus)

bullsarcoidosis

Importance of early diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma

60

stage III amp IV

23 recurrence lt 2 yrs

lt 13 survive 3 yrs

40

stage I amp II

80-90 cure

Second primary tumor in successfully treated patients within 5-7

years up to 40 Follow-up important

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Mortality (8000) deaths per year

Mortality by Site

Tongue 432

Salivary 130

Floor of mouth 950

Lip 24

Other 319

Premalignant Lesions

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Erythroplasia

Carcinoma in situ

Verrucous Leukoplakia

Tobacco patch keratosis

Actinic cheilosis

Mouth wash (Viadent) dysplasia

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Defined as a red patch that can not be

clinically or pathologically diagnosed as any

other condition

Almost all erythroleukoplakia demonstrate

dysplasia or CIS

Etiology is similar to oral SCC

May occur in conjunction with leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Risk of malignant transformation in

erythroleukoplakia about 4x greater than

homogenous leukoplakia

Predominately disease of older men with peak

prevalence of 65 to 74 years

Floor of mouth tongue and soft palate are

most common sites of involvement

Erythroplakia

The Management of Head and

Neck Cancer

Major advances

Conservative or partial resections

Micro vascular free-tissue transfer in

reconstruction

Better definition of the roles of chemotherapy

and radiotherapy

Despite these advances the treatment of loco

regional recurrence remains a major challenge

success rates for salvage therapy are poor

Treatment

Surgery

Radiotherapy

Chemotherapy

Immunotherapy

at present the role of immunotherapy remains investigational

Chemotherapy

Several randomized and non-randomized trial have evaluated chemotherapy for the treatment of head and neck cancer

Various agents have been shown to produce a response

No agents either alone or in combination have demonstrated an improvement in survival

cisplatin and 5 - FU

Uses

Inoperable tumors

Salvage therapy for recurrent tumors

Treatment

The main treatment modalities for head and neck

cancer remain surgery and radiotherapy

Patient factors that merit consideration

Impact on the quality of life

Medical condition ndash ldquoco - morbiditiesrdquo

Patient preference

Treatment cost and convenience

Compliance

Treatment

Early stage disease (stage I and II) can be treated with either surgery or radiotherapy with equivalent control rates

Small lesions of the oral cavity wide local excision is preferred over radiotherapy

Radiotherapy can be delivered to a site generally only once

Reserve this modality for less operable lesions

Treatment Combined Modality

Surgery and RadiotherapyIndications for post operative radiotherapy

Primary Tumor

Advance T stage

High histologic grade

Positive surgical resection margins

Lymphatic permeation

Vascular invasion

Perineural spread

Radiotherapy

Daily dose of 180 cGy to 200 cGy

5000 cGy over a five week period

T1 ndash 6000 to 6600 cGy

T2 - 6600 to 7000 cGy

T3T4 - gt 7000 cGy

ldquoshrinking field techniquerdquo

hyperfractionation technique 200 cGy per day for 25 days followed by 400 cGy per day for 5 days

D

Desquamative gingivitis is a clinical term to describe red painful glazed and friable gingivae which may be a manifestation of some mucocutaneous conditions such as lichen planus or the vesiculobullous disorders

Clinical features of desquamative

gingivitis

Fiery red friable gingiva

Painful desquamates easily

Buccal aspect of anterior attached gingiva

affected

Marginal gingiva spared

Not significantly improved by oral hygiene

measures alone

Differential Diagnosis Erosive Lichen Planus

Immune-mediated blistering diseases

Intra-epithelial

Pemphigus

Subepithelial

Pemphigoid

Linear IgA disease

Dermatitis herpetiformis

Epidermolysis bullosa

Erythema multiforme

Treatment Topical Corticosteroids Recurrent aphthous ulcers

bull Oral manifestations of Behccedilets disease Reiters syndrome acute

vulvar ulcer MAGIC syndrome PFAPA syndrome ulcerative colitis

Crohns disease Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome Sweets

syndrome among others

bull Drug-induced ulcerations mediated by an immune mechanism

bull Lichen planus

bull Cicatricial pemphigoid

bull Mucous membrane pemphigoid

bull Bullous pemphigoid

bull Erythema multiforme

bull Linear IgA dermatosis

bull Pemphigus vulgaris

Topicals Temovate cream 005 Clobetasol propionate

Halog cream 01 Halcinonide

Lidex cream 005 Fluocinonide

Topicort cream 025 Desoximethasone

Lidex gel 005 Fluocinonide

Aristocort cream H-P 05 Triamcinolone acetinode

Diprosone cream 005 Betamethasone dipropionate

Florone cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Maxiflor cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Synalar cream H-P 02 Fluocinolone acetonide

Topicals Tropicort-LP cream 005 Desoxymethasone

Benisone cream 0025 Betamethasone benzoate

Cordran cream 0025 Flurandenolide

Kenalog cream 01 Triamcinolone acetonide

Locoid cream 01 Hydrocortisone butyrate

Synalar cream 0025 Fluocinolone acetonide

Valisone cream 01 Betamethasone valerate

Tridesilon cream 005 Desonide

Locorten cream 003 Flumetasone pivalate

1 Hydrocortisone

Topical Corticosteroids

Used to treat oral lesions

Clobetasol (Temovate) -- Suppresses mitosis and increases synthesis of proteins that decrease inflammation and cause vasoconstriction Class I superpotent topical steroid useful in treating oral lesions Topical corticosteroids commonly are used intraorally for oral manifestations of autoimmune blistering skin diseases Since these diseases are chronic inflammatory in nature topical corticosteroids are very useful as an adjunct treatment Patients with disease confined to the gingiva should see a dentist to have a custom-made soft tray to carry the medication

H

How does herpes simplex develop

overexposure to sunlight

overexposure to wind

colds influenza and similar infections

heavy alcohol use

fever from any cause

the menstrual period

physical stress

emotional stress

Symptoms

Primary (Initial) HSV I Fever

Adenopathy

Ulcers deep in mouth

Secondary (Later) HSV I (Recurrent labial lesions) Fever Blisters form on outer vermillion border

Cold Sores form on inner lip Initial Vesicle

Next Crust

Last Healing in 10-14 days

Differential Diagnosis

Differs from Aphthous Ulcers in that

Found on keratinized (bound-down) intraoral

mucosa

Vesicles rupture into coalescing ulcers

HSV lesions are anterior compared with

Herpangina

Hand Foot and Mouth Disease

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Oral acyclovir (Zovirax) or the recently

developed drugs valacyclovir (Valtrex) or

famciclovir (Famvir) lessen the symptoms

and frequency of fever blister recurrences for

some patients These drugs prevent HSV from

multiplying and are effective when taken in

pill form prior to an outbreak of the virus

Systemic Antivirals

Acyclovir

Dose 15 mgkg (max 200 mg) PO 5xday for 7 days

Shortens first HSV infection by 6 days in children

Famciclovir

Shortens healing time by 2 days in UV-induced cases

Spruance (1999) J Infect Dis 179303-10

Valacyclovir (FDA approved for age 12 and older)

Adult dose 2 g PO bid for one day

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Topical antiviral creams containing acyclovir

(Zovirax) or penciclovir (Denavir) may also

help in limiting the extent or duration of

lesions if applied promptly to affected areas

Topical Treatments

Penciclovir (Denavir) heals HSV-1 sores on average about half a day faster than without treatment stops viral shedding and reduces the duration of the pain Ideally the patient should apply the cream within the first hour of symptoms although benefits have also been noted with later application It is continued for four consecutive days and should be reapplied every two hours while awake

Docosanol cream (Abreva) is an over-the-counter agent for oral-facial herpes It helps resist infection by inhibiting the ability of the virus to become fully active after it has attached itself to the host cell It is applied five times a day beginning at the first sign of tingling or pain Studies have been mixed on it benefits

Topical Treatments

Acyclovir cream (Zovirax) has been approved It may speed healing of oral herpes lesions and lessen the duration of pain particularly if it is applied early on (at the first sign of pain or tingling)

Lidex is a gel that contains a fluocinonide as corticosteroid Corticosteroids commonly called steroids are anti-inflammatory agents and not ordinarily used for herpes Some evidence suggests it may be effective in combination with oral famciclovir

Topical Treatments

Over-the-counter topical anesthetics may provide

modest relief They include Anbesol gel Blistex lip

ointment Campho-phenique Herpecin-L

Viractin and Zilactin In one study Viractin

reduced the duration of the attack compared to

placebo by two days It also relieved itching but had

little effect on other symptoms In general however

few studies have been conducted on any of these

products

X

Xerostomia

Xerostomia is not a disease but can be a symptom

of certain diseases It can produce serious

negative effects on the patients quality of life

affecting dietary habits nutritional status

speech taste tolerance to dental prosthesis and

increases susceptibility to dental caries The

increase in dental caries can be devastating in

many patients and therefore special care must be

made to control this condition

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Medications - Several hundred current medications

can cause xerostomia antihypertensives

antidepressants analgesics tranquilizers diuretics

and antihistamines c

-Cancer Therapy - Chemotherapeutic drugs can

change the flow and composition of the saliva

Radiation treatment that is focused on or near the

salivary gland can temporarily or permanently

damage the salivary glands

-Sjogrens syndrome - An autoimmune disease causes

xerostomia and dry eyes

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Other conditions -such as bone marrow transplants endocrine disorders stress anxiety depression and nutritional deficiencies may cause xerostomia

-Nerve Damage - Trauma to the head and neck area from surgery or wounds can damage the nerves that supply sensation to the mouth While the salivary glands may be left intact they cannot function normally without the nerves that signal them to produce saliva

Treatment

Identify the xerostomic condition and the

cause Some of the causes may be

ameliorated and this will aid therapy But

in many situations it will be difficult to

eliminate the causes Thus it will be

necessary for the Dentist to control the

results of xerostomia This is especially

true about the increase in dental caries

Treatment -pilocarpine (Salagen) 5mg qid prescription required

-special food preparation - blended and moist foods are easier to swallow

artificial saliva (available over-the-counter)

-sipping plain water is usually preferred over artificial saliva by most patients

-Biotene brand over-the-counter dry mouth products (toothpaste alcohol- free mouth rinse and Oralbalance lubricating gel)

-avoidance of alcohol-based mouth rinses

-use of water and glycerin mixed in a small aerosol spray bottle

RX

Contains sorbitol sodium

carboxymethlcellulose and

methylparaben in a

pleasantly flavored

solution

120 mL (406 fl oz)

Z

Treatment

Acyclovir (Zovirax)dagger800 mg orally five times

daily for 7 to 10 days

10 mg per kg IV every 8 hours for 7 to 10

daysDagger

$174 to 248 (129 to 200)

Famciclovir (Famvir)dagger500 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$140

Treatment

Valacyclovir (Valtrex)dagger1000 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$84

Prednisone (Deltasone)30 mg orally twice

daily on days 1 through 7 then 15 mg twice

daily on days 8 through 14 then 75 mg twice

daily on days 15 through 21

Treatment

Lotions containing calamine (eg Caladryl)

may be used on open lesions to reduce pain

and pruritus

Once the lesions have crusted over capsaicin

cream (Zostrix) may be applied

Topically administered lidocaine (Xylocaine)

and nerve blocks have also been reported to

be effective in reducing pain

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Amitriptyline (Elavil) -- By inhibiting reuptake of serotonin andor norepinephrine by presynaptic neuronal membrane may increase synaptic concentration in CNS Useful as analgesic for certain types of chronic and neuropathic pain

Adult DoseEarly in course of HZ 25 mgd PO hs to prevent PHNAfter PHN develops 30-100 mg PO qhs

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Capsaicin cream (Dolorac Capsin Zostrix) --Natural chemical derived from plants of Solanaceae family By depleting and preventing reaccumulation of substance P in peripheral sensory neurons may render skin and joints insensitive to pain Substance P thought to be chemomediator of pain transmission from periphery to CNS

Adult DoseCream Apply to skin tidqid for 3-4 consecutive wk and evaluate efficacy not to exceed 4 applicationsd

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Lidocaine (DermaFlex gel Lidoderm 5 patch) --Several recent studies have advocated topical administration of lidocaine as treatment of PHN Lidocaine gel (5) in placebo-controlled study showed significant relief in 23 patients studied Lidocaine tape also decreases severity of pain

Adult DoseGel (5) Apply to affected area prnPatch (5) Apply to most painful area up to 3 patches per application patch may remain in place for up to 12 h in any 24 h period

Postherpetic Neuralgia Gabapentin (Neurontin) -- This medication has been

approved by the FDA for the treatment of PHN Has properties common to other anticonvulsants and antineuralgic effects Exact mechanism of action is not known Structurally gabapentin is related to GABA but it does not interact with GABA receptors Believed to have a binding site at the alpha 2-delta protein an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gaited calcium channels In the rat brain binding is localized on neuronal dendritic areas Relevance of these observations to treatment of PHN is not known

Adult Dose100 mg PO tid titrate dose prn recommended dose is 900-1800 mg PO qd not to exceed 900 mg PO qid

The concept of

TUMOR

local

regional

systemic

local T

N

M

INFECTION PAIN

INFECTION NEOPLASM

CERVICAL LYMPH NODE ENLARGEMENT

bullbacterial

bullviral (local systemic)

bullfungal

bullpostinfect fibrosed node

bulllt 40 yrs lymphoma

bullgt 40 yrs metastatic SCC

OTHERS

bullleukemia

bullconnective tissue diseases (eg lupus)

bullsarcoidosis

Importance of early diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma

60

stage III amp IV

23 recurrence lt 2 yrs

lt 13 survive 3 yrs

40

stage I amp II

80-90 cure

Second primary tumor in successfully treated patients within 5-7

years up to 40 Follow-up important

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Mortality (8000) deaths per year

Mortality by Site

Tongue 432

Salivary 130

Floor of mouth 950

Lip 24

Other 319

Premalignant Lesions

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Erythroplasia

Carcinoma in situ

Verrucous Leukoplakia

Tobacco patch keratosis

Actinic cheilosis

Mouth wash (Viadent) dysplasia

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Defined as a red patch that can not be

clinically or pathologically diagnosed as any

other condition

Almost all erythroleukoplakia demonstrate

dysplasia or CIS

Etiology is similar to oral SCC

May occur in conjunction with leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Risk of malignant transformation in

erythroleukoplakia about 4x greater than

homogenous leukoplakia

Predominately disease of older men with peak

prevalence of 65 to 74 years

Floor of mouth tongue and soft palate are

most common sites of involvement

Erythroplakia

The Management of Head and

Neck Cancer

Major advances

Conservative or partial resections

Micro vascular free-tissue transfer in

reconstruction

Better definition of the roles of chemotherapy

and radiotherapy

Despite these advances the treatment of loco

regional recurrence remains a major challenge

success rates for salvage therapy are poor

Treatment

Surgery

Radiotherapy

Chemotherapy

Immunotherapy

at present the role of immunotherapy remains investigational

Chemotherapy

Several randomized and non-randomized trial have evaluated chemotherapy for the treatment of head and neck cancer

Various agents have been shown to produce a response

No agents either alone or in combination have demonstrated an improvement in survival

cisplatin and 5 - FU

Uses

Inoperable tumors

Salvage therapy for recurrent tumors

Treatment

The main treatment modalities for head and neck

cancer remain surgery and radiotherapy

Patient factors that merit consideration

Impact on the quality of life

Medical condition ndash ldquoco - morbiditiesrdquo

Patient preference

Treatment cost and convenience

Compliance

Treatment

Early stage disease (stage I and II) can be treated with either surgery or radiotherapy with equivalent control rates

Small lesions of the oral cavity wide local excision is preferred over radiotherapy

Radiotherapy can be delivered to a site generally only once

Reserve this modality for less operable lesions

Treatment Combined Modality

Surgery and RadiotherapyIndications for post operative radiotherapy

Primary Tumor

Advance T stage

High histologic grade

Positive surgical resection margins

Lymphatic permeation

Vascular invasion

Perineural spread

Radiotherapy

Daily dose of 180 cGy to 200 cGy

5000 cGy over a five week period

T1 ndash 6000 to 6600 cGy

T2 - 6600 to 7000 cGy

T3T4 - gt 7000 cGy

ldquoshrinking field techniquerdquo

hyperfractionation technique 200 cGy per day for 25 days followed by 400 cGy per day for 5 days

D

Desquamative gingivitis is a clinical term to describe red painful glazed and friable gingivae which may be a manifestation of some mucocutaneous conditions such as lichen planus or the vesiculobullous disorders

Clinical features of desquamative

gingivitis

Fiery red friable gingiva

Painful desquamates easily

Buccal aspect of anterior attached gingiva

affected

Marginal gingiva spared

Not significantly improved by oral hygiene

measures alone

Differential Diagnosis Erosive Lichen Planus

Immune-mediated blistering diseases

Intra-epithelial

Pemphigus

Subepithelial

Pemphigoid

Linear IgA disease

Dermatitis herpetiformis

Epidermolysis bullosa

Erythema multiforme

Treatment Topical Corticosteroids Recurrent aphthous ulcers

bull Oral manifestations of Behccedilets disease Reiters syndrome acute

vulvar ulcer MAGIC syndrome PFAPA syndrome ulcerative colitis

Crohns disease Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome Sweets

syndrome among others

bull Drug-induced ulcerations mediated by an immune mechanism

bull Lichen planus

bull Cicatricial pemphigoid

bull Mucous membrane pemphigoid

bull Bullous pemphigoid

bull Erythema multiforme

bull Linear IgA dermatosis

bull Pemphigus vulgaris

Topicals Temovate cream 005 Clobetasol propionate

Halog cream 01 Halcinonide

Lidex cream 005 Fluocinonide

Topicort cream 025 Desoximethasone

Lidex gel 005 Fluocinonide

Aristocort cream H-P 05 Triamcinolone acetinode

Diprosone cream 005 Betamethasone dipropionate

Florone cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Maxiflor cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Synalar cream H-P 02 Fluocinolone acetonide

Topicals Tropicort-LP cream 005 Desoxymethasone

Benisone cream 0025 Betamethasone benzoate

Cordran cream 0025 Flurandenolide

Kenalog cream 01 Triamcinolone acetonide

Locoid cream 01 Hydrocortisone butyrate

Synalar cream 0025 Fluocinolone acetonide

Valisone cream 01 Betamethasone valerate

Tridesilon cream 005 Desonide

Locorten cream 003 Flumetasone pivalate

1 Hydrocortisone

Topical Corticosteroids

Used to treat oral lesions

Clobetasol (Temovate) -- Suppresses mitosis and increases synthesis of proteins that decrease inflammation and cause vasoconstriction Class I superpotent topical steroid useful in treating oral lesions Topical corticosteroids commonly are used intraorally for oral manifestations of autoimmune blistering skin diseases Since these diseases are chronic inflammatory in nature topical corticosteroids are very useful as an adjunct treatment Patients with disease confined to the gingiva should see a dentist to have a custom-made soft tray to carry the medication

H

How does herpes simplex develop

overexposure to sunlight

overexposure to wind

colds influenza and similar infections

heavy alcohol use

fever from any cause

the menstrual period

physical stress

emotional stress

Symptoms

Primary (Initial) HSV I Fever

Adenopathy

Ulcers deep in mouth

Secondary (Later) HSV I (Recurrent labial lesions) Fever Blisters form on outer vermillion border

Cold Sores form on inner lip Initial Vesicle

Next Crust

Last Healing in 10-14 days

Differential Diagnosis

Differs from Aphthous Ulcers in that

Found on keratinized (bound-down) intraoral

mucosa

Vesicles rupture into coalescing ulcers

HSV lesions are anterior compared with

Herpangina

Hand Foot and Mouth Disease

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Oral acyclovir (Zovirax) or the recently

developed drugs valacyclovir (Valtrex) or

famciclovir (Famvir) lessen the symptoms

and frequency of fever blister recurrences for

some patients These drugs prevent HSV from

multiplying and are effective when taken in

pill form prior to an outbreak of the virus

Systemic Antivirals

Acyclovir

Dose 15 mgkg (max 200 mg) PO 5xday for 7 days

Shortens first HSV infection by 6 days in children

Famciclovir

Shortens healing time by 2 days in UV-induced cases

Spruance (1999) J Infect Dis 179303-10

Valacyclovir (FDA approved for age 12 and older)

Adult dose 2 g PO bid for one day

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Topical antiviral creams containing acyclovir

(Zovirax) or penciclovir (Denavir) may also

help in limiting the extent or duration of

lesions if applied promptly to affected areas

Topical Treatments

Penciclovir (Denavir) heals HSV-1 sores on average about half a day faster than without treatment stops viral shedding and reduces the duration of the pain Ideally the patient should apply the cream within the first hour of symptoms although benefits have also been noted with later application It is continued for four consecutive days and should be reapplied every two hours while awake

Docosanol cream (Abreva) is an over-the-counter agent for oral-facial herpes It helps resist infection by inhibiting the ability of the virus to become fully active after it has attached itself to the host cell It is applied five times a day beginning at the first sign of tingling or pain Studies have been mixed on it benefits

Topical Treatments

Acyclovir cream (Zovirax) has been approved It may speed healing of oral herpes lesions and lessen the duration of pain particularly if it is applied early on (at the first sign of pain or tingling)

Lidex is a gel that contains a fluocinonide as corticosteroid Corticosteroids commonly called steroids are anti-inflammatory agents and not ordinarily used for herpes Some evidence suggests it may be effective in combination with oral famciclovir

Topical Treatments

Over-the-counter topical anesthetics may provide

modest relief They include Anbesol gel Blistex lip

ointment Campho-phenique Herpecin-L

Viractin and Zilactin In one study Viractin

reduced the duration of the attack compared to

placebo by two days It also relieved itching but had

little effect on other symptoms In general however

few studies have been conducted on any of these

products

X

Xerostomia

Xerostomia is not a disease but can be a symptom

of certain diseases It can produce serious

negative effects on the patients quality of life

affecting dietary habits nutritional status

speech taste tolerance to dental prosthesis and

increases susceptibility to dental caries The

increase in dental caries can be devastating in

many patients and therefore special care must be

made to control this condition

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Medications - Several hundred current medications

can cause xerostomia antihypertensives

antidepressants analgesics tranquilizers diuretics

and antihistamines c

-Cancer Therapy - Chemotherapeutic drugs can

change the flow and composition of the saliva

Radiation treatment that is focused on or near the

salivary gland can temporarily or permanently

damage the salivary glands

-Sjogrens syndrome - An autoimmune disease causes

xerostomia and dry eyes

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Other conditions -such as bone marrow transplants endocrine disorders stress anxiety depression and nutritional deficiencies may cause xerostomia

-Nerve Damage - Trauma to the head and neck area from surgery or wounds can damage the nerves that supply sensation to the mouth While the salivary glands may be left intact they cannot function normally without the nerves that signal them to produce saliva

Treatment

Identify the xerostomic condition and the

cause Some of the causes may be

ameliorated and this will aid therapy But

in many situations it will be difficult to

eliminate the causes Thus it will be

necessary for the Dentist to control the

results of xerostomia This is especially

true about the increase in dental caries

Treatment -pilocarpine (Salagen) 5mg qid prescription required

-special food preparation - blended and moist foods are easier to swallow

artificial saliva (available over-the-counter)

-sipping plain water is usually preferred over artificial saliva by most patients

-Biotene brand over-the-counter dry mouth products (toothpaste alcohol- free mouth rinse and Oralbalance lubricating gel)

-avoidance of alcohol-based mouth rinses

-use of water and glycerin mixed in a small aerosol spray bottle

RX

Contains sorbitol sodium

carboxymethlcellulose and

methylparaben in a

pleasantly flavored

solution

120 mL (406 fl oz)

Z

Treatment

Acyclovir (Zovirax)dagger800 mg orally five times

daily for 7 to 10 days

10 mg per kg IV every 8 hours for 7 to 10

daysDagger

$174 to 248 (129 to 200)

Famciclovir (Famvir)dagger500 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$140

Treatment

Valacyclovir (Valtrex)dagger1000 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$84

Prednisone (Deltasone)30 mg orally twice

daily on days 1 through 7 then 15 mg twice

daily on days 8 through 14 then 75 mg twice

daily on days 15 through 21

Treatment

Lotions containing calamine (eg Caladryl)

may be used on open lesions to reduce pain

and pruritus

Once the lesions have crusted over capsaicin

cream (Zostrix) may be applied

Topically administered lidocaine (Xylocaine)

and nerve blocks have also been reported to

be effective in reducing pain

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Amitriptyline (Elavil) -- By inhibiting reuptake of serotonin andor norepinephrine by presynaptic neuronal membrane may increase synaptic concentration in CNS Useful as analgesic for certain types of chronic and neuropathic pain

Adult DoseEarly in course of HZ 25 mgd PO hs to prevent PHNAfter PHN develops 30-100 mg PO qhs

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Capsaicin cream (Dolorac Capsin Zostrix) --Natural chemical derived from plants of Solanaceae family By depleting and preventing reaccumulation of substance P in peripheral sensory neurons may render skin and joints insensitive to pain Substance P thought to be chemomediator of pain transmission from periphery to CNS

Adult DoseCream Apply to skin tidqid for 3-4 consecutive wk and evaluate efficacy not to exceed 4 applicationsd

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Lidocaine (DermaFlex gel Lidoderm 5 patch) --Several recent studies have advocated topical administration of lidocaine as treatment of PHN Lidocaine gel (5) in placebo-controlled study showed significant relief in 23 patients studied Lidocaine tape also decreases severity of pain

Adult DoseGel (5) Apply to affected area prnPatch (5) Apply to most painful area up to 3 patches per application patch may remain in place for up to 12 h in any 24 h period

Postherpetic Neuralgia Gabapentin (Neurontin) -- This medication has been

approved by the FDA for the treatment of PHN Has properties common to other anticonvulsants and antineuralgic effects Exact mechanism of action is not known Structurally gabapentin is related to GABA but it does not interact with GABA receptors Believed to have a binding site at the alpha 2-delta protein an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gaited calcium channels In the rat brain binding is localized on neuronal dendritic areas Relevance of these observations to treatment of PHN is not known

Adult Dose100 mg PO tid titrate dose prn recommended dose is 900-1800 mg PO qd not to exceed 900 mg PO qid

INFECTION NEOPLASM

CERVICAL LYMPH NODE ENLARGEMENT

bullbacterial

bullviral (local systemic)

bullfungal

bullpostinfect fibrosed node

bulllt 40 yrs lymphoma

bullgt 40 yrs metastatic SCC

OTHERS

bullleukemia

bullconnective tissue diseases (eg lupus)

bullsarcoidosis

Importance of early diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma

60

stage III amp IV

23 recurrence lt 2 yrs

lt 13 survive 3 yrs

40

stage I amp II

80-90 cure

Second primary tumor in successfully treated patients within 5-7

years up to 40 Follow-up important

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Mortality (8000) deaths per year

Mortality by Site

Tongue 432

Salivary 130

Floor of mouth 950

Lip 24

Other 319

Premalignant Lesions

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Erythroplasia

Carcinoma in situ

Verrucous Leukoplakia

Tobacco patch keratosis

Actinic cheilosis

Mouth wash (Viadent) dysplasia

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Defined as a red patch that can not be

clinically or pathologically diagnosed as any

other condition

Almost all erythroleukoplakia demonstrate

dysplasia or CIS

Etiology is similar to oral SCC

May occur in conjunction with leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Risk of malignant transformation in

erythroleukoplakia about 4x greater than

homogenous leukoplakia

Predominately disease of older men with peak

prevalence of 65 to 74 years

Floor of mouth tongue and soft palate are

most common sites of involvement

Erythroplakia

The Management of Head and

Neck Cancer

Major advances

Conservative or partial resections

Micro vascular free-tissue transfer in

reconstruction

Better definition of the roles of chemotherapy

and radiotherapy

Despite these advances the treatment of loco

regional recurrence remains a major challenge

success rates for salvage therapy are poor

Treatment

Surgery

Radiotherapy

Chemotherapy

Immunotherapy

at present the role of immunotherapy remains investigational

Chemotherapy

Several randomized and non-randomized trial have evaluated chemotherapy for the treatment of head and neck cancer

Various agents have been shown to produce a response

No agents either alone or in combination have demonstrated an improvement in survival

cisplatin and 5 - FU

Uses

Inoperable tumors

Salvage therapy for recurrent tumors

Treatment

The main treatment modalities for head and neck

cancer remain surgery and radiotherapy

Patient factors that merit consideration

Impact on the quality of life

Medical condition ndash ldquoco - morbiditiesrdquo

Patient preference

Treatment cost and convenience

Compliance

Treatment

Early stage disease (stage I and II) can be treated with either surgery or radiotherapy with equivalent control rates

Small lesions of the oral cavity wide local excision is preferred over radiotherapy

Radiotherapy can be delivered to a site generally only once

Reserve this modality for less operable lesions

Treatment Combined Modality

Surgery and RadiotherapyIndications for post operative radiotherapy

Primary Tumor

Advance T stage

High histologic grade

Positive surgical resection margins

Lymphatic permeation

Vascular invasion

Perineural spread

Radiotherapy

Daily dose of 180 cGy to 200 cGy

5000 cGy over a five week period

T1 ndash 6000 to 6600 cGy

T2 - 6600 to 7000 cGy

T3T4 - gt 7000 cGy

ldquoshrinking field techniquerdquo

hyperfractionation technique 200 cGy per day for 25 days followed by 400 cGy per day for 5 days

D

Desquamative gingivitis is a clinical term to describe red painful glazed and friable gingivae which may be a manifestation of some mucocutaneous conditions such as lichen planus or the vesiculobullous disorders

Clinical features of desquamative

gingivitis

Fiery red friable gingiva

Painful desquamates easily

Buccal aspect of anterior attached gingiva

affected

Marginal gingiva spared

Not significantly improved by oral hygiene

measures alone

Differential Diagnosis Erosive Lichen Planus

Immune-mediated blistering diseases

Intra-epithelial

Pemphigus

Subepithelial

Pemphigoid

Linear IgA disease

Dermatitis herpetiformis

Epidermolysis bullosa

Erythema multiforme

Treatment Topical Corticosteroids Recurrent aphthous ulcers

bull Oral manifestations of Behccedilets disease Reiters syndrome acute

vulvar ulcer MAGIC syndrome PFAPA syndrome ulcerative colitis

Crohns disease Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome Sweets

syndrome among others

bull Drug-induced ulcerations mediated by an immune mechanism

bull Lichen planus

bull Cicatricial pemphigoid

bull Mucous membrane pemphigoid

bull Bullous pemphigoid

bull Erythema multiforme

bull Linear IgA dermatosis

bull Pemphigus vulgaris

Topicals Temovate cream 005 Clobetasol propionate

Halog cream 01 Halcinonide

Lidex cream 005 Fluocinonide

Topicort cream 025 Desoximethasone

Lidex gel 005 Fluocinonide

Aristocort cream H-P 05 Triamcinolone acetinode

Diprosone cream 005 Betamethasone dipropionate

Florone cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Maxiflor cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Synalar cream H-P 02 Fluocinolone acetonide

Topicals Tropicort-LP cream 005 Desoxymethasone

Benisone cream 0025 Betamethasone benzoate

Cordran cream 0025 Flurandenolide

Kenalog cream 01 Triamcinolone acetonide

Locoid cream 01 Hydrocortisone butyrate

Synalar cream 0025 Fluocinolone acetonide

Valisone cream 01 Betamethasone valerate

Tridesilon cream 005 Desonide

Locorten cream 003 Flumetasone pivalate

1 Hydrocortisone

Topical Corticosteroids

Used to treat oral lesions

Clobetasol (Temovate) -- Suppresses mitosis and increases synthesis of proteins that decrease inflammation and cause vasoconstriction Class I superpotent topical steroid useful in treating oral lesions Topical corticosteroids commonly are used intraorally for oral manifestations of autoimmune blistering skin diseases Since these diseases are chronic inflammatory in nature topical corticosteroids are very useful as an adjunct treatment Patients with disease confined to the gingiva should see a dentist to have a custom-made soft tray to carry the medication

H

How does herpes simplex develop

overexposure to sunlight

overexposure to wind

colds influenza and similar infections

heavy alcohol use

fever from any cause

the menstrual period

physical stress

emotional stress

Symptoms

Primary (Initial) HSV I Fever

Adenopathy

Ulcers deep in mouth

Secondary (Later) HSV I (Recurrent labial lesions) Fever Blisters form on outer vermillion border

Cold Sores form on inner lip Initial Vesicle

Next Crust

Last Healing in 10-14 days

Differential Diagnosis

Differs from Aphthous Ulcers in that

Found on keratinized (bound-down) intraoral

mucosa

Vesicles rupture into coalescing ulcers

HSV lesions are anterior compared with

Herpangina

Hand Foot and Mouth Disease

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Oral acyclovir (Zovirax) or the recently

developed drugs valacyclovir (Valtrex) or

famciclovir (Famvir) lessen the symptoms

and frequency of fever blister recurrences for

some patients These drugs prevent HSV from

multiplying and are effective when taken in

pill form prior to an outbreak of the virus

Systemic Antivirals

Acyclovir

Dose 15 mgkg (max 200 mg) PO 5xday for 7 days

Shortens first HSV infection by 6 days in children

Famciclovir

Shortens healing time by 2 days in UV-induced cases

Spruance (1999) J Infect Dis 179303-10

Valacyclovir (FDA approved for age 12 and older)

Adult dose 2 g PO bid for one day

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Topical antiviral creams containing acyclovir

(Zovirax) or penciclovir (Denavir) may also

help in limiting the extent or duration of

lesions if applied promptly to affected areas

Topical Treatments

Penciclovir (Denavir) heals HSV-1 sores on average about half a day faster than without treatment stops viral shedding and reduces the duration of the pain Ideally the patient should apply the cream within the first hour of symptoms although benefits have also been noted with later application It is continued for four consecutive days and should be reapplied every two hours while awake

Docosanol cream (Abreva) is an over-the-counter agent for oral-facial herpes It helps resist infection by inhibiting the ability of the virus to become fully active after it has attached itself to the host cell It is applied five times a day beginning at the first sign of tingling or pain Studies have been mixed on it benefits

Topical Treatments

Acyclovir cream (Zovirax) has been approved It may speed healing of oral herpes lesions and lessen the duration of pain particularly if it is applied early on (at the first sign of pain or tingling)

Lidex is a gel that contains a fluocinonide as corticosteroid Corticosteroids commonly called steroids are anti-inflammatory agents and not ordinarily used for herpes Some evidence suggests it may be effective in combination with oral famciclovir

Topical Treatments

Over-the-counter topical anesthetics may provide

modest relief They include Anbesol gel Blistex lip

ointment Campho-phenique Herpecin-L

Viractin and Zilactin In one study Viractin

reduced the duration of the attack compared to

placebo by two days It also relieved itching but had

little effect on other symptoms In general however

few studies have been conducted on any of these

products

X

Xerostomia

Xerostomia is not a disease but can be a symptom

of certain diseases It can produce serious

negative effects on the patients quality of life

affecting dietary habits nutritional status

speech taste tolerance to dental prosthesis and

increases susceptibility to dental caries The

increase in dental caries can be devastating in

many patients and therefore special care must be

made to control this condition

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Medications - Several hundred current medications

can cause xerostomia antihypertensives

antidepressants analgesics tranquilizers diuretics

and antihistamines c

-Cancer Therapy - Chemotherapeutic drugs can

change the flow and composition of the saliva

Radiation treatment that is focused on or near the

salivary gland can temporarily or permanently

damage the salivary glands

-Sjogrens syndrome - An autoimmune disease causes

xerostomia and dry eyes

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Other conditions -such as bone marrow transplants endocrine disorders stress anxiety depression and nutritional deficiencies may cause xerostomia

-Nerve Damage - Trauma to the head and neck area from surgery or wounds can damage the nerves that supply sensation to the mouth While the salivary glands may be left intact they cannot function normally without the nerves that signal them to produce saliva

Treatment

Identify the xerostomic condition and the

cause Some of the causes may be

ameliorated and this will aid therapy But

in many situations it will be difficult to

eliminate the causes Thus it will be

necessary for the Dentist to control the

results of xerostomia This is especially

true about the increase in dental caries

Treatment -pilocarpine (Salagen) 5mg qid prescription required

-special food preparation - blended and moist foods are easier to swallow

artificial saliva (available over-the-counter)

-sipping plain water is usually preferred over artificial saliva by most patients

-Biotene brand over-the-counter dry mouth products (toothpaste alcohol- free mouth rinse and Oralbalance lubricating gel)

-avoidance of alcohol-based mouth rinses

-use of water and glycerin mixed in a small aerosol spray bottle

RX

Contains sorbitol sodium

carboxymethlcellulose and

methylparaben in a

pleasantly flavored

solution

120 mL (406 fl oz)

Z

Treatment

Acyclovir (Zovirax)dagger800 mg orally five times

daily for 7 to 10 days

10 mg per kg IV every 8 hours for 7 to 10

daysDagger

$174 to 248 (129 to 200)

Famciclovir (Famvir)dagger500 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$140

Treatment

Valacyclovir (Valtrex)dagger1000 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$84

Prednisone (Deltasone)30 mg orally twice

daily on days 1 through 7 then 15 mg twice

daily on days 8 through 14 then 75 mg twice

daily on days 15 through 21

Treatment

Lotions containing calamine (eg Caladryl)

may be used on open lesions to reduce pain

and pruritus

Once the lesions have crusted over capsaicin

cream (Zostrix) may be applied

Topically administered lidocaine (Xylocaine)

and nerve blocks have also been reported to

be effective in reducing pain

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Amitriptyline (Elavil) -- By inhibiting reuptake of serotonin andor norepinephrine by presynaptic neuronal membrane may increase synaptic concentration in CNS Useful as analgesic for certain types of chronic and neuropathic pain

Adult DoseEarly in course of HZ 25 mgd PO hs to prevent PHNAfter PHN develops 30-100 mg PO qhs

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Capsaicin cream (Dolorac Capsin Zostrix) --Natural chemical derived from plants of Solanaceae family By depleting and preventing reaccumulation of substance P in peripheral sensory neurons may render skin and joints insensitive to pain Substance P thought to be chemomediator of pain transmission from periphery to CNS

Adult DoseCream Apply to skin tidqid for 3-4 consecutive wk and evaluate efficacy not to exceed 4 applicationsd

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Lidocaine (DermaFlex gel Lidoderm 5 patch) --Several recent studies have advocated topical administration of lidocaine as treatment of PHN Lidocaine gel (5) in placebo-controlled study showed significant relief in 23 patients studied Lidocaine tape also decreases severity of pain

Adult DoseGel (5) Apply to affected area prnPatch (5) Apply to most painful area up to 3 patches per application patch may remain in place for up to 12 h in any 24 h period

Postherpetic Neuralgia Gabapentin (Neurontin) -- This medication has been

approved by the FDA for the treatment of PHN Has properties common to other anticonvulsants and antineuralgic effects Exact mechanism of action is not known Structurally gabapentin is related to GABA but it does not interact with GABA receptors Believed to have a binding site at the alpha 2-delta protein an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gaited calcium channels In the rat brain binding is localized on neuronal dendritic areas Relevance of these observations to treatment of PHN is not known

Adult Dose100 mg PO tid titrate dose prn recommended dose is 900-1800 mg PO qd not to exceed 900 mg PO qid

Importance of early diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma

60

stage III amp IV

23 recurrence lt 2 yrs

lt 13 survive 3 yrs

40

stage I amp II

80-90 cure

Second primary tumor in successfully treated patients within 5-7

years up to 40 Follow-up important

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Mortality (8000) deaths per year

Mortality by Site

Tongue 432

Salivary 130

Floor of mouth 950

Lip 24

Other 319

Premalignant Lesions

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Erythroplasia

Carcinoma in situ

Verrucous Leukoplakia

Tobacco patch keratosis

Actinic cheilosis

Mouth wash (Viadent) dysplasia

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Defined as a red patch that can not be

clinically or pathologically diagnosed as any

other condition

Almost all erythroleukoplakia demonstrate

dysplasia or CIS

Etiology is similar to oral SCC

May occur in conjunction with leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Risk of malignant transformation in

erythroleukoplakia about 4x greater than

homogenous leukoplakia

Predominately disease of older men with peak

prevalence of 65 to 74 years

Floor of mouth tongue and soft palate are

most common sites of involvement

Erythroplakia

The Management of Head and

Neck Cancer

Major advances

Conservative or partial resections

Micro vascular free-tissue transfer in

reconstruction

Better definition of the roles of chemotherapy

and radiotherapy

Despite these advances the treatment of loco

regional recurrence remains a major challenge

success rates for salvage therapy are poor

Treatment

Surgery

Radiotherapy

Chemotherapy

Immunotherapy

at present the role of immunotherapy remains investigational

Chemotherapy

Several randomized and non-randomized trial have evaluated chemotherapy for the treatment of head and neck cancer

Various agents have been shown to produce a response

No agents either alone or in combination have demonstrated an improvement in survival

cisplatin and 5 - FU

Uses

Inoperable tumors

Salvage therapy for recurrent tumors

Treatment

The main treatment modalities for head and neck

cancer remain surgery and radiotherapy

Patient factors that merit consideration

Impact on the quality of life

Medical condition ndash ldquoco - morbiditiesrdquo

Patient preference

Treatment cost and convenience

Compliance

Treatment

Early stage disease (stage I and II) can be treated with either surgery or radiotherapy with equivalent control rates

Small lesions of the oral cavity wide local excision is preferred over radiotherapy

Radiotherapy can be delivered to a site generally only once

Reserve this modality for less operable lesions

Treatment Combined Modality

Surgery and RadiotherapyIndications for post operative radiotherapy

Primary Tumor

Advance T stage

High histologic grade

Positive surgical resection margins

Lymphatic permeation

Vascular invasion

Perineural spread

Radiotherapy

Daily dose of 180 cGy to 200 cGy

5000 cGy over a five week period

T1 ndash 6000 to 6600 cGy

T2 - 6600 to 7000 cGy

T3T4 - gt 7000 cGy

ldquoshrinking field techniquerdquo

hyperfractionation technique 200 cGy per day for 25 days followed by 400 cGy per day for 5 days

D

Desquamative gingivitis is a clinical term to describe red painful glazed and friable gingivae which may be a manifestation of some mucocutaneous conditions such as lichen planus or the vesiculobullous disorders

Clinical features of desquamative

gingivitis

Fiery red friable gingiva

Painful desquamates easily

Buccal aspect of anterior attached gingiva

affected

Marginal gingiva spared

Not significantly improved by oral hygiene

measures alone

Differential Diagnosis Erosive Lichen Planus

Immune-mediated blistering diseases

Intra-epithelial

Pemphigus

Subepithelial

Pemphigoid

Linear IgA disease

Dermatitis herpetiformis

Epidermolysis bullosa

Erythema multiforme

Treatment Topical Corticosteroids Recurrent aphthous ulcers

bull Oral manifestations of Behccedilets disease Reiters syndrome acute

vulvar ulcer MAGIC syndrome PFAPA syndrome ulcerative colitis

Crohns disease Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome Sweets

syndrome among others

bull Drug-induced ulcerations mediated by an immune mechanism

bull Lichen planus

bull Cicatricial pemphigoid

bull Mucous membrane pemphigoid

bull Bullous pemphigoid

bull Erythema multiforme

bull Linear IgA dermatosis

bull Pemphigus vulgaris

Topicals Temovate cream 005 Clobetasol propionate

Halog cream 01 Halcinonide

Lidex cream 005 Fluocinonide

Topicort cream 025 Desoximethasone

Lidex gel 005 Fluocinonide

Aristocort cream H-P 05 Triamcinolone acetinode

Diprosone cream 005 Betamethasone dipropionate

Florone cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Maxiflor cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Synalar cream H-P 02 Fluocinolone acetonide

Topicals Tropicort-LP cream 005 Desoxymethasone

Benisone cream 0025 Betamethasone benzoate

Cordran cream 0025 Flurandenolide

Kenalog cream 01 Triamcinolone acetonide

Locoid cream 01 Hydrocortisone butyrate

Synalar cream 0025 Fluocinolone acetonide

Valisone cream 01 Betamethasone valerate

Tridesilon cream 005 Desonide

Locorten cream 003 Flumetasone pivalate

1 Hydrocortisone

Topical Corticosteroids

Used to treat oral lesions

Clobetasol (Temovate) -- Suppresses mitosis and increases synthesis of proteins that decrease inflammation and cause vasoconstriction Class I superpotent topical steroid useful in treating oral lesions Topical corticosteroids commonly are used intraorally for oral manifestations of autoimmune blistering skin diseases Since these diseases are chronic inflammatory in nature topical corticosteroids are very useful as an adjunct treatment Patients with disease confined to the gingiva should see a dentist to have a custom-made soft tray to carry the medication

H

How does herpes simplex develop

overexposure to sunlight

overexposure to wind

colds influenza and similar infections

heavy alcohol use

fever from any cause

the menstrual period

physical stress

emotional stress

Symptoms

Primary (Initial) HSV I Fever

Adenopathy

Ulcers deep in mouth

Secondary (Later) HSV I (Recurrent labial lesions) Fever Blisters form on outer vermillion border

Cold Sores form on inner lip Initial Vesicle

Next Crust

Last Healing in 10-14 days

Differential Diagnosis

Differs from Aphthous Ulcers in that

Found on keratinized (bound-down) intraoral

mucosa

Vesicles rupture into coalescing ulcers

HSV lesions are anterior compared with

Herpangina

Hand Foot and Mouth Disease

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Oral acyclovir (Zovirax) or the recently

developed drugs valacyclovir (Valtrex) or

famciclovir (Famvir) lessen the symptoms

and frequency of fever blister recurrences for

some patients These drugs prevent HSV from

multiplying and are effective when taken in

pill form prior to an outbreak of the virus

Systemic Antivirals

Acyclovir

Dose 15 mgkg (max 200 mg) PO 5xday for 7 days

Shortens first HSV infection by 6 days in children

Famciclovir

Shortens healing time by 2 days in UV-induced cases

Spruance (1999) J Infect Dis 179303-10

Valacyclovir (FDA approved for age 12 and older)

Adult dose 2 g PO bid for one day

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Topical antiviral creams containing acyclovir

(Zovirax) or penciclovir (Denavir) may also

help in limiting the extent or duration of

lesions if applied promptly to affected areas

Topical Treatments

Penciclovir (Denavir) heals HSV-1 sores on average about half a day faster than without treatment stops viral shedding and reduces the duration of the pain Ideally the patient should apply the cream within the first hour of symptoms although benefits have also been noted with later application It is continued for four consecutive days and should be reapplied every two hours while awake

Docosanol cream (Abreva) is an over-the-counter agent for oral-facial herpes It helps resist infection by inhibiting the ability of the virus to become fully active after it has attached itself to the host cell It is applied five times a day beginning at the first sign of tingling or pain Studies have been mixed on it benefits

Topical Treatments

Acyclovir cream (Zovirax) has been approved It may speed healing of oral herpes lesions and lessen the duration of pain particularly if it is applied early on (at the first sign of pain or tingling)

Lidex is a gel that contains a fluocinonide as corticosteroid Corticosteroids commonly called steroids are anti-inflammatory agents and not ordinarily used for herpes Some evidence suggests it may be effective in combination with oral famciclovir

Topical Treatments

Over-the-counter topical anesthetics may provide

modest relief They include Anbesol gel Blistex lip

ointment Campho-phenique Herpecin-L

Viractin and Zilactin In one study Viractin

reduced the duration of the attack compared to

placebo by two days It also relieved itching but had

little effect on other symptoms In general however

few studies have been conducted on any of these

products

X

Xerostomia

Xerostomia is not a disease but can be a symptom

of certain diseases It can produce serious

negative effects on the patients quality of life

affecting dietary habits nutritional status

speech taste tolerance to dental prosthesis and

increases susceptibility to dental caries The

increase in dental caries can be devastating in

many patients and therefore special care must be

made to control this condition

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Medications - Several hundred current medications

can cause xerostomia antihypertensives

antidepressants analgesics tranquilizers diuretics

and antihistamines c

-Cancer Therapy - Chemotherapeutic drugs can

change the flow and composition of the saliva

Radiation treatment that is focused on or near the

salivary gland can temporarily or permanently

damage the salivary glands

-Sjogrens syndrome - An autoimmune disease causes

xerostomia and dry eyes

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Other conditions -such as bone marrow transplants endocrine disorders stress anxiety depression and nutritional deficiencies may cause xerostomia

-Nerve Damage - Trauma to the head and neck area from surgery or wounds can damage the nerves that supply sensation to the mouth While the salivary glands may be left intact they cannot function normally without the nerves that signal them to produce saliva

Treatment

Identify the xerostomic condition and the

cause Some of the causes may be

ameliorated and this will aid therapy But

in many situations it will be difficult to

eliminate the causes Thus it will be

necessary for the Dentist to control the

results of xerostomia This is especially

true about the increase in dental caries

Treatment -pilocarpine (Salagen) 5mg qid prescription required

-special food preparation - blended and moist foods are easier to swallow

artificial saliva (available over-the-counter)

-sipping plain water is usually preferred over artificial saliva by most patients

-Biotene brand over-the-counter dry mouth products (toothpaste alcohol- free mouth rinse and Oralbalance lubricating gel)

-avoidance of alcohol-based mouth rinses

-use of water and glycerin mixed in a small aerosol spray bottle

RX

Contains sorbitol sodium

carboxymethlcellulose and

methylparaben in a

pleasantly flavored

solution

120 mL (406 fl oz)

Z

Treatment

Acyclovir (Zovirax)dagger800 mg orally five times

daily for 7 to 10 days

10 mg per kg IV every 8 hours for 7 to 10

daysDagger

$174 to 248 (129 to 200)

Famciclovir (Famvir)dagger500 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$140

Treatment

Valacyclovir (Valtrex)dagger1000 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$84

Prednisone (Deltasone)30 mg orally twice

daily on days 1 through 7 then 15 mg twice

daily on days 8 through 14 then 75 mg twice

daily on days 15 through 21

Treatment

Lotions containing calamine (eg Caladryl)

may be used on open lesions to reduce pain

and pruritus

Once the lesions have crusted over capsaicin

cream (Zostrix) may be applied

Topically administered lidocaine (Xylocaine)

and nerve blocks have also been reported to

be effective in reducing pain

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Amitriptyline (Elavil) -- By inhibiting reuptake of serotonin andor norepinephrine by presynaptic neuronal membrane may increase synaptic concentration in CNS Useful as analgesic for certain types of chronic and neuropathic pain

Adult DoseEarly in course of HZ 25 mgd PO hs to prevent PHNAfter PHN develops 30-100 mg PO qhs

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Capsaicin cream (Dolorac Capsin Zostrix) --Natural chemical derived from plants of Solanaceae family By depleting and preventing reaccumulation of substance P in peripheral sensory neurons may render skin and joints insensitive to pain Substance P thought to be chemomediator of pain transmission from periphery to CNS

Adult DoseCream Apply to skin tidqid for 3-4 consecutive wk and evaluate efficacy not to exceed 4 applicationsd

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Lidocaine (DermaFlex gel Lidoderm 5 patch) --Several recent studies have advocated topical administration of lidocaine as treatment of PHN Lidocaine gel (5) in placebo-controlled study showed significant relief in 23 patients studied Lidocaine tape also decreases severity of pain

Adult DoseGel (5) Apply to affected area prnPatch (5) Apply to most painful area up to 3 patches per application patch may remain in place for up to 12 h in any 24 h period

Postherpetic Neuralgia Gabapentin (Neurontin) -- This medication has been

approved by the FDA for the treatment of PHN Has properties common to other anticonvulsants and antineuralgic effects Exact mechanism of action is not known Structurally gabapentin is related to GABA but it does not interact with GABA receptors Believed to have a binding site at the alpha 2-delta protein an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gaited calcium channels In the rat brain binding is localized on neuronal dendritic areas Relevance of these observations to treatment of PHN is not known

Adult Dose100 mg PO tid titrate dose prn recommended dose is 900-1800 mg PO qd not to exceed 900 mg PO qid

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Mortality (8000) deaths per year

Mortality by Site

Tongue 432

Salivary 130

Floor of mouth 950

Lip 24

Other 319

Premalignant Lesions

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Erythroplasia

Carcinoma in situ

Verrucous Leukoplakia

Tobacco patch keratosis

Actinic cheilosis

Mouth wash (Viadent) dysplasia

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Defined as a red patch that can not be

clinically or pathologically diagnosed as any

other condition

Almost all erythroleukoplakia demonstrate

dysplasia or CIS

Etiology is similar to oral SCC

May occur in conjunction with leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Risk of malignant transformation in

erythroleukoplakia about 4x greater than

homogenous leukoplakia

Predominately disease of older men with peak

prevalence of 65 to 74 years

Floor of mouth tongue and soft palate are

most common sites of involvement

Erythroplakia

The Management of Head and

Neck Cancer

Major advances

Conservative or partial resections

Micro vascular free-tissue transfer in

reconstruction

Better definition of the roles of chemotherapy

and radiotherapy

Despite these advances the treatment of loco

regional recurrence remains a major challenge

success rates for salvage therapy are poor

Treatment

Surgery

Radiotherapy

Chemotherapy

Immunotherapy

at present the role of immunotherapy remains investigational

Chemotherapy

Several randomized and non-randomized trial have evaluated chemotherapy for the treatment of head and neck cancer

Various agents have been shown to produce a response

No agents either alone or in combination have demonstrated an improvement in survival

cisplatin and 5 - FU

Uses

Inoperable tumors

Salvage therapy for recurrent tumors

Treatment

The main treatment modalities for head and neck

cancer remain surgery and radiotherapy

Patient factors that merit consideration

Impact on the quality of life

Medical condition ndash ldquoco - morbiditiesrdquo

Patient preference

Treatment cost and convenience

Compliance

Treatment

Early stage disease (stage I and II) can be treated with either surgery or radiotherapy with equivalent control rates

Small lesions of the oral cavity wide local excision is preferred over radiotherapy

Radiotherapy can be delivered to a site generally only once

Reserve this modality for less operable lesions

Treatment Combined Modality

Surgery and RadiotherapyIndications for post operative radiotherapy

Primary Tumor

Advance T stage

High histologic grade

Positive surgical resection margins

Lymphatic permeation

Vascular invasion

Perineural spread

Radiotherapy

Daily dose of 180 cGy to 200 cGy

5000 cGy over a five week period

T1 ndash 6000 to 6600 cGy

T2 - 6600 to 7000 cGy

T3T4 - gt 7000 cGy

ldquoshrinking field techniquerdquo

hyperfractionation technique 200 cGy per day for 25 days followed by 400 cGy per day for 5 days

D

Desquamative gingivitis is a clinical term to describe red painful glazed and friable gingivae which may be a manifestation of some mucocutaneous conditions such as lichen planus or the vesiculobullous disorders

Clinical features of desquamative

gingivitis

Fiery red friable gingiva

Painful desquamates easily

Buccal aspect of anterior attached gingiva

affected

Marginal gingiva spared

Not significantly improved by oral hygiene

measures alone

Differential Diagnosis Erosive Lichen Planus

Immune-mediated blistering diseases

Intra-epithelial

Pemphigus

Subepithelial

Pemphigoid

Linear IgA disease

Dermatitis herpetiformis

Epidermolysis bullosa

Erythema multiforme

Treatment Topical Corticosteroids Recurrent aphthous ulcers

bull Oral manifestations of Behccedilets disease Reiters syndrome acute

vulvar ulcer MAGIC syndrome PFAPA syndrome ulcerative colitis

Crohns disease Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome Sweets

syndrome among others

bull Drug-induced ulcerations mediated by an immune mechanism

bull Lichen planus

bull Cicatricial pemphigoid

bull Mucous membrane pemphigoid

bull Bullous pemphigoid

bull Erythema multiforme

bull Linear IgA dermatosis

bull Pemphigus vulgaris

Topicals Temovate cream 005 Clobetasol propionate

Halog cream 01 Halcinonide

Lidex cream 005 Fluocinonide

Topicort cream 025 Desoximethasone

Lidex gel 005 Fluocinonide

Aristocort cream H-P 05 Triamcinolone acetinode

Diprosone cream 005 Betamethasone dipropionate

Florone cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Maxiflor cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Synalar cream H-P 02 Fluocinolone acetonide

Topicals Tropicort-LP cream 005 Desoxymethasone

Benisone cream 0025 Betamethasone benzoate

Cordran cream 0025 Flurandenolide

Kenalog cream 01 Triamcinolone acetonide

Locoid cream 01 Hydrocortisone butyrate

Synalar cream 0025 Fluocinolone acetonide

Valisone cream 01 Betamethasone valerate

Tridesilon cream 005 Desonide

Locorten cream 003 Flumetasone pivalate

1 Hydrocortisone

Topical Corticosteroids

Used to treat oral lesions

Clobetasol (Temovate) -- Suppresses mitosis and increases synthesis of proteins that decrease inflammation and cause vasoconstriction Class I superpotent topical steroid useful in treating oral lesions Topical corticosteroids commonly are used intraorally for oral manifestations of autoimmune blistering skin diseases Since these diseases are chronic inflammatory in nature topical corticosteroids are very useful as an adjunct treatment Patients with disease confined to the gingiva should see a dentist to have a custom-made soft tray to carry the medication

H

How does herpes simplex develop

overexposure to sunlight

overexposure to wind

colds influenza and similar infections

heavy alcohol use

fever from any cause

the menstrual period

physical stress

emotional stress

Symptoms

Primary (Initial) HSV I Fever

Adenopathy

Ulcers deep in mouth

Secondary (Later) HSV I (Recurrent labial lesions) Fever Blisters form on outer vermillion border

Cold Sores form on inner lip Initial Vesicle

Next Crust

Last Healing in 10-14 days

Differential Diagnosis

Differs from Aphthous Ulcers in that

Found on keratinized (bound-down) intraoral

mucosa

Vesicles rupture into coalescing ulcers

HSV lesions are anterior compared with

Herpangina

Hand Foot and Mouth Disease

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Oral acyclovir (Zovirax) or the recently

developed drugs valacyclovir (Valtrex) or

famciclovir (Famvir) lessen the symptoms

and frequency of fever blister recurrences for

some patients These drugs prevent HSV from

multiplying and are effective when taken in

pill form prior to an outbreak of the virus

Systemic Antivirals

Acyclovir

Dose 15 mgkg (max 200 mg) PO 5xday for 7 days

Shortens first HSV infection by 6 days in children

Famciclovir

Shortens healing time by 2 days in UV-induced cases

Spruance (1999) J Infect Dis 179303-10

Valacyclovir (FDA approved for age 12 and older)

Adult dose 2 g PO bid for one day

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Topical antiviral creams containing acyclovir

(Zovirax) or penciclovir (Denavir) may also

help in limiting the extent or duration of

lesions if applied promptly to affected areas

Topical Treatments

Penciclovir (Denavir) heals HSV-1 sores on average about half a day faster than without treatment stops viral shedding and reduces the duration of the pain Ideally the patient should apply the cream within the first hour of symptoms although benefits have also been noted with later application It is continued for four consecutive days and should be reapplied every two hours while awake

Docosanol cream (Abreva) is an over-the-counter agent for oral-facial herpes It helps resist infection by inhibiting the ability of the virus to become fully active after it has attached itself to the host cell It is applied five times a day beginning at the first sign of tingling or pain Studies have been mixed on it benefits

Topical Treatments

Acyclovir cream (Zovirax) has been approved It may speed healing of oral herpes lesions and lessen the duration of pain particularly if it is applied early on (at the first sign of pain or tingling)

Lidex is a gel that contains a fluocinonide as corticosteroid Corticosteroids commonly called steroids are anti-inflammatory agents and not ordinarily used for herpes Some evidence suggests it may be effective in combination with oral famciclovir

Topical Treatments

Over-the-counter topical anesthetics may provide

modest relief They include Anbesol gel Blistex lip

ointment Campho-phenique Herpecin-L

Viractin and Zilactin In one study Viractin

reduced the duration of the attack compared to

placebo by two days It also relieved itching but had

little effect on other symptoms In general however

few studies have been conducted on any of these

products

X

Xerostomia

Xerostomia is not a disease but can be a symptom

of certain diseases It can produce serious

negative effects on the patients quality of life

affecting dietary habits nutritional status

speech taste tolerance to dental prosthesis and

increases susceptibility to dental caries The

increase in dental caries can be devastating in

many patients and therefore special care must be

made to control this condition

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Medications - Several hundred current medications

can cause xerostomia antihypertensives

antidepressants analgesics tranquilizers diuretics

and antihistamines c

-Cancer Therapy - Chemotherapeutic drugs can

change the flow and composition of the saliva

Radiation treatment that is focused on or near the

salivary gland can temporarily or permanently

damage the salivary glands

-Sjogrens syndrome - An autoimmune disease causes

xerostomia and dry eyes

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Other conditions -such as bone marrow transplants endocrine disorders stress anxiety depression and nutritional deficiencies may cause xerostomia

-Nerve Damage - Trauma to the head and neck area from surgery or wounds can damage the nerves that supply sensation to the mouth While the salivary glands may be left intact they cannot function normally without the nerves that signal them to produce saliva

Treatment

Identify the xerostomic condition and the

cause Some of the causes may be

ameliorated and this will aid therapy But

in many situations it will be difficult to

eliminate the causes Thus it will be

necessary for the Dentist to control the

results of xerostomia This is especially

true about the increase in dental caries

Treatment -pilocarpine (Salagen) 5mg qid prescription required

-special food preparation - blended and moist foods are easier to swallow

artificial saliva (available over-the-counter)

-sipping plain water is usually preferred over artificial saliva by most patients

-Biotene brand over-the-counter dry mouth products (toothpaste alcohol- free mouth rinse and Oralbalance lubricating gel)

-avoidance of alcohol-based mouth rinses

-use of water and glycerin mixed in a small aerosol spray bottle

RX

Contains sorbitol sodium

carboxymethlcellulose and

methylparaben in a

pleasantly flavored

solution

120 mL (406 fl oz)

Z

Treatment

Acyclovir (Zovirax)dagger800 mg orally five times

daily for 7 to 10 days

10 mg per kg IV every 8 hours for 7 to 10

daysDagger

$174 to 248 (129 to 200)

Famciclovir (Famvir)dagger500 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$140

Treatment

Valacyclovir (Valtrex)dagger1000 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$84

Prednisone (Deltasone)30 mg orally twice

daily on days 1 through 7 then 15 mg twice

daily on days 8 through 14 then 75 mg twice

daily on days 15 through 21

Treatment

Lotions containing calamine (eg Caladryl)

may be used on open lesions to reduce pain

and pruritus

Once the lesions have crusted over capsaicin

cream (Zostrix) may be applied

Topically administered lidocaine (Xylocaine)

and nerve blocks have also been reported to

be effective in reducing pain

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Amitriptyline (Elavil) -- By inhibiting reuptake of serotonin andor norepinephrine by presynaptic neuronal membrane may increase synaptic concentration in CNS Useful as analgesic for certain types of chronic and neuropathic pain

Adult DoseEarly in course of HZ 25 mgd PO hs to prevent PHNAfter PHN develops 30-100 mg PO qhs

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Capsaicin cream (Dolorac Capsin Zostrix) --Natural chemical derived from plants of Solanaceae family By depleting and preventing reaccumulation of substance P in peripheral sensory neurons may render skin and joints insensitive to pain Substance P thought to be chemomediator of pain transmission from periphery to CNS

Adult DoseCream Apply to skin tidqid for 3-4 consecutive wk and evaluate efficacy not to exceed 4 applicationsd

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Lidocaine (DermaFlex gel Lidoderm 5 patch) --Several recent studies have advocated topical administration of lidocaine as treatment of PHN Lidocaine gel (5) in placebo-controlled study showed significant relief in 23 patients studied Lidocaine tape also decreases severity of pain

Adult DoseGel (5) Apply to affected area prnPatch (5) Apply to most painful area up to 3 patches per application patch may remain in place for up to 12 h in any 24 h period

Postherpetic Neuralgia Gabapentin (Neurontin) -- This medication has been

approved by the FDA for the treatment of PHN Has properties common to other anticonvulsants and antineuralgic effects Exact mechanism of action is not known Structurally gabapentin is related to GABA but it does not interact with GABA receptors Believed to have a binding site at the alpha 2-delta protein an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gaited calcium channels In the rat brain binding is localized on neuronal dendritic areas Relevance of these observations to treatment of PHN is not known

Adult Dose100 mg PO tid titrate dose prn recommended dose is 900-1800 mg PO qd not to exceed 900 mg PO qid

Premalignant Lesions

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Erythroplasia

Carcinoma in situ

Verrucous Leukoplakia

Tobacco patch keratosis

Actinic cheilosis

Mouth wash (Viadent) dysplasia

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Defined as a red patch that can not be

clinically or pathologically diagnosed as any

other condition

Almost all erythroleukoplakia demonstrate

dysplasia or CIS

Etiology is similar to oral SCC

May occur in conjunction with leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Risk of malignant transformation in

erythroleukoplakia about 4x greater than

homogenous leukoplakia

Predominately disease of older men with peak

prevalence of 65 to 74 years

Floor of mouth tongue and soft palate are

most common sites of involvement

Erythroplakia

The Management of Head and

Neck Cancer

Major advances

Conservative or partial resections

Micro vascular free-tissue transfer in

reconstruction

Better definition of the roles of chemotherapy

and radiotherapy

Despite these advances the treatment of loco

regional recurrence remains a major challenge

success rates for salvage therapy are poor

Treatment

Surgery

Radiotherapy

Chemotherapy

Immunotherapy

at present the role of immunotherapy remains investigational

Chemotherapy

Several randomized and non-randomized trial have evaluated chemotherapy for the treatment of head and neck cancer

Various agents have been shown to produce a response

No agents either alone or in combination have demonstrated an improvement in survival

cisplatin and 5 - FU

Uses

Inoperable tumors

Salvage therapy for recurrent tumors

Treatment

The main treatment modalities for head and neck

cancer remain surgery and radiotherapy

Patient factors that merit consideration

Impact on the quality of life

Medical condition ndash ldquoco - morbiditiesrdquo

Patient preference

Treatment cost and convenience

Compliance

Treatment

Early stage disease (stage I and II) can be treated with either surgery or radiotherapy with equivalent control rates

Small lesions of the oral cavity wide local excision is preferred over radiotherapy

Radiotherapy can be delivered to a site generally only once

Reserve this modality for less operable lesions

Treatment Combined Modality

Surgery and RadiotherapyIndications for post operative radiotherapy

Primary Tumor

Advance T stage

High histologic grade

Positive surgical resection margins

Lymphatic permeation

Vascular invasion

Perineural spread

Radiotherapy

Daily dose of 180 cGy to 200 cGy

5000 cGy over a five week period

T1 ndash 6000 to 6600 cGy

T2 - 6600 to 7000 cGy

T3T4 - gt 7000 cGy

ldquoshrinking field techniquerdquo

hyperfractionation technique 200 cGy per day for 25 days followed by 400 cGy per day for 5 days

D

Desquamative gingivitis is a clinical term to describe red painful glazed and friable gingivae which may be a manifestation of some mucocutaneous conditions such as lichen planus or the vesiculobullous disorders

Clinical features of desquamative

gingivitis

Fiery red friable gingiva

Painful desquamates easily

Buccal aspect of anterior attached gingiva

affected

Marginal gingiva spared

Not significantly improved by oral hygiene

measures alone

Differential Diagnosis Erosive Lichen Planus

Immune-mediated blistering diseases

Intra-epithelial

Pemphigus

Subepithelial

Pemphigoid

Linear IgA disease

Dermatitis herpetiformis

Epidermolysis bullosa

Erythema multiforme

Treatment Topical Corticosteroids Recurrent aphthous ulcers

bull Oral manifestations of Behccedilets disease Reiters syndrome acute

vulvar ulcer MAGIC syndrome PFAPA syndrome ulcerative colitis

Crohns disease Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome Sweets

syndrome among others

bull Drug-induced ulcerations mediated by an immune mechanism

bull Lichen planus

bull Cicatricial pemphigoid

bull Mucous membrane pemphigoid

bull Bullous pemphigoid

bull Erythema multiforme

bull Linear IgA dermatosis

bull Pemphigus vulgaris

Topicals Temovate cream 005 Clobetasol propionate

Halog cream 01 Halcinonide

Lidex cream 005 Fluocinonide

Topicort cream 025 Desoximethasone

Lidex gel 005 Fluocinonide

Aristocort cream H-P 05 Triamcinolone acetinode

Diprosone cream 005 Betamethasone dipropionate

Florone cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Maxiflor cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Synalar cream H-P 02 Fluocinolone acetonide

Topicals Tropicort-LP cream 005 Desoxymethasone

Benisone cream 0025 Betamethasone benzoate

Cordran cream 0025 Flurandenolide

Kenalog cream 01 Triamcinolone acetonide

Locoid cream 01 Hydrocortisone butyrate

Synalar cream 0025 Fluocinolone acetonide

Valisone cream 01 Betamethasone valerate

Tridesilon cream 005 Desonide

Locorten cream 003 Flumetasone pivalate

1 Hydrocortisone

Topical Corticosteroids

Used to treat oral lesions

Clobetasol (Temovate) -- Suppresses mitosis and increases synthesis of proteins that decrease inflammation and cause vasoconstriction Class I superpotent topical steroid useful in treating oral lesions Topical corticosteroids commonly are used intraorally for oral manifestations of autoimmune blistering skin diseases Since these diseases are chronic inflammatory in nature topical corticosteroids are very useful as an adjunct treatment Patients with disease confined to the gingiva should see a dentist to have a custom-made soft tray to carry the medication

H

How does herpes simplex develop

overexposure to sunlight

overexposure to wind

colds influenza and similar infections

heavy alcohol use

fever from any cause

the menstrual period

physical stress

emotional stress

Symptoms

Primary (Initial) HSV I Fever

Adenopathy

Ulcers deep in mouth

Secondary (Later) HSV I (Recurrent labial lesions) Fever Blisters form on outer vermillion border

Cold Sores form on inner lip Initial Vesicle

Next Crust

Last Healing in 10-14 days

Differential Diagnosis

Differs from Aphthous Ulcers in that

Found on keratinized (bound-down) intraoral

mucosa

Vesicles rupture into coalescing ulcers

HSV lesions are anterior compared with

Herpangina

Hand Foot and Mouth Disease

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Oral acyclovir (Zovirax) or the recently

developed drugs valacyclovir (Valtrex) or

famciclovir (Famvir) lessen the symptoms

and frequency of fever blister recurrences for

some patients These drugs prevent HSV from

multiplying and are effective when taken in

pill form prior to an outbreak of the virus

Systemic Antivirals

Acyclovir

Dose 15 mgkg (max 200 mg) PO 5xday for 7 days

Shortens first HSV infection by 6 days in children

Famciclovir

Shortens healing time by 2 days in UV-induced cases

Spruance (1999) J Infect Dis 179303-10

Valacyclovir (FDA approved for age 12 and older)

Adult dose 2 g PO bid for one day

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Topical antiviral creams containing acyclovir

(Zovirax) or penciclovir (Denavir) may also

help in limiting the extent or duration of

lesions if applied promptly to affected areas

Topical Treatments

Penciclovir (Denavir) heals HSV-1 sores on average about half a day faster than without treatment stops viral shedding and reduces the duration of the pain Ideally the patient should apply the cream within the first hour of symptoms although benefits have also been noted with later application It is continued for four consecutive days and should be reapplied every two hours while awake

Docosanol cream (Abreva) is an over-the-counter agent for oral-facial herpes It helps resist infection by inhibiting the ability of the virus to become fully active after it has attached itself to the host cell It is applied five times a day beginning at the first sign of tingling or pain Studies have been mixed on it benefits

Topical Treatments

Acyclovir cream (Zovirax) has been approved It may speed healing of oral herpes lesions and lessen the duration of pain particularly if it is applied early on (at the first sign of pain or tingling)

Lidex is a gel that contains a fluocinonide as corticosteroid Corticosteroids commonly called steroids are anti-inflammatory agents and not ordinarily used for herpes Some evidence suggests it may be effective in combination with oral famciclovir

Topical Treatments

Over-the-counter topical anesthetics may provide

modest relief They include Anbesol gel Blistex lip

ointment Campho-phenique Herpecin-L

Viractin and Zilactin In one study Viractin

reduced the duration of the attack compared to

placebo by two days It also relieved itching but had

little effect on other symptoms In general however

few studies have been conducted on any of these

products

X

Xerostomia

Xerostomia is not a disease but can be a symptom

of certain diseases It can produce serious

negative effects on the patients quality of life

affecting dietary habits nutritional status

speech taste tolerance to dental prosthesis and

increases susceptibility to dental caries The

increase in dental caries can be devastating in

many patients and therefore special care must be

made to control this condition

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Medications - Several hundred current medications

can cause xerostomia antihypertensives

antidepressants analgesics tranquilizers diuretics

and antihistamines c

-Cancer Therapy - Chemotherapeutic drugs can

change the flow and composition of the saliva

Radiation treatment that is focused on or near the

salivary gland can temporarily or permanently

damage the salivary glands

-Sjogrens syndrome - An autoimmune disease causes

xerostomia and dry eyes

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Other conditions -such as bone marrow transplants endocrine disorders stress anxiety depression and nutritional deficiencies may cause xerostomia

-Nerve Damage - Trauma to the head and neck area from surgery or wounds can damage the nerves that supply sensation to the mouth While the salivary glands may be left intact they cannot function normally without the nerves that signal them to produce saliva

Treatment

Identify the xerostomic condition and the

cause Some of the causes may be

ameliorated and this will aid therapy But

in many situations it will be difficult to

eliminate the causes Thus it will be

necessary for the Dentist to control the

results of xerostomia This is especially

true about the increase in dental caries

Treatment -pilocarpine (Salagen) 5mg qid prescription required

-special food preparation - blended and moist foods are easier to swallow

artificial saliva (available over-the-counter)

-sipping plain water is usually preferred over artificial saliva by most patients

-Biotene brand over-the-counter dry mouth products (toothpaste alcohol- free mouth rinse and Oralbalance lubricating gel)

-avoidance of alcohol-based mouth rinses

-use of water and glycerin mixed in a small aerosol spray bottle

RX

Contains sorbitol sodium

carboxymethlcellulose and

methylparaben in a

pleasantly flavored

solution

120 mL (406 fl oz)

Z

Treatment

Acyclovir (Zovirax)dagger800 mg orally five times

daily for 7 to 10 days

10 mg per kg IV every 8 hours for 7 to 10

daysDagger

$174 to 248 (129 to 200)

Famciclovir (Famvir)dagger500 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$140

Treatment

Valacyclovir (Valtrex)dagger1000 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$84

Prednisone (Deltasone)30 mg orally twice

daily on days 1 through 7 then 15 mg twice

daily on days 8 through 14 then 75 mg twice

daily on days 15 through 21

Treatment

Lotions containing calamine (eg Caladryl)

may be used on open lesions to reduce pain

and pruritus

Once the lesions have crusted over capsaicin

cream (Zostrix) may be applied

Topically administered lidocaine (Xylocaine)

and nerve blocks have also been reported to

be effective in reducing pain

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Amitriptyline (Elavil) -- By inhibiting reuptake of serotonin andor norepinephrine by presynaptic neuronal membrane may increase synaptic concentration in CNS Useful as analgesic for certain types of chronic and neuropathic pain

Adult DoseEarly in course of HZ 25 mgd PO hs to prevent PHNAfter PHN develops 30-100 mg PO qhs

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Capsaicin cream (Dolorac Capsin Zostrix) --Natural chemical derived from plants of Solanaceae family By depleting and preventing reaccumulation of substance P in peripheral sensory neurons may render skin and joints insensitive to pain Substance P thought to be chemomediator of pain transmission from periphery to CNS

Adult DoseCream Apply to skin tidqid for 3-4 consecutive wk and evaluate efficacy not to exceed 4 applicationsd

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Lidocaine (DermaFlex gel Lidoderm 5 patch) --Several recent studies have advocated topical administration of lidocaine as treatment of PHN Lidocaine gel (5) in placebo-controlled study showed significant relief in 23 patients studied Lidocaine tape also decreases severity of pain

Adult DoseGel (5) Apply to affected area prnPatch (5) Apply to most painful area up to 3 patches per application patch may remain in place for up to 12 h in any 24 h period

Postherpetic Neuralgia Gabapentin (Neurontin) -- This medication has been

approved by the FDA for the treatment of PHN Has properties common to other anticonvulsants and antineuralgic effects Exact mechanism of action is not known Structurally gabapentin is related to GABA but it does not interact with GABA receptors Believed to have a binding site at the alpha 2-delta protein an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gaited calcium channels In the rat brain binding is localized on neuronal dendritic areas Relevance of these observations to treatment of PHN is not known

Adult Dose100 mg PO tid titrate dose prn recommended dose is 900-1800 mg PO qd not to exceed 900 mg PO qid

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Defined as a red patch that can not be

clinically or pathologically diagnosed as any

other condition

Almost all erythroleukoplakia demonstrate

dysplasia or CIS

Etiology is similar to oral SCC

May occur in conjunction with leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Risk of malignant transformation in

erythroleukoplakia about 4x greater than

homogenous leukoplakia

Predominately disease of older men with peak

prevalence of 65 to 74 years

Floor of mouth tongue and soft palate are

most common sites of involvement

Erythroplakia

The Management of Head and

Neck Cancer

Major advances

Conservative or partial resections

Micro vascular free-tissue transfer in

reconstruction

Better definition of the roles of chemotherapy

and radiotherapy

Despite these advances the treatment of loco

regional recurrence remains a major challenge

success rates for salvage therapy are poor

Treatment

Surgery

Radiotherapy

Chemotherapy

Immunotherapy

at present the role of immunotherapy remains investigational

Chemotherapy

Several randomized and non-randomized trial have evaluated chemotherapy for the treatment of head and neck cancer

Various agents have been shown to produce a response

No agents either alone or in combination have demonstrated an improvement in survival

cisplatin and 5 - FU

Uses

Inoperable tumors

Salvage therapy for recurrent tumors

Treatment

The main treatment modalities for head and neck

cancer remain surgery and radiotherapy

Patient factors that merit consideration

Impact on the quality of life

Medical condition ndash ldquoco - morbiditiesrdquo

Patient preference

Treatment cost and convenience

Compliance

Treatment

Early stage disease (stage I and II) can be treated with either surgery or radiotherapy with equivalent control rates

Small lesions of the oral cavity wide local excision is preferred over radiotherapy

Radiotherapy can be delivered to a site generally only once

Reserve this modality for less operable lesions

Treatment Combined Modality

Surgery and RadiotherapyIndications for post operative radiotherapy

Primary Tumor

Advance T stage

High histologic grade

Positive surgical resection margins

Lymphatic permeation

Vascular invasion

Perineural spread

Radiotherapy

Daily dose of 180 cGy to 200 cGy

5000 cGy over a five week period

T1 ndash 6000 to 6600 cGy

T2 - 6600 to 7000 cGy

T3T4 - gt 7000 cGy

ldquoshrinking field techniquerdquo

hyperfractionation technique 200 cGy per day for 25 days followed by 400 cGy per day for 5 days

D

Desquamative gingivitis is a clinical term to describe red painful glazed and friable gingivae which may be a manifestation of some mucocutaneous conditions such as lichen planus or the vesiculobullous disorders

Clinical features of desquamative

gingivitis

Fiery red friable gingiva

Painful desquamates easily

Buccal aspect of anterior attached gingiva

affected

Marginal gingiva spared

Not significantly improved by oral hygiene

measures alone

Differential Diagnosis Erosive Lichen Planus

Immune-mediated blistering diseases

Intra-epithelial

Pemphigus

Subepithelial

Pemphigoid

Linear IgA disease

Dermatitis herpetiformis

Epidermolysis bullosa

Erythema multiforme

Treatment Topical Corticosteroids Recurrent aphthous ulcers

bull Oral manifestations of Behccedilets disease Reiters syndrome acute

vulvar ulcer MAGIC syndrome PFAPA syndrome ulcerative colitis

Crohns disease Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome Sweets

syndrome among others

bull Drug-induced ulcerations mediated by an immune mechanism

bull Lichen planus

bull Cicatricial pemphigoid

bull Mucous membrane pemphigoid

bull Bullous pemphigoid

bull Erythema multiforme

bull Linear IgA dermatosis

bull Pemphigus vulgaris

Topicals Temovate cream 005 Clobetasol propionate

Halog cream 01 Halcinonide

Lidex cream 005 Fluocinonide

Topicort cream 025 Desoximethasone

Lidex gel 005 Fluocinonide

Aristocort cream H-P 05 Triamcinolone acetinode

Diprosone cream 005 Betamethasone dipropionate

Florone cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Maxiflor cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Synalar cream H-P 02 Fluocinolone acetonide

Topicals Tropicort-LP cream 005 Desoxymethasone

Benisone cream 0025 Betamethasone benzoate

Cordran cream 0025 Flurandenolide

Kenalog cream 01 Triamcinolone acetonide

Locoid cream 01 Hydrocortisone butyrate

Synalar cream 0025 Fluocinolone acetonide

Valisone cream 01 Betamethasone valerate

Tridesilon cream 005 Desonide

Locorten cream 003 Flumetasone pivalate

1 Hydrocortisone

Topical Corticosteroids

Used to treat oral lesions

Clobetasol (Temovate) -- Suppresses mitosis and increases synthesis of proteins that decrease inflammation and cause vasoconstriction Class I superpotent topical steroid useful in treating oral lesions Topical corticosteroids commonly are used intraorally for oral manifestations of autoimmune blistering skin diseases Since these diseases are chronic inflammatory in nature topical corticosteroids are very useful as an adjunct treatment Patients with disease confined to the gingiva should see a dentist to have a custom-made soft tray to carry the medication

H

How does herpes simplex develop

overexposure to sunlight

overexposure to wind

colds influenza and similar infections

heavy alcohol use

fever from any cause

the menstrual period

physical stress

emotional stress

Symptoms

Primary (Initial) HSV I Fever

Adenopathy

Ulcers deep in mouth

Secondary (Later) HSV I (Recurrent labial lesions) Fever Blisters form on outer vermillion border

Cold Sores form on inner lip Initial Vesicle

Next Crust

Last Healing in 10-14 days

Differential Diagnosis

Differs from Aphthous Ulcers in that

Found on keratinized (bound-down) intraoral

mucosa

Vesicles rupture into coalescing ulcers

HSV lesions are anterior compared with

Herpangina

Hand Foot and Mouth Disease

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Oral acyclovir (Zovirax) or the recently

developed drugs valacyclovir (Valtrex) or

famciclovir (Famvir) lessen the symptoms

and frequency of fever blister recurrences for

some patients These drugs prevent HSV from

multiplying and are effective when taken in

pill form prior to an outbreak of the virus

Systemic Antivirals

Acyclovir

Dose 15 mgkg (max 200 mg) PO 5xday for 7 days

Shortens first HSV infection by 6 days in children

Famciclovir

Shortens healing time by 2 days in UV-induced cases

Spruance (1999) J Infect Dis 179303-10

Valacyclovir (FDA approved for age 12 and older)

Adult dose 2 g PO bid for one day

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Topical antiviral creams containing acyclovir

(Zovirax) or penciclovir (Denavir) may also

help in limiting the extent or duration of

lesions if applied promptly to affected areas

Topical Treatments

Penciclovir (Denavir) heals HSV-1 sores on average about half a day faster than without treatment stops viral shedding and reduces the duration of the pain Ideally the patient should apply the cream within the first hour of symptoms although benefits have also been noted with later application It is continued for four consecutive days and should be reapplied every two hours while awake

Docosanol cream (Abreva) is an over-the-counter agent for oral-facial herpes It helps resist infection by inhibiting the ability of the virus to become fully active after it has attached itself to the host cell It is applied five times a day beginning at the first sign of tingling or pain Studies have been mixed on it benefits

Topical Treatments

Acyclovir cream (Zovirax) has been approved It may speed healing of oral herpes lesions and lessen the duration of pain particularly if it is applied early on (at the first sign of pain or tingling)

Lidex is a gel that contains a fluocinonide as corticosteroid Corticosteroids commonly called steroids are anti-inflammatory agents and not ordinarily used for herpes Some evidence suggests it may be effective in combination with oral famciclovir

Topical Treatments

Over-the-counter topical anesthetics may provide

modest relief They include Anbesol gel Blistex lip

ointment Campho-phenique Herpecin-L

Viractin and Zilactin In one study Viractin

reduced the duration of the attack compared to

placebo by two days It also relieved itching but had

little effect on other symptoms In general however

few studies have been conducted on any of these

products

X

Xerostomia

Xerostomia is not a disease but can be a symptom

of certain diseases It can produce serious

negative effects on the patients quality of life

affecting dietary habits nutritional status

speech taste tolerance to dental prosthesis and

increases susceptibility to dental caries The

increase in dental caries can be devastating in

many patients and therefore special care must be

made to control this condition

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Medications - Several hundred current medications

can cause xerostomia antihypertensives

antidepressants analgesics tranquilizers diuretics

and antihistamines c

-Cancer Therapy - Chemotherapeutic drugs can

change the flow and composition of the saliva

Radiation treatment that is focused on or near the

salivary gland can temporarily or permanently

damage the salivary glands

-Sjogrens syndrome - An autoimmune disease causes

xerostomia and dry eyes

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Other conditions -such as bone marrow transplants endocrine disorders stress anxiety depression and nutritional deficiencies may cause xerostomia

-Nerve Damage - Trauma to the head and neck area from surgery or wounds can damage the nerves that supply sensation to the mouth While the salivary glands may be left intact they cannot function normally without the nerves that signal them to produce saliva

Treatment

Identify the xerostomic condition and the

cause Some of the causes may be

ameliorated and this will aid therapy But

in many situations it will be difficult to

eliminate the causes Thus it will be

necessary for the Dentist to control the

results of xerostomia This is especially

true about the increase in dental caries

Treatment -pilocarpine (Salagen) 5mg qid prescription required

-special food preparation - blended and moist foods are easier to swallow

artificial saliva (available over-the-counter)

-sipping plain water is usually preferred over artificial saliva by most patients

-Biotene brand over-the-counter dry mouth products (toothpaste alcohol- free mouth rinse and Oralbalance lubricating gel)

-avoidance of alcohol-based mouth rinses

-use of water and glycerin mixed in a small aerosol spray bottle

RX

Contains sorbitol sodium

carboxymethlcellulose and

methylparaben in a

pleasantly flavored

solution

120 mL (406 fl oz)

Z

Treatment

Acyclovir (Zovirax)dagger800 mg orally five times

daily for 7 to 10 days

10 mg per kg IV every 8 hours for 7 to 10

daysDagger

$174 to 248 (129 to 200)

Famciclovir (Famvir)dagger500 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$140

Treatment

Valacyclovir (Valtrex)dagger1000 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$84

Prednisone (Deltasone)30 mg orally twice

daily on days 1 through 7 then 15 mg twice

daily on days 8 through 14 then 75 mg twice

daily on days 15 through 21

Treatment

Lotions containing calamine (eg Caladryl)

may be used on open lesions to reduce pain

and pruritus

Once the lesions have crusted over capsaicin

cream (Zostrix) may be applied

Topically administered lidocaine (Xylocaine)

and nerve blocks have also been reported to

be effective in reducing pain

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Amitriptyline (Elavil) -- By inhibiting reuptake of serotonin andor norepinephrine by presynaptic neuronal membrane may increase synaptic concentration in CNS Useful as analgesic for certain types of chronic and neuropathic pain

Adult DoseEarly in course of HZ 25 mgd PO hs to prevent PHNAfter PHN develops 30-100 mg PO qhs

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Capsaicin cream (Dolorac Capsin Zostrix) --Natural chemical derived from plants of Solanaceae family By depleting and preventing reaccumulation of substance P in peripheral sensory neurons may render skin and joints insensitive to pain Substance P thought to be chemomediator of pain transmission from periphery to CNS

Adult DoseCream Apply to skin tidqid for 3-4 consecutive wk and evaluate efficacy not to exceed 4 applicationsd

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Lidocaine (DermaFlex gel Lidoderm 5 patch) --Several recent studies have advocated topical administration of lidocaine as treatment of PHN Lidocaine gel (5) in placebo-controlled study showed significant relief in 23 patients studied Lidocaine tape also decreases severity of pain

Adult DoseGel (5) Apply to affected area prnPatch (5) Apply to most painful area up to 3 patches per application patch may remain in place for up to 12 h in any 24 h period

Postherpetic Neuralgia Gabapentin (Neurontin) -- This medication has been

approved by the FDA for the treatment of PHN Has properties common to other anticonvulsants and antineuralgic effects Exact mechanism of action is not known Structurally gabapentin is related to GABA but it does not interact with GABA receptors Believed to have a binding site at the alpha 2-delta protein an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gaited calcium channels In the rat brain binding is localized on neuronal dendritic areas Relevance of these observations to treatment of PHN is not known

Adult Dose100 mg PO tid titrate dose prn recommended dose is 900-1800 mg PO qd not to exceed 900 mg PO qid

Erythroplakia

Defined as a red patch that can not be

clinically or pathologically diagnosed as any

other condition

Almost all erythroleukoplakia demonstrate

dysplasia or CIS

Etiology is similar to oral SCC

May occur in conjunction with leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

Risk of malignant transformation in

erythroleukoplakia about 4x greater than

homogenous leukoplakia

Predominately disease of older men with peak

prevalence of 65 to 74 years

Floor of mouth tongue and soft palate are

most common sites of involvement

Erythroplakia

The Management of Head and

Neck Cancer

Major advances

Conservative or partial resections

Micro vascular free-tissue transfer in

reconstruction

Better definition of the roles of chemotherapy

and radiotherapy

Despite these advances the treatment of loco

regional recurrence remains a major challenge

success rates for salvage therapy are poor

Treatment

Surgery

Radiotherapy

Chemotherapy

Immunotherapy

at present the role of immunotherapy remains investigational

Chemotherapy

Several randomized and non-randomized trial have evaluated chemotherapy for the treatment of head and neck cancer

Various agents have been shown to produce a response

No agents either alone or in combination have demonstrated an improvement in survival

cisplatin and 5 - FU

Uses

Inoperable tumors

Salvage therapy for recurrent tumors

Treatment

The main treatment modalities for head and neck

cancer remain surgery and radiotherapy

Patient factors that merit consideration

Impact on the quality of life

Medical condition ndash ldquoco - morbiditiesrdquo

Patient preference

Treatment cost and convenience

Compliance

Treatment

Early stage disease (stage I and II) can be treated with either surgery or radiotherapy with equivalent control rates

Small lesions of the oral cavity wide local excision is preferred over radiotherapy

Radiotherapy can be delivered to a site generally only once

Reserve this modality for less operable lesions

Treatment Combined Modality

Surgery and RadiotherapyIndications for post operative radiotherapy

Primary Tumor

Advance T stage

High histologic grade

Positive surgical resection margins

Lymphatic permeation

Vascular invasion

Perineural spread

Radiotherapy

Daily dose of 180 cGy to 200 cGy

5000 cGy over a five week period

T1 ndash 6000 to 6600 cGy

T2 - 6600 to 7000 cGy

T3T4 - gt 7000 cGy

ldquoshrinking field techniquerdquo

hyperfractionation technique 200 cGy per day for 25 days followed by 400 cGy per day for 5 days

D

Desquamative gingivitis is a clinical term to describe red painful glazed and friable gingivae which may be a manifestation of some mucocutaneous conditions such as lichen planus or the vesiculobullous disorders

Clinical features of desquamative

gingivitis

Fiery red friable gingiva

Painful desquamates easily

Buccal aspect of anterior attached gingiva

affected

Marginal gingiva spared

Not significantly improved by oral hygiene

measures alone

Differential Diagnosis Erosive Lichen Planus

Immune-mediated blistering diseases

Intra-epithelial

Pemphigus

Subepithelial

Pemphigoid

Linear IgA disease

Dermatitis herpetiformis

Epidermolysis bullosa

Erythema multiforme

Treatment Topical Corticosteroids Recurrent aphthous ulcers

bull Oral manifestations of Behccedilets disease Reiters syndrome acute

vulvar ulcer MAGIC syndrome PFAPA syndrome ulcerative colitis

Crohns disease Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome Sweets

syndrome among others

bull Drug-induced ulcerations mediated by an immune mechanism

bull Lichen planus

bull Cicatricial pemphigoid

bull Mucous membrane pemphigoid

bull Bullous pemphigoid

bull Erythema multiforme

bull Linear IgA dermatosis

bull Pemphigus vulgaris

Topicals Temovate cream 005 Clobetasol propionate

Halog cream 01 Halcinonide

Lidex cream 005 Fluocinonide

Topicort cream 025 Desoximethasone

Lidex gel 005 Fluocinonide

Aristocort cream H-P 05 Triamcinolone acetinode

Diprosone cream 005 Betamethasone dipropionate

Florone cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Maxiflor cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Synalar cream H-P 02 Fluocinolone acetonide

Topicals Tropicort-LP cream 005 Desoxymethasone

Benisone cream 0025 Betamethasone benzoate

Cordran cream 0025 Flurandenolide

Kenalog cream 01 Triamcinolone acetonide

Locoid cream 01 Hydrocortisone butyrate

Synalar cream 0025 Fluocinolone acetonide

Valisone cream 01 Betamethasone valerate

Tridesilon cream 005 Desonide

Locorten cream 003 Flumetasone pivalate

1 Hydrocortisone

Topical Corticosteroids

Used to treat oral lesions

Clobetasol (Temovate) -- Suppresses mitosis and increases synthesis of proteins that decrease inflammation and cause vasoconstriction Class I superpotent topical steroid useful in treating oral lesions Topical corticosteroids commonly are used intraorally for oral manifestations of autoimmune blistering skin diseases Since these diseases are chronic inflammatory in nature topical corticosteroids are very useful as an adjunct treatment Patients with disease confined to the gingiva should see a dentist to have a custom-made soft tray to carry the medication

H

How does herpes simplex develop

overexposure to sunlight

overexposure to wind

colds influenza and similar infections

heavy alcohol use

fever from any cause

the menstrual period

physical stress

emotional stress

Symptoms

Primary (Initial) HSV I Fever

Adenopathy

Ulcers deep in mouth

Secondary (Later) HSV I (Recurrent labial lesions) Fever Blisters form on outer vermillion border

Cold Sores form on inner lip Initial Vesicle

Next Crust

Last Healing in 10-14 days

Differential Diagnosis

Differs from Aphthous Ulcers in that

Found on keratinized (bound-down) intraoral

mucosa

Vesicles rupture into coalescing ulcers

HSV lesions are anterior compared with

Herpangina

Hand Foot and Mouth Disease

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Oral acyclovir (Zovirax) or the recently

developed drugs valacyclovir (Valtrex) or

famciclovir (Famvir) lessen the symptoms

and frequency of fever blister recurrences for

some patients These drugs prevent HSV from

multiplying and are effective when taken in

pill form prior to an outbreak of the virus

Systemic Antivirals

Acyclovir

Dose 15 mgkg (max 200 mg) PO 5xday for 7 days

Shortens first HSV infection by 6 days in children

Famciclovir

Shortens healing time by 2 days in UV-induced cases

Spruance (1999) J Infect Dis 179303-10

Valacyclovir (FDA approved for age 12 and older)

Adult dose 2 g PO bid for one day

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Topical antiviral creams containing acyclovir

(Zovirax) or penciclovir (Denavir) may also

help in limiting the extent or duration of

lesions if applied promptly to affected areas

Topical Treatments

Penciclovir (Denavir) heals HSV-1 sores on average about half a day faster than without treatment stops viral shedding and reduces the duration of the pain Ideally the patient should apply the cream within the first hour of symptoms although benefits have also been noted with later application It is continued for four consecutive days and should be reapplied every two hours while awake

Docosanol cream (Abreva) is an over-the-counter agent for oral-facial herpes It helps resist infection by inhibiting the ability of the virus to become fully active after it has attached itself to the host cell It is applied five times a day beginning at the first sign of tingling or pain Studies have been mixed on it benefits

Topical Treatments

Acyclovir cream (Zovirax) has been approved It may speed healing of oral herpes lesions and lessen the duration of pain particularly if it is applied early on (at the first sign of pain or tingling)

Lidex is a gel that contains a fluocinonide as corticosteroid Corticosteroids commonly called steroids are anti-inflammatory agents and not ordinarily used for herpes Some evidence suggests it may be effective in combination with oral famciclovir

Topical Treatments

Over-the-counter topical anesthetics may provide

modest relief They include Anbesol gel Blistex lip

ointment Campho-phenique Herpecin-L

Viractin and Zilactin In one study Viractin

reduced the duration of the attack compared to

placebo by two days It also relieved itching but had

little effect on other symptoms In general however

few studies have been conducted on any of these

products

X

Xerostomia

Xerostomia is not a disease but can be a symptom

of certain diseases It can produce serious

negative effects on the patients quality of life

affecting dietary habits nutritional status

speech taste tolerance to dental prosthesis and

increases susceptibility to dental caries The

increase in dental caries can be devastating in

many patients and therefore special care must be

made to control this condition

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Medications - Several hundred current medications

can cause xerostomia antihypertensives

antidepressants analgesics tranquilizers diuretics

and antihistamines c

-Cancer Therapy - Chemotherapeutic drugs can

change the flow and composition of the saliva

Radiation treatment that is focused on or near the

salivary gland can temporarily or permanently

damage the salivary glands

-Sjogrens syndrome - An autoimmune disease causes

xerostomia and dry eyes

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Other conditions -such as bone marrow transplants endocrine disorders stress anxiety depression and nutritional deficiencies may cause xerostomia

-Nerve Damage - Trauma to the head and neck area from surgery or wounds can damage the nerves that supply sensation to the mouth While the salivary glands may be left intact they cannot function normally without the nerves that signal them to produce saliva

Treatment

Identify the xerostomic condition and the

cause Some of the causes may be

ameliorated and this will aid therapy But

in many situations it will be difficult to

eliminate the causes Thus it will be

necessary for the Dentist to control the

results of xerostomia This is especially

true about the increase in dental caries

Treatment -pilocarpine (Salagen) 5mg qid prescription required

-special food preparation - blended and moist foods are easier to swallow

artificial saliva (available over-the-counter)

-sipping plain water is usually preferred over artificial saliva by most patients

-Biotene brand over-the-counter dry mouth products (toothpaste alcohol- free mouth rinse and Oralbalance lubricating gel)

-avoidance of alcohol-based mouth rinses

-use of water and glycerin mixed in a small aerosol spray bottle

RX

Contains sorbitol sodium

carboxymethlcellulose and

methylparaben in a

pleasantly flavored

solution

120 mL (406 fl oz)

Z

Treatment

Acyclovir (Zovirax)dagger800 mg orally five times

daily for 7 to 10 days

10 mg per kg IV every 8 hours for 7 to 10

daysDagger

$174 to 248 (129 to 200)

Famciclovir (Famvir)dagger500 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$140

Treatment

Valacyclovir (Valtrex)dagger1000 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$84

Prednisone (Deltasone)30 mg orally twice

daily on days 1 through 7 then 15 mg twice

daily on days 8 through 14 then 75 mg twice

daily on days 15 through 21

Treatment

Lotions containing calamine (eg Caladryl)

may be used on open lesions to reduce pain

and pruritus

Once the lesions have crusted over capsaicin

cream (Zostrix) may be applied

Topically administered lidocaine (Xylocaine)

and nerve blocks have also been reported to

be effective in reducing pain

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Amitriptyline (Elavil) -- By inhibiting reuptake of serotonin andor norepinephrine by presynaptic neuronal membrane may increase synaptic concentration in CNS Useful as analgesic for certain types of chronic and neuropathic pain

Adult DoseEarly in course of HZ 25 mgd PO hs to prevent PHNAfter PHN develops 30-100 mg PO qhs

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Capsaicin cream (Dolorac Capsin Zostrix) --Natural chemical derived from plants of Solanaceae family By depleting and preventing reaccumulation of substance P in peripheral sensory neurons may render skin and joints insensitive to pain Substance P thought to be chemomediator of pain transmission from periphery to CNS

Adult DoseCream Apply to skin tidqid for 3-4 consecutive wk and evaluate efficacy not to exceed 4 applicationsd

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Lidocaine (DermaFlex gel Lidoderm 5 patch) --Several recent studies have advocated topical administration of lidocaine as treatment of PHN Lidocaine gel (5) in placebo-controlled study showed significant relief in 23 patients studied Lidocaine tape also decreases severity of pain

Adult DoseGel (5) Apply to affected area prnPatch (5) Apply to most painful area up to 3 patches per application patch may remain in place for up to 12 h in any 24 h period

Postherpetic Neuralgia Gabapentin (Neurontin) -- This medication has been

approved by the FDA for the treatment of PHN Has properties common to other anticonvulsants and antineuralgic effects Exact mechanism of action is not known Structurally gabapentin is related to GABA but it does not interact with GABA receptors Believed to have a binding site at the alpha 2-delta protein an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gaited calcium channels In the rat brain binding is localized on neuronal dendritic areas Relevance of these observations to treatment of PHN is not known

Adult Dose100 mg PO tid titrate dose prn recommended dose is 900-1800 mg PO qd not to exceed 900 mg PO qid

Erythroplakia

Risk of malignant transformation in

erythroleukoplakia about 4x greater than

homogenous leukoplakia

Predominately disease of older men with peak

prevalence of 65 to 74 years

Floor of mouth tongue and soft palate are

most common sites of involvement

Erythroplakia

The Management of Head and

Neck Cancer

Major advances

Conservative or partial resections

Micro vascular free-tissue transfer in

reconstruction

Better definition of the roles of chemotherapy

and radiotherapy

Despite these advances the treatment of loco

regional recurrence remains a major challenge

success rates for salvage therapy are poor

Treatment

Surgery

Radiotherapy

Chemotherapy

Immunotherapy

at present the role of immunotherapy remains investigational

Chemotherapy

Several randomized and non-randomized trial have evaluated chemotherapy for the treatment of head and neck cancer

Various agents have been shown to produce a response

No agents either alone or in combination have demonstrated an improvement in survival

cisplatin and 5 - FU

Uses

Inoperable tumors

Salvage therapy for recurrent tumors

Treatment

The main treatment modalities for head and neck

cancer remain surgery and radiotherapy

Patient factors that merit consideration

Impact on the quality of life

Medical condition ndash ldquoco - morbiditiesrdquo

Patient preference

Treatment cost and convenience

Compliance

Treatment

Early stage disease (stage I and II) can be treated with either surgery or radiotherapy with equivalent control rates

Small lesions of the oral cavity wide local excision is preferred over radiotherapy

Radiotherapy can be delivered to a site generally only once

Reserve this modality for less operable lesions

Treatment Combined Modality

Surgery and RadiotherapyIndications for post operative radiotherapy

Primary Tumor

Advance T stage

High histologic grade

Positive surgical resection margins

Lymphatic permeation

Vascular invasion

Perineural spread

Radiotherapy

Daily dose of 180 cGy to 200 cGy

5000 cGy over a five week period

T1 ndash 6000 to 6600 cGy

T2 - 6600 to 7000 cGy

T3T4 - gt 7000 cGy

ldquoshrinking field techniquerdquo

hyperfractionation technique 200 cGy per day for 25 days followed by 400 cGy per day for 5 days

D

Desquamative gingivitis is a clinical term to describe red painful glazed and friable gingivae which may be a manifestation of some mucocutaneous conditions such as lichen planus or the vesiculobullous disorders

Clinical features of desquamative

gingivitis

Fiery red friable gingiva

Painful desquamates easily

Buccal aspect of anterior attached gingiva

affected

Marginal gingiva spared

Not significantly improved by oral hygiene

measures alone

Differential Diagnosis Erosive Lichen Planus

Immune-mediated blistering diseases

Intra-epithelial

Pemphigus

Subepithelial

Pemphigoid

Linear IgA disease

Dermatitis herpetiformis

Epidermolysis bullosa

Erythema multiforme

Treatment Topical Corticosteroids Recurrent aphthous ulcers

bull Oral manifestations of Behccedilets disease Reiters syndrome acute

vulvar ulcer MAGIC syndrome PFAPA syndrome ulcerative colitis

Crohns disease Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome Sweets

syndrome among others

bull Drug-induced ulcerations mediated by an immune mechanism

bull Lichen planus

bull Cicatricial pemphigoid

bull Mucous membrane pemphigoid

bull Bullous pemphigoid

bull Erythema multiforme

bull Linear IgA dermatosis

bull Pemphigus vulgaris

Topicals Temovate cream 005 Clobetasol propionate

Halog cream 01 Halcinonide

Lidex cream 005 Fluocinonide

Topicort cream 025 Desoximethasone

Lidex gel 005 Fluocinonide

Aristocort cream H-P 05 Triamcinolone acetinode

Diprosone cream 005 Betamethasone dipropionate

Florone cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Maxiflor cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Synalar cream H-P 02 Fluocinolone acetonide

Topicals Tropicort-LP cream 005 Desoxymethasone

Benisone cream 0025 Betamethasone benzoate

Cordran cream 0025 Flurandenolide

Kenalog cream 01 Triamcinolone acetonide

Locoid cream 01 Hydrocortisone butyrate

Synalar cream 0025 Fluocinolone acetonide

Valisone cream 01 Betamethasone valerate

Tridesilon cream 005 Desonide

Locorten cream 003 Flumetasone pivalate

1 Hydrocortisone

Topical Corticosteroids

Used to treat oral lesions

Clobetasol (Temovate) -- Suppresses mitosis and increases synthesis of proteins that decrease inflammation and cause vasoconstriction Class I superpotent topical steroid useful in treating oral lesions Topical corticosteroids commonly are used intraorally for oral manifestations of autoimmune blistering skin diseases Since these diseases are chronic inflammatory in nature topical corticosteroids are very useful as an adjunct treatment Patients with disease confined to the gingiva should see a dentist to have a custom-made soft tray to carry the medication

H

How does herpes simplex develop

overexposure to sunlight

overexposure to wind

colds influenza and similar infections

heavy alcohol use

fever from any cause

the menstrual period

physical stress

emotional stress

Symptoms

Primary (Initial) HSV I Fever

Adenopathy

Ulcers deep in mouth

Secondary (Later) HSV I (Recurrent labial lesions) Fever Blisters form on outer vermillion border

Cold Sores form on inner lip Initial Vesicle

Next Crust

Last Healing in 10-14 days

Differential Diagnosis

Differs from Aphthous Ulcers in that

Found on keratinized (bound-down) intraoral

mucosa

Vesicles rupture into coalescing ulcers

HSV lesions are anterior compared with

Herpangina

Hand Foot and Mouth Disease

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Oral acyclovir (Zovirax) or the recently

developed drugs valacyclovir (Valtrex) or

famciclovir (Famvir) lessen the symptoms

and frequency of fever blister recurrences for

some patients These drugs prevent HSV from

multiplying and are effective when taken in

pill form prior to an outbreak of the virus

Systemic Antivirals

Acyclovir

Dose 15 mgkg (max 200 mg) PO 5xday for 7 days

Shortens first HSV infection by 6 days in children

Famciclovir

Shortens healing time by 2 days in UV-induced cases

Spruance (1999) J Infect Dis 179303-10

Valacyclovir (FDA approved for age 12 and older)

Adult dose 2 g PO bid for one day

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Topical antiviral creams containing acyclovir

(Zovirax) or penciclovir (Denavir) may also

help in limiting the extent or duration of

lesions if applied promptly to affected areas

Topical Treatments

Penciclovir (Denavir) heals HSV-1 sores on average about half a day faster than without treatment stops viral shedding and reduces the duration of the pain Ideally the patient should apply the cream within the first hour of symptoms although benefits have also been noted with later application It is continued for four consecutive days and should be reapplied every two hours while awake

Docosanol cream (Abreva) is an over-the-counter agent for oral-facial herpes It helps resist infection by inhibiting the ability of the virus to become fully active after it has attached itself to the host cell It is applied five times a day beginning at the first sign of tingling or pain Studies have been mixed on it benefits

Topical Treatments

Acyclovir cream (Zovirax) has been approved It may speed healing of oral herpes lesions and lessen the duration of pain particularly if it is applied early on (at the first sign of pain or tingling)

Lidex is a gel that contains a fluocinonide as corticosteroid Corticosteroids commonly called steroids are anti-inflammatory agents and not ordinarily used for herpes Some evidence suggests it may be effective in combination with oral famciclovir

Topical Treatments

Over-the-counter topical anesthetics may provide

modest relief They include Anbesol gel Blistex lip

ointment Campho-phenique Herpecin-L

Viractin and Zilactin In one study Viractin

reduced the duration of the attack compared to

placebo by two days It also relieved itching but had

little effect on other symptoms In general however

few studies have been conducted on any of these

products

X

Xerostomia

Xerostomia is not a disease but can be a symptom

of certain diseases It can produce serious

negative effects on the patients quality of life

affecting dietary habits nutritional status

speech taste tolerance to dental prosthesis and

increases susceptibility to dental caries The

increase in dental caries can be devastating in

many patients and therefore special care must be

made to control this condition

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Medications - Several hundred current medications

can cause xerostomia antihypertensives

antidepressants analgesics tranquilizers diuretics

and antihistamines c

-Cancer Therapy - Chemotherapeutic drugs can

change the flow and composition of the saliva

Radiation treatment that is focused on or near the

salivary gland can temporarily or permanently

damage the salivary glands

-Sjogrens syndrome - An autoimmune disease causes

xerostomia and dry eyes

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Other conditions -such as bone marrow transplants endocrine disorders stress anxiety depression and nutritional deficiencies may cause xerostomia

-Nerve Damage - Trauma to the head and neck area from surgery or wounds can damage the nerves that supply sensation to the mouth While the salivary glands may be left intact they cannot function normally without the nerves that signal them to produce saliva

Treatment

Identify the xerostomic condition and the

cause Some of the causes may be

ameliorated and this will aid therapy But

in many situations it will be difficult to

eliminate the causes Thus it will be

necessary for the Dentist to control the

results of xerostomia This is especially

true about the increase in dental caries

Treatment -pilocarpine (Salagen) 5mg qid prescription required

-special food preparation - blended and moist foods are easier to swallow

artificial saliva (available over-the-counter)

-sipping plain water is usually preferred over artificial saliva by most patients

-Biotene brand over-the-counter dry mouth products (toothpaste alcohol- free mouth rinse and Oralbalance lubricating gel)

-avoidance of alcohol-based mouth rinses

-use of water and glycerin mixed in a small aerosol spray bottle

RX

Contains sorbitol sodium

carboxymethlcellulose and

methylparaben in a

pleasantly flavored

solution

120 mL (406 fl oz)

Z

Treatment

Acyclovir (Zovirax)dagger800 mg orally five times

daily for 7 to 10 days

10 mg per kg IV every 8 hours for 7 to 10

daysDagger

$174 to 248 (129 to 200)

Famciclovir (Famvir)dagger500 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$140

Treatment

Valacyclovir (Valtrex)dagger1000 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$84

Prednisone (Deltasone)30 mg orally twice

daily on days 1 through 7 then 15 mg twice

daily on days 8 through 14 then 75 mg twice

daily on days 15 through 21

Treatment

Lotions containing calamine (eg Caladryl)

may be used on open lesions to reduce pain

and pruritus

Once the lesions have crusted over capsaicin

cream (Zostrix) may be applied

Topically administered lidocaine (Xylocaine)

and nerve blocks have also been reported to

be effective in reducing pain

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Amitriptyline (Elavil) -- By inhibiting reuptake of serotonin andor norepinephrine by presynaptic neuronal membrane may increase synaptic concentration in CNS Useful as analgesic for certain types of chronic and neuropathic pain

Adult DoseEarly in course of HZ 25 mgd PO hs to prevent PHNAfter PHN develops 30-100 mg PO qhs

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Capsaicin cream (Dolorac Capsin Zostrix) --Natural chemical derived from plants of Solanaceae family By depleting and preventing reaccumulation of substance P in peripheral sensory neurons may render skin and joints insensitive to pain Substance P thought to be chemomediator of pain transmission from periphery to CNS

Adult DoseCream Apply to skin tidqid for 3-4 consecutive wk and evaluate efficacy not to exceed 4 applicationsd

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Lidocaine (DermaFlex gel Lidoderm 5 patch) --Several recent studies have advocated topical administration of lidocaine as treatment of PHN Lidocaine gel (5) in placebo-controlled study showed significant relief in 23 patients studied Lidocaine tape also decreases severity of pain

Adult DoseGel (5) Apply to affected area prnPatch (5) Apply to most painful area up to 3 patches per application patch may remain in place for up to 12 h in any 24 h period

Postherpetic Neuralgia Gabapentin (Neurontin) -- This medication has been

approved by the FDA for the treatment of PHN Has properties common to other anticonvulsants and antineuralgic effects Exact mechanism of action is not known Structurally gabapentin is related to GABA but it does not interact with GABA receptors Believed to have a binding site at the alpha 2-delta protein an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gaited calcium channels In the rat brain binding is localized on neuronal dendritic areas Relevance of these observations to treatment of PHN is not known

Adult Dose100 mg PO tid titrate dose prn recommended dose is 900-1800 mg PO qd not to exceed 900 mg PO qid

Erythroplakia

The Management of Head and

Neck Cancer

Major advances

Conservative or partial resections

Micro vascular free-tissue transfer in

reconstruction

Better definition of the roles of chemotherapy

and radiotherapy

Despite these advances the treatment of loco

regional recurrence remains a major challenge

success rates for salvage therapy are poor

Treatment

Surgery

Radiotherapy

Chemotherapy

Immunotherapy

at present the role of immunotherapy remains investigational

Chemotherapy

Several randomized and non-randomized trial have evaluated chemotherapy for the treatment of head and neck cancer

Various agents have been shown to produce a response

No agents either alone or in combination have demonstrated an improvement in survival

cisplatin and 5 - FU

Uses

Inoperable tumors

Salvage therapy for recurrent tumors

Treatment

The main treatment modalities for head and neck

cancer remain surgery and radiotherapy

Patient factors that merit consideration

Impact on the quality of life

Medical condition ndash ldquoco - morbiditiesrdquo

Patient preference

Treatment cost and convenience

Compliance

Treatment

Early stage disease (stage I and II) can be treated with either surgery or radiotherapy with equivalent control rates

Small lesions of the oral cavity wide local excision is preferred over radiotherapy

Radiotherapy can be delivered to a site generally only once

Reserve this modality for less operable lesions

Treatment Combined Modality

Surgery and RadiotherapyIndications for post operative radiotherapy

Primary Tumor

Advance T stage

High histologic grade

Positive surgical resection margins

Lymphatic permeation

Vascular invasion

Perineural spread

Radiotherapy

Daily dose of 180 cGy to 200 cGy

5000 cGy over a five week period

T1 ndash 6000 to 6600 cGy

T2 - 6600 to 7000 cGy

T3T4 - gt 7000 cGy

ldquoshrinking field techniquerdquo

hyperfractionation technique 200 cGy per day for 25 days followed by 400 cGy per day for 5 days

D

Desquamative gingivitis is a clinical term to describe red painful glazed and friable gingivae which may be a manifestation of some mucocutaneous conditions such as lichen planus or the vesiculobullous disorders

Clinical features of desquamative

gingivitis

Fiery red friable gingiva

Painful desquamates easily

Buccal aspect of anterior attached gingiva

affected

Marginal gingiva spared

Not significantly improved by oral hygiene

measures alone

Differential Diagnosis Erosive Lichen Planus

Immune-mediated blistering diseases

Intra-epithelial

Pemphigus

Subepithelial

Pemphigoid

Linear IgA disease

Dermatitis herpetiformis

Epidermolysis bullosa

Erythema multiforme

Treatment Topical Corticosteroids Recurrent aphthous ulcers

bull Oral manifestations of Behccedilets disease Reiters syndrome acute

vulvar ulcer MAGIC syndrome PFAPA syndrome ulcerative colitis

Crohns disease Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome Sweets

syndrome among others

bull Drug-induced ulcerations mediated by an immune mechanism

bull Lichen planus

bull Cicatricial pemphigoid

bull Mucous membrane pemphigoid

bull Bullous pemphigoid

bull Erythema multiforme

bull Linear IgA dermatosis

bull Pemphigus vulgaris

Topicals Temovate cream 005 Clobetasol propionate

Halog cream 01 Halcinonide

Lidex cream 005 Fluocinonide

Topicort cream 025 Desoximethasone

Lidex gel 005 Fluocinonide

Aristocort cream H-P 05 Triamcinolone acetinode

Diprosone cream 005 Betamethasone dipropionate

Florone cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Maxiflor cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Synalar cream H-P 02 Fluocinolone acetonide

Topicals Tropicort-LP cream 005 Desoxymethasone

Benisone cream 0025 Betamethasone benzoate

Cordran cream 0025 Flurandenolide

Kenalog cream 01 Triamcinolone acetonide

Locoid cream 01 Hydrocortisone butyrate

Synalar cream 0025 Fluocinolone acetonide

Valisone cream 01 Betamethasone valerate

Tridesilon cream 005 Desonide

Locorten cream 003 Flumetasone pivalate

1 Hydrocortisone

Topical Corticosteroids

Used to treat oral lesions

Clobetasol (Temovate) -- Suppresses mitosis and increases synthesis of proteins that decrease inflammation and cause vasoconstriction Class I superpotent topical steroid useful in treating oral lesions Topical corticosteroids commonly are used intraorally for oral manifestations of autoimmune blistering skin diseases Since these diseases are chronic inflammatory in nature topical corticosteroids are very useful as an adjunct treatment Patients with disease confined to the gingiva should see a dentist to have a custom-made soft tray to carry the medication

H

How does herpes simplex develop

overexposure to sunlight

overexposure to wind

colds influenza and similar infections

heavy alcohol use

fever from any cause

the menstrual period

physical stress

emotional stress

Symptoms

Primary (Initial) HSV I Fever

Adenopathy

Ulcers deep in mouth

Secondary (Later) HSV I (Recurrent labial lesions) Fever Blisters form on outer vermillion border

Cold Sores form on inner lip Initial Vesicle

Next Crust

Last Healing in 10-14 days

Differential Diagnosis

Differs from Aphthous Ulcers in that

Found on keratinized (bound-down) intraoral

mucosa

Vesicles rupture into coalescing ulcers

HSV lesions are anterior compared with

Herpangina

Hand Foot and Mouth Disease

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Oral acyclovir (Zovirax) or the recently

developed drugs valacyclovir (Valtrex) or

famciclovir (Famvir) lessen the symptoms

and frequency of fever blister recurrences for

some patients These drugs prevent HSV from

multiplying and are effective when taken in

pill form prior to an outbreak of the virus

Systemic Antivirals

Acyclovir

Dose 15 mgkg (max 200 mg) PO 5xday for 7 days

Shortens first HSV infection by 6 days in children

Famciclovir

Shortens healing time by 2 days in UV-induced cases

Spruance (1999) J Infect Dis 179303-10

Valacyclovir (FDA approved for age 12 and older)

Adult dose 2 g PO bid for one day

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Topical antiviral creams containing acyclovir

(Zovirax) or penciclovir (Denavir) may also

help in limiting the extent or duration of

lesions if applied promptly to affected areas

Topical Treatments

Penciclovir (Denavir) heals HSV-1 sores on average about half a day faster than without treatment stops viral shedding and reduces the duration of the pain Ideally the patient should apply the cream within the first hour of symptoms although benefits have also been noted with later application It is continued for four consecutive days and should be reapplied every two hours while awake

Docosanol cream (Abreva) is an over-the-counter agent for oral-facial herpes It helps resist infection by inhibiting the ability of the virus to become fully active after it has attached itself to the host cell It is applied five times a day beginning at the first sign of tingling or pain Studies have been mixed on it benefits

Topical Treatments

Acyclovir cream (Zovirax) has been approved It may speed healing of oral herpes lesions and lessen the duration of pain particularly if it is applied early on (at the first sign of pain or tingling)

Lidex is a gel that contains a fluocinonide as corticosteroid Corticosteroids commonly called steroids are anti-inflammatory agents and not ordinarily used for herpes Some evidence suggests it may be effective in combination with oral famciclovir

Topical Treatments

Over-the-counter topical anesthetics may provide

modest relief They include Anbesol gel Blistex lip

ointment Campho-phenique Herpecin-L

Viractin and Zilactin In one study Viractin

reduced the duration of the attack compared to

placebo by two days It also relieved itching but had

little effect on other symptoms In general however

few studies have been conducted on any of these

products

X

Xerostomia

Xerostomia is not a disease but can be a symptom

of certain diseases It can produce serious

negative effects on the patients quality of life

affecting dietary habits nutritional status

speech taste tolerance to dental prosthesis and

increases susceptibility to dental caries The

increase in dental caries can be devastating in

many patients and therefore special care must be

made to control this condition

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Medications - Several hundred current medications

can cause xerostomia antihypertensives

antidepressants analgesics tranquilizers diuretics

and antihistamines c

-Cancer Therapy - Chemotherapeutic drugs can

change the flow and composition of the saliva

Radiation treatment that is focused on or near the

salivary gland can temporarily or permanently

damage the salivary glands

-Sjogrens syndrome - An autoimmune disease causes

xerostomia and dry eyes

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Other conditions -such as bone marrow transplants endocrine disorders stress anxiety depression and nutritional deficiencies may cause xerostomia

-Nerve Damage - Trauma to the head and neck area from surgery or wounds can damage the nerves that supply sensation to the mouth While the salivary glands may be left intact they cannot function normally without the nerves that signal them to produce saliva

Treatment

Identify the xerostomic condition and the

cause Some of the causes may be

ameliorated and this will aid therapy But

in many situations it will be difficult to

eliminate the causes Thus it will be

necessary for the Dentist to control the

results of xerostomia This is especially

true about the increase in dental caries

Treatment -pilocarpine (Salagen) 5mg qid prescription required

-special food preparation - blended and moist foods are easier to swallow

artificial saliva (available over-the-counter)

-sipping plain water is usually preferred over artificial saliva by most patients

-Biotene brand over-the-counter dry mouth products (toothpaste alcohol- free mouth rinse and Oralbalance lubricating gel)

-avoidance of alcohol-based mouth rinses

-use of water and glycerin mixed in a small aerosol spray bottle

RX

Contains sorbitol sodium

carboxymethlcellulose and

methylparaben in a

pleasantly flavored

solution

120 mL (406 fl oz)

Z

Treatment

Acyclovir (Zovirax)dagger800 mg orally five times

daily for 7 to 10 days

10 mg per kg IV every 8 hours for 7 to 10

daysDagger

$174 to 248 (129 to 200)

Famciclovir (Famvir)dagger500 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$140

Treatment

Valacyclovir (Valtrex)dagger1000 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$84

Prednisone (Deltasone)30 mg orally twice

daily on days 1 through 7 then 15 mg twice

daily on days 8 through 14 then 75 mg twice

daily on days 15 through 21

Treatment

Lotions containing calamine (eg Caladryl)

may be used on open lesions to reduce pain

and pruritus

Once the lesions have crusted over capsaicin

cream (Zostrix) may be applied

Topically administered lidocaine (Xylocaine)

and nerve blocks have also been reported to

be effective in reducing pain

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Amitriptyline (Elavil) -- By inhibiting reuptake of serotonin andor norepinephrine by presynaptic neuronal membrane may increase synaptic concentration in CNS Useful as analgesic for certain types of chronic and neuropathic pain

Adult DoseEarly in course of HZ 25 mgd PO hs to prevent PHNAfter PHN develops 30-100 mg PO qhs

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Capsaicin cream (Dolorac Capsin Zostrix) --Natural chemical derived from plants of Solanaceae family By depleting and preventing reaccumulation of substance P in peripheral sensory neurons may render skin and joints insensitive to pain Substance P thought to be chemomediator of pain transmission from periphery to CNS

Adult DoseCream Apply to skin tidqid for 3-4 consecutive wk and evaluate efficacy not to exceed 4 applicationsd

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Lidocaine (DermaFlex gel Lidoderm 5 patch) --Several recent studies have advocated topical administration of lidocaine as treatment of PHN Lidocaine gel (5) in placebo-controlled study showed significant relief in 23 patients studied Lidocaine tape also decreases severity of pain

Adult DoseGel (5) Apply to affected area prnPatch (5) Apply to most painful area up to 3 patches per application patch may remain in place for up to 12 h in any 24 h period

Postherpetic Neuralgia Gabapentin (Neurontin) -- This medication has been

approved by the FDA for the treatment of PHN Has properties common to other anticonvulsants and antineuralgic effects Exact mechanism of action is not known Structurally gabapentin is related to GABA but it does not interact with GABA receptors Believed to have a binding site at the alpha 2-delta protein an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gaited calcium channels In the rat brain binding is localized on neuronal dendritic areas Relevance of these observations to treatment of PHN is not known

Adult Dose100 mg PO tid titrate dose prn recommended dose is 900-1800 mg PO qd not to exceed 900 mg PO qid

The Management of Head and

Neck Cancer

Major advances

Conservative or partial resections

Micro vascular free-tissue transfer in

reconstruction

Better definition of the roles of chemotherapy

and radiotherapy

Despite these advances the treatment of loco

regional recurrence remains a major challenge

success rates for salvage therapy are poor

Treatment

Surgery

Radiotherapy

Chemotherapy

Immunotherapy

at present the role of immunotherapy remains investigational

Chemotherapy

Several randomized and non-randomized trial have evaluated chemotherapy for the treatment of head and neck cancer

Various agents have been shown to produce a response

No agents either alone or in combination have demonstrated an improvement in survival

cisplatin and 5 - FU

Uses

Inoperable tumors

Salvage therapy for recurrent tumors

Treatment

The main treatment modalities for head and neck

cancer remain surgery and radiotherapy

Patient factors that merit consideration

Impact on the quality of life

Medical condition ndash ldquoco - morbiditiesrdquo

Patient preference

Treatment cost and convenience

Compliance

Treatment

Early stage disease (stage I and II) can be treated with either surgery or radiotherapy with equivalent control rates

Small lesions of the oral cavity wide local excision is preferred over radiotherapy

Radiotherapy can be delivered to a site generally only once

Reserve this modality for less operable lesions

Treatment Combined Modality

Surgery and RadiotherapyIndications for post operative radiotherapy

Primary Tumor

Advance T stage

High histologic grade

Positive surgical resection margins

Lymphatic permeation

Vascular invasion

Perineural spread

Radiotherapy

Daily dose of 180 cGy to 200 cGy

5000 cGy over a five week period

T1 ndash 6000 to 6600 cGy

T2 - 6600 to 7000 cGy

T3T4 - gt 7000 cGy

ldquoshrinking field techniquerdquo

hyperfractionation technique 200 cGy per day for 25 days followed by 400 cGy per day for 5 days

D

Desquamative gingivitis is a clinical term to describe red painful glazed and friable gingivae which may be a manifestation of some mucocutaneous conditions such as lichen planus or the vesiculobullous disorders

Clinical features of desquamative

gingivitis

Fiery red friable gingiva

Painful desquamates easily

Buccal aspect of anterior attached gingiva

affected

Marginal gingiva spared

Not significantly improved by oral hygiene

measures alone

Differential Diagnosis Erosive Lichen Planus

Immune-mediated blistering diseases

Intra-epithelial

Pemphigus

Subepithelial

Pemphigoid

Linear IgA disease

Dermatitis herpetiformis

Epidermolysis bullosa

Erythema multiforme

Treatment Topical Corticosteroids Recurrent aphthous ulcers

bull Oral manifestations of Behccedilets disease Reiters syndrome acute

vulvar ulcer MAGIC syndrome PFAPA syndrome ulcerative colitis

Crohns disease Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome Sweets

syndrome among others

bull Drug-induced ulcerations mediated by an immune mechanism

bull Lichen planus

bull Cicatricial pemphigoid

bull Mucous membrane pemphigoid

bull Bullous pemphigoid

bull Erythema multiforme

bull Linear IgA dermatosis

bull Pemphigus vulgaris

Topicals Temovate cream 005 Clobetasol propionate

Halog cream 01 Halcinonide

Lidex cream 005 Fluocinonide

Topicort cream 025 Desoximethasone

Lidex gel 005 Fluocinonide

Aristocort cream H-P 05 Triamcinolone acetinode

Diprosone cream 005 Betamethasone dipropionate

Florone cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Maxiflor cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Synalar cream H-P 02 Fluocinolone acetonide

Topicals Tropicort-LP cream 005 Desoxymethasone

Benisone cream 0025 Betamethasone benzoate

Cordran cream 0025 Flurandenolide

Kenalog cream 01 Triamcinolone acetonide

Locoid cream 01 Hydrocortisone butyrate

Synalar cream 0025 Fluocinolone acetonide

Valisone cream 01 Betamethasone valerate

Tridesilon cream 005 Desonide

Locorten cream 003 Flumetasone pivalate

1 Hydrocortisone

Topical Corticosteroids

Used to treat oral lesions

Clobetasol (Temovate) -- Suppresses mitosis and increases synthesis of proteins that decrease inflammation and cause vasoconstriction Class I superpotent topical steroid useful in treating oral lesions Topical corticosteroids commonly are used intraorally for oral manifestations of autoimmune blistering skin diseases Since these diseases are chronic inflammatory in nature topical corticosteroids are very useful as an adjunct treatment Patients with disease confined to the gingiva should see a dentist to have a custom-made soft tray to carry the medication

H

How does herpes simplex develop

overexposure to sunlight

overexposure to wind

colds influenza and similar infections

heavy alcohol use

fever from any cause

the menstrual period

physical stress

emotional stress

Symptoms

Primary (Initial) HSV I Fever

Adenopathy

Ulcers deep in mouth

Secondary (Later) HSV I (Recurrent labial lesions) Fever Blisters form on outer vermillion border

Cold Sores form on inner lip Initial Vesicle

Next Crust

Last Healing in 10-14 days

Differential Diagnosis

Differs from Aphthous Ulcers in that

Found on keratinized (bound-down) intraoral

mucosa

Vesicles rupture into coalescing ulcers

HSV lesions are anterior compared with

Herpangina

Hand Foot and Mouth Disease

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Oral acyclovir (Zovirax) or the recently

developed drugs valacyclovir (Valtrex) or

famciclovir (Famvir) lessen the symptoms

and frequency of fever blister recurrences for

some patients These drugs prevent HSV from

multiplying and are effective when taken in

pill form prior to an outbreak of the virus

Systemic Antivirals

Acyclovir

Dose 15 mgkg (max 200 mg) PO 5xday for 7 days

Shortens first HSV infection by 6 days in children

Famciclovir

Shortens healing time by 2 days in UV-induced cases

Spruance (1999) J Infect Dis 179303-10

Valacyclovir (FDA approved for age 12 and older)

Adult dose 2 g PO bid for one day

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Topical antiviral creams containing acyclovir

(Zovirax) or penciclovir (Denavir) may also

help in limiting the extent or duration of

lesions if applied promptly to affected areas

Topical Treatments

Penciclovir (Denavir) heals HSV-1 sores on average about half a day faster than without treatment stops viral shedding and reduces the duration of the pain Ideally the patient should apply the cream within the first hour of symptoms although benefits have also been noted with later application It is continued for four consecutive days and should be reapplied every two hours while awake

Docosanol cream (Abreva) is an over-the-counter agent for oral-facial herpes It helps resist infection by inhibiting the ability of the virus to become fully active after it has attached itself to the host cell It is applied five times a day beginning at the first sign of tingling or pain Studies have been mixed on it benefits

Topical Treatments

Acyclovir cream (Zovirax) has been approved It may speed healing of oral herpes lesions and lessen the duration of pain particularly if it is applied early on (at the first sign of pain or tingling)

Lidex is a gel that contains a fluocinonide as corticosteroid Corticosteroids commonly called steroids are anti-inflammatory agents and not ordinarily used for herpes Some evidence suggests it may be effective in combination with oral famciclovir

Topical Treatments

Over-the-counter topical anesthetics may provide

modest relief They include Anbesol gel Blistex lip

ointment Campho-phenique Herpecin-L

Viractin and Zilactin In one study Viractin

reduced the duration of the attack compared to

placebo by two days It also relieved itching but had

little effect on other symptoms In general however

few studies have been conducted on any of these

products

X

Xerostomia

Xerostomia is not a disease but can be a symptom

of certain diseases It can produce serious

negative effects on the patients quality of life

affecting dietary habits nutritional status

speech taste tolerance to dental prosthesis and

increases susceptibility to dental caries The

increase in dental caries can be devastating in

many patients and therefore special care must be

made to control this condition

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Medications - Several hundred current medications

can cause xerostomia antihypertensives

antidepressants analgesics tranquilizers diuretics

and antihistamines c

-Cancer Therapy - Chemotherapeutic drugs can

change the flow and composition of the saliva

Radiation treatment that is focused on or near the

salivary gland can temporarily or permanently

damage the salivary glands

-Sjogrens syndrome - An autoimmune disease causes

xerostomia and dry eyes

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Other conditions -such as bone marrow transplants endocrine disorders stress anxiety depression and nutritional deficiencies may cause xerostomia

-Nerve Damage - Trauma to the head and neck area from surgery or wounds can damage the nerves that supply sensation to the mouth While the salivary glands may be left intact they cannot function normally without the nerves that signal them to produce saliva

Treatment

Identify the xerostomic condition and the

cause Some of the causes may be

ameliorated and this will aid therapy But

in many situations it will be difficult to

eliminate the causes Thus it will be

necessary for the Dentist to control the

results of xerostomia This is especially

true about the increase in dental caries

Treatment -pilocarpine (Salagen) 5mg qid prescription required

-special food preparation - blended and moist foods are easier to swallow

artificial saliva (available over-the-counter)

-sipping plain water is usually preferred over artificial saliva by most patients

-Biotene brand over-the-counter dry mouth products (toothpaste alcohol- free mouth rinse and Oralbalance lubricating gel)

-avoidance of alcohol-based mouth rinses

-use of water and glycerin mixed in a small aerosol spray bottle

RX

Contains sorbitol sodium

carboxymethlcellulose and

methylparaben in a

pleasantly flavored

solution

120 mL (406 fl oz)

Z

Treatment

Acyclovir (Zovirax)dagger800 mg orally five times

daily for 7 to 10 days

10 mg per kg IV every 8 hours for 7 to 10

daysDagger

$174 to 248 (129 to 200)

Famciclovir (Famvir)dagger500 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$140

Treatment

Valacyclovir (Valtrex)dagger1000 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$84

Prednisone (Deltasone)30 mg orally twice

daily on days 1 through 7 then 15 mg twice

daily on days 8 through 14 then 75 mg twice

daily on days 15 through 21

Treatment

Lotions containing calamine (eg Caladryl)

may be used on open lesions to reduce pain

and pruritus

Once the lesions have crusted over capsaicin

cream (Zostrix) may be applied

Topically administered lidocaine (Xylocaine)

and nerve blocks have also been reported to

be effective in reducing pain

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Amitriptyline (Elavil) -- By inhibiting reuptake of serotonin andor norepinephrine by presynaptic neuronal membrane may increase synaptic concentration in CNS Useful as analgesic for certain types of chronic and neuropathic pain

Adult DoseEarly in course of HZ 25 mgd PO hs to prevent PHNAfter PHN develops 30-100 mg PO qhs

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Capsaicin cream (Dolorac Capsin Zostrix) --Natural chemical derived from plants of Solanaceae family By depleting and preventing reaccumulation of substance P in peripheral sensory neurons may render skin and joints insensitive to pain Substance P thought to be chemomediator of pain transmission from periphery to CNS

Adult DoseCream Apply to skin tidqid for 3-4 consecutive wk and evaluate efficacy not to exceed 4 applicationsd

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Lidocaine (DermaFlex gel Lidoderm 5 patch) --Several recent studies have advocated topical administration of lidocaine as treatment of PHN Lidocaine gel (5) in placebo-controlled study showed significant relief in 23 patients studied Lidocaine tape also decreases severity of pain

Adult DoseGel (5) Apply to affected area prnPatch (5) Apply to most painful area up to 3 patches per application patch may remain in place for up to 12 h in any 24 h period

Postherpetic Neuralgia Gabapentin (Neurontin) -- This medication has been

approved by the FDA for the treatment of PHN Has properties common to other anticonvulsants and antineuralgic effects Exact mechanism of action is not known Structurally gabapentin is related to GABA but it does not interact with GABA receptors Believed to have a binding site at the alpha 2-delta protein an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gaited calcium channels In the rat brain binding is localized on neuronal dendritic areas Relevance of these observations to treatment of PHN is not known

Adult Dose100 mg PO tid titrate dose prn recommended dose is 900-1800 mg PO qd not to exceed 900 mg PO qid

Despite these advances the treatment of loco

regional recurrence remains a major challenge

success rates for salvage therapy are poor

Treatment

Surgery

Radiotherapy

Chemotherapy

Immunotherapy

at present the role of immunotherapy remains investigational

Chemotherapy

Several randomized and non-randomized trial have evaluated chemotherapy for the treatment of head and neck cancer

Various agents have been shown to produce a response

No agents either alone or in combination have demonstrated an improvement in survival

cisplatin and 5 - FU

Uses

Inoperable tumors

Salvage therapy for recurrent tumors

Treatment

The main treatment modalities for head and neck

cancer remain surgery and radiotherapy

Patient factors that merit consideration

Impact on the quality of life

Medical condition ndash ldquoco - morbiditiesrdquo

Patient preference

Treatment cost and convenience

Compliance

Treatment

Early stage disease (stage I and II) can be treated with either surgery or radiotherapy with equivalent control rates

Small lesions of the oral cavity wide local excision is preferred over radiotherapy

Radiotherapy can be delivered to a site generally only once

Reserve this modality for less operable lesions

Treatment Combined Modality

Surgery and RadiotherapyIndications for post operative radiotherapy

Primary Tumor

Advance T stage

High histologic grade

Positive surgical resection margins

Lymphatic permeation

Vascular invasion

Perineural spread

Radiotherapy

Daily dose of 180 cGy to 200 cGy

5000 cGy over a five week period

T1 ndash 6000 to 6600 cGy

T2 - 6600 to 7000 cGy

T3T4 - gt 7000 cGy

ldquoshrinking field techniquerdquo

hyperfractionation technique 200 cGy per day for 25 days followed by 400 cGy per day for 5 days

D

Desquamative gingivitis is a clinical term to describe red painful glazed and friable gingivae which may be a manifestation of some mucocutaneous conditions such as lichen planus or the vesiculobullous disorders

Clinical features of desquamative

gingivitis

Fiery red friable gingiva

Painful desquamates easily

Buccal aspect of anterior attached gingiva

affected

Marginal gingiva spared

Not significantly improved by oral hygiene

measures alone

Differential Diagnosis Erosive Lichen Planus

Immune-mediated blistering diseases

Intra-epithelial

Pemphigus

Subepithelial

Pemphigoid

Linear IgA disease

Dermatitis herpetiformis

Epidermolysis bullosa

Erythema multiforme

Treatment Topical Corticosteroids Recurrent aphthous ulcers

bull Oral manifestations of Behccedilets disease Reiters syndrome acute

vulvar ulcer MAGIC syndrome PFAPA syndrome ulcerative colitis

Crohns disease Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome Sweets

syndrome among others

bull Drug-induced ulcerations mediated by an immune mechanism

bull Lichen planus

bull Cicatricial pemphigoid

bull Mucous membrane pemphigoid

bull Bullous pemphigoid

bull Erythema multiforme

bull Linear IgA dermatosis

bull Pemphigus vulgaris

Topicals Temovate cream 005 Clobetasol propionate

Halog cream 01 Halcinonide

Lidex cream 005 Fluocinonide

Topicort cream 025 Desoximethasone

Lidex gel 005 Fluocinonide

Aristocort cream H-P 05 Triamcinolone acetinode

Diprosone cream 005 Betamethasone dipropionate

Florone cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Maxiflor cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Synalar cream H-P 02 Fluocinolone acetonide

Topicals Tropicort-LP cream 005 Desoxymethasone

Benisone cream 0025 Betamethasone benzoate

Cordran cream 0025 Flurandenolide

Kenalog cream 01 Triamcinolone acetonide

Locoid cream 01 Hydrocortisone butyrate

Synalar cream 0025 Fluocinolone acetonide

Valisone cream 01 Betamethasone valerate

Tridesilon cream 005 Desonide

Locorten cream 003 Flumetasone pivalate

1 Hydrocortisone

Topical Corticosteroids

Used to treat oral lesions

Clobetasol (Temovate) -- Suppresses mitosis and increases synthesis of proteins that decrease inflammation and cause vasoconstriction Class I superpotent topical steroid useful in treating oral lesions Topical corticosteroids commonly are used intraorally for oral manifestations of autoimmune blistering skin diseases Since these diseases are chronic inflammatory in nature topical corticosteroids are very useful as an adjunct treatment Patients with disease confined to the gingiva should see a dentist to have a custom-made soft tray to carry the medication

H

How does herpes simplex develop

overexposure to sunlight

overexposure to wind

colds influenza and similar infections

heavy alcohol use

fever from any cause

the menstrual period

physical stress

emotional stress

Symptoms

Primary (Initial) HSV I Fever

Adenopathy

Ulcers deep in mouth

Secondary (Later) HSV I (Recurrent labial lesions) Fever Blisters form on outer vermillion border

Cold Sores form on inner lip Initial Vesicle

Next Crust

Last Healing in 10-14 days

Differential Diagnosis

Differs from Aphthous Ulcers in that

Found on keratinized (bound-down) intraoral

mucosa

Vesicles rupture into coalescing ulcers

HSV lesions are anterior compared with

Herpangina

Hand Foot and Mouth Disease

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Oral acyclovir (Zovirax) or the recently

developed drugs valacyclovir (Valtrex) or

famciclovir (Famvir) lessen the symptoms

and frequency of fever blister recurrences for

some patients These drugs prevent HSV from

multiplying and are effective when taken in

pill form prior to an outbreak of the virus

Systemic Antivirals

Acyclovir

Dose 15 mgkg (max 200 mg) PO 5xday for 7 days

Shortens first HSV infection by 6 days in children

Famciclovir

Shortens healing time by 2 days in UV-induced cases

Spruance (1999) J Infect Dis 179303-10

Valacyclovir (FDA approved for age 12 and older)

Adult dose 2 g PO bid for one day

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Topical antiviral creams containing acyclovir

(Zovirax) or penciclovir (Denavir) may also

help in limiting the extent or duration of

lesions if applied promptly to affected areas

Topical Treatments

Penciclovir (Denavir) heals HSV-1 sores on average about half a day faster than without treatment stops viral shedding and reduces the duration of the pain Ideally the patient should apply the cream within the first hour of symptoms although benefits have also been noted with later application It is continued for four consecutive days and should be reapplied every two hours while awake

Docosanol cream (Abreva) is an over-the-counter agent for oral-facial herpes It helps resist infection by inhibiting the ability of the virus to become fully active after it has attached itself to the host cell It is applied five times a day beginning at the first sign of tingling or pain Studies have been mixed on it benefits

Topical Treatments

Acyclovir cream (Zovirax) has been approved It may speed healing of oral herpes lesions and lessen the duration of pain particularly if it is applied early on (at the first sign of pain or tingling)

Lidex is a gel that contains a fluocinonide as corticosteroid Corticosteroids commonly called steroids are anti-inflammatory agents and not ordinarily used for herpes Some evidence suggests it may be effective in combination with oral famciclovir

Topical Treatments

Over-the-counter topical anesthetics may provide

modest relief They include Anbesol gel Blistex lip

ointment Campho-phenique Herpecin-L

Viractin and Zilactin In one study Viractin

reduced the duration of the attack compared to

placebo by two days It also relieved itching but had

little effect on other symptoms In general however

few studies have been conducted on any of these

products

X

Xerostomia

Xerostomia is not a disease but can be a symptom

of certain diseases It can produce serious

negative effects on the patients quality of life

affecting dietary habits nutritional status

speech taste tolerance to dental prosthesis and

increases susceptibility to dental caries The

increase in dental caries can be devastating in

many patients and therefore special care must be

made to control this condition

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Medications - Several hundred current medications

can cause xerostomia antihypertensives

antidepressants analgesics tranquilizers diuretics

and antihistamines c

-Cancer Therapy - Chemotherapeutic drugs can

change the flow and composition of the saliva

Radiation treatment that is focused on or near the

salivary gland can temporarily or permanently

damage the salivary glands

-Sjogrens syndrome - An autoimmune disease causes

xerostomia and dry eyes

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Other conditions -such as bone marrow transplants endocrine disorders stress anxiety depression and nutritional deficiencies may cause xerostomia

-Nerve Damage - Trauma to the head and neck area from surgery or wounds can damage the nerves that supply sensation to the mouth While the salivary glands may be left intact they cannot function normally without the nerves that signal them to produce saliva

Treatment

Identify the xerostomic condition and the

cause Some of the causes may be

ameliorated and this will aid therapy But

in many situations it will be difficult to

eliminate the causes Thus it will be

necessary for the Dentist to control the

results of xerostomia This is especially

true about the increase in dental caries

Treatment -pilocarpine (Salagen) 5mg qid prescription required

-special food preparation - blended and moist foods are easier to swallow

artificial saliva (available over-the-counter)

-sipping plain water is usually preferred over artificial saliva by most patients

-Biotene brand over-the-counter dry mouth products (toothpaste alcohol- free mouth rinse and Oralbalance lubricating gel)

-avoidance of alcohol-based mouth rinses

-use of water and glycerin mixed in a small aerosol spray bottle

RX

Contains sorbitol sodium

carboxymethlcellulose and

methylparaben in a

pleasantly flavored

solution

120 mL (406 fl oz)

Z

Treatment

Acyclovir (Zovirax)dagger800 mg orally five times

daily for 7 to 10 days

10 mg per kg IV every 8 hours for 7 to 10

daysDagger

$174 to 248 (129 to 200)

Famciclovir (Famvir)dagger500 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$140

Treatment

Valacyclovir (Valtrex)dagger1000 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$84

Prednisone (Deltasone)30 mg orally twice

daily on days 1 through 7 then 15 mg twice

daily on days 8 through 14 then 75 mg twice

daily on days 15 through 21

Treatment

Lotions containing calamine (eg Caladryl)

may be used on open lesions to reduce pain

and pruritus

Once the lesions have crusted over capsaicin

cream (Zostrix) may be applied

Topically administered lidocaine (Xylocaine)

and nerve blocks have also been reported to

be effective in reducing pain

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Amitriptyline (Elavil) -- By inhibiting reuptake of serotonin andor norepinephrine by presynaptic neuronal membrane may increase synaptic concentration in CNS Useful as analgesic for certain types of chronic and neuropathic pain

Adult DoseEarly in course of HZ 25 mgd PO hs to prevent PHNAfter PHN develops 30-100 mg PO qhs

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Capsaicin cream (Dolorac Capsin Zostrix) --Natural chemical derived from plants of Solanaceae family By depleting and preventing reaccumulation of substance P in peripheral sensory neurons may render skin and joints insensitive to pain Substance P thought to be chemomediator of pain transmission from periphery to CNS

Adult DoseCream Apply to skin tidqid for 3-4 consecutive wk and evaluate efficacy not to exceed 4 applicationsd

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Lidocaine (DermaFlex gel Lidoderm 5 patch) --Several recent studies have advocated topical administration of lidocaine as treatment of PHN Lidocaine gel (5) in placebo-controlled study showed significant relief in 23 patients studied Lidocaine tape also decreases severity of pain

Adult DoseGel (5) Apply to affected area prnPatch (5) Apply to most painful area up to 3 patches per application patch may remain in place for up to 12 h in any 24 h period

Postherpetic Neuralgia Gabapentin (Neurontin) -- This medication has been

approved by the FDA for the treatment of PHN Has properties common to other anticonvulsants and antineuralgic effects Exact mechanism of action is not known Structurally gabapentin is related to GABA but it does not interact with GABA receptors Believed to have a binding site at the alpha 2-delta protein an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gaited calcium channels In the rat brain binding is localized on neuronal dendritic areas Relevance of these observations to treatment of PHN is not known

Adult Dose100 mg PO tid titrate dose prn recommended dose is 900-1800 mg PO qd not to exceed 900 mg PO qid

Treatment

Surgery

Radiotherapy

Chemotherapy

Immunotherapy

at present the role of immunotherapy remains investigational

Chemotherapy

Several randomized and non-randomized trial have evaluated chemotherapy for the treatment of head and neck cancer

Various agents have been shown to produce a response

No agents either alone or in combination have demonstrated an improvement in survival

cisplatin and 5 - FU

Uses

Inoperable tumors

Salvage therapy for recurrent tumors

Treatment

The main treatment modalities for head and neck

cancer remain surgery and radiotherapy

Patient factors that merit consideration

Impact on the quality of life

Medical condition ndash ldquoco - morbiditiesrdquo

Patient preference

Treatment cost and convenience

Compliance

Treatment

Early stage disease (stage I and II) can be treated with either surgery or radiotherapy with equivalent control rates

Small lesions of the oral cavity wide local excision is preferred over radiotherapy

Radiotherapy can be delivered to a site generally only once

Reserve this modality for less operable lesions

Treatment Combined Modality

Surgery and RadiotherapyIndications for post operative radiotherapy

Primary Tumor

Advance T stage

High histologic grade

Positive surgical resection margins

Lymphatic permeation

Vascular invasion

Perineural spread

Radiotherapy

Daily dose of 180 cGy to 200 cGy

5000 cGy over a five week period

T1 ndash 6000 to 6600 cGy

T2 - 6600 to 7000 cGy

T3T4 - gt 7000 cGy

ldquoshrinking field techniquerdquo

hyperfractionation technique 200 cGy per day for 25 days followed by 400 cGy per day for 5 days

D

Desquamative gingivitis is a clinical term to describe red painful glazed and friable gingivae which may be a manifestation of some mucocutaneous conditions such as lichen planus or the vesiculobullous disorders

Clinical features of desquamative

gingivitis

Fiery red friable gingiva

Painful desquamates easily

Buccal aspect of anterior attached gingiva

affected

Marginal gingiva spared

Not significantly improved by oral hygiene

measures alone

Differential Diagnosis Erosive Lichen Planus

Immune-mediated blistering diseases

Intra-epithelial

Pemphigus

Subepithelial

Pemphigoid

Linear IgA disease

Dermatitis herpetiformis

Epidermolysis bullosa

Erythema multiforme

Treatment Topical Corticosteroids Recurrent aphthous ulcers

bull Oral manifestations of Behccedilets disease Reiters syndrome acute

vulvar ulcer MAGIC syndrome PFAPA syndrome ulcerative colitis

Crohns disease Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome Sweets

syndrome among others

bull Drug-induced ulcerations mediated by an immune mechanism

bull Lichen planus

bull Cicatricial pemphigoid

bull Mucous membrane pemphigoid

bull Bullous pemphigoid

bull Erythema multiforme

bull Linear IgA dermatosis

bull Pemphigus vulgaris

Topicals Temovate cream 005 Clobetasol propionate

Halog cream 01 Halcinonide

Lidex cream 005 Fluocinonide

Topicort cream 025 Desoximethasone

Lidex gel 005 Fluocinonide

Aristocort cream H-P 05 Triamcinolone acetinode

Diprosone cream 005 Betamethasone dipropionate

Florone cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Maxiflor cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Synalar cream H-P 02 Fluocinolone acetonide

Topicals Tropicort-LP cream 005 Desoxymethasone

Benisone cream 0025 Betamethasone benzoate

Cordran cream 0025 Flurandenolide

Kenalog cream 01 Triamcinolone acetonide

Locoid cream 01 Hydrocortisone butyrate

Synalar cream 0025 Fluocinolone acetonide

Valisone cream 01 Betamethasone valerate

Tridesilon cream 005 Desonide

Locorten cream 003 Flumetasone pivalate

1 Hydrocortisone

Topical Corticosteroids

Used to treat oral lesions

Clobetasol (Temovate) -- Suppresses mitosis and increases synthesis of proteins that decrease inflammation and cause vasoconstriction Class I superpotent topical steroid useful in treating oral lesions Topical corticosteroids commonly are used intraorally for oral manifestations of autoimmune blistering skin diseases Since these diseases are chronic inflammatory in nature topical corticosteroids are very useful as an adjunct treatment Patients with disease confined to the gingiva should see a dentist to have a custom-made soft tray to carry the medication

H

How does herpes simplex develop

overexposure to sunlight

overexposure to wind

colds influenza and similar infections

heavy alcohol use

fever from any cause

the menstrual period

physical stress

emotional stress

Symptoms

Primary (Initial) HSV I Fever

Adenopathy

Ulcers deep in mouth

Secondary (Later) HSV I (Recurrent labial lesions) Fever Blisters form on outer vermillion border

Cold Sores form on inner lip Initial Vesicle

Next Crust

Last Healing in 10-14 days

Differential Diagnosis

Differs from Aphthous Ulcers in that

Found on keratinized (bound-down) intraoral

mucosa

Vesicles rupture into coalescing ulcers

HSV lesions are anterior compared with

Herpangina

Hand Foot and Mouth Disease

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Oral acyclovir (Zovirax) or the recently

developed drugs valacyclovir (Valtrex) or

famciclovir (Famvir) lessen the symptoms

and frequency of fever blister recurrences for

some patients These drugs prevent HSV from

multiplying and are effective when taken in

pill form prior to an outbreak of the virus

Systemic Antivirals

Acyclovir

Dose 15 mgkg (max 200 mg) PO 5xday for 7 days

Shortens first HSV infection by 6 days in children

Famciclovir

Shortens healing time by 2 days in UV-induced cases

Spruance (1999) J Infect Dis 179303-10

Valacyclovir (FDA approved for age 12 and older)

Adult dose 2 g PO bid for one day

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Topical antiviral creams containing acyclovir

(Zovirax) or penciclovir (Denavir) may also

help in limiting the extent or duration of

lesions if applied promptly to affected areas

Topical Treatments

Penciclovir (Denavir) heals HSV-1 sores on average about half a day faster than without treatment stops viral shedding and reduces the duration of the pain Ideally the patient should apply the cream within the first hour of symptoms although benefits have also been noted with later application It is continued for four consecutive days and should be reapplied every two hours while awake

Docosanol cream (Abreva) is an over-the-counter agent for oral-facial herpes It helps resist infection by inhibiting the ability of the virus to become fully active after it has attached itself to the host cell It is applied five times a day beginning at the first sign of tingling or pain Studies have been mixed on it benefits

Topical Treatments

Acyclovir cream (Zovirax) has been approved It may speed healing of oral herpes lesions and lessen the duration of pain particularly if it is applied early on (at the first sign of pain or tingling)

Lidex is a gel that contains a fluocinonide as corticosteroid Corticosteroids commonly called steroids are anti-inflammatory agents and not ordinarily used for herpes Some evidence suggests it may be effective in combination with oral famciclovir

Topical Treatments

Over-the-counter topical anesthetics may provide

modest relief They include Anbesol gel Blistex lip

ointment Campho-phenique Herpecin-L

Viractin and Zilactin In one study Viractin

reduced the duration of the attack compared to

placebo by two days It also relieved itching but had

little effect on other symptoms In general however

few studies have been conducted on any of these

products

X

Xerostomia

Xerostomia is not a disease but can be a symptom

of certain diseases It can produce serious

negative effects on the patients quality of life

affecting dietary habits nutritional status

speech taste tolerance to dental prosthesis and

increases susceptibility to dental caries The

increase in dental caries can be devastating in

many patients and therefore special care must be

made to control this condition

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Medications - Several hundred current medications

can cause xerostomia antihypertensives

antidepressants analgesics tranquilizers diuretics

and antihistamines c

-Cancer Therapy - Chemotherapeutic drugs can

change the flow and composition of the saliva

Radiation treatment that is focused on or near the

salivary gland can temporarily or permanently

damage the salivary glands

-Sjogrens syndrome - An autoimmune disease causes

xerostomia and dry eyes

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Other conditions -such as bone marrow transplants endocrine disorders stress anxiety depression and nutritional deficiencies may cause xerostomia

-Nerve Damage - Trauma to the head and neck area from surgery or wounds can damage the nerves that supply sensation to the mouth While the salivary glands may be left intact they cannot function normally without the nerves that signal them to produce saliva

Treatment

Identify the xerostomic condition and the

cause Some of the causes may be

ameliorated and this will aid therapy But

in many situations it will be difficult to

eliminate the causes Thus it will be

necessary for the Dentist to control the

results of xerostomia This is especially

true about the increase in dental caries

Treatment -pilocarpine (Salagen) 5mg qid prescription required

-special food preparation - blended and moist foods are easier to swallow

artificial saliva (available over-the-counter)

-sipping plain water is usually preferred over artificial saliva by most patients

-Biotene brand over-the-counter dry mouth products (toothpaste alcohol- free mouth rinse and Oralbalance lubricating gel)

-avoidance of alcohol-based mouth rinses

-use of water and glycerin mixed in a small aerosol spray bottle

RX

Contains sorbitol sodium

carboxymethlcellulose and

methylparaben in a

pleasantly flavored

solution

120 mL (406 fl oz)

Z

Treatment

Acyclovir (Zovirax)dagger800 mg orally five times

daily for 7 to 10 days

10 mg per kg IV every 8 hours for 7 to 10

daysDagger

$174 to 248 (129 to 200)

Famciclovir (Famvir)dagger500 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$140

Treatment

Valacyclovir (Valtrex)dagger1000 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$84

Prednisone (Deltasone)30 mg orally twice

daily on days 1 through 7 then 15 mg twice

daily on days 8 through 14 then 75 mg twice

daily on days 15 through 21

Treatment

Lotions containing calamine (eg Caladryl)

may be used on open lesions to reduce pain

and pruritus

Once the lesions have crusted over capsaicin

cream (Zostrix) may be applied

Topically administered lidocaine (Xylocaine)

and nerve blocks have also been reported to

be effective in reducing pain

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Amitriptyline (Elavil) -- By inhibiting reuptake of serotonin andor norepinephrine by presynaptic neuronal membrane may increase synaptic concentration in CNS Useful as analgesic for certain types of chronic and neuropathic pain

Adult DoseEarly in course of HZ 25 mgd PO hs to prevent PHNAfter PHN develops 30-100 mg PO qhs

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Capsaicin cream (Dolorac Capsin Zostrix) --Natural chemical derived from plants of Solanaceae family By depleting and preventing reaccumulation of substance P in peripheral sensory neurons may render skin and joints insensitive to pain Substance P thought to be chemomediator of pain transmission from periphery to CNS

Adult DoseCream Apply to skin tidqid for 3-4 consecutive wk and evaluate efficacy not to exceed 4 applicationsd

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Lidocaine (DermaFlex gel Lidoderm 5 patch) --Several recent studies have advocated topical administration of lidocaine as treatment of PHN Lidocaine gel (5) in placebo-controlled study showed significant relief in 23 patients studied Lidocaine tape also decreases severity of pain

Adult DoseGel (5) Apply to affected area prnPatch (5) Apply to most painful area up to 3 patches per application patch may remain in place for up to 12 h in any 24 h period

Postherpetic Neuralgia Gabapentin (Neurontin) -- This medication has been

approved by the FDA for the treatment of PHN Has properties common to other anticonvulsants and antineuralgic effects Exact mechanism of action is not known Structurally gabapentin is related to GABA but it does not interact with GABA receptors Believed to have a binding site at the alpha 2-delta protein an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gaited calcium channels In the rat brain binding is localized on neuronal dendritic areas Relevance of these observations to treatment of PHN is not known

Adult Dose100 mg PO tid titrate dose prn recommended dose is 900-1800 mg PO qd not to exceed 900 mg PO qid

Chemotherapy

Several randomized and non-randomized trial have evaluated chemotherapy for the treatment of head and neck cancer

Various agents have been shown to produce a response

No agents either alone or in combination have demonstrated an improvement in survival

cisplatin and 5 - FU

Uses

Inoperable tumors

Salvage therapy for recurrent tumors

Treatment

The main treatment modalities for head and neck

cancer remain surgery and radiotherapy

Patient factors that merit consideration

Impact on the quality of life

Medical condition ndash ldquoco - morbiditiesrdquo

Patient preference

Treatment cost and convenience

Compliance

Treatment

Early stage disease (stage I and II) can be treated with either surgery or radiotherapy with equivalent control rates

Small lesions of the oral cavity wide local excision is preferred over radiotherapy

Radiotherapy can be delivered to a site generally only once

Reserve this modality for less operable lesions

Treatment Combined Modality

Surgery and RadiotherapyIndications for post operative radiotherapy

Primary Tumor

Advance T stage

High histologic grade

Positive surgical resection margins

Lymphatic permeation

Vascular invasion

Perineural spread

Radiotherapy

Daily dose of 180 cGy to 200 cGy

5000 cGy over a five week period

T1 ndash 6000 to 6600 cGy

T2 - 6600 to 7000 cGy

T3T4 - gt 7000 cGy

ldquoshrinking field techniquerdquo

hyperfractionation technique 200 cGy per day for 25 days followed by 400 cGy per day for 5 days

D

Desquamative gingivitis is a clinical term to describe red painful glazed and friable gingivae which may be a manifestation of some mucocutaneous conditions such as lichen planus or the vesiculobullous disorders

Clinical features of desquamative

gingivitis

Fiery red friable gingiva

Painful desquamates easily

Buccal aspect of anterior attached gingiva

affected

Marginal gingiva spared

Not significantly improved by oral hygiene

measures alone

Differential Diagnosis Erosive Lichen Planus

Immune-mediated blistering diseases

Intra-epithelial

Pemphigus

Subepithelial

Pemphigoid

Linear IgA disease

Dermatitis herpetiformis

Epidermolysis bullosa

Erythema multiforme

Treatment Topical Corticosteroids Recurrent aphthous ulcers

bull Oral manifestations of Behccedilets disease Reiters syndrome acute

vulvar ulcer MAGIC syndrome PFAPA syndrome ulcerative colitis

Crohns disease Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome Sweets

syndrome among others

bull Drug-induced ulcerations mediated by an immune mechanism

bull Lichen planus

bull Cicatricial pemphigoid

bull Mucous membrane pemphigoid

bull Bullous pemphigoid

bull Erythema multiforme

bull Linear IgA dermatosis

bull Pemphigus vulgaris

Topicals Temovate cream 005 Clobetasol propionate

Halog cream 01 Halcinonide

Lidex cream 005 Fluocinonide

Topicort cream 025 Desoximethasone

Lidex gel 005 Fluocinonide

Aristocort cream H-P 05 Triamcinolone acetinode

Diprosone cream 005 Betamethasone dipropionate

Florone cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Maxiflor cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Synalar cream H-P 02 Fluocinolone acetonide

Topicals Tropicort-LP cream 005 Desoxymethasone

Benisone cream 0025 Betamethasone benzoate

Cordran cream 0025 Flurandenolide

Kenalog cream 01 Triamcinolone acetonide

Locoid cream 01 Hydrocortisone butyrate

Synalar cream 0025 Fluocinolone acetonide

Valisone cream 01 Betamethasone valerate

Tridesilon cream 005 Desonide

Locorten cream 003 Flumetasone pivalate

1 Hydrocortisone

Topical Corticosteroids

Used to treat oral lesions

Clobetasol (Temovate) -- Suppresses mitosis and increases synthesis of proteins that decrease inflammation and cause vasoconstriction Class I superpotent topical steroid useful in treating oral lesions Topical corticosteroids commonly are used intraorally for oral manifestations of autoimmune blistering skin diseases Since these diseases are chronic inflammatory in nature topical corticosteroids are very useful as an adjunct treatment Patients with disease confined to the gingiva should see a dentist to have a custom-made soft tray to carry the medication

H

How does herpes simplex develop

overexposure to sunlight

overexposure to wind

colds influenza and similar infections

heavy alcohol use

fever from any cause

the menstrual period

physical stress

emotional stress

Symptoms

Primary (Initial) HSV I Fever

Adenopathy

Ulcers deep in mouth

Secondary (Later) HSV I (Recurrent labial lesions) Fever Blisters form on outer vermillion border

Cold Sores form on inner lip Initial Vesicle

Next Crust

Last Healing in 10-14 days

Differential Diagnosis

Differs from Aphthous Ulcers in that

Found on keratinized (bound-down) intraoral

mucosa

Vesicles rupture into coalescing ulcers

HSV lesions are anterior compared with

Herpangina

Hand Foot and Mouth Disease

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Oral acyclovir (Zovirax) or the recently

developed drugs valacyclovir (Valtrex) or

famciclovir (Famvir) lessen the symptoms

and frequency of fever blister recurrences for

some patients These drugs prevent HSV from

multiplying and are effective when taken in

pill form prior to an outbreak of the virus

Systemic Antivirals

Acyclovir

Dose 15 mgkg (max 200 mg) PO 5xday for 7 days

Shortens first HSV infection by 6 days in children

Famciclovir

Shortens healing time by 2 days in UV-induced cases

Spruance (1999) J Infect Dis 179303-10

Valacyclovir (FDA approved for age 12 and older)

Adult dose 2 g PO bid for one day

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Topical antiviral creams containing acyclovir

(Zovirax) or penciclovir (Denavir) may also

help in limiting the extent or duration of

lesions if applied promptly to affected areas

Topical Treatments

Penciclovir (Denavir) heals HSV-1 sores on average about half a day faster than without treatment stops viral shedding and reduces the duration of the pain Ideally the patient should apply the cream within the first hour of symptoms although benefits have also been noted with later application It is continued for four consecutive days and should be reapplied every two hours while awake

Docosanol cream (Abreva) is an over-the-counter agent for oral-facial herpes It helps resist infection by inhibiting the ability of the virus to become fully active after it has attached itself to the host cell It is applied five times a day beginning at the first sign of tingling or pain Studies have been mixed on it benefits

Topical Treatments

Acyclovir cream (Zovirax) has been approved It may speed healing of oral herpes lesions and lessen the duration of pain particularly if it is applied early on (at the first sign of pain or tingling)

Lidex is a gel that contains a fluocinonide as corticosteroid Corticosteroids commonly called steroids are anti-inflammatory agents and not ordinarily used for herpes Some evidence suggests it may be effective in combination with oral famciclovir

Topical Treatments

Over-the-counter topical anesthetics may provide

modest relief They include Anbesol gel Blistex lip

ointment Campho-phenique Herpecin-L

Viractin and Zilactin In one study Viractin

reduced the duration of the attack compared to

placebo by two days It also relieved itching but had

little effect on other symptoms In general however

few studies have been conducted on any of these

products

X

Xerostomia

Xerostomia is not a disease but can be a symptom

of certain diseases It can produce serious

negative effects on the patients quality of life

affecting dietary habits nutritional status

speech taste tolerance to dental prosthesis and

increases susceptibility to dental caries The

increase in dental caries can be devastating in

many patients and therefore special care must be

made to control this condition

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Medications - Several hundred current medications

can cause xerostomia antihypertensives

antidepressants analgesics tranquilizers diuretics

and antihistamines c

-Cancer Therapy - Chemotherapeutic drugs can

change the flow and composition of the saliva

Radiation treatment that is focused on or near the

salivary gland can temporarily or permanently

damage the salivary glands

-Sjogrens syndrome - An autoimmune disease causes

xerostomia and dry eyes

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Other conditions -such as bone marrow transplants endocrine disorders stress anxiety depression and nutritional deficiencies may cause xerostomia

-Nerve Damage - Trauma to the head and neck area from surgery or wounds can damage the nerves that supply sensation to the mouth While the salivary glands may be left intact they cannot function normally without the nerves that signal them to produce saliva

Treatment

Identify the xerostomic condition and the

cause Some of the causes may be

ameliorated and this will aid therapy But

in many situations it will be difficult to

eliminate the causes Thus it will be

necessary for the Dentist to control the

results of xerostomia This is especially

true about the increase in dental caries

Treatment -pilocarpine (Salagen) 5mg qid prescription required

-special food preparation - blended and moist foods are easier to swallow

artificial saliva (available over-the-counter)

-sipping plain water is usually preferred over artificial saliva by most patients

-Biotene brand over-the-counter dry mouth products (toothpaste alcohol- free mouth rinse and Oralbalance lubricating gel)

-avoidance of alcohol-based mouth rinses

-use of water and glycerin mixed in a small aerosol spray bottle

RX

Contains sorbitol sodium

carboxymethlcellulose and

methylparaben in a

pleasantly flavored

solution

120 mL (406 fl oz)

Z

Treatment

Acyclovir (Zovirax)dagger800 mg orally five times

daily for 7 to 10 days

10 mg per kg IV every 8 hours for 7 to 10

daysDagger

$174 to 248 (129 to 200)

Famciclovir (Famvir)dagger500 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$140

Treatment

Valacyclovir (Valtrex)dagger1000 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$84

Prednisone (Deltasone)30 mg orally twice

daily on days 1 through 7 then 15 mg twice

daily on days 8 through 14 then 75 mg twice

daily on days 15 through 21

Treatment

Lotions containing calamine (eg Caladryl)

may be used on open lesions to reduce pain

and pruritus

Once the lesions have crusted over capsaicin

cream (Zostrix) may be applied

Topically administered lidocaine (Xylocaine)

and nerve blocks have also been reported to

be effective in reducing pain

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Amitriptyline (Elavil) -- By inhibiting reuptake of serotonin andor norepinephrine by presynaptic neuronal membrane may increase synaptic concentration in CNS Useful as analgesic for certain types of chronic and neuropathic pain

Adult DoseEarly in course of HZ 25 mgd PO hs to prevent PHNAfter PHN develops 30-100 mg PO qhs

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Capsaicin cream (Dolorac Capsin Zostrix) --Natural chemical derived from plants of Solanaceae family By depleting and preventing reaccumulation of substance P in peripheral sensory neurons may render skin and joints insensitive to pain Substance P thought to be chemomediator of pain transmission from periphery to CNS

Adult DoseCream Apply to skin tidqid for 3-4 consecutive wk and evaluate efficacy not to exceed 4 applicationsd

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Lidocaine (DermaFlex gel Lidoderm 5 patch) --Several recent studies have advocated topical administration of lidocaine as treatment of PHN Lidocaine gel (5) in placebo-controlled study showed significant relief in 23 patients studied Lidocaine tape also decreases severity of pain

Adult DoseGel (5) Apply to affected area prnPatch (5) Apply to most painful area up to 3 patches per application patch may remain in place for up to 12 h in any 24 h period

Postherpetic Neuralgia Gabapentin (Neurontin) -- This medication has been

approved by the FDA for the treatment of PHN Has properties common to other anticonvulsants and antineuralgic effects Exact mechanism of action is not known Structurally gabapentin is related to GABA but it does not interact with GABA receptors Believed to have a binding site at the alpha 2-delta protein an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gaited calcium channels In the rat brain binding is localized on neuronal dendritic areas Relevance of these observations to treatment of PHN is not known

Adult Dose100 mg PO tid titrate dose prn recommended dose is 900-1800 mg PO qd not to exceed 900 mg PO qid

Treatment

The main treatment modalities for head and neck

cancer remain surgery and radiotherapy

Patient factors that merit consideration

Impact on the quality of life

Medical condition ndash ldquoco - morbiditiesrdquo

Patient preference

Treatment cost and convenience

Compliance

Treatment

Early stage disease (stage I and II) can be treated with either surgery or radiotherapy with equivalent control rates

Small lesions of the oral cavity wide local excision is preferred over radiotherapy

Radiotherapy can be delivered to a site generally only once

Reserve this modality for less operable lesions

Treatment Combined Modality

Surgery and RadiotherapyIndications for post operative radiotherapy

Primary Tumor

Advance T stage

High histologic grade

Positive surgical resection margins

Lymphatic permeation

Vascular invasion

Perineural spread

Radiotherapy

Daily dose of 180 cGy to 200 cGy

5000 cGy over a five week period

T1 ndash 6000 to 6600 cGy

T2 - 6600 to 7000 cGy

T3T4 - gt 7000 cGy

ldquoshrinking field techniquerdquo

hyperfractionation technique 200 cGy per day for 25 days followed by 400 cGy per day for 5 days

D

Desquamative gingivitis is a clinical term to describe red painful glazed and friable gingivae which may be a manifestation of some mucocutaneous conditions such as lichen planus or the vesiculobullous disorders

Clinical features of desquamative

gingivitis

Fiery red friable gingiva

Painful desquamates easily

Buccal aspect of anterior attached gingiva

affected

Marginal gingiva spared

Not significantly improved by oral hygiene

measures alone

Differential Diagnosis Erosive Lichen Planus

Immune-mediated blistering diseases

Intra-epithelial

Pemphigus

Subepithelial

Pemphigoid

Linear IgA disease

Dermatitis herpetiformis

Epidermolysis bullosa

Erythema multiforme

Treatment Topical Corticosteroids Recurrent aphthous ulcers

bull Oral manifestations of Behccedilets disease Reiters syndrome acute

vulvar ulcer MAGIC syndrome PFAPA syndrome ulcerative colitis

Crohns disease Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome Sweets

syndrome among others

bull Drug-induced ulcerations mediated by an immune mechanism

bull Lichen planus

bull Cicatricial pemphigoid

bull Mucous membrane pemphigoid

bull Bullous pemphigoid

bull Erythema multiforme

bull Linear IgA dermatosis

bull Pemphigus vulgaris

Topicals Temovate cream 005 Clobetasol propionate

Halog cream 01 Halcinonide

Lidex cream 005 Fluocinonide

Topicort cream 025 Desoximethasone

Lidex gel 005 Fluocinonide

Aristocort cream H-P 05 Triamcinolone acetinode

Diprosone cream 005 Betamethasone dipropionate

Florone cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Maxiflor cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Synalar cream H-P 02 Fluocinolone acetonide

Topicals Tropicort-LP cream 005 Desoxymethasone

Benisone cream 0025 Betamethasone benzoate

Cordran cream 0025 Flurandenolide

Kenalog cream 01 Triamcinolone acetonide

Locoid cream 01 Hydrocortisone butyrate

Synalar cream 0025 Fluocinolone acetonide

Valisone cream 01 Betamethasone valerate

Tridesilon cream 005 Desonide

Locorten cream 003 Flumetasone pivalate

1 Hydrocortisone

Topical Corticosteroids

Used to treat oral lesions

Clobetasol (Temovate) -- Suppresses mitosis and increases synthesis of proteins that decrease inflammation and cause vasoconstriction Class I superpotent topical steroid useful in treating oral lesions Topical corticosteroids commonly are used intraorally for oral manifestations of autoimmune blistering skin diseases Since these diseases are chronic inflammatory in nature topical corticosteroids are very useful as an adjunct treatment Patients with disease confined to the gingiva should see a dentist to have a custom-made soft tray to carry the medication

H

How does herpes simplex develop

overexposure to sunlight

overexposure to wind

colds influenza and similar infections

heavy alcohol use

fever from any cause

the menstrual period

physical stress

emotional stress

Symptoms

Primary (Initial) HSV I Fever

Adenopathy

Ulcers deep in mouth

Secondary (Later) HSV I (Recurrent labial lesions) Fever Blisters form on outer vermillion border

Cold Sores form on inner lip Initial Vesicle

Next Crust

Last Healing in 10-14 days

Differential Diagnosis

Differs from Aphthous Ulcers in that

Found on keratinized (bound-down) intraoral

mucosa

Vesicles rupture into coalescing ulcers

HSV lesions are anterior compared with

Herpangina

Hand Foot and Mouth Disease

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Oral acyclovir (Zovirax) or the recently

developed drugs valacyclovir (Valtrex) or

famciclovir (Famvir) lessen the symptoms

and frequency of fever blister recurrences for

some patients These drugs prevent HSV from

multiplying and are effective when taken in

pill form prior to an outbreak of the virus

Systemic Antivirals

Acyclovir

Dose 15 mgkg (max 200 mg) PO 5xday for 7 days

Shortens first HSV infection by 6 days in children

Famciclovir

Shortens healing time by 2 days in UV-induced cases

Spruance (1999) J Infect Dis 179303-10

Valacyclovir (FDA approved for age 12 and older)

Adult dose 2 g PO bid for one day

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Topical antiviral creams containing acyclovir

(Zovirax) or penciclovir (Denavir) may also

help in limiting the extent or duration of

lesions if applied promptly to affected areas

Topical Treatments

Penciclovir (Denavir) heals HSV-1 sores on average about half a day faster than without treatment stops viral shedding and reduces the duration of the pain Ideally the patient should apply the cream within the first hour of symptoms although benefits have also been noted with later application It is continued for four consecutive days and should be reapplied every two hours while awake

Docosanol cream (Abreva) is an over-the-counter agent for oral-facial herpes It helps resist infection by inhibiting the ability of the virus to become fully active after it has attached itself to the host cell It is applied five times a day beginning at the first sign of tingling or pain Studies have been mixed on it benefits

Topical Treatments

Acyclovir cream (Zovirax) has been approved It may speed healing of oral herpes lesions and lessen the duration of pain particularly if it is applied early on (at the first sign of pain or tingling)

Lidex is a gel that contains a fluocinonide as corticosteroid Corticosteroids commonly called steroids are anti-inflammatory agents and not ordinarily used for herpes Some evidence suggests it may be effective in combination with oral famciclovir

Topical Treatments

Over-the-counter topical anesthetics may provide

modest relief They include Anbesol gel Blistex lip

ointment Campho-phenique Herpecin-L

Viractin and Zilactin In one study Viractin

reduced the duration of the attack compared to

placebo by two days It also relieved itching but had

little effect on other symptoms In general however

few studies have been conducted on any of these

products

X

Xerostomia

Xerostomia is not a disease but can be a symptom

of certain diseases It can produce serious

negative effects on the patients quality of life

affecting dietary habits nutritional status

speech taste tolerance to dental prosthesis and

increases susceptibility to dental caries The

increase in dental caries can be devastating in

many patients and therefore special care must be

made to control this condition

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Medications - Several hundred current medications

can cause xerostomia antihypertensives

antidepressants analgesics tranquilizers diuretics

and antihistamines c

-Cancer Therapy - Chemotherapeutic drugs can

change the flow and composition of the saliva

Radiation treatment that is focused on or near the

salivary gland can temporarily or permanently

damage the salivary glands

-Sjogrens syndrome - An autoimmune disease causes

xerostomia and dry eyes

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Other conditions -such as bone marrow transplants endocrine disorders stress anxiety depression and nutritional deficiencies may cause xerostomia

-Nerve Damage - Trauma to the head and neck area from surgery or wounds can damage the nerves that supply sensation to the mouth While the salivary glands may be left intact they cannot function normally without the nerves that signal them to produce saliva

Treatment

Identify the xerostomic condition and the

cause Some of the causes may be

ameliorated and this will aid therapy But

in many situations it will be difficult to

eliminate the causes Thus it will be

necessary for the Dentist to control the

results of xerostomia This is especially

true about the increase in dental caries

Treatment -pilocarpine (Salagen) 5mg qid prescription required

-special food preparation - blended and moist foods are easier to swallow

artificial saliva (available over-the-counter)

-sipping plain water is usually preferred over artificial saliva by most patients

-Biotene brand over-the-counter dry mouth products (toothpaste alcohol- free mouth rinse and Oralbalance lubricating gel)

-avoidance of alcohol-based mouth rinses

-use of water and glycerin mixed in a small aerosol spray bottle

RX

Contains sorbitol sodium

carboxymethlcellulose and

methylparaben in a

pleasantly flavored

solution

120 mL (406 fl oz)

Z

Treatment

Acyclovir (Zovirax)dagger800 mg orally five times

daily for 7 to 10 days

10 mg per kg IV every 8 hours for 7 to 10

daysDagger

$174 to 248 (129 to 200)

Famciclovir (Famvir)dagger500 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$140

Treatment

Valacyclovir (Valtrex)dagger1000 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$84

Prednisone (Deltasone)30 mg orally twice

daily on days 1 through 7 then 15 mg twice

daily on days 8 through 14 then 75 mg twice

daily on days 15 through 21

Treatment

Lotions containing calamine (eg Caladryl)

may be used on open lesions to reduce pain

and pruritus

Once the lesions have crusted over capsaicin

cream (Zostrix) may be applied

Topically administered lidocaine (Xylocaine)

and nerve blocks have also been reported to

be effective in reducing pain

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Amitriptyline (Elavil) -- By inhibiting reuptake of serotonin andor norepinephrine by presynaptic neuronal membrane may increase synaptic concentration in CNS Useful as analgesic for certain types of chronic and neuropathic pain

Adult DoseEarly in course of HZ 25 mgd PO hs to prevent PHNAfter PHN develops 30-100 mg PO qhs

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Capsaicin cream (Dolorac Capsin Zostrix) --Natural chemical derived from plants of Solanaceae family By depleting and preventing reaccumulation of substance P in peripheral sensory neurons may render skin and joints insensitive to pain Substance P thought to be chemomediator of pain transmission from periphery to CNS

Adult DoseCream Apply to skin tidqid for 3-4 consecutive wk and evaluate efficacy not to exceed 4 applicationsd

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Lidocaine (DermaFlex gel Lidoderm 5 patch) --Several recent studies have advocated topical administration of lidocaine as treatment of PHN Lidocaine gel (5) in placebo-controlled study showed significant relief in 23 patients studied Lidocaine tape also decreases severity of pain

Adult DoseGel (5) Apply to affected area prnPatch (5) Apply to most painful area up to 3 patches per application patch may remain in place for up to 12 h in any 24 h period

Postherpetic Neuralgia Gabapentin (Neurontin) -- This medication has been

approved by the FDA for the treatment of PHN Has properties common to other anticonvulsants and antineuralgic effects Exact mechanism of action is not known Structurally gabapentin is related to GABA but it does not interact with GABA receptors Believed to have a binding site at the alpha 2-delta protein an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gaited calcium channels In the rat brain binding is localized on neuronal dendritic areas Relevance of these observations to treatment of PHN is not known

Adult Dose100 mg PO tid titrate dose prn recommended dose is 900-1800 mg PO qd not to exceed 900 mg PO qid

Treatment

Early stage disease (stage I and II) can be treated with either surgery or radiotherapy with equivalent control rates

Small lesions of the oral cavity wide local excision is preferred over radiotherapy

Radiotherapy can be delivered to a site generally only once

Reserve this modality for less operable lesions

Treatment Combined Modality

Surgery and RadiotherapyIndications for post operative radiotherapy

Primary Tumor

Advance T stage

High histologic grade

Positive surgical resection margins

Lymphatic permeation

Vascular invasion

Perineural spread

Radiotherapy

Daily dose of 180 cGy to 200 cGy

5000 cGy over a five week period

T1 ndash 6000 to 6600 cGy

T2 - 6600 to 7000 cGy

T3T4 - gt 7000 cGy

ldquoshrinking field techniquerdquo

hyperfractionation technique 200 cGy per day for 25 days followed by 400 cGy per day for 5 days

D

Desquamative gingivitis is a clinical term to describe red painful glazed and friable gingivae which may be a manifestation of some mucocutaneous conditions such as lichen planus or the vesiculobullous disorders

Clinical features of desquamative

gingivitis

Fiery red friable gingiva

Painful desquamates easily

Buccal aspect of anterior attached gingiva

affected

Marginal gingiva spared

Not significantly improved by oral hygiene

measures alone

Differential Diagnosis Erosive Lichen Planus

Immune-mediated blistering diseases

Intra-epithelial

Pemphigus

Subepithelial

Pemphigoid

Linear IgA disease

Dermatitis herpetiformis

Epidermolysis bullosa

Erythema multiforme

Treatment Topical Corticosteroids Recurrent aphthous ulcers

bull Oral manifestations of Behccedilets disease Reiters syndrome acute

vulvar ulcer MAGIC syndrome PFAPA syndrome ulcerative colitis

Crohns disease Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome Sweets

syndrome among others

bull Drug-induced ulcerations mediated by an immune mechanism

bull Lichen planus

bull Cicatricial pemphigoid

bull Mucous membrane pemphigoid

bull Bullous pemphigoid

bull Erythema multiforme

bull Linear IgA dermatosis

bull Pemphigus vulgaris

Topicals Temovate cream 005 Clobetasol propionate

Halog cream 01 Halcinonide

Lidex cream 005 Fluocinonide

Topicort cream 025 Desoximethasone

Lidex gel 005 Fluocinonide

Aristocort cream H-P 05 Triamcinolone acetinode

Diprosone cream 005 Betamethasone dipropionate

Florone cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Maxiflor cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Synalar cream H-P 02 Fluocinolone acetonide

Topicals Tropicort-LP cream 005 Desoxymethasone

Benisone cream 0025 Betamethasone benzoate

Cordran cream 0025 Flurandenolide

Kenalog cream 01 Triamcinolone acetonide

Locoid cream 01 Hydrocortisone butyrate

Synalar cream 0025 Fluocinolone acetonide

Valisone cream 01 Betamethasone valerate

Tridesilon cream 005 Desonide

Locorten cream 003 Flumetasone pivalate

1 Hydrocortisone

Topical Corticosteroids

Used to treat oral lesions

Clobetasol (Temovate) -- Suppresses mitosis and increases synthesis of proteins that decrease inflammation and cause vasoconstriction Class I superpotent topical steroid useful in treating oral lesions Topical corticosteroids commonly are used intraorally for oral manifestations of autoimmune blistering skin diseases Since these diseases are chronic inflammatory in nature topical corticosteroids are very useful as an adjunct treatment Patients with disease confined to the gingiva should see a dentist to have a custom-made soft tray to carry the medication

H

How does herpes simplex develop

overexposure to sunlight

overexposure to wind

colds influenza and similar infections

heavy alcohol use

fever from any cause

the menstrual period

physical stress

emotional stress

Symptoms

Primary (Initial) HSV I Fever

Adenopathy

Ulcers deep in mouth

Secondary (Later) HSV I (Recurrent labial lesions) Fever Blisters form on outer vermillion border

Cold Sores form on inner lip Initial Vesicle

Next Crust

Last Healing in 10-14 days

Differential Diagnosis

Differs from Aphthous Ulcers in that

Found on keratinized (bound-down) intraoral

mucosa

Vesicles rupture into coalescing ulcers

HSV lesions are anterior compared with

Herpangina

Hand Foot and Mouth Disease

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Oral acyclovir (Zovirax) or the recently

developed drugs valacyclovir (Valtrex) or

famciclovir (Famvir) lessen the symptoms

and frequency of fever blister recurrences for

some patients These drugs prevent HSV from

multiplying and are effective when taken in

pill form prior to an outbreak of the virus

Systemic Antivirals

Acyclovir

Dose 15 mgkg (max 200 mg) PO 5xday for 7 days

Shortens first HSV infection by 6 days in children

Famciclovir

Shortens healing time by 2 days in UV-induced cases

Spruance (1999) J Infect Dis 179303-10

Valacyclovir (FDA approved for age 12 and older)

Adult dose 2 g PO bid for one day

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Topical antiviral creams containing acyclovir

(Zovirax) or penciclovir (Denavir) may also

help in limiting the extent or duration of

lesions if applied promptly to affected areas

Topical Treatments

Penciclovir (Denavir) heals HSV-1 sores on average about half a day faster than without treatment stops viral shedding and reduces the duration of the pain Ideally the patient should apply the cream within the first hour of symptoms although benefits have also been noted with later application It is continued for four consecutive days and should be reapplied every two hours while awake

Docosanol cream (Abreva) is an over-the-counter agent for oral-facial herpes It helps resist infection by inhibiting the ability of the virus to become fully active after it has attached itself to the host cell It is applied five times a day beginning at the first sign of tingling or pain Studies have been mixed on it benefits

Topical Treatments

Acyclovir cream (Zovirax) has been approved It may speed healing of oral herpes lesions and lessen the duration of pain particularly if it is applied early on (at the first sign of pain or tingling)

Lidex is a gel that contains a fluocinonide as corticosteroid Corticosteroids commonly called steroids are anti-inflammatory agents and not ordinarily used for herpes Some evidence suggests it may be effective in combination with oral famciclovir

Topical Treatments

Over-the-counter topical anesthetics may provide

modest relief They include Anbesol gel Blistex lip

ointment Campho-phenique Herpecin-L

Viractin and Zilactin In one study Viractin

reduced the duration of the attack compared to

placebo by two days It also relieved itching but had

little effect on other symptoms In general however

few studies have been conducted on any of these

products

X

Xerostomia

Xerostomia is not a disease but can be a symptom

of certain diseases It can produce serious

negative effects on the patients quality of life

affecting dietary habits nutritional status

speech taste tolerance to dental prosthesis and

increases susceptibility to dental caries The

increase in dental caries can be devastating in

many patients and therefore special care must be

made to control this condition

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Medications - Several hundred current medications

can cause xerostomia antihypertensives

antidepressants analgesics tranquilizers diuretics

and antihistamines c

-Cancer Therapy - Chemotherapeutic drugs can

change the flow and composition of the saliva

Radiation treatment that is focused on or near the

salivary gland can temporarily or permanently

damage the salivary glands

-Sjogrens syndrome - An autoimmune disease causes

xerostomia and dry eyes

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Other conditions -such as bone marrow transplants endocrine disorders stress anxiety depression and nutritional deficiencies may cause xerostomia

-Nerve Damage - Trauma to the head and neck area from surgery or wounds can damage the nerves that supply sensation to the mouth While the salivary glands may be left intact they cannot function normally without the nerves that signal them to produce saliva

Treatment

Identify the xerostomic condition and the

cause Some of the causes may be

ameliorated and this will aid therapy But

in many situations it will be difficult to

eliminate the causes Thus it will be

necessary for the Dentist to control the

results of xerostomia This is especially

true about the increase in dental caries

Treatment -pilocarpine (Salagen) 5mg qid prescription required

-special food preparation - blended and moist foods are easier to swallow

artificial saliva (available over-the-counter)

-sipping plain water is usually preferred over artificial saliva by most patients

-Biotene brand over-the-counter dry mouth products (toothpaste alcohol- free mouth rinse and Oralbalance lubricating gel)

-avoidance of alcohol-based mouth rinses

-use of water and glycerin mixed in a small aerosol spray bottle

RX

Contains sorbitol sodium

carboxymethlcellulose and

methylparaben in a

pleasantly flavored

solution

120 mL (406 fl oz)

Z

Treatment

Acyclovir (Zovirax)dagger800 mg orally five times

daily for 7 to 10 days

10 mg per kg IV every 8 hours for 7 to 10

daysDagger

$174 to 248 (129 to 200)

Famciclovir (Famvir)dagger500 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$140

Treatment

Valacyclovir (Valtrex)dagger1000 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$84

Prednisone (Deltasone)30 mg orally twice

daily on days 1 through 7 then 15 mg twice

daily on days 8 through 14 then 75 mg twice

daily on days 15 through 21

Treatment

Lotions containing calamine (eg Caladryl)

may be used on open lesions to reduce pain

and pruritus

Once the lesions have crusted over capsaicin

cream (Zostrix) may be applied

Topically administered lidocaine (Xylocaine)

and nerve blocks have also been reported to

be effective in reducing pain

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Amitriptyline (Elavil) -- By inhibiting reuptake of serotonin andor norepinephrine by presynaptic neuronal membrane may increase synaptic concentration in CNS Useful as analgesic for certain types of chronic and neuropathic pain

Adult DoseEarly in course of HZ 25 mgd PO hs to prevent PHNAfter PHN develops 30-100 mg PO qhs

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Capsaicin cream (Dolorac Capsin Zostrix) --Natural chemical derived from plants of Solanaceae family By depleting and preventing reaccumulation of substance P in peripheral sensory neurons may render skin and joints insensitive to pain Substance P thought to be chemomediator of pain transmission from periphery to CNS

Adult DoseCream Apply to skin tidqid for 3-4 consecutive wk and evaluate efficacy not to exceed 4 applicationsd

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Lidocaine (DermaFlex gel Lidoderm 5 patch) --Several recent studies have advocated topical administration of lidocaine as treatment of PHN Lidocaine gel (5) in placebo-controlled study showed significant relief in 23 patients studied Lidocaine tape also decreases severity of pain

Adult DoseGel (5) Apply to affected area prnPatch (5) Apply to most painful area up to 3 patches per application patch may remain in place for up to 12 h in any 24 h period

Postherpetic Neuralgia Gabapentin (Neurontin) -- This medication has been

approved by the FDA for the treatment of PHN Has properties common to other anticonvulsants and antineuralgic effects Exact mechanism of action is not known Structurally gabapentin is related to GABA but it does not interact with GABA receptors Believed to have a binding site at the alpha 2-delta protein an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gaited calcium channels In the rat brain binding is localized on neuronal dendritic areas Relevance of these observations to treatment of PHN is not known

Adult Dose100 mg PO tid titrate dose prn recommended dose is 900-1800 mg PO qd not to exceed 900 mg PO qid

Treatment Combined Modality

Surgery and RadiotherapyIndications for post operative radiotherapy

Primary Tumor

Advance T stage

High histologic grade

Positive surgical resection margins

Lymphatic permeation

Vascular invasion

Perineural spread

Radiotherapy

Daily dose of 180 cGy to 200 cGy

5000 cGy over a five week period

T1 ndash 6000 to 6600 cGy

T2 - 6600 to 7000 cGy

T3T4 - gt 7000 cGy

ldquoshrinking field techniquerdquo

hyperfractionation technique 200 cGy per day for 25 days followed by 400 cGy per day for 5 days

D

Desquamative gingivitis is a clinical term to describe red painful glazed and friable gingivae which may be a manifestation of some mucocutaneous conditions such as lichen planus or the vesiculobullous disorders

Clinical features of desquamative

gingivitis

Fiery red friable gingiva

Painful desquamates easily

Buccal aspect of anterior attached gingiva

affected

Marginal gingiva spared

Not significantly improved by oral hygiene

measures alone

Differential Diagnosis Erosive Lichen Planus

Immune-mediated blistering diseases

Intra-epithelial

Pemphigus

Subepithelial

Pemphigoid

Linear IgA disease

Dermatitis herpetiformis

Epidermolysis bullosa

Erythema multiforme

Treatment Topical Corticosteroids Recurrent aphthous ulcers

bull Oral manifestations of Behccedilets disease Reiters syndrome acute

vulvar ulcer MAGIC syndrome PFAPA syndrome ulcerative colitis

Crohns disease Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome Sweets

syndrome among others

bull Drug-induced ulcerations mediated by an immune mechanism

bull Lichen planus

bull Cicatricial pemphigoid

bull Mucous membrane pemphigoid

bull Bullous pemphigoid

bull Erythema multiforme

bull Linear IgA dermatosis

bull Pemphigus vulgaris

Topicals Temovate cream 005 Clobetasol propionate

Halog cream 01 Halcinonide

Lidex cream 005 Fluocinonide

Topicort cream 025 Desoximethasone

Lidex gel 005 Fluocinonide

Aristocort cream H-P 05 Triamcinolone acetinode

Diprosone cream 005 Betamethasone dipropionate

Florone cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Maxiflor cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Synalar cream H-P 02 Fluocinolone acetonide

Topicals Tropicort-LP cream 005 Desoxymethasone

Benisone cream 0025 Betamethasone benzoate

Cordran cream 0025 Flurandenolide

Kenalog cream 01 Triamcinolone acetonide

Locoid cream 01 Hydrocortisone butyrate

Synalar cream 0025 Fluocinolone acetonide

Valisone cream 01 Betamethasone valerate

Tridesilon cream 005 Desonide

Locorten cream 003 Flumetasone pivalate

1 Hydrocortisone

Topical Corticosteroids

Used to treat oral lesions

Clobetasol (Temovate) -- Suppresses mitosis and increases synthesis of proteins that decrease inflammation and cause vasoconstriction Class I superpotent topical steroid useful in treating oral lesions Topical corticosteroids commonly are used intraorally for oral manifestations of autoimmune blistering skin diseases Since these diseases are chronic inflammatory in nature topical corticosteroids are very useful as an adjunct treatment Patients with disease confined to the gingiva should see a dentist to have a custom-made soft tray to carry the medication

H

How does herpes simplex develop

overexposure to sunlight

overexposure to wind

colds influenza and similar infections

heavy alcohol use

fever from any cause

the menstrual period

physical stress

emotional stress

Symptoms

Primary (Initial) HSV I Fever

Adenopathy

Ulcers deep in mouth

Secondary (Later) HSV I (Recurrent labial lesions) Fever Blisters form on outer vermillion border

Cold Sores form on inner lip Initial Vesicle

Next Crust

Last Healing in 10-14 days

Differential Diagnosis

Differs from Aphthous Ulcers in that

Found on keratinized (bound-down) intraoral

mucosa

Vesicles rupture into coalescing ulcers

HSV lesions are anterior compared with

Herpangina

Hand Foot and Mouth Disease

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Oral acyclovir (Zovirax) or the recently

developed drugs valacyclovir (Valtrex) or

famciclovir (Famvir) lessen the symptoms

and frequency of fever blister recurrences for

some patients These drugs prevent HSV from

multiplying and are effective when taken in

pill form prior to an outbreak of the virus

Systemic Antivirals

Acyclovir

Dose 15 mgkg (max 200 mg) PO 5xday for 7 days

Shortens first HSV infection by 6 days in children

Famciclovir

Shortens healing time by 2 days in UV-induced cases

Spruance (1999) J Infect Dis 179303-10

Valacyclovir (FDA approved for age 12 and older)

Adult dose 2 g PO bid for one day

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Topical antiviral creams containing acyclovir

(Zovirax) or penciclovir (Denavir) may also

help in limiting the extent or duration of

lesions if applied promptly to affected areas

Topical Treatments

Penciclovir (Denavir) heals HSV-1 sores on average about half a day faster than without treatment stops viral shedding and reduces the duration of the pain Ideally the patient should apply the cream within the first hour of symptoms although benefits have also been noted with later application It is continued for four consecutive days and should be reapplied every two hours while awake

Docosanol cream (Abreva) is an over-the-counter agent for oral-facial herpes It helps resist infection by inhibiting the ability of the virus to become fully active after it has attached itself to the host cell It is applied five times a day beginning at the first sign of tingling or pain Studies have been mixed on it benefits

Topical Treatments

Acyclovir cream (Zovirax) has been approved It may speed healing of oral herpes lesions and lessen the duration of pain particularly if it is applied early on (at the first sign of pain or tingling)

Lidex is a gel that contains a fluocinonide as corticosteroid Corticosteroids commonly called steroids are anti-inflammatory agents and not ordinarily used for herpes Some evidence suggests it may be effective in combination with oral famciclovir

Topical Treatments

Over-the-counter topical anesthetics may provide

modest relief They include Anbesol gel Blistex lip

ointment Campho-phenique Herpecin-L

Viractin and Zilactin In one study Viractin

reduced the duration of the attack compared to

placebo by two days It also relieved itching but had

little effect on other symptoms In general however

few studies have been conducted on any of these

products

X

Xerostomia

Xerostomia is not a disease but can be a symptom

of certain diseases It can produce serious

negative effects on the patients quality of life

affecting dietary habits nutritional status

speech taste tolerance to dental prosthesis and

increases susceptibility to dental caries The

increase in dental caries can be devastating in

many patients and therefore special care must be

made to control this condition

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Medications - Several hundred current medications

can cause xerostomia antihypertensives

antidepressants analgesics tranquilizers diuretics

and antihistamines c

-Cancer Therapy - Chemotherapeutic drugs can

change the flow and composition of the saliva

Radiation treatment that is focused on or near the

salivary gland can temporarily or permanently

damage the salivary glands

-Sjogrens syndrome - An autoimmune disease causes

xerostomia and dry eyes

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Other conditions -such as bone marrow transplants endocrine disorders stress anxiety depression and nutritional deficiencies may cause xerostomia

-Nerve Damage - Trauma to the head and neck area from surgery or wounds can damage the nerves that supply sensation to the mouth While the salivary glands may be left intact they cannot function normally without the nerves that signal them to produce saliva

Treatment

Identify the xerostomic condition and the

cause Some of the causes may be

ameliorated and this will aid therapy But

in many situations it will be difficult to

eliminate the causes Thus it will be

necessary for the Dentist to control the

results of xerostomia This is especially

true about the increase in dental caries

Treatment -pilocarpine (Salagen) 5mg qid prescription required

-special food preparation - blended and moist foods are easier to swallow

artificial saliva (available over-the-counter)

-sipping plain water is usually preferred over artificial saliva by most patients

-Biotene brand over-the-counter dry mouth products (toothpaste alcohol- free mouth rinse and Oralbalance lubricating gel)

-avoidance of alcohol-based mouth rinses

-use of water and glycerin mixed in a small aerosol spray bottle

RX

Contains sorbitol sodium

carboxymethlcellulose and

methylparaben in a

pleasantly flavored

solution

120 mL (406 fl oz)

Z

Treatment

Acyclovir (Zovirax)dagger800 mg orally five times

daily for 7 to 10 days

10 mg per kg IV every 8 hours for 7 to 10

daysDagger

$174 to 248 (129 to 200)

Famciclovir (Famvir)dagger500 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$140

Treatment

Valacyclovir (Valtrex)dagger1000 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$84

Prednisone (Deltasone)30 mg orally twice

daily on days 1 through 7 then 15 mg twice

daily on days 8 through 14 then 75 mg twice

daily on days 15 through 21

Treatment

Lotions containing calamine (eg Caladryl)

may be used on open lesions to reduce pain

and pruritus

Once the lesions have crusted over capsaicin

cream (Zostrix) may be applied

Topically administered lidocaine (Xylocaine)

and nerve blocks have also been reported to

be effective in reducing pain

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Amitriptyline (Elavil) -- By inhibiting reuptake of serotonin andor norepinephrine by presynaptic neuronal membrane may increase synaptic concentration in CNS Useful as analgesic for certain types of chronic and neuropathic pain

Adult DoseEarly in course of HZ 25 mgd PO hs to prevent PHNAfter PHN develops 30-100 mg PO qhs

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Capsaicin cream (Dolorac Capsin Zostrix) --Natural chemical derived from plants of Solanaceae family By depleting and preventing reaccumulation of substance P in peripheral sensory neurons may render skin and joints insensitive to pain Substance P thought to be chemomediator of pain transmission from periphery to CNS

Adult DoseCream Apply to skin tidqid for 3-4 consecutive wk and evaluate efficacy not to exceed 4 applicationsd

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Lidocaine (DermaFlex gel Lidoderm 5 patch) --Several recent studies have advocated topical administration of lidocaine as treatment of PHN Lidocaine gel (5) in placebo-controlled study showed significant relief in 23 patients studied Lidocaine tape also decreases severity of pain

Adult DoseGel (5) Apply to affected area prnPatch (5) Apply to most painful area up to 3 patches per application patch may remain in place for up to 12 h in any 24 h period

Postherpetic Neuralgia Gabapentin (Neurontin) -- This medication has been

approved by the FDA for the treatment of PHN Has properties common to other anticonvulsants and antineuralgic effects Exact mechanism of action is not known Structurally gabapentin is related to GABA but it does not interact with GABA receptors Believed to have a binding site at the alpha 2-delta protein an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gaited calcium channels In the rat brain binding is localized on neuronal dendritic areas Relevance of these observations to treatment of PHN is not known

Adult Dose100 mg PO tid titrate dose prn recommended dose is 900-1800 mg PO qd not to exceed 900 mg PO qid

Radiotherapy

Daily dose of 180 cGy to 200 cGy

5000 cGy over a five week period

T1 ndash 6000 to 6600 cGy

T2 - 6600 to 7000 cGy

T3T4 - gt 7000 cGy

ldquoshrinking field techniquerdquo

hyperfractionation technique 200 cGy per day for 25 days followed by 400 cGy per day for 5 days

D

Desquamative gingivitis is a clinical term to describe red painful glazed and friable gingivae which may be a manifestation of some mucocutaneous conditions such as lichen planus or the vesiculobullous disorders

Clinical features of desquamative

gingivitis

Fiery red friable gingiva

Painful desquamates easily

Buccal aspect of anterior attached gingiva

affected

Marginal gingiva spared

Not significantly improved by oral hygiene

measures alone

Differential Diagnosis Erosive Lichen Planus

Immune-mediated blistering diseases

Intra-epithelial

Pemphigus

Subepithelial

Pemphigoid

Linear IgA disease

Dermatitis herpetiformis

Epidermolysis bullosa

Erythema multiforme

Treatment Topical Corticosteroids Recurrent aphthous ulcers

bull Oral manifestations of Behccedilets disease Reiters syndrome acute

vulvar ulcer MAGIC syndrome PFAPA syndrome ulcerative colitis

Crohns disease Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome Sweets

syndrome among others

bull Drug-induced ulcerations mediated by an immune mechanism

bull Lichen planus

bull Cicatricial pemphigoid

bull Mucous membrane pemphigoid

bull Bullous pemphigoid

bull Erythema multiforme

bull Linear IgA dermatosis

bull Pemphigus vulgaris

Topicals Temovate cream 005 Clobetasol propionate

Halog cream 01 Halcinonide

Lidex cream 005 Fluocinonide

Topicort cream 025 Desoximethasone

Lidex gel 005 Fluocinonide

Aristocort cream H-P 05 Triamcinolone acetinode

Diprosone cream 005 Betamethasone dipropionate

Florone cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Maxiflor cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Synalar cream H-P 02 Fluocinolone acetonide

Topicals Tropicort-LP cream 005 Desoxymethasone

Benisone cream 0025 Betamethasone benzoate

Cordran cream 0025 Flurandenolide

Kenalog cream 01 Triamcinolone acetonide

Locoid cream 01 Hydrocortisone butyrate

Synalar cream 0025 Fluocinolone acetonide

Valisone cream 01 Betamethasone valerate

Tridesilon cream 005 Desonide

Locorten cream 003 Flumetasone pivalate

1 Hydrocortisone

Topical Corticosteroids

Used to treat oral lesions

Clobetasol (Temovate) -- Suppresses mitosis and increases synthesis of proteins that decrease inflammation and cause vasoconstriction Class I superpotent topical steroid useful in treating oral lesions Topical corticosteroids commonly are used intraorally for oral manifestations of autoimmune blistering skin diseases Since these diseases are chronic inflammatory in nature topical corticosteroids are very useful as an adjunct treatment Patients with disease confined to the gingiva should see a dentist to have a custom-made soft tray to carry the medication

H

How does herpes simplex develop

overexposure to sunlight

overexposure to wind

colds influenza and similar infections

heavy alcohol use

fever from any cause

the menstrual period

physical stress

emotional stress

Symptoms

Primary (Initial) HSV I Fever

Adenopathy

Ulcers deep in mouth

Secondary (Later) HSV I (Recurrent labial lesions) Fever Blisters form on outer vermillion border

Cold Sores form on inner lip Initial Vesicle

Next Crust

Last Healing in 10-14 days

Differential Diagnosis

Differs from Aphthous Ulcers in that

Found on keratinized (bound-down) intraoral

mucosa

Vesicles rupture into coalescing ulcers

HSV lesions are anterior compared with

Herpangina

Hand Foot and Mouth Disease

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Oral acyclovir (Zovirax) or the recently

developed drugs valacyclovir (Valtrex) or

famciclovir (Famvir) lessen the symptoms

and frequency of fever blister recurrences for

some patients These drugs prevent HSV from

multiplying and are effective when taken in

pill form prior to an outbreak of the virus

Systemic Antivirals

Acyclovir

Dose 15 mgkg (max 200 mg) PO 5xday for 7 days

Shortens first HSV infection by 6 days in children

Famciclovir

Shortens healing time by 2 days in UV-induced cases

Spruance (1999) J Infect Dis 179303-10

Valacyclovir (FDA approved for age 12 and older)

Adult dose 2 g PO bid for one day

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Topical antiviral creams containing acyclovir

(Zovirax) or penciclovir (Denavir) may also

help in limiting the extent or duration of

lesions if applied promptly to affected areas

Topical Treatments

Penciclovir (Denavir) heals HSV-1 sores on average about half a day faster than without treatment stops viral shedding and reduces the duration of the pain Ideally the patient should apply the cream within the first hour of symptoms although benefits have also been noted with later application It is continued for four consecutive days and should be reapplied every two hours while awake

Docosanol cream (Abreva) is an over-the-counter agent for oral-facial herpes It helps resist infection by inhibiting the ability of the virus to become fully active after it has attached itself to the host cell It is applied five times a day beginning at the first sign of tingling or pain Studies have been mixed on it benefits

Topical Treatments

Acyclovir cream (Zovirax) has been approved It may speed healing of oral herpes lesions and lessen the duration of pain particularly if it is applied early on (at the first sign of pain or tingling)

Lidex is a gel that contains a fluocinonide as corticosteroid Corticosteroids commonly called steroids are anti-inflammatory agents and not ordinarily used for herpes Some evidence suggests it may be effective in combination with oral famciclovir

Topical Treatments

Over-the-counter topical anesthetics may provide

modest relief They include Anbesol gel Blistex lip

ointment Campho-phenique Herpecin-L

Viractin and Zilactin In one study Viractin

reduced the duration of the attack compared to

placebo by two days It also relieved itching but had

little effect on other symptoms In general however

few studies have been conducted on any of these

products

X

Xerostomia

Xerostomia is not a disease but can be a symptom

of certain diseases It can produce serious

negative effects on the patients quality of life

affecting dietary habits nutritional status

speech taste tolerance to dental prosthesis and

increases susceptibility to dental caries The

increase in dental caries can be devastating in

many patients and therefore special care must be

made to control this condition

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Medications - Several hundred current medications

can cause xerostomia antihypertensives

antidepressants analgesics tranquilizers diuretics

and antihistamines c

-Cancer Therapy - Chemotherapeutic drugs can

change the flow and composition of the saliva

Radiation treatment that is focused on or near the

salivary gland can temporarily or permanently

damage the salivary glands

-Sjogrens syndrome - An autoimmune disease causes

xerostomia and dry eyes

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Other conditions -such as bone marrow transplants endocrine disorders stress anxiety depression and nutritional deficiencies may cause xerostomia

-Nerve Damage - Trauma to the head and neck area from surgery or wounds can damage the nerves that supply sensation to the mouth While the salivary glands may be left intact they cannot function normally without the nerves that signal them to produce saliva

Treatment

Identify the xerostomic condition and the

cause Some of the causes may be

ameliorated and this will aid therapy But

in many situations it will be difficult to

eliminate the causes Thus it will be

necessary for the Dentist to control the

results of xerostomia This is especially

true about the increase in dental caries

Treatment -pilocarpine (Salagen) 5mg qid prescription required

-special food preparation - blended and moist foods are easier to swallow

artificial saliva (available over-the-counter)

-sipping plain water is usually preferred over artificial saliva by most patients

-Biotene brand over-the-counter dry mouth products (toothpaste alcohol- free mouth rinse and Oralbalance lubricating gel)

-avoidance of alcohol-based mouth rinses

-use of water and glycerin mixed in a small aerosol spray bottle

RX

Contains sorbitol sodium

carboxymethlcellulose and

methylparaben in a

pleasantly flavored

solution

120 mL (406 fl oz)

Z

Treatment

Acyclovir (Zovirax)dagger800 mg orally five times

daily for 7 to 10 days

10 mg per kg IV every 8 hours for 7 to 10

daysDagger

$174 to 248 (129 to 200)

Famciclovir (Famvir)dagger500 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$140

Treatment

Valacyclovir (Valtrex)dagger1000 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$84

Prednisone (Deltasone)30 mg orally twice

daily on days 1 through 7 then 15 mg twice

daily on days 8 through 14 then 75 mg twice

daily on days 15 through 21

Treatment

Lotions containing calamine (eg Caladryl)

may be used on open lesions to reduce pain

and pruritus

Once the lesions have crusted over capsaicin

cream (Zostrix) may be applied

Topically administered lidocaine (Xylocaine)

and nerve blocks have also been reported to

be effective in reducing pain

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Amitriptyline (Elavil) -- By inhibiting reuptake of serotonin andor norepinephrine by presynaptic neuronal membrane may increase synaptic concentration in CNS Useful as analgesic for certain types of chronic and neuropathic pain

Adult DoseEarly in course of HZ 25 mgd PO hs to prevent PHNAfter PHN develops 30-100 mg PO qhs

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Capsaicin cream (Dolorac Capsin Zostrix) --Natural chemical derived from plants of Solanaceae family By depleting and preventing reaccumulation of substance P in peripheral sensory neurons may render skin and joints insensitive to pain Substance P thought to be chemomediator of pain transmission from periphery to CNS

Adult DoseCream Apply to skin tidqid for 3-4 consecutive wk and evaluate efficacy not to exceed 4 applicationsd

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Lidocaine (DermaFlex gel Lidoderm 5 patch) --Several recent studies have advocated topical administration of lidocaine as treatment of PHN Lidocaine gel (5) in placebo-controlled study showed significant relief in 23 patients studied Lidocaine tape also decreases severity of pain

Adult DoseGel (5) Apply to affected area prnPatch (5) Apply to most painful area up to 3 patches per application patch may remain in place for up to 12 h in any 24 h period

Postherpetic Neuralgia Gabapentin (Neurontin) -- This medication has been

approved by the FDA for the treatment of PHN Has properties common to other anticonvulsants and antineuralgic effects Exact mechanism of action is not known Structurally gabapentin is related to GABA but it does not interact with GABA receptors Believed to have a binding site at the alpha 2-delta protein an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gaited calcium channels In the rat brain binding is localized on neuronal dendritic areas Relevance of these observations to treatment of PHN is not known

Adult Dose100 mg PO tid titrate dose prn recommended dose is 900-1800 mg PO qd not to exceed 900 mg PO qid

D

Desquamative gingivitis is a clinical term to describe red painful glazed and friable gingivae which may be a manifestation of some mucocutaneous conditions such as lichen planus or the vesiculobullous disorders

Clinical features of desquamative

gingivitis

Fiery red friable gingiva

Painful desquamates easily

Buccal aspect of anterior attached gingiva

affected

Marginal gingiva spared

Not significantly improved by oral hygiene

measures alone

Differential Diagnosis Erosive Lichen Planus

Immune-mediated blistering diseases

Intra-epithelial

Pemphigus

Subepithelial

Pemphigoid

Linear IgA disease

Dermatitis herpetiformis

Epidermolysis bullosa

Erythema multiforme

Treatment Topical Corticosteroids Recurrent aphthous ulcers

bull Oral manifestations of Behccedilets disease Reiters syndrome acute

vulvar ulcer MAGIC syndrome PFAPA syndrome ulcerative colitis

Crohns disease Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome Sweets

syndrome among others

bull Drug-induced ulcerations mediated by an immune mechanism

bull Lichen planus

bull Cicatricial pemphigoid

bull Mucous membrane pemphigoid

bull Bullous pemphigoid

bull Erythema multiforme

bull Linear IgA dermatosis

bull Pemphigus vulgaris

Topicals Temovate cream 005 Clobetasol propionate

Halog cream 01 Halcinonide

Lidex cream 005 Fluocinonide

Topicort cream 025 Desoximethasone

Lidex gel 005 Fluocinonide

Aristocort cream H-P 05 Triamcinolone acetinode

Diprosone cream 005 Betamethasone dipropionate

Florone cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Maxiflor cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Synalar cream H-P 02 Fluocinolone acetonide

Topicals Tropicort-LP cream 005 Desoxymethasone

Benisone cream 0025 Betamethasone benzoate

Cordran cream 0025 Flurandenolide

Kenalog cream 01 Triamcinolone acetonide

Locoid cream 01 Hydrocortisone butyrate

Synalar cream 0025 Fluocinolone acetonide

Valisone cream 01 Betamethasone valerate

Tridesilon cream 005 Desonide

Locorten cream 003 Flumetasone pivalate

1 Hydrocortisone

Topical Corticosteroids

Used to treat oral lesions

Clobetasol (Temovate) -- Suppresses mitosis and increases synthesis of proteins that decrease inflammation and cause vasoconstriction Class I superpotent topical steroid useful in treating oral lesions Topical corticosteroids commonly are used intraorally for oral manifestations of autoimmune blistering skin diseases Since these diseases are chronic inflammatory in nature topical corticosteroids are very useful as an adjunct treatment Patients with disease confined to the gingiva should see a dentist to have a custom-made soft tray to carry the medication

H

How does herpes simplex develop

overexposure to sunlight

overexposure to wind

colds influenza and similar infections

heavy alcohol use

fever from any cause

the menstrual period

physical stress

emotional stress

Symptoms

Primary (Initial) HSV I Fever

Adenopathy

Ulcers deep in mouth

Secondary (Later) HSV I (Recurrent labial lesions) Fever Blisters form on outer vermillion border

Cold Sores form on inner lip Initial Vesicle

Next Crust

Last Healing in 10-14 days

Differential Diagnosis

Differs from Aphthous Ulcers in that

Found on keratinized (bound-down) intraoral

mucosa

Vesicles rupture into coalescing ulcers

HSV lesions are anterior compared with

Herpangina

Hand Foot and Mouth Disease

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Oral acyclovir (Zovirax) or the recently

developed drugs valacyclovir (Valtrex) or

famciclovir (Famvir) lessen the symptoms

and frequency of fever blister recurrences for

some patients These drugs prevent HSV from

multiplying and are effective when taken in

pill form prior to an outbreak of the virus

Systemic Antivirals

Acyclovir

Dose 15 mgkg (max 200 mg) PO 5xday for 7 days

Shortens first HSV infection by 6 days in children

Famciclovir

Shortens healing time by 2 days in UV-induced cases

Spruance (1999) J Infect Dis 179303-10

Valacyclovir (FDA approved for age 12 and older)

Adult dose 2 g PO bid for one day

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Topical antiviral creams containing acyclovir

(Zovirax) or penciclovir (Denavir) may also

help in limiting the extent or duration of

lesions if applied promptly to affected areas

Topical Treatments

Penciclovir (Denavir) heals HSV-1 sores on average about half a day faster than without treatment stops viral shedding and reduces the duration of the pain Ideally the patient should apply the cream within the first hour of symptoms although benefits have also been noted with later application It is continued for four consecutive days and should be reapplied every two hours while awake

Docosanol cream (Abreva) is an over-the-counter agent for oral-facial herpes It helps resist infection by inhibiting the ability of the virus to become fully active after it has attached itself to the host cell It is applied five times a day beginning at the first sign of tingling or pain Studies have been mixed on it benefits

Topical Treatments

Acyclovir cream (Zovirax) has been approved It may speed healing of oral herpes lesions and lessen the duration of pain particularly if it is applied early on (at the first sign of pain or tingling)

Lidex is a gel that contains a fluocinonide as corticosteroid Corticosteroids commonly called steroids are anti-inflammatory agents and not ordinarily used for herpes Some evidence suggests it may be effective in combination with oral famciclovir

Topical Treatments

Over-the-counter topical anesthetics may provide

modest relief They include Anbesol gel Blistex lip

ointment Campho-phenique Herpecin-L

Viractin and Zilactin In one study Viractin

reduced the duration of the attack compared to

placebo by two days It also relieved itching but had

little effect on other symptoms In general however

few studies have been conducted on any of these

products

X

Xerostomia

Xerostomia is not a disease but can be a symptom

of certain diseases It can produce serious

negative effects on the patients quality of life

affecting dietary habits nutritional status

speech taste tolerance to dental prosthesis and

increases susceptibility to dental caries The

increase in dental caries can be devastating in

many patients and therefore special care must be

made to control this condition

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Medications - Several hundred current medications

can cause xerostomia antihypertensives

antidepressants analgesics tranquilizers diuretics

and antihistamines c

-Cancer Therapy - Chemotherapeutic drugs can

change the flow and composition of the saliva

Radiation treatment that is focused on or near the

salivary gland can temporarily or permanently

damage the salivary glands

-Sjogrens syndrome - An autoimmune disease causes

xerostomia and dry eyes

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Other conditions -such as bone marrow transplants endocrine disorders stress anxiety depression and nutritional deficiencies may cause xerostomia

-Nerve Damage - Trauma to the head and neck area from surgery or wounds can damage the nerves that supply sensation to the mouth While the salivary glands may be left intact they cannot function normally without the nerves that signal them to produce saliva

Treatment

Identify the xerostomic condition and the

cause Some of the causes may be

ameliorated and this will aid therapy But

in many situations it will be difficult to

eliminate the causes Thus it will be

necessary for the Dentist to control the

results of xerostomia This is especially

true about the increase in dental caries

Treatment -pilocarpine (Salagen) 5mg qid prescription required

-special food preparation - blended and moist foods are easier to swallow

artificial saliva (available over-the-counter)

-sipping plain water is usually preferred over artificial saliva by most patients

-Biotene brand over-the-counter dry mouth products (toothpaste alcohol- free mouth rinse and Oralbalance lubricating gel)

-avoidance of alcohol-based mouth rinses

-use of water and glycerin mixed in a small aerosol spray bottle

RX

Contains sorbitol sodium

carboxymethlcellulose and

methylparaben in a

pleasantly flavored

solution

120 mL (406 fl oz)

Z

Treatment

Acyclovir (Zovirax)dagger800 mg orally five times

daily for 7 to 10 days

10 mg per kg IV every 8 hours for 7 to 10

daysDagger

$174 to 248 (129 to 200)

Famciclovir (Famvir)dagger500 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$140

Treatment

Valacyclovir (Valtrex)dagger1000 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$84

Prednisone (Deltasone)30 mg orally twice

daily on days 1 through 7 then 15 mg twice

daily on days 8 through 14 then 75 mg twice

daily on days 15 through 21

Treatment

Lotions containing calamine (eg Caladryl)

may be used on open lesions to reduce pain

and pruritus

Once the lesions have crusted over capsaicin

cream (Zostrix) may be applied

Topically administered lidocaine (Xylocaine)

and nerve blocks have also been reported to

be effective in reducing pain

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Amitriptyline (Elavil) -- By inhibiting reuptake of serotonin andor norepinephrine by presynaptic neuronal membrane may increase synaptic concentration in CNS Useful as analgesic for certain types of chronic and neuropathic pain

Adult DoseEarly in course of HZ 25 mgd PO hs to prevent PHNAfter PHN develops 30-100 mg PO qhs

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Capsaicin cream (Dolorac Capsin Zostrix) --Natural chemical derived from plants of Solanaceae family By depleting and preventing reaccumulation of substance P in peripheral sensory neurons may render skin and joints insensitive to pain Substance P thought to be chemomediator of pain transmission from periphery to CNS

Adult DoseCream Apply to skin tidqid for 3-4 consecutive wk and evaluate efficacy not to exceed 4 applicationsd

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Lidocaine (DermaFlex gel Lidoderm 5 patch) --Several recent studies have advocated topical administration of lidocaine as treatment of PHN Lidocaine gel (5) in placebo-controlled study showed significant relief in 23 patients studied Lidocaine tape also decreases severity of pain

Adult DoseGel (5) Apply to affected area prnPatch (5) Apply to most painful area up to 3 patches per application patch may remain in place for up to 12 h in any 24 h period

Postherpetic Neuralgia Gabapentin (Neurontin) -- This medication has been

approved by the FDA for the treatment of PHN Has properties common to other anticonvulsants and antineuralgic effects Exact mechanism of action is not known Structurally gabapentin is related to GABA but it does not interact with GABA receptors Believed to have a binding site at the alpha 2-delta protein an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gaited calcium channels In the rat brain binding is localized on neuronal dendritic areas Relevance of these observations to treatment of PHN is not known

Adult Dose100 mg PO tid titrate dose prn recommended dose is 900-1800 mg PO qd not to exceed 900 mg PO qid

Desquamative gingivitis is a clinical term to describe red painful glazed and friable gingivae which may be a manifestation of some mucocutaneous conditions such as lichen planus or the vesiculobullous disorders

Clinical features of desquamative

gingivitis

Fiery red friable gingiva

Painful desquamates easily

Buccal aspect of anterior attached gingiva

affected

Marginal gingiva spared

Not significantly improved by oral hygiene

measures alone

Differential Diagnosis Erosive Lichen Planus

Immune-mediated blistering diseases

Intra-epithelial

Pemphigus

Subepithelial

Pemphigoid

Linear IgA disease

Dermatitis herpetiformis

Epidermolysis bullosa

Erythema multiforme

Treatment Topical Corticosteroids Recurrent aphthous ulcers

bull Oral manifestations of Behccedilets disease Reiters syndrome acute

vulvar ulcer MAGIC syndrome PFAPA syndrome ulcerative colitis

Crohns disease Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome Sweets

syndrome among others

bull Drug-induced ulcerations mediated by an immune mechanism

bull Lichen planus

bull Cicatricial pemphigoid

bull Mucous membrane pemphigoid

bull Bullous pemphigoid

bull Erythema multiforme

bull Linear IgA dermatosis

bull Pemphigus vulgaris

Topicals Temovate cream 005 Clobetasol propionate

Halog cream 01 Halcinonide

Lidex cream 005 Fluocinonide

Topicort cream 025 Desoximethasone

Lidex gel 005 Fluocinonide

Aristocort cream H-P 05 Triamcinolone acetinode

Diprosone cream 005 Betamethasone dipropionate

Florone cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Maxiflor cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Synalar cream H-P 02 Fluocinolone acetonide

Topicals Tropicort-LP cream 005 Desoxymethasone

Benisone cream 0025 Betamethasone benzoate

Cordran cream 0025 Flurandenolide

Kenalog cream 01 Triamcinolone acetonide

Locoid cream 01 Hydrocortisone butyrate

Synalar cream 0025 Fluocinolone acetonide

Valisone cream 01 Betamethasone valerate

Tridesilon cream 005 Desonide

Locorten cream 003 Flumetasone pivalate

1 Hydrocortisone

Topical Corticosteroids

Used to treat oral lesions

Clobetasol (Temovate) -- Suppresses mitosis and increases synthesis of proteins that decrease inflammation and cause vasoconstriction Class I superpotent topical steroid useful in treating oral lesions Topical corticosteroids commonly are used intraorally for oral manifestations of autoimmune blistering skin diseases Since these diseases are chronic inflammatory in nature topical corticosteroids are very useful as an adjunct treatment Patients with disease confined to the gingiva should see a dentist to have a custom-made soft tray to carry the medication

H

How does herpes simplex develop

overexposure to sunlight

overexposure to wind

colds influenza and similar infections

heavy alcohol use

fever from any cause

the menstrual period

physical stress

emotional stress

Symptoms

Primary (Initial) HSV I Fever

Adenopathy

Ulcers deep in mouth

Secondary (Later) HSV I (Recurrent labial lesions) Fever Blisters form on outer vermillion border

Cold Sores form on inner lip Initial Vesicle

Next Crust

Last Healing in 10-14 days

Differential Diagnosis

Differs from Aphthous Ulcers in that

Found on keratinized (bound-down) intraoral

mucosa

Vesicles rupture into coalescing ulcers

HSV lesions are anterior compared with

Herpangina

Hand Foot and Mouth Disease

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Oral acyclovir (Zovirax) or the recently

developed drugs valacyclovir (Valtrex) or

famciclovir (Famvir) lessen the symptoms

and frequency of fever blister recurrences for

some patients These drugs prevent HSV from

multiplying and are effective when taken in

pill form prior to an outbreak of the virus

Systemic Antivirals

Acyclovir

Dose 15 mgkg (max 200 mg) PO 5xday for 7 days

Shortens first HSV infection by 6 days in children

Famciclovir

Shortens healing time by 2 days in UV-induced cases

Spruance (1999) J Infect Dis 179303-10

Valacyclovir (FDA approved for age 12 and older)

Adult dose 2 g PO bid for one day

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Topical antiviral creams containing acyclovir

(Zovirax) or penciclovir (Denavir) may also

help in limiting the extent or duration of

lesions if applied promptly to affected areas

Topical Treatments

Penciclovir (Denavir) heals HSV-1 sores on average about half a day faster than without treatment stops viral shedding and reduces the duration of the pain Ideally the patient should apply the cream within the first hour of symptoms although benefits have also been noted with later application It is continued for four consecutive days and should be reapplied every two hours while awake

Docosanol cream (Abreva) is an over-the-counter agent for oral-facial herpes It helps resist infection by inhibiting the ability of the virus to become fully active after it has attached itself to the host cell It is applied five times a day beginning at the first sign of tingling or pain Studies have been mixed on it benefits

Topical Treatments

Acyclovir cream (Zovirax) has been approved It may speed healing of oral herpes lesions and lessen the duration of pain particularly if it is applied early on (at the first sign of pain or tingling)

Lidex is a gel that contains a fluocinonide as corticosteroid Corticosteroids commonly called steroids are anti-inflammatory agents and not ordinarily used for herpes Some evidence suggests it may be effective in combination with oral famciclovir

Topical Treatments

Over-the-counter topical anesthetics may provide

modest relief They include Anbesol gel Blistex lip

ointment Campho-phenique Herpecin-L

Viractin and Zilactin In one study Viractin

reduced the duration of the attack compared to

placebo by two days It also relieved itching but had

little effect on other symptoms In general however

few studies have been conducted on any of these

products

X

Xerostomia

Xerostomia is not a disease but can be a symptom

of certain diseases It can produce serious

negative effects on the patients quality of life

affecting dietary habits nutritional status

speech taste tolerance to dental prosthesis and

increases susceptibility to dental caries The

increase in dental caries can be devastating in

many patients and therefore special care must be

made to control this condition

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Medications - Several hundred current medications

can cause xerostomia antihypertensives

antidepressants analgesics tranquilizers diuretics

and antihistamines c

-Cancer Therapy - Chemotherapeutic drugs can

change the flow and composition of the saliva

Radiation treatment that is focused on or near the

salivary gland can temporarily or permanently

damage the salivary glands

-Sjogrens syndrome - An autoimmune disease causes

xerostomia and dry eyes

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Other conditions -such as bone marrow transplants endocrine disorders stress anxiety depression and nutritional deficiencies may cause xerostomia

-Nerve Damage - Trauma to the head and neck area from surgery or wounds can damage the nerves that supply sensation to the mouth While the salivary glands may be left intact they cannot function normally without the nerves that signal them to produce saliva

Treatment

Identify the xerostomic condition and the

cause Some of the causes may be

ameliorated and this will aid therapy But

in many situations it will be difficult to

eliminate the causes Thus it will be

necessary for the Dentist to control the

results of xerostomia This is especially

true about the increase in dental caries

Treatment -pilocarpine (Salagen) 5mg qid prescription required

-special food preparation - blended and moist foods are easier to swallow

artificial saliva (available over-the-counter)

-sipping plain water is usually preferred over artificial saliva by most patients

-Biotene brand over-the-counter dry mouth products (toothpaste alcohol- free mouth rinse and Oralbalance lubricating gel)

-avoidance of alcohol-based mouth rinses

-use of water and glycerin mixed in a small aerosol spray bottle

RX

Contains sorbitol sodium

carboxymethlcellulose and

methylparaben in a

pleasantly flavored

solution

120 mL (406 fl oz)

Z

Treatment

Acyclovir (Zovirax)dagger800 mg orally five times

daily for 7 to 10 days

10 mg per kg IV every 8 hours for 7 to 10

daysDagger

$174 to 248 (129 to 200)

Famciclovir (Famvir)dagger500 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$140

Treatment

Valacyclovir (Valtrex)dagger1000 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$84

Prednisone (Deltasone)30 mg orally twice

daily on days 1 through 7 then 15 mg twice

daily on days 8 through 14 then 75 mg twice

daily on days 15 through 21

Treatment

Lotions containing calamine (eg Caladryl)

may be used on open lesions to reduce pain

and pruritus

Once the lesions have crusted over capsaicin

cream (Zostrix) may be applied

Topically administered lidocaine (Xylocaine)

and nerve blocks have also been reported to

be effective in reducing pain

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Amitriptyline (Elavil) -- By inhibiting reuptake of serotonin andor norepinephrine by presynaptic neuronal membrane may increase synaptic concentration in CNS Useful as analgesic for certain types of chronic and neuropathic pain

Adult DoseEarly in course of HZ 25 mgd PO hs to prevent PHNAfter PHN develops 30-100 mg PO qhs

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Capsaicin cream (Dolorac Capsin Zostrix) --Natural chemical derived from plants of Solanaceae family By depleting and preventing reaccumulation of substance P in peripheral sensory neurons may render skin and joints insensitive to pain Substance P thought to be chemomediator of pain transmission from periphery to CNS

Adult DoseCream Apply to skin tidqid for 3-4 consecutive wk and evaluate efficacy not to exceed 4 applicationsd

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Lidocaine (DermaFlex gel Lidoderm 5 patch) --Several recent studies have advocated topical administration of lidocaine as treatment of PHN Lidocaine gel (5) in placebo-controlled study showed significant relief in 23 patients studied Lidocaine tape also decreases severity of pain

Adult DoseGel (5) Apply to affected area prnPatch (5) Apply to most painful area up to 3 patches per application patch may remain in place for up to 12 h in any 24 h period

Postherpetic Neuralgia Gabapentin (Neurontin) -- This medication has been

approved by the FDA for the treatment of PHN Has properties common to other anticonvulsants and antineuralgic effects Exact mechanism of action is not known Structurally gabapentin is related to GABA but it does not interact with GABA receptors Believed to have a binding site at the alpha 2-delta protein an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gaited calcium channels In the rat brain binding is localized on neuronal dendritic areas Relevance of these observations to treatment of PHN is not known

Adult Dose100 mg PO tid titrate dose prn recommended dose is 900-1800 mg PO qd not to exceed 900 mg PO qid

Clinical features of desquamative

gingivitis

Fiery red friable gingiva

Painful desquamates easily

Buccal aspect of anterior attached gingiva

affected

Marginal gingiva spared

Not significantly improved by oral hygiene

measures alone

Differential Diagnosis Erosive Lichen Planus

Immune-mediated blistering diseases

Intra-epithelial

Pemphigus

Subepithelial

Pemphigoid

Linear IgA disease

Dermatitis herpetiformis

Epidermolysis bullosa

Erythema multiforme

Treatment Topical Corticosteroids Recurrent aphthous ulcers

bull Oral manifestations of Behccedilets disease Reiters syndrome acute

vulvar ulcer MAGIC syndrome PFAPA syndrome ulcerative colitis

Crohns disease Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome Sweets

syndrome among others

bull Drug-induced ulcerations mediated by an immune mechanism

bull Lichen planus

bull Cicatricial pemphigoid

bull Mucous membrane pemphigoid

bull Bullous pemphigoid

bull Erythema multiforme

bull Linear IgA dermatosis

bull Pemphigus vulgaris

Topicals Temovate cream 005 Clobetasol propionate

Halog cream 01 Halcinonide

Lidex cream 005 Fluocinonide

Topicort cream 025 Desoximethasone

Lidex gel 005 Fluocinonide

Aristocort cream H-P 05 Triamcinolone acetinode

Diprosone cream 005 Betamethasone dipropionate

Florone cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Maxiflor cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Synalar cream H-P 02 Fluocinolone acetonide

Topicals Tropicort-LP cream 005 Desoxymethasone

Benisone cream 0025 Betamethasone benzoate

Cordran cream 0025 Flurandenolide

Kenalog cream 01 Triamcinolone acetonide

Locoid cream 01 Hydrocortisone butyrate

Synalar cream 0025 Fluocinolone acetonide

Valisone cream 01 Betamethasone valerate

Tridesilon cream 005 Desonide

Locorten cream 003 Flumetasone pivalate

1 Hydrocortisone

Topical Corticosteroids

Used to treat oral lesions

Clobetasol (Temovate) -- Suppresses mitosis and increases synthesis of proteins that decrease inflammation and cause vasoconstriction Class I superpotent topical steroid useful in treating oral lesions Topical corticosteroids commonly are used intraorally for oral manifestations of autoimmune blistering skin diseases Since these diseases are chronic inflammatory in nature topical corticosteroids are very useful as an adjunct treatment Patients with disease confined to the gingiva should see a dentist to have a custom-made soft tray to carry the medication

H

How does herpes simplex develop

overexposure to sunlight

overexposure to wind

colds influenza and similar infections

heavy alcohol use

fever from any cause

the menstrual period

physical stress

emotional stress

Symptoms

Primary (Initial) HSV I Fever

Adenopathy

Ulcers deep in mouth

Secondary (Later) HSV I (Recurrent labial lesions) Fever Blisters form on outer vermillion border

Cold Sores form on inner lip Initial Vesicle

Next Crust

Last Healing in 10-14 days

Differential Diagnosis

Differs from Aphthous Ulcers in that

Found on keratinized (bound-down) intraoral

mucosa

Vesicles rupture into coalescing ulcers

HSV lesions are anterior compared with

Herpangina

Hand Foot and Mouth Disease

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Oral acyclovir (Zovirax) or the recently

developed drugs valacyclovir (Valtrex) or

famciclovir (Famvir) lessen the symptoms

and frequency of fever blister recurrences for

some patients These drugs prevent HSV from

multiplying and are effective when taken in

pill form prior to an outbreak of the virus

Systemic Antivirals

Acyclovir

Dose 15 mgkg (max 200 mg) PO 5xday for 7 days

Shortens first HSV infection by 6 days in children

Famciclovir

Shortens healing time by 2 days in UV-induced cases

Spruance (1999) J Infect Dis 179303-10

Valacyclovir (FDA approved for age 12 and older)

Adult dose 2 g PO bid for one day

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Topical antiviral creams containing acyclovir

(Zovirax) or penciclovir (Denavir) may also

help in limiting the extent or duration of

lesions if applied promptly to affected areas

Topical Treatments

Penciclovir (Denavir) heals HSV-1 sores on average about half a day faster than without treatment stops viral shedding and reduces the duration of the pain Ideally the patient should apply the cream within the first hour of symptoms although benefits have also been noted with later application It is continued for four consecutive days and should be reapplied every two hours while awake

Docosanol cream (Abreva) is an over-the-counter agent for oral-facial herpes It helps resist infection by inhibiting the ability of the virus to become fully active after it has attached itself to the host cell It is applied five times a day beginning at the first sign of tingling or pain Studies have been mixed on it benefits

Topical Treatments

Acyclovir cream (Zovirax) has been approved It may speed healing of oral herpes lesions and lessen the duration of pain particularly if it is applied early on (at the first sign of pain or tingling)

Lidex is a gel that contains a fluocinonide as corticosteroid Corticosteroids commonly called steroids are anti-inflammatory agents and not ordinarily used for herpes Some evidence suggests it may be effective in combination with oral famciclovir

Topical Treatments

Over-the-counter topical anesthetics may provide

modest relief They include Anbesol gel Blistex lip

ointment Campho-phenique Herpecin-L

Viractin and Zilactin In one study Viractin

reduced the duration of the attack compared to

placebo by two days It also relieved itching but had

little effect on other symptoms In general however

few studies have been conducted on any of these

products

X

Xerostomia

Xerostomia is not a disease but can be a symptom

of certain diseases It can produce serious

negative effects on the patients quality of life

affecting dietary habits nutritional status

speech taste tolerance to dental prosthesis and

increases susceptibility to dental caries The

increase in dental caries can be devastating in

many patients and therefore special care must be

made to control this condition

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Medications - Several hundred current medications

can cause xerostomia antihypertensives

antidepressants analgesics tranquilizers diuretics

and antihistamines c

-Cancer Therapy - Chemotherapeutic drugs can

change the flow and composition of the saliva

Radiation treatment that is focused on or near the

salivary gland can temporarily or permanently

damage the salivary glands

-Sjogrens syndrome - An autoimmune disease causes

xerostomia and dry eyes

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Other conditions -such as bone marrow transplants endocrine disorders stress anxiety depression and nutritional deficiencies may cause xerostomia

-Nerve Damage - Trauma to the head and neck area from surgery or wounds can damage the nerves that supply sensation to the mouth While the salivary glands may be left intact they cannot function normally without the nerves that signal them to produce saliva

Treatment

Identify the xerostomic condition and the

cause Some of the causes may be

ameliorated and this will aid therapy But

in many situations it will be difficult to

eliminate the causes Thus it will be

necessary for the Dentist to control the

results of xerostomia This is especially

true about the increase in dental caries

Treatment -pilocarpine (Salagen) 5mg qid prescription required

-special food preparation - blended and moist foods are easier to swallow

artificial saliva (available over-the-counter)

-sipping plain water is usually preferred over artificial saliva by most patients

-Biotene brand over-the-counter dry mouth products (toothpaste alcohol- free mouth rinse and Oralbalance lubricating gel)

-avoidance of alcohol-based mouth rinses

-use of water and glycerin mixed in a small aerosol spray bottle

RX

Contains sorbitol sodium

carboxymethlcellulose and

methylparaben in a

pleasantly flavored

solution

120 mL (406 fl oz)

Z

Treatment

Acyclovir (Zovirax)dagger800 mg orally five times

daily for 7 to 10 days

10 mg per kg IV every 8 hours for 7 to 10

daysDagger

$174 to 248 (129 to 200)

Famciclovir (Famvir)dagger500 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$140

Treatment

Valacyclovir (Valtrex)dagger1000 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$84

Prednisone (Deltasone)30 mg orally twice

daily on days 1 through 7 then 15 mg twice

daily on days 8 through 14 then 75 mg twice

daily on days 15 through 21

Treatment

Lotions containing calamine (eg Caladryl)

may be used on open lesions to reduce pain

and pruritus

Once the lesions have crusted over capsaicin

cream (Zostrix) may be applied

Topically administered lidocaine (Xylocaine)

and nerve blocks have also been reported to

be effective in reducing pain

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Amitriptyline (Elavil) -- By inhibiting reuptake of serotonin andor norepinephrine by presynaptic neuronal membrane may increase synaptic concentration in CNS Useful as analgesic for certain types of chronic and neuropathic pain

Adult DoseEarly in course of HZ 25 mgd PO hs to prevent PHNAfter PHN develops 30-100 mg PO qhs

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Capsaicin cream (Dolorac Capsin Zostrix) --Natural chemical derived from plants of Solanaceae family By depleting and preventing reaccumulation of substance P in peripheral sensory neurons may render skin and joints insensitive to pain Substance P thought to be chemomediator of pain transmission from periphery to CNS

Adult DoseCream Apply to skin tidqid for 3-4 consecutive wk and evaluate efficacy not to exceed 4 applicationsd

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Lidocaine (DermaFlex gel Lidoderm 5 patch) --Several recent studies have advocated topical administration of lidocaine as treatment of PHN Lidocaine gel (5) in placebo-controlled study showed significant relief in 23 patients studied Lidocaine tape also decreases severity of pain

Adult DoseGel (5) Apply to affected area prnPatch (5) Apply to most painful area up to 3 patches per application patch may remain in place for up to 12 h in any 24 h period

Postherpetic Neuralgia Gabapentin (Neurontin) -- This medication has been

approved by the FDA for the treatment of PHN Has properties common to other anticonvulsants and antineuralgic effects Exact mechanism of action is not known Structurally gabapentin is related to GABA but it does not interact with GABA receptors Believed to have a binding site at the alpha 2-delta protein an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gaited calcium channels In the rat brain binding is localized on neuronal dendritic areas Relevance of these observations to treatment of PHN is not known

Adult Dose100 mg PO tid titrate dose prn recommended dose is 900-1800 mg PO qd not to exceed 900 mg PO qid

Differential Diagnosis Erosive Lichen Planus

Immune-mediated blistering diseases

Intra-epithelial

Pemphigus

Subepithelial

Pemphigoid

Linear IgA disease

Dermatitis herpetiformis

Epidermolysis bullosa

Erythema multiforme

Treatment Topical Corticosteroids Recurrent aphthous ulcers

bull Oral manifestations of Behccedilets disease Reiters syndrome acute

vulvar ulcer MAGIC syndrome PFAPA syndrome ulcerative colitis

Crohns disease Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome Sweets

syndrome among others

bull Drug-induced ulcerations mediated by an immune mechanism

bull Lichen planus

bull Cicatricial pemphigoid

bull Mucous membrane pemphigoid

bull Bullous pemphigoid

bull Erythema multiforme

bull Linear IgA dermatosis

bull Pemphigus vulgaris

Topicals Temovate cream 005 Clobetasol propionate

Halog cream 01 Halcinonide

Lidex cream 005 Fluocinonide

Topicort cream 025 Desoximethasone

Lidex gel 005 Fluocinonide

Aristocort cream H-P 05 Triamcinolone acetinode

Diprosone cream 005 Betamethasone dipropionate

Florone cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Maxiflor cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Synalar cream H-P 02 Fluocinolone acetonide

Topicals Tropicort-LP cream 005 Desoxymethasone

Benisone cream 0025 Betamethasone benzoate

Cordran cream 0025 Flurandenolide

Kenalog cream 01 Triamcinolone acetonide

Locoid cream 01 Hydrocortisone butyrate

Synalar cream 0025 Fluocinolone acetonide

Valisone cream 01 Betamethasone valerate

Tridesilon cream 005 Desonide

Locorten cream 003 Flumetasone pivalate

1 Hydrocortisone

Topical Corticosteroids

Used to treat oral lesions

Clobetasol (Temovate) -- Suppresses mitosis and increases synthesis of proteins that decrease inflammation and cause vasoconstriction Class I superpotent topical steroid useful in treating oral lesions Topical corticosteroids commonly are used intraorally for oral manifestations of autoimmune blistering skin diseases Since these diseases are chronic inflammatory in nature topical corticosteroids are very useful as an adjunct treatment Patients with disease confined to the gingiva should see a dentist to have a custom-made soft tray to carry the medication

H

How does herpes simplex develop

overexposure to sunlight

overexposure to wind

colds influenza and similar infections

heavy alcohol use

fever from any cause

the menstrual period

physical stress

emotional stress

Symptoms

Primary (Initial) HSV I Fever

Adenopathy

Ulcers deep in mouth

Secondary (Later) HSV I (Recurrent labial lesions) Fever Blisters form on outer vermillion border

Cold Sores form on inner lip Initial Vesicle

Next Crust

Last Healing in 10-14 days

Differential Diagnosis

Differs from Aphthous Ulcers in that

Found on keratinized (bound-down) intraoral

mucosa

Vesicles rupture into coalescing ulcers

HSV lesions are anterior compared with

Herpangina

Hand Foot and Mouth Disease

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Oral acyclovir (Zovirax) or the recently

developed drugs valacyclovir (Valtrex) or

famciclovir (Famvir) lessen the symptoms

and frequency of fever blister recurrences for

some patients These drugs prevent HSV from

multiplying and are effective when taken in

pill form prior to an outbreak of the virus

Systemic Antivirals

Acyclovir

Dose 15 mgkg (max 200 mg) PO 5xday for 7 days

Shortens first HSV infection by 6 days in children

Famciclovir

Shortens healing time by 2 days in UV-induced cases

Spruance (1999) J Infect Dis 179303-10

Valacyclovir (FDA approved for age 12 and older)

Adult dose 2 g PO bid for one day

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Topical antiviral creams containing acyclovir

(Zovirax) or penciclovir (Denavir) may also

help in limiting the extent or duration of

lesions if applied promptly to affected areas

Topical Treatments

Penciclovir (Denavir) heals HSV-1 sores on average about half a day faster than without treatment stops viral shedding and reduces the duration of the pain Ideally the patient should apply the cream within the first hour of symptoms although benefits have also been noted with later application It is continued for four consecutive days and should be reapplied every two hours while awake

Docosanol cream (Abreva) is an over-the-counter agent for oral-facial herpes It helps resist infection by inhibiting the ability of the virus to become fully active after it has attached itself to the host cell It is applied five times a day beginning at the first sign of tingling or pain Studies have been mixed on it benefits

Topical Treatments

Acyclovir cream (Zovirax) has been approved It may speed healing of oral herpes lesions and lessen the duration of pain particularly if it is applied early on (at the first sign of pain or tingling)

Lidex is a gel that contains a fluocinonide as corticosteroid Corticosteroids commonly called steroids are anti-inflammatory agents and not ordinarily used for herpes Some evidence suggests it may be effective in combination with oral famciclovir

Topical Treatments

Over-the-counter topical anesthetics may provide

modest relief They include Anbesol gel Blistex lip

ointment Campho-phenique Herpecin-L

Viractin and Zilactin In one study Viractin

reduced the duration of the attack compared to

placebo by two days It also relieved itching but had

little effect on other symptoms In general however

few studies have been conducted on any of these

products

X

Xerostomia

Xerostomia is not a disease but can be a symptom

of certain diseases It can produce serious

negative effects on the patients quality of life

affecting dietary habits nutritional status

speech taste tolerance to dental prosthesis and

increases susceptibility to dental caries The

increase in dental caries can be devastating in

many patients and therefore special care must be

made to control this condition

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Medications - Several hundred current medications

can cause xerostomia antihypertensives

antidepressants analgesics tranquilizers diuretics

and antihistamines c

-Cancer Therapy - Chemotherapeutic drugs can

change the flow and composition of the saliva

Radiation treatment that is focused on or near the

salivary gland can temporarily or permanently

damage the salivary glands

-Sjogrens syndrome - An autoimmune disease causes

xerostomia and dry eyes

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Other conditions -such as bone marrow transplants endocrine disorders stress anxiety depression and nutritional deficiencies may cause xerostomia

-Nerve Damage - Trauma to the head and neck area from surgery or wounds can damage the nerves that supply sensation to the mouth While the salivary glands may be left intact they cannot function normally without the nerves that signal them to produce saliva

Treatment

Identify the xerostomic condition and the

cause Some of the causes may be

ameliorated and this will aid therapy But

in many situations it will be difficult to

eliminate the causes Thus it will be

necessary for the Dentist to control the

results of xerostomia This is especially

true about the increase in dental caries

Treatment -pilocarpine (Salagen) 5mg qid prescription required

-special food preparation - blended and moist foods are easier to swallow

artificial saliva (available over-the-counter)

-sipping plain water is usually preferred over artificial saliva by most patients

-Biotene brand over-the-counter dry mouth products (toothpaste alcohol- free mouth rinse and Oralbalance lubricating gel)

-avoidance of alcohol-based mouth rinses

-use of water and glycerin mixed in a small aerosol spray bottle

RX

Contains sorbitol sodium

carboxymethlcellulose and

methylparaben in a

pleasantly flavored

solution

120 mL (406 fl oz)

Z

Treatment

Acyclovir (Zovirax)dagger800 mg orally five times

daily for 7 to 10 days

10 mg per kg IV every 8 hours for 7 to 10

daysDagger

$174 to 248 (129 to 200)

Famciclovir (Famvir)dagger500 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$140

Treatment

Valacyclovir (Valtrex)dagger1000 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$84

Prednisone (Deltasone)30 mg orally twice

daily on days 1 through 7 then 15 mg twice

daily on days 8 through 14 then 75 mg twice

daily on days 15 through 21

Treatment

Lotions containing calamine (eg Caladryl)

may be used on open lesions to reduce pain

and pruritus

Once the lesions have crusted over capsaicin

cream (Zostrix) may be applied

Topically administered lidocaine (Xylocaine)

and nerve blocks have also been reported to

be effective in reducing pain

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Amitriptyline (Elavil) -- By inhibiting reuptake of serotonin andor norepinephrine by presynaptic neuronal membrane may increase synaptic concentration in CNS Useful as analgesic for certain types of chronic and neuropathic pain

Adult DoseEarly in course of HZ 25 mgd PO hs to prevent PHNAfter PHN develops 30-100 mg PO qhs

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Capsaicin cream (Dolorac Capsin Zostrix) --Natural chemical derived from plants of Solanaceae family By depleting and preventing reaccumulation of substance P in peripheral sensory neurons may render skin and joints insensitive to pain Substance P thought to be chemomediator of pain transmission from periphery to CNS

Adult DoseCream Apply to skin tidqid for 3-4 consecutive wk and evaluate efficacy not to exceed 4 applicationsd

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Lidocaine (DermaFlex gel Lidoderm 5 patch) --Several recent studies have advocated topical administration of lidocaine as treatment of PHN Lidocaine gel (5) in placebo-controlled study showed significant relief in 23 patients studied Lidocaine tape also decreases severity of pain

Adult DoseGel (5) Apply to affected area prnPatch (5) Apply to most painful area up to 3 patches per application patch may remain in place for up to 12 h in any 24 h period

Postherpetic Neuralgia Gabapentin (Neurontin) -- This medication has been

approved by the FDA for the treatment of PHN Has properties common to other anticonvulsants and antineuralgic effects Exact mechanism of action is not known Structurally gabapentin is related to GABA but it does not interact with GABA receptors Believed to have a binding site at the alpha 2-delta protein an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gaited calcium channels In the rat brain binding is localized on neuronal dendritic areas Relevance of these observations to treatment of PHN is not known

Adult Dose100 mg PO tid titrate dose prn recommended dose is 900-1800 mg PO qd not to exceed 900 mg PO qid

Treatment Topical Corticosteroids Recurrent aphthous ulcers

bull Oral manifestations of Behccedilets disease Reiters syndrome acute

vulvar ulcer MAGIC syndrome PFAPA syndrome ulcerative colitis

Crohns disease Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome Sweets

syndrome among others

bull Drug-induced ulcerations mediated by an immune mechanism

bull Lichen planus

bull Cicatricial pemphigoid

bull Mucous membrane pemphigoid

bull Bullous pemphigoid

bull Erythema multiforme

bull Linear IgA dermatosis

bull Pemphigus vulgaris

Topicals Temovate cream 005 Clobetasol propionate

Halog cream 01 Halcinonide

Lidex cream 005 Fluocinonide

Topicort cream 025 Desoximethasone

Lidex gel 005 Fluocinonide

Aristocort cream H-P 05 Triamcinolone acetinode

Diprosone cream 005 Betamethasone dipropionate

Florone cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Maxiflor cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Synalar cream H-P 02 Fluocinolone acetonide

Topicals Tropicort-LP cream 005 Desoxymethasone

Benisone cream 0025 Betamethasone benzoate

Cordran cream 0025 Flurandenolide

Kenalog cream 01 Triamcinolone acetonide

Locoid cream 01 Hydrocortisone butyrate

Synalar cream 0025 Fluocinolone acetonide

Valisone cream 01 Betamethasone valerate

Tridesilon cream 005 Desonide

Locorten cream 003 Flumetasone pivalate

1 Hydrocortisone

Topical Corticosteroids

Used to treat oral lesions

Clobetasol (Temovate) -- Suppresses mitosis and increases synthesis of proteins that decrease inflammation and cause vasoconstriction Class I superpotent topical steroid useful in treating oral lesions Topical corticosteroids commonly are used intraorally for oral manifestations of autoimmune blistering skin diseases Since these diseases are chronic inflammatory in nature topical corticosteroids are very useful as an adjunct treatment Patients with disease confined to the gingiva should see a dentist to have a custom-made soft tray to carry the medication

H

How does herpes simplex develop

overexposure to sunlight

overexposure to wind

colds influenza and similar infections

heavy alcohol use

fever from any cause

the menstrual period

physical stress

emotional stress

Symptoms

Primary (Initial) HSV I Fever

Adenopathy

Ulcers deep in mouth

Secondary (Later) HSV I (Recurrent labial lesions) Fever Blisters form on outer vermillion border

Cold Sores form on inner lip Initial Vesicle

Next Crust

Last Healing in 10-14 days

Differential Diagnosis

Differs from Aphthous Ulcers in that

Found on keratinized (bound-down) intraoral

mucosa

Vesicles rupture into coalescing ulcers

HSV lesions are anterior compared with

Herpangina

Hand Foot and Mouth Disease

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Oral acyclovir (Zovirax) or the recently

developed drugs valacyclovir (Valtrex) or

famciclovir (Famvir) lessen the symptoms

and frequency of fever blister recurrences for

some patients These drugs prevent HSV from

multiplying and are effective when taken in

pill form prior to an outbreak of the virus

Systemic Antivirals

Acyclovir

Dose 15 mgkg (max 200 mg) PO 5xday for 7 days

Shortens first HSV infection by 6 days in children

Famciclovir

Shortens healing time by 2 days in UV-induced cases

Spruance (1999) J Infect Dis 179303-10

Valacyclovir (FDA approved for age 12 and older)

Adult dose 2 g PO bid for one day

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Topical antiviral creams containing acyclovir

(Zovirax) or penciclovir (Denavir) may also

help in limiting the extent or duration of

lesions if applied promptly to affected areas

Topical Treatments

Penciclovir (Denavir) heals HSV-1 sores on average about half a day faster than without treatment stops viral shedding and reduces the duration of the pain Ideally the patient should apply the cream within the first hour of symptoms although benefits have also been noted with later application It is continued for four consecutive days and should be reapplied every two hours while awake

Docosanol cream (Abreva) is an over-the-counter agent for oral-facial herpes It helps resist infection by inhibiting the ability of the virus to become fully active after it has attached itself to the host cell It is applied five times a day beginning at the first sign of tingling or pain Studies have been mixed on it benefits

Topical Treatments

Acyclovir cream (Zovirax) has been approved It may speed healing of oral herpes lesions and lessen the duration of pain particularly if it is applied early on (at the first sign of pain or tingling)

Lidex is a gel that contains a fluocinonide as corticosteroid Corticosteroids commonly called steroids are anti-inflammatory agents and not ordinarily used for herpes Some evidence suggests it may be effective in combination with oral famciclovir

Topical Treatments

Over-the-counter topical anesthetics may provide

modest relief They include Anbesol gel Blistex lip

ointment Campho-phenique Herpecin-L

Viractin and Zilactin In one study Viractin

reduced the duration of the attack compared to

placebo by two days It also relieved itching but had

little effect on other symptoms In general however

few studies have been conducted on any of these

products

X

Xerostomia

Xerostomia is not a disease but can be a symptom

of certain diseases It can produce serious

negative effects on the patients quality of life

affecting dietary habits nutritional status

speech taste tolerance to dental prosthesis and

increases susceptibility to dental caries The

increase in dental caries can be devastating in

many patients and therefore special care must be

made to control this condition

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Medications - Several hundred current medications

can cause xerostomia antihypertensives

antidepressants analgesics tranquilizers diuretics

and antihistamines c

-Cancer Therapy - Chemotherapeutic drugs can

change the flow and composition of the saliva

Radiation treatment that is focused on or near the

salivary gland can temporarily or permanently

damage the salivary glands

-Sjogrens syndrome - An autoimmune disease causes

xerostomia and dry eyes

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Other conditions -such as bone marrow transplants endocrine disorders stress anxiety depression and nutritional deficiencies may cause xerostomia

-Nerve Damage - Trauma to the head and neck area from surgery or wounds can damage the nerves that supply sensation to the mouth While the salivary glands may be left intact they cannot function normally without the nerves that signal them to produce saliva

Treatment

Identify the xerostomic condition and the

cause Some of the causes may be

ameliorated and this will aid therapy But

in many situations it will be difficult to

eliminate the causes Thus it will be

necessary for the Dentist to control the

results of xerostomia This is especially

true about the increase in dental caries

Treatment -pilocarpine (Salagen) 5mg qid prescription required

-special food preparation - blended and moist foods are easier to swallow

artificial saliva (available over-the-counter)

-sipping plain water is usually preferred over artificial saliva by most patients

-Biotene brand over-the-counter dry mouth products (toothpaste alcohol- free mouth rinse and Oralbalance lubricating gel)

-avoidance of alcohol-based mouth rinses

-use of water and glycerin mixed in a small aerosol spray bottle

RX

Contains sorbitol sodium

carboxymethlcellulose and

methylparaben in a

pleasantly flavored

solution

120 mL (406 fl oz)

Z

Treatment

Acyclovir (Zovirax)dagger800 mg orally five times

daily for 7 to 10 days

10 mg per kg IV every 8 hours for 7 to 10

daysDagger

$174 to 248 (129 to 200)

Famciclovir (Famvir)dagger500 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$140

Treatment

Valacyclovir (Valtrex)dagger1000 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$84

Prednisone (Deltasone)30 mg orally twice

daily on days 1 through 7 then 15 mg twice

daily on days 8 through 14 then 75 mg twice

daily on days 15 through 21

Treatment

Lotions containing calamine (eg Caladryl)

may be used on open lesions to reduce pain

and pruritus

Once the lesions have crusted over capsaicin

cream (Zostrix) may be applied

Topically administered lidocaine (Xylocaine)

and nerve blocks have also been reported to

be effective in reducing pain

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Amitriptyline (Elavil) -- By inhibiting reuptake of serotonin andor norepinephrine by presynaptic neuronal membrane may increase synaptic concentration in CNS Useful as analgesic for certain types of chronic and neuropathic pain

Adult DoseEarly in course of HZ 25 mgd PO hs to prevent PHNAfter PHN develops 30-100 mg PO qhs

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Capsaicin cream (Dolorac Capsin Zostrix) --Natural chemical derived from plants of Solanaceae family By depleting and preventing reaccumulation of substance P in peripheral sensory neurons may render skin and joints insensitive to pain Substance P thought to be chemomediator of pain transmission from periphery to CNS

Adult DoseCream Apply to skin tidqid for 3-4 consecutive wk and evaluate efficacy not to exceed 4 applicationsd

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Lidocaine (DermaFlex gel Lidoderm 5 patch) --Several recent studies have advocated topical administration of lidocaine as treatment of PHN Lidocaine gel (5) in placebo-controlled study showed significant relief in 23 patients studied Lidocaine tape also decreases severity of pain

Adult DoseGel (5) Apply to affected area prnPatch (5) Apply to most painful area up to 3 patches per application patch may remain in place for up to 12 h in any 24 h period

Postherpetic Neuralgia Gabapentin (Neurontin) -- This medication has been

approved by the FDA for the treatment of PHN Has properties common to other anticonvulsants and antineuralgic effects Exact mechanism of action is not known Structurally gabapentin is related to GABA but it does not interact with GABA receptors Believed to have a binding site at the alpha 2-delta protein an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gaited calcium channels In the rat brain binding is localized on neuronal dendritic areas Relevance of these observations to treatment of PHN is not known

Adult Dose100 mg PO tid titrate dose prn recommended dose is 900-1800 mg PO qd not to exceed 900 mg PO qid

Topicals Temovate cream 005 Clobetasol propionate

Halog cream 01 Halcinonide

Lidex cream 005 Fluocinonide

Topicort cream 025 Desoximethasone

Lidex gel 005 Fluocinonide

Aristocort cream H-P 05 Triamcinolone acetinode

Diprosone cream 005 Betamethasone dipropionate

Florone cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Maxiflor cream 005 Diflorasone diacetate

Synalar cream H-P 02 Fluocinolone acetonide

Topicals Tropicort-LP cream 005 Desoxymethasone

Benisone cream 0025 Betamethasone benzoate

Cordran cream 0025 Flurandenolide

Kenalog cream 01 Triamcinolone acetonide

Locoid cream 01 Hydrocortisone butyrate

Synalar cream 0025 Fluocinolone acetonide

Valisone cream 01 Betamethasone valerate

Tridesilon cream 005 Desonide

Locorten cream 003 Flumetasone pivalate

1 Hydrocortisone

Topical Corticosteroids

Used to treat oral lesions

Clobetasol (Temovate) -- Suppresses mitosis and increases synthesis of proteins that decrease inflammation and cause vasoconstriction Class I superpotent topical steroid useful in treating oral lesions Topical corticosteroids commonly are used intraorally for oral manifestations of autoimmune blistering skin diseases Since these diseases are chronic inflammatory in nature topical corticosteroids are very useful as an adjunct treatment Patients with disease confined to the gingiva should see a dentist to have a custom-made soft tray to carry the medication

H

How does herpes simplex develop

overexposure to sunlight

overexposure to wind

colds influenza and similar infections

heavy alcohol use

fever from any cause

the menstrual period

physical stress

emotional stress

Symptoms

Primary (Initial) HSV I Fever

Adenopathy

Ulcers deep in mouth

Secondary (Later) HSV I (Recurrent labial lesions) Fever Blisters form on outer vermillion border

Cold Sores form on inner lip Initial Vesicle

Next Crust

Last Healing in 10-14 days

Differential Diagnosis

Differs from Aphthous Ulcers in that

Found on keratinized (bound-down) intraoral

mucosa

Vesicles rupture into coalescing ulcers

HSV lesions are anterior compared with

Herpangina

Hand Foot and Mouth Disease

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Oral acyclovir (Zovirax) or the recently

developed drugs valacyclovir (Valtrex) or

famciclovir (Famvir) lessen the symptoms

and frequency of fever blister recurrences for

some patients These drugs prevent HSV from

multiplying and are effective when taken in

pill form prior to an outbreak of the virus

Systemic Antivirals

Acyclovir

Dose 15 mgkg (max 200 mg) PO 5xday for 7 days

Shortens first HSV infection by 6 days in children

Famciclovir

Shortens healing time by 2 days in UV-induced cases

Spruance (1999) J Infect Dis 179303-10

Valacyclovir (FDA approved for age 12 and older)

Adult dose 2 g PO bid for one day

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Topical antiviral creams containing acyclovir

(Zovirax) or penciclovir (Denavir) may also

help in limiting the extent or duration of

lesions if applied promptly to affected areas

Topical Treatments

Penciclovir (Denavir) heals HSV-1 sores on average about half a day faster than without treatment stops viral shedding and reduces the duration of the pain Ideally the patient should apply the cream within the first hour of symptoms although benefits have also been noted with later application It is continued for four consecutive days and should be reapplied every two hours while awake

Docosanol cream (Abreva) is an over-the-counter agent for oral-facial herpes It helps resist infection by inhibiting the ability of the virus to become fully active after it has attached itself to the host cell It is applied five times a day beginning at the first sign of tingling or pain Studies have been mixed on it benefits

Topical Treatments

Acyclovir cream (Zovirax) has been approved It may speed healing of oral herpes lesions and lessen the duration of pain particularly if it is applied early on (at the first sign of pain or tingling)

Lidex is a gel that contains a fluocinonide as corticosteroid Corticosteroids commonly called steroids are anti-inflammatory agents and not ordinarily used for herpes Some evidence suggests it may be effective in combination with oral famciclovir

Topical Treatments

Over-the-counter topical anesthetics may provide

modest relief They include Anbesol gel Blistex lip

ointment Campho-phenique Herpecin-L

Viractin and Zilactin In one study Viractin

reduced the duration of the attack compared to

placebo by two days It also relieved itching but had

little effect on other symptoms In general however

few studies have been conducted on any of these

products

X

Xerostomia

Xerostomia is not a disease but can be a symptom

of certain diseases It can produce serious

negative effects on the patients quality of life

affecting dietary habits nutritional status

speech taste tolerance to dental prosthesis and

increases susceptibility to dental caries The

increase in dental caries can be devastating in

many patients and therefore special care must be

made to control this condition

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Medications - Several hundred current medications

can cause xerostomia antihypertensives

antidepressants analgesics tranquilizers diuretics

and antihistamines c

-Cancer Therapy - Chemotherapeutic drugs can

change the flow and composition of the saliva

Radiation treatment that is focused on or near the

salivary gland can temporarily or permanently

damage the salivary glands

-Sjogrens syndrome - An autoimmune disease causes

xerostomia and dry eyes

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Other conditions -such as bone marrow transplants endocrine disorders stress anxiety depression and nutritional deficiencies may cause xerostomia

-Nerve Damage - Trauma to the head and neck area from surgery or wounds can damage the nerves that supply sensation to the mouth While the salivary glands may be left intact they cannot function normally without the nerves that signal them to produce saliva

Treatment

Identify the xerostomic condition and the

cause Some of the causes may be

ameliorated and this will aid therapy But

in many situations it will be difficult to

eliminate the causes Thus it will be

necessary for the Dentist to control the

results of xerostomia This is especially

true about the increase in dental caries

Treatment -pilocarpine (Salagen) 5mg qid prescription required

-special food preparation - blended and moist foods are easier to swallow

artificial saliva (available over-the-counter)

-sipping plain water is usually preferred over artificial saliva by most patients

-Biotene brand over-the-counter dry mouth products (toothpaste alcohol- free mouth rinse and Oralbalance lubricating gel)

-avoidance of alcohol-based mouth rinses

-use of water and glycerin mixed in a small aerosol spray bottle

RX

Contains sorbitol sodium

carboxymethlcellulose and

methylparaben in a

pleasantly flavored

solution

120 mL (406 fl oz)

Z

Treatment

Acyclovir (Zovirax)dagger800 mg orally five times

daily for 7 to 10 days

10 mg per kg IV every 8 hours for 7 to 10

daysDagger

$174 to 248 (129 to 200)

Famciclovir (Famvir)dagger500 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$140

Treatment

Valacyclovir (Valtrex)dagger1000 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$84

Prednisone (Deltasone)30 mg orally twice

daily on days 1 through 7 then 15 mg twice

daily on days 8 through 14 then 75 mg twice

daily on days 15 through 21

Treatment

Lotions containing calamine (eg Caladryl)

may be used on open lesions to reduce pain

and pruritus

Once the lesions have crusted over capsaicin

cream (Zostrix) may be applied

Topically administered lidocaine (Xylocaine)

and nerve blocks have also been reported to

be effective in reducing pain

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Amitriptyline (Elavil) -- By inhibiting reuptake of serotonin andor norepinephrine by presynaptic neuronal membrane may increase synaptic concentration in CNS Useful as analgesic for certain types of chronic and neuropathic pain

Adult DoseEarly in course of HZ 25 mgd PO hs to prevent PHNAfter PHN develops 30-100 mg PO qhs

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Capsaicin cream (Dolorac Capsin Zostrix) --Natural chemical derived from plants of Solanaceae family By depleting and preventing reaccumulation of substance P in peripheral sensory neurons may render skin and joints insensitive to pain Substance P thought to be chemomediator of pain transmission from periphery to CNS

Adult DoseCream Apply to skin tidqid for 3-4 consecutive wk and evaluate efficacy not to exceed 4 applicationsd

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Lidocaine (DermaFlex gel Lidoderm 5 patch) --Several recent studies have advocated topical administration of lidocaine as treatment of PHN Lidocaine gel (5) in placebo-controlled study showed significant relief in 23 patients studied Lidocaine tape also decreases severity of pain

Adult DoseGel (5) Apply to affected area prnPatch (5) Apply to most painful area up to 3 patches per application patch may remain in place for up to 12 h in any 24 h period

Postherpetic Neuralgia Gabapentin (Neurontin) -- This medication has been

approved by the FDA for the treatment of PHN Has properties common to other anticonvulsants and antineuralgic effects Exact mechanism of action is not known Structurally gabapentin is related to GABA but it does not interact with GABA receptors Believed to have a binding site at the alpha 2-delta protein an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gaited calcium channels In the rat brain binding is localized on neuronal dendritic areas Relevance of these observations to treatment of PHN is not known

Adult Dose100 mg PO tid titrate dose prn recommended dose is 900-1800 mg PO qd not to exceed 900 mg PO qid

Topicals Tropicort-LP cream 005 Desoxymethasone

Benisone cream 0025 Betamethasone benzoate

Cordran cream 0025 Flurandenolide

Kenalog cream 01 Triamcinolone acetonide

Locoid cream 01 Hydrocortisone butyrate

Synalar cream 0025 Fluocinolone acetonide

Valisone cream 01 Betamethasone valerate

Tridesilon cream 005 Desonide

Locorten cream 003 Flumetasone pivalate

1 Hydrocortisone

Topical Corticosteroids

Used to treat oral lesions

Clobetasol (Temovate) -- Suppresses mitosis and increases synthesis of proteins that decrease inflammation and cause vasoconstriction Class I superpotent topical steroid useful in treating oral lesions Topical corticosteroids commonly are used intraorally for oral manifestations of autoimmune blistering skin diseases Since these diseases are chronic inflammatory in nature topical corticosteroids are very useful as an adjunct treatment Patients with disease confined to the gingiva should see a dentist to have a custom-made soft tray to carry the medication

H

How does herpes simplex develop

overexposure to sunlight

overexposure to wind

colds influenza and similar infections

heavy alcohol use

fever from any cause

the menstrual period

physical stress

emotional stress

Symptoms

Primary (Initial) HSV I Fever

Adenopathy

Ulcers deep in mouth

Secondary (Later) HSV I (Recurrent labial lesions) Fever Blisters form on outer vermillion border

Cold Sores form on inner lip Initial Vesicle

Next Crust

Last Healing in 10-14 days

Differential Diagnosis

Differs from Aphthous Ulcers in that

Found on keratinized (bound-down) intraoral

mucosa

Vesicles rupture into coalescing ulcers

HSV lesions are anterior compared with

Herpangina

Hand Foot and Mouth Disease

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Oral acyclovir (Zovirax) or the recently

developed drugs valacyclovir (Valtrex) or

famciclovir (Famvir) lessen the symptoms

and frequency of fever blister recurrences for

some patients These drugs prevent HSV from

multiplying and are effective when taken in

pill form prior to an outbreak of the virus

Systemic Antivirals

Acyclovir

Dose 15 mgkg (max 200 mg) PO 5xday for 7 days

Shortens first HSV infection by 6 days in children

Famciclovir

Shortens healing time by 2 days in UV-induced cases

Spruance (1999) J Infect Dis 179303-10

Valacyclovir (FDA approved for age 12 and older)

Adult dose 2 g PO bid for one day

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Topical antiviral creams containing acyclovir

(Zovirax) or penciclovir (Denavir) may also

help in limiting the extent or duration of

lesions if applied promptly to affected areas

Topical Treatments

Penciclovir (Denavir) heals HSV-1 sores on average about half a day faster than without treatment stops viral shedding and reduces the duration of the pain Ideally the patient should apply the cream within the first hour of symptoms although benefits have also been noted with later application It is continued for four consecutive days and should be reapplied every two hours while awake

Docosanol cream (Abreva) is an over-the-counter agent for oral-facial herpes It helps resist infection by inhibiting the ability of the virus to become fully active after it has attached itself to the host cell It is applied five times a day beginning at the first sign of tingling or pain Studies have been mixed on it benefits

Topical Treatments

Acyclovir cream (Zovirax) has been approved It may speed healing of oral herpes lesions and lessen the duration of pain particularly if it is applied early on (at the first sign of pain or tingling)

Lidex is a gel that contains a fluocinonide as corticosteroid Corticosteroids commonly called steroids are anti-inflammatory agents and not ordinarily used for herpes Some evidence suggests it may be effective in combination with oral famciclovir

Topical Treatments

Over-the-counter topical anesthetics may provide

modest relief They include Anbesol gel Blistex lip

ointment Campho-phenique Herpecin-L

Viractin and Zilactin In one study Viractin

reduced the duration of the attack compared to

placebo by two days It also relieved itching but had

little effect on other symptoms In general however

few studies have been conducted on any of these

products

X

Xerostomia

Xerostomia is not a disease but can be a symptom

of certain diseases It can produce serious

negative effects on the patients quality of life

affecting dietary habits nutritional status

speech taste tolerance to dental prosthesis and

increases susceptibility to dental caries The

increase in dental caries can be devastating in

many patients and therefore special care must be

made to control this condition

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Medications - Several hundred current medications

can cause xerostomia antihypertensives

antidepressants analgesics tranquilizers diuretics

and antihistamines c

-Cancer Therapy - Chemotherapeutic drugs can

change the flow and composition of the saliva

Radiation treatment that is focused on or near the

salivary gland can temporarily or permanently

damage the salivary glands

-Sjogrens syndrome - An autoimmune disease causes

xerostomia and dry eyes

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Other conditions -such as bone marrow transplants endocrine disorders stress anxiety depression and nutritional deficiencies may cause xerostomia

-Nerve Damage - Trauma to the head and neck area from surgery or wounds can damage the nerves that supply sensation to the mouth While the salivary glands may be left intact they cannot function normally without the nerves that signal them to produce saliva

Treatment

Identify the xerostomic condition and the

cause Some of the causes may be

ameliorated and this will aid therapy But

in many situations it will be difficult to

eliminate the causes Thus it will be

necessary for the Dentist to control the

results of xerostomia This is especially

true about the increase in dental caries

Treatment -pilocarpine (Salagen) 5mg qid prescription required

-special food preparation - blended and moist foods are easier to swallow

artificial saliva (available over-the-counter)

-sipping plain water is usually preferred over artificial saliva by most patients

-Biotene brand over-the-counter dry mouth products (toothpaste alcohol- free mouth rinse and Oralbalance lubricating gel)

-avoidance of alcohol-based mouth rinses

-use of water and glycerin mixed in a small aerosol spray bottle

RX

Contains sorbitol sodium

carboxymethlcellulose and

methylparaben in a

pleasantly flavored

solution

120 mL (406 fl oz)

Z

Treatment

Acyclovir (Zovirax)dagger800 mg orally five times

daily for 7 to 10 days

10 mg per kg IV every 8 hours for 7 to 10

daysDagger

$174 to 248 (129 to 200)

Famciclovir (Famvir)dagger500 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$140

Treatment

Valacyclovir (Valtrex)dagger1000 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$84

Prednisone (Deltasone)30 mg orally twice

daily on days 1 through 7 then 15 mg twice

daily on days 8 through 14 then 75 mg twice

daily on days 15 through 21

Treatment

Lotions containing calamine (eg Caladryl)

may be used on open lesions to reduce pain

and pruritus

Once the lesions have crusted over capsaicin

cream (Zostrix) may be applied

Topically administered lidocaine (Xylocaine)

and nerve blocks have also been reported to

be effective in reducing pain

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Amitriptyline (Elavil) -- By inhibiting reuptake of serotonin andor norepinephrine by presynaptic neuronal membrane may increase synaptic concentration in CNS Useful as analgesic for certain types of chronic and neuropathic pain

Adult DoseEarly in course of HZ 25 mgd PO hs to prevent PHNAfter PHN develops 30-100 mg PO qhs

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Capsaicin cream (Dolorac Capsin Zostrix) --Natural chemical derived from plants of Solanaceae family By depleting and preventing reaccumulation of substance P in peripheral sensory neurons may render skin and joints insensitive to pain Substance P thought to be chemomediator of pain transmission from periphery to CNS

Adult DoseCream Apply to skin tidqid for 3-4 consecutive wk and evaluate efficacy not to exceed 4 applicationsd

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Lidocaine (DermaFlex gel Lidoderm 5 patch) --Several recent studies have advocated topical administration of lidocaine as treatment of PHN Lidocaine gel (5) in placebo-controlled study showed significant relief in 23 patients studied Lidocaine tape also decreases severity of pain

Adult DoseGel (5) Apply to affected area prnPatch (5) Apply to most painful area up to 3 patches per application patch may remain in place for up to 12 h in any 24 h period

Postherpetic Neuralgia Gabapentin (Neurontin) -- This medication has been

approved by the FDA for the treatment of PHN Has properties common to other anticonvulsants and antineuralgic effects Exact mechanism of action is not known Structurally gabapentin is related to GABA but it does not interact with GABA receptors Believed to have a binding site at the alpha 2-delta protein an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gaited calcium channels In the rat brain binding is localized on neuronal dendritic areas Relevance of these observations to treatment of PHN is not known

Adult Dose100 mg PO tid titrate dose prn recommended dose is 900-1800 mg PO qd not to exceed 900 mg PO qid

Topical Corticosteroids

Used to treat oral lesions

Clobetasol (Temovate) -- Suppresses mitosis and increases synthesis of proteins that decrease inflammation and cause vasoconstriction Class I superpotent topical steroid useful in treating oral lesions Topical corticosteroids commonly are used intraorally for oral manifestations of autoimmune blistering skin diseases Since these diseases are chronic inflammatory in nature topical corticosteroids are very useful as an adjunct treatment Patients with disease confined to the gingiva should see a dentist to have a custom-made soft tray to carry the medication

H

How does herpes simplex develop

overexposure to sunlight

overexposure to wind

colds influenza and similar infections

heavy alcohol use

fever from any cause

the menstrual period

physical stress

emotional stress

Symptoms

Primary (Initial) HSV I Fever

Adenopathy

Ulcers deep in mouth

Secondary (Later) HSV I (Recurrent labial lesions) Fever Blisters form on outer vermillion border

Cold Sores form on inner lip Initial Vesicle

Next Crust

Last Healing in 10-14 days

Differential Diagnosis

Differs from Aphthous Ulcers in that

Found on keratinized (bound-down) intraoral

mucosa

Vesicles rupture into coalescing ulcers

HSV lesions are anterior compared with

Herpangina

Hand Foot and Mouth Disease

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Oral acyclovir (Zovirax) or the recently

developed drugs valacyclovir (Valtrex) or

famciclovir (Famvir) lessen the symptoms

and frequency of fever blister recurrences for

some patients These drugs prevent HSV from

multiplying and are effective when taken in

pill form prior to an outbreak of the virus

Systemic Antivirals

Acyclovir

Dose 15 mgkg (max 200 mg) PO 5xday for 7 days

Shortens first HSV infection by 6 days in children

Famciclovir

Shortens healing time by 2 days in UV-induced cases

Spruance (1999) J Infect Dis 179303-10

Valacyclovir (FDA approved for age 12 and older)

Adult dose 2 g PO bid for one day

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Topical antiviral creams containing acyclovir

(Zovirax) or penciclovir (Denavir) may also

help in limiting the extent or duration of

lesions if applied promptly to affected areas

Topical Treatments

Penciclovir (Denavir) heals HSV-1 sores on average about half a day faster than without treatment stops viral shedding and reduces the duration of the pain Ideally the patient should apply the cream within the first hour of symptoms although benefits have also been noted with later application It is continued for four consecutive days and should be reapplied every two hours while awake

Docosanol cream (Abreva) is an over-the-counter agent for oral-facial herpes It helps resist infection by inhibiting the ability of the virus to become fully active after it has attached itself to the host cell It is applied five times a day beginning at the first sign of tingling or pain Studies have been mixed on it benefits

Topical Treatments

Acyclovir cream (Zovirax) has been approved It may speed healing of oral herpes lesions and lessen the duration of pain particularly if it is applied early on (at the first sign of pain or tingling)

Lidex is a gel that contains a fluocinonide as corticosteroid Corticosteroids commonly called steroids are anti-inflammatory agents and not ordinarily used for herpes Some evidence suggests it may be effective in combination with oral famciclovir

Topical Treatments

Over-the-counter topical anesthetics may provide

modest relief They include Anbesol gel Blistex lip

ointment Campho-phenique Herpecin-L

Viractin and Zilactin In one study Viractin

reduced the duration of the attack compared to

placebo by two days It also relieved itching but had

little effect on other symptoms In general however

few studies have been conducted on any of these

products

X

Xerostomia

Xerostomia is not a disease but can be a symptom

of certain diseases It can produce serious

negative effects on the patients quality of life

affecting dietary habits nutritional status

speech taste tolerance to dental prosthesis and

increases susceptibility to dental caries The

increase in dental caries can be devastating in

many patients and therefore special care must be

made to control this condition

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Medications - Several hundred current medications

can cause xerostomia antihypertensives

antidepressants analgesics tranquilizers diuretics

and antihistamines c

-Cancer Therapy - Chemotherapeutic drugs can

change the flow and composition of the saliva

Radiation treatment that is focused on or near the

salivary gland can temporarily or permanently

damage the salivary glands

-Sjogrens syndrome - An autoimmune disease causes

xerostomia and dry eyes

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Other conditions -such as bone marrow transplants endocrine disorders stress anxiety depression and nutritional deficiencies may cause xerostomia

-Nerve Damage - Trauma to the head and neck area from surgery or wounds can damage the nerves that supply sensation to the mouth While the salivary glands may be left intact they cannot function normally without the nerves that signal them to produce saliva

Treatment

Identify the xerostomic condition and the

cause Some of the causes may be

ameliorated and this will aid therapy But

in many situations it will be difficult to

eliminate the causes Thus it will be

necessary for the Dentist to control the

results of xerostomia This is especially

true about the increase in dental caries

Treatment -pilocarpine (Salagen) 5mg qid prescription required

-special food preparation - blended and moist foods are easier to swallow

artificial saliva (available over-the-counter)

-sipping plain water is usually preferred over artificial saliva by most patients

-Biotene brand over-the-counter dry mouth products (toothpaste alcohol- free mouth rinse and Oralbalance lubricating gel)

-avoidance of alcohol-based mouth rinses

-use of water and glycerin mixed in a small aerosol spray bottle

RX

Contains sorbitol sodium

carboxymethlcellulose and

methylparaben in a

pleasantly flavored

solution

120 mL (406 fl oz)

Z

Treatment

Acyclovir (Zovirax)dagger800 mg orally five times

daily for 7 to 10 days

10 mg per kg IV every 8 hours for 7 to 10

daysDagger

$174 to 248 (129 to 200)

Famciclovir (Famvir)dagger500 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$140

Treatment

Valacyclovir (Valtrex)dagger1000 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$84

Prednisone (Deltasone)30 mg orally twice

daily on days 1 through 7 then 15 mg twice

daily on days 8 through 14 then 75 mg twice

daily on days 15 through 21

Treatment

Lotions containing calamine (eg Caladryl)

may be used on open lesions to reduce pain

and pruritus

Once the lesions have crusted over capsaicin

cream (Zostrix) may be applied

Topically administered lidocaine (Xylocaine)

and nerve blocks have also been reported to

be effective in reducing pain

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Amitriptyline (Elavil) -- By inhibiting reuptake of serotonin andor norepinephrine by presynaptic neuronal membrane may increase synaptic concentration in CNS Useful as analgesic for certain types of chronic and neuropathic pain

Adult DoseEarly in course of HZ 25 mgd PO hs to prevent PHNAfter PHN develops 30-100 mg PO qhs

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Capsaicin cream (Dolorac Capsin Zostrix) --Natural chemical derived from plants of Solanaceae family By depleting and preventing reaccumulation of substance P in peripheral sensory neurons may render skin and joints insensitive to pain Substance P thought to be chemomediator of pain transmission from periphery to CNS

Adult DoseCream Apply to skin tidqid for 3-4 consecutive wk and evaluate efficacy not to exceed 4 applicationsd

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Lidocaine (DermaFlex gel Lidoderm 5 patch) --Several recent studies have advocated topical administration of lidocaine as treatment of PHN Lidocaine gel (5) in placebo-controlled study showed significant relief in 23 patients studied Lidocaine tape also decreases severity of pain

Adult DoseGel (5) Apply to affected area prnPatch (5) Apply to most painful area up to 3 patches per application patch may remain in place for up to 12 h in any 24 h period

Postherpetic Neuralgia Gabapentin (Neurontin) -- This medication has been

approved by the FDA for the treatment of PHN Has properties common to other anticonvulsants and antineuralgic effects Exact mechanism of action is not known Structurally gabapentin is related to GABA but it does not interact with GABA receptors Believed to have a binding site at the alpha 2-delta protein an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gaited calcium channels In the rat brain binding is localized on neuronal dendritic areas Relevance of these observations to treatment of PHN is not known

Adult Dose100 mg PO tid titrate dose prn recommended dose is 900-1800 mg PO qd not to exceed 900 mg PO qid

H

How does herpes simplex develop

overexposure to sunlight

overexposure to wind

colds influenza and similar infections

heavy alcohol use

fever from any cause

the menstrual period

physical stress

emotional stress

Symptoms

Primary (Initial) HSV I Fever

Adenopathy

Ulcers deep in mouth

Secondary (Later) HSV I (Recurrent labial lesions) Fever Blisters form on outer vermillion border

Cold Sores form on inner lip Initial Vesicle

Next Crust

Last Healing in 10-14 days

Differential Diagnosis

Differs from Aphthous Ulcers in that

Found on keratinized (bound-down) intraoral

mucosa

Vesicles rupture into coalescing ulcers

HSV lesions are anterior compared with

Herpangina

Hand Foot and Mouth Disease

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Oral acyclovir (Zovirax) or the recently

developed drugs valacyclovir (Valtrex) or

famciclovir (Famvir) lessen the symptoms

and frequency of fever blister recurrences for

some patients These drugs prevent HSV from

multiplying and are effective when taken in

pill form prior to an outbreak of the virus

Systemic Antivirals

Acyclovir

Dose 15 mgkg (max 200 mg) PO 5xday for 7 days

Shortens first HSV infection by 6 days in children

Famciclovir

Shortens healing time by 2 days in UV-induced cases

Spruance (1999) J Infect Dis 179303-10

Valacyclovir (FDA approved for age 12 and older)

Adult dose 2 g PO bid for one day

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Topical antiviral creams containing acyclovir

(Zovirax) or penciclovir (Denavir) may also

help in limiting the extent or duration of

lesions if applied promptly to affected areas

Topical Treatments

Penciclovir (Denavir) heals HSV-1 sores on average about half a day faster than without treatment stops viral shedding and reduces the duration of the pain Ideally the patient should apply the cream within the first hour of symptoms although benefits have also been noted with later application It is continued for four consecutive days and should be reapplied every two hours while awake

Docosanol cream (Abreva) is an over-the-counter agent for oral-facial herpes It helps resist infection by inhibiting the ability of the virus to become fully active after it has attached itself to the host cell It is applied five times a day beginning at the first sign of tingling or pain Studies have been mixed on it benefits

Topical Treatments

Acyclovir cream (Zovirax) has been approved It may speed healing of oral herpes lesions and lessen the duration of pain particularly if it is applied early on (at the first sign of pain or tingling)

Lidex is a gel that contains a fluocinonide as corticosteroid Corticosteroids commonly called steroids are anti-inflammatory agents and not ordinarily used for herpes Some evidence suggests it may be effective in combination with oral famciclovir

Topical Treatments

Over-the-counter topical anesthetics may provide

modest relief They include Anbesol gel Blistex lip

ointment Campho-phenique Herpecin-L

Viractin and Zilactin In one study Viractin

reduced the duration of the attack compared to

placebo by two days It also relieved itching but had

little effect on other symptoms In general however

few studies have been conducted on any of these

products

X

Xerostomia

Xerostomia is not a disease but can be a symptom

of certain diseases It can produce serious

negative effects on the patients quality of life

affecting dietary habits nutritional status

speech taste tolerance to dental prosthesis and

increases susceptibility to dental caries The

increase in dental caries can be devastating in

many patients and therefore special care must be

made to control this condition

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Medications - Several hundred current medications

can cause xerostomia antihypertensives

antidepressants analgesics tranquilizers diuretics

and antihistamines c

-Cancer Therapy - Chemotherapeutic drugs can

change the flow and composition of the saliva

Radiation treatment that is focused on or near the

salivary gland can temporarily or permanently

damage the salivary glands

-Sjogrens syndrome - An autoimmune disease causes

xerostomia and dry eyes

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Other conditions -such as bone marrow transplants endocrine disorders stress anxiety depression and nutritional deficiencies may cause xerostomia

-Nerve Damage - Trauma to the head and neck area from surgery or wounds can damage the nerves that supply sensation to the mouth While the salivary glands may be left intact they cannot function normally without the nerves that signal them to produce saliva

Treatment

Identify the xerostomic condition and the

cause Some of the causes may be

ameliorated and this will aid therapy But

in many situations it will be difficult to

eliminate the causes Thus it will be

necessary for the Dentist to control the

results of xerostomia This is especially

true about the increase in dental caries

Treatment -pilocarpine (Salagen) 5mg qid prescription required

-special food preparation - blended and moist foods are easier to swallow

artificial saliva (available over-the-counter)

-sipping plain water is usually preferred over artificial saliva by most patients

-Biotene brand over-the-counter dry mouth products (toothpaste alcohol- free mouth rinse and Oralbalance lubricating gel)

-avoidance of alcohol-based mouth rinses

-use of water and glycerin mixed in a small aerosol spray bottle

RX

Contains sorbitol sodium

carboxymethlcellulose and

methylparaben in a

pleasantly flavored

solution

120 mL (406 fl oz)

Z

Treatment

Acyclovir (Zovirax)dagger800 mg orally five times

daily for 7 to 10 days

10 mg per kg IV every 8 hours for 7 to 10

daysDagger

$174 to 248 (129 to 200)

Famciclovir (Famvir)dagger500 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$140

Treatment

Valacyclovir (Valtrex)dagger1000 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$84

Prednisone (Deltasone)30 mg orally twice

daily on days 1 through 7 then 15 mg twice

daily on days 8 through 14 then 75 mg twice

daily on days 15 through 21

Treatment

Lotions containing calamine (eg Caladryl)

may be used on open lesions to reduce pain

and pruritus

Once the lesions have crusted over capsaicin

cream (Zostrix) may be applied

Topically administered lidocaine (Xylocaine)

and nerve blocks have also been reported to

be effective in reducing pain

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Amitriptyline (Elavil) -- By inhibiting reuptake of serotonin andor norepinephrine by presynaptic neuronal membrane may increase synaptic concentration in CNS Useful as analgesic for certain types of chronic and neuropathic pain

Adult DoseEarly in course of HZ 25 mgd PO hs to prevent PHNAfter PHN develops 30-100 mg PO qhs

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Capsaicin cream (Dolorac Capsin Zostrix) --Natural chemical derived from plants of Solanaceae family By depleting and preventing reaccumulation of substance P in peripheral sensory neurons may render skin and joints insensitive to pain Substance P thought to be chemomediator of pain transmission from periphery to CNS

Adult DoseCream Apply to skin tidqid for 3-4 consecutive wk and evaluate efficacy not to exceed 4 applicationsd

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Lidocaine (DermaFlex gel Lidoderm 5 patch) --Several recent studies have advocated topical administration of lidocaine as treatment of PHN Lidocaine gel (5) in placebo-controlled study showed significant relief in 23 patients studied Lidocaine tape also decreases severity of pain

Adult DoseGel (5) Apply to affected area prnPatch (5) Apply to most painful area up to 3 patches per application patch may remain in place for up to 12 h in any 24 h period

Postherpetic Neuralgia Gabapentin (Neurontin) -- This medication has been

approved by the FDA for the treatment of PHN Has properties common to other anticonvulsants and antineuralgic effects Exact mechanism of action is not known Structurally gabapentin is related to GABA but it does not interact with GABA receptors Believed to have a binding site at the alpha 2-delta protein an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gaited calcium channels In the rat brain binding is localized on neuronal dendritic areas Relevance of these observations to treatment of PHN is not known

Adult Dose100 mg PO tid titrate dose prn recommended dose is 900-1800 mg PO qd not to exceed 900 mg PO qid

How does herpes simplex develop

overexposure to sunlight

overexposure to wind

colds influenza and similar infections

heavy alcohol use

fever from any cause

the menstrual period

physical stress

emotional stress

Symptoms

Primary (Initial) HSV I Fever

Adenopathy

Ulcers deep in mouth

Secondary (Later) HSV I (Recurrent labial lesions) Fever Blisters form on outer vermillion border

Cold Sores form on inner lip Initial Vesicle

Next Crust

Last Healing in 10-14 days

Differential Diagnosis

Differs from Aphthous Ulcers in that

Found on keratinized (bound-down) intraoral

mucosa

Vesicles rupture into coalescing ulcers

HSV lesions are anterior compared with

Herpangina

Hand Foot and Mouth Disease

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Oral acyclovir (Zovirax) or the recently

developed drugs valacyclovir (Valtrex) or

famciclovir (Famvir) lessen the symptoms

and frequency of fever blister recurrences for

some patients These drugs prevent HSV from

multiplying and are effective when taken in

pill form prior to an outbreak of the virus

Systemic Antivirals

Acyclovir

Dose 15 mgkg (max 200 mg) PO 5xday for 7 days

Shortens first HSV infection by 6 days in children

Famciclovir

Shortens healing time by 2 days in UV-induced cases

Spruance (1999) J Infect Dis 179303-10

Valacyclovir (FDA approved for age 12 and older)

Adult dose 2 g PO bid for one day

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Topical antiviral creams containing acyclovir

(Zovirax) or penciclovir (Denavir) may also

help in limiting the extent or duration of

lesions if applied promptly to affected areas

Topical Treatments

Penciclovir (Denavir) heals HSV-1 sores on average about half a day faster than without treatment stops viral shedding and reduces the duration of the pain Ideally the patient should apply the cream within the first hour of symptoms although benefits have also been noted with later application It is continued for four consecutive days and should be reapplied every two hours while awake

Docosanol cream (Abreva) is an over-the-counter agent for oral-facial herpes It helps resist infection by inhibiting the ability of the virus to become fully active after it has attached itself to the host cell It is applied five times a day beginning at the first sign of tingling or pain Studies have been mixed on it benefits

Topical Treatments

Acyclovir cream (Zovirax) has been approved It may speed healing of oral herpes lesions and lessen the duration of pain particularly if it is applied early on (at the first sign of pain or tingling)

Lidex is a gel that contains a fluocinonide as corticosteroid Corticosteroids commonly called steroids are anti-inflammatory agents and not ordinarily used for herpes Some evidence suggests it may be effective in combination with oral famciclovir

Topical Treatments

Over-the-counter topical anesthetics may provide

modest relief They include Anbesol gel Blistex lip

ointment Campho-phenique Herpecin-L

Viractin and Zilactin In one study Viractin

reduced the duration of the attack compared to

placebo by two days It also relieved itching but had

little effect on other symptoms In general however

few studies have been conducted on any of these

products

X

Xerostomia

Xerostomia is not a disease but can be a symptom

of certain diseases It can produce serious

negative effects on the patients quality of life

affecting dietary habits nutritional status

speech taste tolerance to dental prosthesis and

increases susceptibility to dental caries The

increase in dental caries can be devastating in

many patients and therefore special care must be

made to control this condition

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Medications - Several hundred current medications

can cause xerostomia antihypertensives

antidepressants analgesics tranquilizers diuretics

and antihistamines c

-Cancer Therapy - Chemotherapeutic drugs can

change the flow and composition of the saliva

Radiation treatment that is focused on or near the

salivary gland can temporarily or permanently

damage the salivary glands

-Sjogrens syndrome - An autoimmune disease causes

xerostomia and dry eyes

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Other conditions -such as bone marrow transplants endocrine disorders stress anxiety depression and nutritional deficiencies may cause xerostomia

-Nerve Damage - Trauma to the head and neck area from surgery or wounds can damage the nerves that supply sensation to the mouth While the salivary glands may be left intact they cannot function normally without the nerves that signal them to produce saliva

Treatment

Identify the xerostomic condition and the

cause Some of the causes may be

ameliorated and this will aid therapy But

in many situations it will be difficult to

eliminate the causes Thus it will be

necessary for the Dentist to control the

results of xerostomia This is especially

true about the increase in dental caries

Treatment -pilocarpine (Salagen) 5mg qid prescription required

-special food preparation - blended and moist foods are easier to swallow

artificial saliva (available over-the-counter)

-sipping plain water is usually preferred over artificial saliva by most patients

-Biotene brand over-the-counter dry mouth products (toothpaste alcohol- free mouth rinse and Oralbalance lubricating gel)

-avoidance of alcohol-based mouth rinses

-use of water and glycerin mixed in a small aerosol spray bottle

RX

Contains sorbitol sodium

carboxymethlcellulose and

methylparaben in a

pleasantly flavored

solution

120 mL (406 fl oz)

Z

Treatment

Acyclovir (Zovirax)dagger800 mg orally five times

daily for 7 to 10 days

10 mg per kg IV every 8 hours for 7 to 10

daysDagger

$174 to 248 (129 to 200)

Famciclovir (Famvir)dagger500 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$140

Treatment

Valacyclovir (Valtrex)dagger1000 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$84

Prednisone (Deltasone)30 mg orally twice

daily on days 1 through 7 then 15 mg twice

daily on days 8 through 14 then 75 mg twice

daily on days 15 through 21

Treatment

Lotions containing calamine (eg Caladryl)

may be used on open lesions to reduce pain

and pruritus

Once the lesions have crusted over capsaicin

cream (Zostrix) may be applied

Topically administered lidocaine (Xylocaine)

and nerve blocks have also been reported to

be effective in reducing pain

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Amitriptyline (Elavil) -- By inhibiting reuptake of serotonin andor norepinephrine by presynaptic neuronal membrane may increase synaptic concentration in CNS Useful as analgesic for certain types of chronic and neuropathic pain

Adult DoseEarly in course of HZ 25 mgd PO hs to prevent PHNAfter PHN develops 30-100 mg PO qhs

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Capsaicin cream (Dolorac Capsin Zostrix) --Natural chemical derived from plants of Solanaceae family By depleting and preventing reaccumulation of substance P in peripheral sensory neurons may render skin and joints insensitive to pain Substance P thought to be chemomediator of pain transmission from periphery to CNS

Adult DoseCream Apply to skin tidqid for 3-4 consecutive wk and evaluate efficacy not to exceed 4 applicationsd

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Lidocaine (DermaFlex gel Lidoderm 5 patch) --Several recent studies have advocated topical administration of lidocaine as treatment of PHN Lidocaine gel (5) in placebo-controlled study showed significant relief in 23 patients studied Lidocaine tape also decreases severity of pain

Adult DoseGel (5) Apply to affected area prnPatch (5) Apply to most painful area up to 3 patches per application patch may remain in place for up to 12 h in any 24 h period

Postherpetic Neuralgia Gabapentin (Neurontin) -- This medication has been

approved by the FDA for the treatment of PHN Has properties common to other anticonvulsants and antineuralgic effects Exact mechanism of action is not known Structurally gabapentin is related to GABA but it does not interact with GABA receptors Believed to have a binding site at the alpha 2-delta protein an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gaited calcium channels In the rat brain binding is localized on neuronal dendritic areas Relevance of these observations to treatment of PHN is not known

Adult Dose100 mg PO tid titrate dose prn recommended dose is 900-1800 mg PO qd not to exceed 900 mg PO qid

Symptoms

Primary (Initial) HSV I Fever

Adenopathy

Ulcers deep in mouth

Secondary (Later) HSV I (Recurrent labial lesions) Fever Blisters form on outer vermillion border

Cold Sores form on inner lip Initial Vesicle

Next Crust

Last Healing in 10-14 days

Differential Diagnosis

Differs from Aphthous Ulcers in that

Found on keratinized (bound-down) intraoral

mucosa

Vesicles rupture into coalescing ulcers

HSV lesions are anterior compared with

Herpangina

Hand Foot and Mouth Disease

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Oral acyclovir (Zovirax) or the recently

developed drugs valacyclovir (Valtrex) or

famciclovir (Famvir) lessen the symptoms

and frequency of fever blister recurrences for

some patients These drugs prevent HSV from

multiplying and are effective when taken in

pill form prior to an outbreak of the virus

Systemic Antivirals

Acyclovir

Dose 15 mgkg (max 200 mg) PO 5xday for 7 days

Shortens first HSV infection by 6 days in children

Famciclovir

Shortens healing time by 2 days in UV-induced cases

Spruance (1999) J Infect Dis 179303-10

Valacyclovir (FDA approved for age 12 and older)

Adult dose 2 g PO bid for one day

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Topical antiviral creams containing acyclovir

(Zovirax) or penciclovir (Denavir) may also

help in limiting the extent or duration of

lesions if applied promptly to affected areas

Topical Treatments

Penciclovir (Denavir) heals HSV-1 sores on average about half a day faster than without treatment stops viral shedding and reduces the duration of the pain Ideally the patient should apply the cream within the first hour of symptoms although benefits have also been noted with later application It is continued for four consecutive days and should be reapplied every two hours while awake

Docosanol cream (Abreva) is an over-the-counter agent for oral-facial herpes It helps resist infection by inhibiting the ability of the virus to become fully active after it has attached itself to the host cell It is applied five times a day beginning at the first sign of tingling or pain Studies have been mixed on it benefits

Topical Treatments

Acyclovir cream (Zovirax) has been approved It may speed healing of oral herpes lesions and lessen the duration of pain particularly if it is applied early on (at the first sign of pain or tingling)

Lidex is a gel that contains a fluocinonide as corticosteroid Corticosteroids commonly called steroids are anti-inflammatory agents and not ordinarily used for herpes Some evidence suggests it may be effective in combination with oral famciclovir

Topical Treatments

Over-the-counter topical anesthetics may provide

modest relief They include Anbesol gel Blistex lip

ointment Campho-phenique Herpecin-L

Viractin and Zilactin In one study Viractin

reduced the duration of the attack compared to

placebo by two days It also relieved itching but had

little effect on other symptoms In general however

few studies have been conducted on any of these

products

X

Xerostomia

Xerostomia is not a disease but can be a symptom

of certain diseases It can produce serious

negative effects on the patients quality of life

affecting dietary habits nutritional status

speech taste tolerance to dental prosthesis and

increases susceptibility to dental caries The

increase in dental caries can be devastating in

many patients and therefore special care must be

made to control this condition

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Medications - Several hundred current medications

can cause xerostomia antihypertensives

antidepressants analgesics tranquilizers diuretics

and antihistamines c

-Cancer Therapy - Chemotherapeutic drugs can

change the flow and composition of the saliva

Radiation treatment that is focused on or near the

salivary gland can temporarily or permanently

damage the salivary glands

-Sjogrens syndrome - An autoimmune disease causes

xerostomia and dry eyes

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Other conditions -such as bone marrow transplants endocrine disorders stress anxiety depression and nutritional deficiencies may cause xerostomia

-Nerve Damage - Trauma to the head and neck area from surgery or wounds can damage the nerves that supply sensation to the mouth While the salivary glands may be left intact they cannot function normally without the nerves that signal them to produce saliva

Treatment

Identify the xerostomic condition and the

cause Some of the causes may be

ameliorated and this will aid therapy But

in many situations it will be difficult to

eliminate the causes Thus it will be

necessary for the Dentist to control the

results of xerostomia This is especially

true about the increase in dental caries

Treatment -pilocarpine (Salagen) 5mg qid prescription required

-special food preparation - blended and moist foods are easier to swallow

artificial saliva (available over-the-counter)

-sipping plain water is usually preferred over artificial saliva by most patients

-Biotene brand over-the-counter dry mouth products (toothpaste alcohol- free mouth rinse and Oralbalance lubricating gel)

-avoidance of alcohol-based mouth rinses

-use of water and glycerin mixed in a small aerosol spray bottle

RX

Contains sorbitol sodium

carboxymethlcellulose and

methylparaben in a

pleasantly flavored

solution

120 mL (406 fl oz)

Z

Treatment

Acyclovir (Zovirax)dagger800 mg orally five times

daily for 7 to 10 days

10 mg per kg IV every 8 hours for 7 to 10

daysDagger

$174 to 248 (129 to 200)

Famciclovir (Famvir)dagger500 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$140

Treatment

Valacyclovir (Valtrex)dagger1000 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$84

Prednisone (Deltasone)30 mg orally twice

daily on days 1 through 7 then 15 mg twice

daily on days 8 through 14 then 75 mg twice

daily on days 15 through 21

Treatment

Lotions containing calamine (eg Caladryl)

may be used on open lesions to reduce pain

and pruritus

Once the lesions have crusted over capsaicin

cream (Zostrix) may be applied

Topically administered lidocaine (Xylocaine)

and nerve blocks have also been reported to

be effective in reducing pain

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Amitriptyline (Elavil) -- By inhibiting reuptake of serotonin andor norepinephrine by presynaptic neuronal membrane may increase synaptic concentration in CNS Useful as analgesic for certain types of chronic and neuropathic pain

Adult DoseEarly in course of HZ 25 mgd PO hs to prevent PHNAfter PHN develops 30-100 mg PO qhs

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Capsaicin cream (Dolorac Capsin Zostrix) --Natural chemical derived from plants of Solanaceae family By depleting and preventing reaccumulation of substance P in peripheral sensory neurons may render skin and joints insensitive to pain Substance P thought to be chemomediator of pain transmission from periphery to CNS

Adult DoseCream Apply to skin tidqid for 3-4 consecutive wk and evaluate efficacy not to exceed 4 applicationsd

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Lidocaine (DermaFlex gel Lidoderm 5 patch) --Several recent studies have advocated topical administration of lidocaine as treatment of PHN Lidocaine gel (5) in placebo-controlled study showed significant relief in 23 patients studied Lidocaine tape also decreases severity of pain

Adult DoseGel (5) Apply to affected area prnPatch (5) Apply to most painful area up to 3 patches per application patch may remain in place for up to 12 h in any 24 h period

Postherpetic Neuralgia Gabapentin (Neurontin) -- This medication has been

approved by the FDA for the treatment of PHN Has properties common to other anticonvulsants and antineuralgic effects Exact mechanism of action is not known Structurally gabapentin is related to GABA but it does not interact with GABA receptors Believed to have a binding site at the alpha 2-delta protein an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gaited calcium channels In the rat brain binding is localized on neuronal dendritic areas Relevance of these observations to treatment of PHN is not known

Adult Dose100 mg PO tid titrate dose prn recommended dose is 900-1800 mg PO qd not to exceed 900 mg PO qid

Differential Diagnosis

Differs from Aphthous Ulcers in that

Found on keratinized (bound-down) intraoral

mucosa

Vesicles rupture into coalescing ulcers

HSV lesions are anterior compared with

Herpangina

Hand Foot and Mouth Disease

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Oral acyclovir (Zovirax) or the recently

developed drugs valacyclovir (Valtrex) or

famciclovir (Famvir) lessen the symptoms

and frequency of fever blister recurrences for

some patients These drugs prevent HSV from

multiplying and are effective when taken in

pill form prior to an outbreak of the virus

Systemic Antivirals

Acyclovir

Dose 15 mgkg (max 200 mg) PO 5xday for 7 days

Shortens first HSV infection by 6 days in children

Famciclovir

Shortens healing time by 2 days in UV-induced cases

Spruance (1999) J Infect Dis 179303-10

Valacyclovir (FDA approved for age 12 and older)

Adult dose 2 g PO bid for one day

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Topical antiviral creams containing acyclovir

(Zovirax) or penciclovir (Denavir) may also

help in limiting the extent or duration of

lesions if applied promptly to affected areas

Topical Treatments

Penciclovir (Denavir) heals HSV-1 sores on average about half a day faster than without treatment stops viral shedding and reduces the duration of the pain Ideally the patient should apply the cream within the first hour of symptoms although benefits have also been noted with later application It is continued for four consecutive days and should be reapplied every two hours while awake

Docosanol cream (Abreva) is an over-the-counter agent for oral-facial herpes It helps resist infection by inhibiting the ability of the virus to become fully active after it has attached itself to the host cell It is applied five times a day beginning at the first sign of tingling or pain Studies have been mixed on it benefits

Topical Treatments

Acyclovir cream (Zovirax) has been approved It may speed healing of oral herpes lesions and lessen the duration of pain particularly if it is applied early on (at the first sign of pain or tingling)

Lidex is a gel that contains a fluocinonide as corticosteroid Corticosteroids commonly called steroids are anti-inflammatory agents and not ordinarily used for herpes Some evidence suggests it may be effective in combination with oral famciclovir

Topical Treatments

Over-the-counter topical anesthetics may provide

modest relief They include Anbesol gel Blistex lip

ointment Campho-phenique Herpecin-L

Viractin and Zilactin In one study Viractin

reduced the duration of the attack compared to

placebo by two days It also relieved itching but had

little effect on other symptoms In general however

few studies have been conducted on any of these

products

X

Xerostomia

Xerostomia is not a disease but can be a symptom

of certain diseases It can produce serious

negative effects on the patients quality of life

affecting dietary habits nutritional status

speech taste tolerance to dental prosthesis and

increases susceptibility to dental caries The

increase in dental caries can be devastating in

many patients and therefore special care must be

made to control this condition

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Medications - Several hundred current medications

can cause xerostomia antihypertensives

antidepressants analgesics tranquilizers diuretics

and antihistamines c

-Cancer Therapy - Chemotherapeutic drugs can

change the flow and composition of the saliva

Radiation treatment that is focused on or near the

salivary gland can temporarily or permanently

damage the salivary glands

-Sjogrens syndrome - An autoimmune disease causes

xerostomia and dry eyes

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Other conditions -such as bone marrow transplants endocrine disorders stress anxiety depression and nutritional deficiencies may cause xerostomia

-Nerve Damage - Trauma to the head and neck area from surgery or wounds can damage the nerves that supply sensation to the mouth While the salivary glands may be left intact they cannot function normally without the nerves that signal them to produce saliva

Treatment

Identify the xerostomic condition and the

cause Some of the causes may be

ameliorated and this will aid therapy But

in many situations it will be difficult to

eliminate the causes Thus it will be

necessary for the Dentist to control the

results of xerostomia This is especially

true about the increase in dental caries

Treatment -pilocarpine (Salagen) 5mg qid prescription required

-special food preparation - blended and moist foods are easier to swallow

artificial saliva (available over-the-counter)

-sipping plain water is usually preferred over artificial saliva by most patients

-Biotene brand over-the-counter dry mouth products (toothpaste alcohol- free mouth rinse and Oralbalance lubricating gel)

-avoidance of alcohol-based mouth rinses

-use of water and glycerin mixed in a small aerosol spray bottle

RX

Contains sorbitol sodium

carboxymethlcellulose and

methylparaben in a

pleasantly flavored

solution

120 mL (406 fl oz)

Z

Treatment

Acyclovir (Zovirax)dagger800 mg orally five times

daily for 7 to 10 days

10 mg per kg IV every 8 hours for 7 to 10

daysDagger

$174 to 248 (129 to 200)

Famciclovir (Famvir)dagger500 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$140

Treatment

Valacyclovir (Valtrex)dagger1000 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$84

Prednisone (Deltasone)30 mg orally twice

daily on days 1 through 7 then 15 mg twice

daily on days 8 through 14 then 75 mg twice

daily on days 15 through 21

Treatment

Lotions containing calamine (eg Caladryl)

may be used on open lesions to reduce pain

and pruritus

Once the lesions have crusted over capsaicin

cream (Zostrix) may be applied

Topically administered lidocaine (Xylocaine)

and nerve blocks have also been reported to

be effective in reducing pain

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Amitriptyline (Elavil) -- By inhibiting reuptake of serotonin andor norepinephrine by presynaptic neuronal membrane may increase synaptic concentration in CNS Useful as analgesic for certain types of chronic and neuropathic pain

Adult DoseEarly in course of HZ 25 mgd PO hs to prevent PHNAfter PHN develops 30-100 mg PO qhs

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Capsaicin cream (Dolorac Capsin Zostrix) --Natural chemical derived from plants of Solanaceae family By depleting and preventing reaccumulation of substance P in peripheral sensory neurons may render skin and joints insensitive to pain Substance P thought to be chemomediator of pain transmission from periphery to CNS

Adult DoseCream Apply to skin tidqid for 3-4 consecutive wk and evaluate efficacy not to exceed 4 applicationsd

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Lidocaine (DermaFlex gel Lidoderm 5 patch) --Several recent studies have advocated topical administration of lidocaine as treatment of PHN Lidocaine gel (5) in placebo-controlled study showed significant relief in 23 patients studied Lidocaine tape also decreases severity of pain

Adult DoseGel (5) Apply to affected area prnPatch (5) Apply to most painful area up to 3 patches per application patch may remain in place for up to 12 h in any 24 h period

Postherpetic Neuralgia Gabapentin (Neurontin) -- This medication has been

approved by the FDA for the treatment of PHN Has properties common to other anticonvulsants and antineuralgic effects Exact mechanism of action is not known Structurally gabapentin is related to GABA but it does not interact with GABA receptors Believed to have a binding site at the alpha 2-delta protein an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gaited calcium channels In the rat brain binding is localized on neuronal dendritic areas Relevance of these observations to treatment of PHN is not known

Adult Dose100 mg PO tid titrate dose prn recommended dose is 900-1800 mg PO qd not to exceed 900 mg PO qid

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Oral acyclovir (Zovirax) or the recently

developed drugs valacyclovir (Valtrex) or

famciclovir (Famvir) lessen the symptoms

and frequency of fever blister recurrences for

some patients These drugs prevent HSV from

multiplying and are effective when taken in

pill form prior to an outbreak of the virus

Systemic Antivirals

Acyclovir

Dose 15 mgkg (max 200 mg) PO 5xday for 7 days

Shortens first HSV infection by 6 days in children

Famciclovir

Shortens healing time by 2 days in UV-induced cases

Spruance (1999) J Infect Dis 179303-10

Valacyclovir (FDA approved for age 12 and older)

Adult dose 2 g PO bid for one day

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Topical antiviral creams containing acyclovir

(Zovirax) or penciclovir (Denavir) may also

help in limiting the extent or duration of

lesions if applied promptly to affected areas

Topical Treatments

Penciclovir (Denavir) heals HSV-1 sores on average about half a day faster than without treatment stops viral shedding and reduces the duration of the pain Ideally the patient should apply the cream within the first hour of symptoms although benefits have also been noted with later application It is continued for four consecutive days and should be reapplied every two hours while awake

Docosanol cream (Abreva) is an over-the-counter agent for oral-facial herpes It helps resist infection by inhibiting the ability of the virus to become fully active after it has attached itself to the host cell It is applied five times a day beginning at the first sign of tingling or pain Studies have been mixed on it benefits

Topical Treatments

Acyclovir cream (Zovirax) has been approved It may speed healing of oral herpes lesions and lessen the duration of pain particularly if it is applied early on (at the first sign of pain or tingling)

Lidex is a gel that contains a fluocinonide as corticosteroid Corticosteroids commonly called steroids are anti-inflammatory agents and not ordinarily used for herpes Some evidence suggests it may be effective in combination with oral famciclovir

Topical Treatments

Over-the-counter topical anesthetics may provide

modest relief They include Anbesol gel Blistex lip

ointment Campho-phenique Herpecin-L

Viractin and Zilactin In one study Viractin

reduced the duration of the attack compared to

placebo by two days It also relieved itching but had

little effect on other symptoms In general however

few studies have been conducted on any of these

products

X

Xerostomia

Xerostomia is not a disease but can be a symptom

of certain diseases It can produce serious

negative effects on the patients quality of life

affecting dietary habits nutritional status

speech taste tolerance to dental prosthesis and

increases susceptibility to dental caries The

increase in dental caries can be devastating in

many patients and therefore special care must be

made to control this condition

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Medications - Several hundred current medications

can cause xerostomia antihypertensives

antidepressants analgesics tranquilizers diuretics

and antihistamines c

-Cancer Therapy - Chemotherapeutic drugs can

change the flow and composition of the saliva

Radiation treatment that is focused on or near the

salivary gland can temporarily or permanently

damage the salivary glands

-Sjogrens syndrome - An autoimmune disease causes

xerostomia and dry eyes

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Other conditions -such as bone marrow transplants endocrine disorders stress anxiety depression and nutritional deficiencies may cause xerostomia

-Nerve Damage - Trauma to the head and neck area from surgery or wounds can damage the nerves that supply sensation to the mouth While the salivary glands may be left intact they cannot function normally without the nerves that signal them to produce saliva

Treatment

Identify the xerostomic condition and the

cause Some of the causes may be

ameliorated and this will aid therapy But

in many situations it will be difficult to

eliminate the causes Thus it will be

necessary for the Dentist to control the

results of xerostomia This is especially

true about the increase in dental caries

Treatment -pilocarpine (Salagen) 5mg qid prescription required

-special food preparation - blended and moist foods are easier to swallow

artificial saliva (available over-the-counter)

-sipping plain water is usually preferred over artificial saliva by most patients

-Biotene brand over-the-counter dry mouth products (toothpaste alcohol- free mouth rinse and Oralbalance lubricating gel)

-avoidance of alcohol-based mouth rinses

-use of water and glycerin mixed in a small aerosol spray bottle

RX

Contains sorbitol sodium

carboxymethlcellulose and

methylparaben in a

pleasantly flavored

solution

120 mL (406 fl oz)

Z

Treatment

Acyclovir (Zovirax)dagger800 mg orally five times

daily for 7 to 10 days

10 mg per kg IV every 8 hours for 7 to 10

daysDagger

$174 to 248 (129 to 200)

Famciclovir (Famvir)dagger500 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$140

Treatment

Valacyclovir (Valtrex)dagger1000 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$84

Prednisone (Deltasone)30 mg orally twice

daily on days 1 through 7 then 15 mg twice

daily on days 8 through 14 then 75 mg twice

daily on days 15 through 21

Treatment

Lotions containing calamine (eg Caladryl)

may be used on open lesions to reduce pain

and pruritus

Once the lesions have crusted over capsaicin

cream (Zostrix) may be applied

Topically administered lidocaine (Xylocaine)

and nerve blocks have also been reported to

be effective in reducing pain

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Amitriptyline (Elavil) -- By inhibiting reuptake of serotonin andor norepinephrine by presynaptic neuronal membrane may increase synaptic concentration in CNS Useful as analgesic for certain types of chronic and neuropathic pain

Adult DoseEarly in course of HZ 25 mgd PO hs to prevent PHNAfter PHN develops 30-100 mg PO qhs

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Capsaicin cream (Dolorac Capsin Zostrix) --Natural chemical derived from plants of Solanaceae family By depleting and preventing reaccumulation of substance P in peripheral sensory neurons may render skin and joints insensitive to pain Substance P thought to be chemomediator of pain transmission from periphery to CNS

Adult DoseCream Apply to skin tidqid for 3-4 consecutive wk and evaluate efficacy not to exceed 4 applicationsd

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Lidocaine (DermaFlex gel Lidoderm 5 patch) --Several recent studies have advocated topical administration of lidocaine as treatment of PHN Lidocaine gel (5) in placebo-controlled study showed significant relief in 23 patients studied Lidocaine tape also decreases severity of pain

Adult DoseGel (5) Apply to affected area prnPatch (5) Apply to most painful area up to 3 patches per application patch may remain in place for up to 12 h in any 24 h period

Postherpetic Neuralgia Gabapentin (Neurontin) -- This medication has been

approved by the FDA for the treatment of PHN Has properties common to other anticonvulsants and antineuralgic effects Exact mechanism of action is not known Structurally gabapentin is related to GABA but it does not interact with GABA receptors Believed to have a binding site at the alpha 2-delta protein an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gaited calcium channels In the rat brain binding is localized on neuronal dendritic areas Relevance of these observations to treatment of PHN is not known

Adult Dose100 mg PO tid titrate dose prn recommended dose is 900-1800 mg PO qd not to exceed 900 mg PO qid

Systemic Antivirals

Acyclovir

Dose 15 mgkg (max 200 mg) PO 5xday for 7 days

Shortens first HSV infection by 6 days in children

Famciclovir

Shortens healing time by 2 days in UV-induced cases

Spruance (1999) J Infect Dis 179303-10

Valacyclovir (FDA approved for age 12 and older)

Adult dose 2 g PO bid for one day

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Topical antiviral creams containing acyclovir

(Zovirax) or penciclovir (Denavir) may also

help in limiting the extent or duration of

lesions if applied promptly to affected areas

Topical Treatments

Penciclovir (Denavir) heals HSV-1 sores on average about half a day faster than without treatment stops viral shedding and reduces the duration of the pain Ideally the patient should apply the cream within the first hour of symptoms although benefits have also been noted with later application It is continued for four consecutive days and should be reapplied every two hours while awake

Docosanol cream (Abreva) is an over-the-counter agent for oral-facial herpes It helps resist infection by inhibiting the ability of the virus to become fully active after it has attached itself to the host cell It is applied five times a day beginning at the first sign of tingling or pain Studies have been mixed on it benefits

Topical Treatments

Acyclovir cream (Zovirax) has been approved It may speed healing of oral herpes lesions and lessen the duration of pain particularly if it is applied early on (at the first sign of pain or tingling)

Lidex is a gel that contains a fluocinonide as corticosteroid Corticosteroids commonly called steroids are anti-inflammatory agents and not ordinarily used for herpes Some evidence suggests it may be effective in combination with oral famciclovir

Topical Treatments

Over-the-counter topical anesthetics may provide

modest relief They include Anbesol gel Blistex lip

ointment Campho-phenique Herpecin-L

Viractin and Zilactin In one study Viractin

reduced the duration of the attack compared to

placebo by two days It also relieved itching but had

little effect on other symptoms In general however

few studies have been conducted on any of these

products

X

Xerostomia

Xerostomia is not a disease but can be a symptom

of certain diseases It can produce serious

negative effects on the patients quality of life

affecting dietary habits nutritional status

speech taste tolerance to dental prosthesis and

increases susceptibility to dental caries The

increase in dental caries can be devastating in

many patients and therefore special care must be

made to control this condition

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Medications - Several hundred current medications

can cause xerostomia antihypertensives

antidepressants analgesics tranquilizers diuretics

and antihistamines c

-Cancer Therapy - Chemotherapeutic drugs can

change the flow and composition of the saliva

Radiation treatment that is focused on or near the

salivary gland can temporarily or permanently

damage the salivary glands

-Sjogrens syndrome - An autoimmune disease causes

xerostomia and dry eyes

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Other conditions -such as bone marrow transplants endocrine disorders stress anxiety depression and nutritional deficiencies may cause xerostomia

-Nerve Damage - Trauma to the head and neck area from surgery or wounds can damage the nerves that supply sensation to the mouth While the salivary glands may be left intact they cannot function normally without the nerves that signal them to produce saliva

Treatment

Identify the xerostomic condition and the

cause Some of the causes may be

ameliorated and this will aid therapy But

in many situations it will be difficult to

eliminate the causes Thus it will be

necessary for the Dentist to control the

results of xerostomia This is especially

true about the increase in dental caries

Treatment -pilocarpine (Salagen) 5mg qid prescription required

-special food preparation - blended and moist foods are easier to swallow

artificial saliva (available over-the-counter)

-sipping plain water is usually preferred over artificial saliva by most patients

-Biotene brand over-the-counter dry mouth products (toothpaste alcohol- free mouth rinse and Oralbalance lubricating gel)

-avoidance of alcohol-based mouth rinses

-use of water and glycerin mixed in a small aerosol spray bottle

RX

Contains sorbitol sodium

carboxymethlcellulose and

methylparaben in a

pleasantly flavored

solution

120 mL (406 fl oz)

Z

Treatment

Acyclovir (Zovirax)dagger800 mg orally five times

daily for 7 to 10 days

10 mg per kg IV every 8 hours for 7 to 10

daysDagger

$174 to 248 (129 to 200)

Famciclovir (Famvir)dagger500 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$140

Treatment

Valacyclovir (Valtrex)dagger1000 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$84

Prednisone (Deltasone)30 mg orally twice

daily on days 1 through 7 then 15 mg twice

daily on days 8 through 14 then 75 mg twice

daily on days 15 through 21

Treatment

Lotions containing calamine (eg Caladryl)

may be used on open lesions to reduce pain

and pruritus

Once the lesions have crusted over capsaicin

cream (Zostrix) may be applied

Topically administered lidocaine (Xylocaine)

and nerve blocks have also been reported to

be effective in reducing pain

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Amitriptyline (Elavil) -- By inhibiting reuptake of serotonin andor norepinephrine by presynaptic neuronal membrane may increase synaptic concentration in CNS Useful as analgesic for certain types of chronic and neuropathic pain

Adult DoseEarly in course of HZ 25 mgd PO hs to prevent PHNAfter PHN develops 30-100 mg PO qhs

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Capsaicin cream (Dolorac Capsin Zostrix) --Natural chemical derived from plants of Solanaceae family By depleting and preventing reaccumulation of substance P in peripheral sensory neurons may render skin and joints insensitive to pain Substance P thought to be chemomediator of pain transmission from periphery to CNS

Adult DoseCream Apply to skin tidqid for 3-4 consecutive wk and evaluate efficacy not to exceed 4 applicationsd

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Lidocaine (DermaFlex gel Lidoderm 5 patch) --Several recent studies have advocated topical administration of lidocaine as treatment of PHN Lidocaine gel (5) in placebo-controlled study showed significant relief in 23 patients studied Lidocaine tape also decreases severity of pain

Adult DoseGel (5) Apply to affected area prnPatch (5) Apply to most painful area up to 3 patches per application patch may remain in place for up to 12 h in any 24 h period

Postherpetic Neuralgia Gabapentin (Neurontin) -- This medication has been

approved by the FDA for the treatment of PHN Has properties common to other anticonvulsants and antineuralgic effects Exact mechanism of action is not known Structurally gabapentin is related to GABA but it does not interact with GABA receptors Believed to have a binding site at the alpha 2-delta protein an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gaited calcium channels In the rat brain binding is localized on neuronal dendritic areas Relevance of these observations to treatment of PHN is not known

Adult Dose100 mg PO tid titrate dose prn recommended dose is 900-1800 mg PO qd not to exceed 900 mg PO qid

Specific antiviral drugs Herpes

Topical antiviral creams containing acyclovir

(Zovirax) or penciclovir (Denavir) may also

help in limiting the extent or duration of

lesions if applied promptly to affected areas

Topical Treatments

Penciclovir (Denavir) heals HSV-1 sores on average about half a day faster than without treatment stops viral shedding and reduces the duration of the pain Ideally the patient should apply the cream within the first hour of symptoms although benefits have also been noted with later application It is continued for four consecutive days and should be reapplied every two hours while awake

Docosanol cream (Abreva) is an over-the-counter agent for oral-facial herpes It helps resist infection by inhibiting the ability of the virus to become fully active after it has attached itself to the host cell It is applied five times a day beginning at the first sign of tingling or pain Studies have been mixed on it benefits

Topical Treatments

Acyclovir cream (Zovirax) has been approved It may speed healing of oral herpes lesions and lessen the duration of pain particularly if it is applied early on (at the first sign of pain or tingling)

Lidex is a gel that contains a fluocinonide as corticosteroid Corticosteroids commonly called steroids are anti-inflammatory agents and not ordinarily used for herpes Some evidence suggests it may be effective in combination with oral famciclovir

Topical Treatments

Over-the-counter topical anesthetics may provide

modest relief They include Anbesol gel Blistex lip

ointment Campho-phenique Herpecin-L

Viractin and Zilactin In one study Viractin

reduced the duration of the attack compared to

placebo by two days It also relieved itching but had

little effect on other symptoms In general however

few studies have been conducted on any of these

products

X

Xerostomia

Xerostomia is not a disease but can be a symptom

of certain diseases It can produce serious

negative effects on the patients quality of life

affecting dietary habits nutritional status

speech taste tolerance to dental prosthesis and

increases susceptibility to dental caries The

increase in dental caries can be devastating in

many patients and therefore special care must be

made to control this condition

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Medications - Several hundred current medications

can cause xerostomia antihypertensives

antidepressants analgesics tranquilizers diuretics

and antihistamines c

-Cancer Therapy - Chemotherapeutic drugs can

change the flow and composition of the saliva

Radiation treatment that is focused on or near the

salivary gland can temporarily or permanently

damage the salivary glands

-Sjogrens syndrome - An autoimmune disease causes

xerostomia and dry eyes

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Other conditions -such as bone marrow transplants endocrine disorders stress anxiety depression and nutritional deficiencies may cause xerostomia

-Nerve Damage - Trauma to the head and neck area from surgery or wounds can damage the nerves that supply sensation to the mouth While the salivary glands may be left intact they cannot function normally without the nerves that signal them to produce saliva

Treatment

Identify the xerostomic condition and the

cause Some of the causes may be

ameliorated and this will aid therapy But

in many situations it will be difficult to

eliminate the causes Thus it will be

necessary for the Dentist to control the

results of xerostomia This is especially

true about the increase in dental caries

Treatment -pilocarpine (Salagen) 5mg qid prescription required

-special food preparation - blended and moist foods are easier to swallow

artificial saliva (available over-the-counter)

-sipping plain water is usually preferred over artificial saliva by most patients

-Biotene brand over-the-counter dry mouth products (toothpaste alcohol- free mouth rinse and Oralbalance lubricating gel)

-avoidance of alcohol-based mouth rinses

-use of water and glycerin mixed in a small aerosol spray bottle

RX

Contains sorbitol sodium

carboxymethlcellulose and

methylparaben in a

pleasantly flavored

solution

120 mL (406 fl oz)

Z

Treatment

Acyclovir (Zovirax)dagger800 mg orally five times

daily for 7 to 10 days

10 mg per kg IV every 8 hours for 7 to 10

daysDagger

$174 to 248 (129 to 200)

Famciclovir (Famvir)dagger500 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$140

Treatment

Valacyclovir (Valtrex)dagger1000 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$84

Prednisone (Deltasone)30 mg orally twice

daily on days 1 through 7 then 15 mg twice

daily on days 8 through 14 then 75 mg twice

daily on days 15 through 21

Treatment

Lotions containing calamine (eg Caladryl)

may be used on open lesions to reduce pain

and pruritus

Once the lesions have crusted over capsaicin

cream (Zostrix) may be applied

Topically administered lidocaine (Xylocaine)

and nerve blocks have also been reported to

be effective in reducing pain

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Amitriptyline (Elavil) -- By inhibiting reuptake of serotonin andor norepinephrine by presynaptic neuronal membrane may increase synaptic concentration in CNS Useful as analgesic for certain types of chronic and neuropathic pain

Adult DoseEarly in course of HZ 25 mgd PO hs to prevent PHNAfter PHN develops 30-100 mg PO qhs

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Capsaicin cream (Dolorac Capsin Zostrix) --Natural chemical derived from plants of Solanaceae family By depleting and preventing reaccumulation of substance P in peripheral sensory neurons may render skin and joints insensitive to pain Substance P thought to be chemomediator of pain transmission from periphery to CNS

Adult DoseCream Apply to skin tidqid for 3-4 consecutive wk and evaluate efficacy not to exceed 4 applicationsd

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Lidocaine (DermaFlex gel Lidoderm 5 patch) --Several recent studies have advocated topical administration of lidocaine as treatment of PHN Lidocaine gel (5) in placebo-controlled study showed significant relief in 23 patients studied Lidocaine tape also decreases severity of pain

Adult DoseGel (5) Apply to affected area prnPatch (5) Apply to most painful area up to 3 patches per application patch may remain in place for up to 12 h in any 24 h period

Postherpetic Neuralgia Gabapentin (Neurontin) -- This medication has been

approved by the FDA for the treatment of PHN Has properties common to other anticonvulsants and antineuralgic effects Exact mechanism of action is not known Structurally gabapentin is related to GABA but it does not interact with GABA receptors Believed to have a binding site at the alpha 2-delta protein an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gaited calcium channels In the rat brain binding is localized on neuronal dendritic areas Relevance of these observations to treatment of PHN is not known

Adult Dose100 mg PO tid titrate dose prn recommended dose is 900-1800 mg PO qd not to exceed 900 mg PO qid

Topical Treatments

Penciclovir (Denavir) heals HSV-1 sores on average about half a day faster than without treatment stops viral shedding and reduces the duration of the pain Ideally the patient should apply the cream within the first hour of symptoms although benefits have also been noted with later application It is continued for four consecutive days and should be reapplied every two hours while awake

Docosanol cream (Abreva) is an over-the-counter agent for oral-facial herpes It helps resist infection by inhibiting the ability of the virus to become fully active after it has attached itself to the host cell It is applied five times a day beginning at the first sign of tingling or pain Studies have been mixed on it benefits

Topical Treatments

Acyclovir cream (Zovirax) has been approved It may speed healing of oral herpes lesions and lessen the duration of pain particularly if it is applied early on (at the first sign of pain or tingling)

Lidex is a gel that contains a fluocinonide as corticosteroid Corticosteroids commonly called steroids are anti-inflammatory agents and not ordinarily used for herpes Some evidence suggests it may be effective in combination with oral famciclovir

Topical Treatments

Over-the-counter topical anesthetics may provide

modest relief They include Anbesol gel Blistex lip

ointment Campho-phenique Herpecin-L

Viractin and Zilactin In one study Viractin

reduced the duration of the attack compared to

placebo by two days It also relieved itching but had

little effect on other symptoms In general however

few studies have been conducted on any of these

products

X

Xerostomia

Xerostomia is not a disease but can be a symptom

of certain diseases It can produce serious

negative effects on the patients quality of life

affecting dietary habits nutritional status

speech taste tolerance to dental prosthesis and

increases susceptibility to dental caries The

increase in dental caries can be devastating in

many patients and therefore special care must be

made to control this condition

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Medications - Several hundred current medications

can cause xerostomia antihypertensives

antidepressants analgesics tranquilizers diuretics

and antihistamines c

-Cancer Therapy - Chemotherapeutic drugs can

change the flow and composition of the saliva

Radiation treatment that is focused on or near the

salivary gland can temporarily or permanently

damage the salivary glands

-Sjogrens syndrome - An autoimmune disease causes

xerostomia and dry eyes

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Other conditions -such as bone marrow transplants endocrine disorders stress anxiety depression and nutritional deficiencies may cause xerostomia

-Nerve Damage - Trauma to the head and neck area from surgery or wounds can damage the nerves that supply sensation to the mouth While the salivary glands may be left intact they cannot function normally without the nerves that signal them to produce saliva

Treatment

Identify the xerostomic condition and the

cause Some of the causes may be

ameliorated and this will aid therapy But

in many situations it will be difficult to

eliminate the causes Thus it will be

necessary for the Dentist to control the

results of xerostomia This is especially

true about the increase in dental caries

Treatment -pilocarpine (Salagen) 5mg qid prescription required

-special food preparation - blended and moist foods are easier to swallow

artificial saliva (available over-the-counter)

-sipping plain water is usually preferred over artificial saliva by most patients

-Biotene brand over-the-counter dry mouth products (toothpaste alcohol- free mouth rinse and Oralbalance lubricating gel)

-avoidance of alcohol-based mouth rinses

-use of water and glycerin mixed in a small aerosol spray bottle

RX

Contains sorbitol sodium

carboxymethlcellulose and

methylparaben in a

pleasantly flavored

solution

120 mL (406 fl oz)

Z

Treatment

Acyclovir (Zovirax)dagger800 mg orally five times

daily for 7 to 10 days

10 mg per kg IV every 8 hours for 7 to 10

daysDagger

$174 to 248 (129 to 200)

Famciclovir (Famvir)dagger500 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$140

Treatment

Valacyclovir (Valtrex)dagger1000 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$84

Prednisone (Deltasone)30 mg orally twice

daily on days 1 through 7 then 15 mg twice

daily on days 8 through 14 then 75 mg twice

daily on days 15 through 21

Treatment

Lotions containing calamine (eg Caladryl)

may be used on open lesions to reduce pain

and pruritus

Once the lesions have crusted over capsaicin

cream (Zostrix) may be applied

Topically administered lidocaine (Xylocaine)

and nerve blocks have also been reported to

be effective in reducing pain

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Amitriptyline (Elavil) -- By inhibiting reuptake of serotonin andor norepinephrine by presynaptic neuronal membrane may increase synaptic concentration in CNS Useful as analgesic for certain types of chronic and neuropathic pain

Adult DoseEarly in course of HZ 25 mgd PO hs to prevent PHNAfter PHN develops 30-100 mg PO qhs

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Capsaicin cream (Dolorac Capsin Zostrix) --Natural chemical derived from plants of Solanaceae family By depleting and preventing reaccumulation of substance P in peripheral sensory neurons may render skin and joints insensitive to pain Substance P thought to be chemomediator of pain transmission from periphery to CNS

Adult DoseCream Apply to skin tidqid for 3-4 consecutive wk and evaluate efficacy not to exceed 4 applicationsd

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Lidocaine (DermaFlex gel Lidoderm 5 patch) --Several recent studies have advocated topical administration of lidocaine as treatment of PHN Lidocaine gel (5) in placebo-controlled study showed significant relief in 23 patients studied Lidocaine tape also decreases severity of pain

Adult DoseGel (5) Apply to affected area prnPatch (5) Apply to most painful area up to 3 patches per application patch may remain in place for up to 12 h in any 24 h period

Postherpetic Neuralgia Gabapentin (Neurontin) -- This medication has been

approved by the FDA for the treatment of PHN Has properties common to other anticonvulsants and antineuralgic effects Exact mechanism of action is not known Structurally gabapentin is related to GABA but it does not interact with GABA receptors Believed to have a binding site at the alpha 2-delta protein an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gaited calcium channels In the rat brain binding is localized on neuronal dendritic areas Relevance of these observations to treatment of PHN is not known

Adult Dose100 mg PO tid titrate dose prn recommended dose is 900-1800 mg PO qd not to exceed 900 mg PO qid

Topical Treatments

Acyclovir cream (Zovirax) has been approved It may speed healing of oral herpes lesions and lessen the duration of pain particularly if it is applied early on (at the first sign of pain or tingling)

Lidex is a gel that contains a fluocinonide as corticosteroid Corticosteroids commonly called steroids are anti-inflammatory agents and not ordinarily used for herpes Some evidence suggests it may be effective in combination with oral famciclovir

Topical Treatments

Over-the-counter topical anesthetics may provide

modest relief They include Anbesol gel Blistex lip

ointment Campho-phenique Herpecin-L

Viractin and Zilactin In one study Viractin

reduced the duration of the attack compared to

placebo by two days It also relieved itching but had

little effect on other symptoms In general however

few studies have been conducted on any of these

products

X

Xerostomia

Xerostomia is not a disease but can be a symptom

of certain diseases It can produce serious

negative effects on the patients quality of life

affecting dietary habits nutritional status

speech taste tolerance to dental prosthesis and

increases susceptibility to dental caries The

increase in dental caries can be devastating in

many patients and therefore special care must be

made to control this condition

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Medications - Several hundred current medications

can cause xerostomia antihypertensives

antidepressants analgesics tranquilizers diuretics

and antihistamines c

-Cancer Therapy - Chemotherapeutic drugs can

change the flow and composition of the saliva

Radiation treatment that is focused on or near the

salivary gland can temporarily or permanently

damage the salivary glands

-Sjogrens syndrome - An autoimmune disease causes

xerostomia and dry eyes

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Other conditions -such as bone marrow transplants endocrine disorders stress anxiety depression and nutritional deficiencies may cause xerostomia

-Nerve Damage - Trauma to the head and neck area from surgery or wounds can damage the nerves that supply sensation to the mouth While the salivary glands may be left intact they cannot function normally without the nerves that signal them to produce saliva

Treatment

Identify the xerostomic condition and the

cause Some of the causes may be

ameliorated and this will aid therapy But

in many situations it will be difficult to

eliminate the causes Thus it will be

necessary for the Dentist to control the

results of xerostomia This is especially

true about the increase in dental caries

Treatment -pilocarpine (Salagen) 5mg qid prescription required

-special food preparation - blended and moist foods are easier to swallow

artificial saliva (available over-the-counter)

-sipping plain water is usually preferred over artificial saliva by most patients

-Biotene brand over-the-counter dry mouth products (toothpaste alcohol- free mouth rinse and Oralbalance lubricating gel)

-avoidance of alcohol-based mouth rinses

-use of water and glycerin mixed in a small aerosol spray bottle

RX

Contains sorbitol sodium

carboxymethlcellulose and

methylparaben in a

pleasantly flavored

solution

120 mL (406 fl oz)

Z

Treatment

Acyclovir (Zovirax)dagger800 mg orally five times

daily for 7 to 10 days

10 mg per kg IV every 8 hours for 7 to 10

daysDagger

$174 to 248 (129 to 200)

Famciclovir (Famvir)dagger500 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$140

Treatment

Valacyclovir (Valtrex)dagger1000 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$84

Prednisone (Deltasone)30 mg orally twice

daily on days 1 through 7 then 15 mg twice

daily on days 8 through 14 then 75 mg twice

daily on days 15 through 21

Treatment

Lotions containing calamine (eg Caladryl)

may be used on open lesions to reduce pain

and pruritus

Once the lesions have crusted over capsaicin

cream (Zostrix) may be applied

Topically administered lidocaine (Xylocaine)

and nerve blocks have also been reported to

be effective in reducing pain

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Amitriptyline (Elavil) -- By inhibiting reuptake of serotonin andor norepinephrine by presynaptic neuronal membrane may increase synaptic concentration in CNS Useful as analgesic for certain types of chronic and neuropathic pain

Adult DoseEarly in course of HZ 25 mgd PO hs to prevent PHNAfter PHN develops 30-100 mg PO qhs

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Capsaicin cream (Dolorac Capsin Zostrix) --Natural chemical derived from plants of Solanaceae family By depleting and preventing reaccumulation of substance P in peripheral sensory neurons may render skin and joints insensitive to pain Substance P thought to be chemomediator of pain transmission from periphery to CNS

Adult DoseCream Apply to skin tidqid for 3-4 consecutive wk and evaluate efficacy not to exceed 4 applicationsd

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Lidocaine (DermaFlex gel Lidoderm 5 patch) --Several recent studies have advocated topical administration of lidocaine as treatment of PHN Lidocaine gel (5) in placebo-controlled study showed significant relief in 23 patients studied Lidocaine tape also decreases severity of pain

Adult DoseGel (5) Apply to affected area prnPatch (5) Apply to most painful area up to 3 patches per application patch may remain in place for up to 12 h in any 24 h period

Postherpetic Neuralgia Gabapentin (Neurontin) -- This medication has been

approved by the FDA for the treatment of PHN Has properties common to other anticonvulsants and antineuralgic effects Exact mechanism of action is not known Structurally gabapentin is related to GABA but it does not interact with GABA receptors Believed to have a binding site at the alpha 2-delta protein an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gaited calcium channels In the rat brain binding is localized on neuronal dendritic areas Relevance of these observations to treatment of PHN is not known

Adult Dose100 mg PO tid titrate dose prn recommended dose is 900-1800 mg PO qd not to exceed 900 mg PO qid

Topical Treatments

Over-the-counter topical anesthetics may provide

modest relief They include Anbesol gel Blistex lip

ointment Campho-phenique Herpecin-L

Viractin and Zilactin In one study Viractin

reduced the duration of the attack compared to

placebo by two days It also relieved itching but had

little effect on other symptoms In general however

few studies have been conducted on any of these

products

X

Xerostomia

Xerostomia is not a disease but can be a symptom

of certain diseases It can produce serious

negative effects on the patients quality of life

affecting dietary habits nutritional status

speech taste tolerance to dental prosthesis and

increases susceptibility to dental caries The

increase in dental caries can be devastating in

many patients and therefore special care must be

made to control this condition

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Medications - Several hundred current medications

can cause xerostomia antihypertensives

antidepressants analgesics tranquilizers diuretics

and antihistamines c

-Cancer Therapy - Chemotherapeutic drugs can

change the flow and composition of the saliva

Radiation treatment that is focused on or near the

salivary gland can temporarily or permanently

damage the salivary glands

-Sjogrens syndrome - An autoimmune disease causes

xerostomia and dry eyes

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Other conditions -such as bone marrow transplants endocrine disorders stress anxiety depression and nutritional deficiencies may cause xerostomia

-Nerve Damage - Trauma to the head and neck area from surgery or wounds can damage the nerves that supply sensation to the mouth While the salivary glands may be left intact they cannot function normally without the nerves that signal them to produce saliva

Treatment

Identify the xerostomic condition and the

cause Some of the causes may be

ameliorated and this will aid therapy But

in many situations it will be difficult to

eliminate the causes Thus it will be

necessary for the Dentist to control the

results of xerostomia This is especially

true about the increase in dental caries

Treatment -pilocarpine (Salagen) 5mg qid prescription required

-special food preparation - blended and moist foods are easier to swallow

artificial saliva (available over-the-counter)

-sipping plain water is usually preferred over artificial saliva by most patients

-Biotene brand over-the-counter dry mouth products (toothpaste alcohol- free mouth rinse and Oralbalance lubricating gel)

-avoidance of alcohol-based mouth rinses

-use of water and glycerin mixed in a small aerosol spray bottle

RX

Contains sorbitol sodium

carboxymethlcellulose and

methylparaben in a

pleasantly flavored

solution

120 mL (406 fl oz)

Z

Treatment

Acyclovir (Zovirax)dagger800 mg orally five times

daily for 7 to 10 days

10 mg per kg IV every 8 hours for 7 to 10

daysDagger

$174 to 248 (129 to 200)

Famciclovir (Famvir)dagger500 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$140

Treatment

Valacyclovir (Valtrex)dagger1000 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$84

Prednisone (Deltasone)30 mg orally twice

daily on days 1 through 7 then 15 mg twice

daily on days 8 through 14 then 75 mg twice

daily on days 15 through 21

Treatment

Lotions containing calamine (eg Caladryl)

may be used on open lesions to reduce pain

and pruritus

Once the lesions have crusted over capsaicin

cream (Zostrix) may be applied

Topically administered lidocaine (Xylocaine)

and nerve blocks have also been reported to

be effective in reducing pain

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Amitriptyline (Elavil) -- By inhibiting reuptake of serotonin andor norepinephrine by presynaptic neuronal membrane may increase synaptic concentration in CNS Useful as analgesic for certain types of chronic and neuropathic pain

Adult DoseEarly in course of HZ 25 mgd PO hs to prevent PHNAfter PHN develops 30-100 mg PO qhs

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Capsaicin cream (Dolorac Capsin Zostrix) --Natural chemical derived from plants of Solanaceae family By depleting and preventing reaccumulation of substance P in peripheral sensory neurons may render skin and joints insensitive to pain Substance P thought to be chemomediator of pain transmission from periphery to CNS

Adult DoseCream Apply to skin tidqid for 3-4 consecutive wk and evaluate efficacy not to exceed 4 applicationsd

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Lidocaine (DermaFlex gel Lidoderm 5 patch) --Several recent studies have advocated topical administration of lidocaine as treatment of PHN Lidocaine gel (5) in placebo-controlled study showed significant relief in 23 patients studied Lidocaine tape also decreases severity of pain

Adult DoseGel (5) Apply to affected area prnPatch (5) Apply to most painful area up to 3 patches per application patch may remain in place for up to 12 h in any 24 h period

Postherpetic Neuralgia Gabapentin (Neurontin) -- This medication has been

approved by the FDA for the treatment of PHN Has properties common to other anticonvulsants and antineuralgic effects Exact mechanism of action is not known Structurally gabapentin is related to GABA but it does not interact with GABA receptors Believed to have a binding site at the alpha 2-delta protein an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gaited calcium channels In the rat brain binding is localized on neuronal dendritic areas Relevance of these observations to treatment of PHN is not known

Adult Dose100 mg PO tid titrate dose prn recommended dose is 900-1800 mg PO qd not to exceed 900 mg PO qid

X

Xerostomia

Xerostomia is not a disease but can be a symptom

of certain diseases It can produce serious

negative effects on the patients quality of life

affecting dietary habits nutritional status

speech taste tolerance to dental prosthesis and

increases susceptibility to dental caries The

increase in dental caries can be devastating in

many patients and therefore special care must be

made to control this condition

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Medications - Several hundred current medications

can cause xerostomia antihypertensives

antidepressants analgesics tranquilizers diuretics

and antihistamines c

-Cancer Therapy - Chemotherapeutic drugs can

change the flow and composition of the saliva

Radiation treatment that is focused on or near the

salivary gland can temporarily or permanently

damage the salivary glands

-Sjogrens syndrome - An autoimmune disease causes

xerostomia and dry eyes

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Other conditions -such as bone marrow transplants endocrine disorders stress anxiety depression and nutritional deficiencies may cause xerostomia

-Nerve Damage - Trauma to the head and neck area from surgery or wounds can damage the nerves that supply sensation to the mouth While the salivary glands may be left intact they cannot function normally without the nerves that signal them to produce saliva

Treatment

Identify the xerostomic condition and the

cause Some of the causes may be

ameliorated and this will aid therapy But

in many situations it will be difficult to

eliminate the causes Thus it will be

necessary for the Dentist to control the

results of xerostomia This is especially

true about the increase in dental caries

Treatment -pilocarpine (Salagen) 5mg qid prescription required

-special food preparation - blended and moist foods are easier to swallow

artificial saliva (available over-the-counter)

-sipping plain water is usually preferred over artificial saliva by most patients

-Biotene brand over-the-counter dry mouth products (toothpaste alcohol- free mouth rinse and Oralbalance lubricating gel)

-avoidance of alcohol-based mouth rinses

-use of water and glycerin mixed in a small aerosol spray bottle

RX

Contains sorbitol sodium

carboxymethlcellulose and

methylparaben in a

pleasantly flavored

solution

120 mL (406 fl oz)

Z

Treatment

Acyclovir (Zovirax)dagger800 mg orally five times

daily for 7 to 10 days

10 mg per kg IV every 8 hours for 7 to 10

daysDagger

$174 to 248 (129 to 200)

Famciclovir (Famvir)dagger500 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$140

Treatment

Valacyclovir (Valtrex)dagger1000 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$84

Prednisone (Deltasone)30 mg orally twice

daily on days 1 through 7 then 15 mg twice

daily on days 8 through 14 then 75 mg twice

daily on days 15 through 21

Treatment

Lotions containing calamine (eg Caladryl)

may be used on open lesions to reduce pain

and pruritus

Once the lesions have crusted over capsaicin

cream (Zostrix) may be applied

Topically administered lidocaine (Xylocaine)

and nerve blocks have also been reported to

be effective in reducing pain

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Amitriptyline (Elavil) -- By inhibiting reuptake of serotonin andor norepinephrine by presynaptic neuronal membrane may increase synaptic concentration in CNS Useful as analgesic for certain types of chronic and neuropathic pain

Adult DoseEarly in course of HZ 25 mgd PO hs to prevent PHNAfter PHN develops 30-100 mg PO qhs

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Capsaicin cream (Dolorac Capsin Zostrix) --Natural chemical derived from plants of Solanaceae family By depleting and preventing reaccumulation of substance P in peripheral sensory neurons may render skin and joints insensitive to pain Substance P thought to be chemomediator of pain transmission from periphery to CNS

Adult DoseCream Apply to skin tidqid for 3-4 consecutive wk and evaluate efficacy not to exceed 4 applicationsd

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Lidocaine (DermaFlex gel Lidoderm 5 patch) --Several recent studies have advocated topical administration of lidocaine as treatment of PHN Lidocaine gel (5) in placebo-controlled study showed significant relief in 23 patients studied Lidocaine tape also decreases severity of pain

Adult DoseGel (5) Apply to affected area prnPatch (5) Apply to most painful area up to 3 patches per application patch may remain in place for up to 12 h in any 24 h period

Postherpetic Neuralgia Gabapentin (Neurontin) -- This medication has been

approved by the FDA for the treatment of PHN Has properties common to other anticonvulsants and antineuralgic effects Exact mechanism of action is not known Structurally gabapentin is related to GABA but it does not interact with GABA receptors Believed to have a binding site at the alpha 2-delta protein an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gaited calcium channels In the rat brain binding is localized on neuronal dendritic areas Relevance of these observations to treatment of PHN is not known

Adult Dose100 mg PO tid titrate dose prn recommended dose is 900-1800 mg PO qd not to exceed 900 mg PO qid

Xerostomia

Xerostomia is not a disease but can be a symptom

of certain diseases It can produce serious

negative effects on the patients quality of life

affecting dietary habits nutritional status

speech taste tolerance to dental prosthesis and

increases susceptibility to dental caries The

increase in dental caries can be devastating in

many patients and therefore special care must be

made to control this condition

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Medications - Several hundred current medications

can cause xerostomia antihypertensives

antidepressants analgesics tranquilizers diuretics

and antihistamines c

-Cancer Therapy - Chemotherapeutic drugs can

change the flow and composition of the saliva

Radiation treatment that is focused on or near the

salivary gland can temporarily or permanently

damage the salivary glands

-Sjogrens syndrome - An autoimmune disease causes

xerostomia and dry eyes

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Other conditions -such as bone marrow transplants endocrine disorders stress anxiety depression and nutritional deficiencies may cause xerostomia

-Nerve Damage - Trauma to the head and neck area from surgery or wounds can damage the nerves that supply sensation to the mouth While the salivary glands may be left intact they cannot function normally without the nerves that signal them to produce saliva

Treatment

Identify the xerostomic condition and the

cause Some of the causes may be

ameliorated and this will aid therapy But

in many situations it will be difficult to

eliminate the causes Thus it will be

necessary for the Dentist to control the

results of xerostomia This is especially

true about the increase in dental caries

Treatment -pilocarpine (Salagen) 5mg qid prescription required

-special food preparation - blended and moist foods are easier to swallow

artificial saliva (available over-the-counter)

-sipping plain water is usually preferred over artificial saliva by most patients

-Biotene brand over-the-counter dry mouth products (toothpaste alcohol- free mouth rinse and Oralbalance lubricating gel)

-avoidance of alcohol-based mouth rinses

-use of water and glycerin mixed in a small aerosol spray bottle

RX

Contains sorbitol sodium

carboxymethlcellulose and

methylparaben in a

pleasantly flavored

solution

120 mL (406 fl oz)

Z

Treatment

Acyclovir (Zovirax)dagger800 mg orally five times

daily for 7 to 10 days

10 mg per kg IV every 8 hours for 7 to 10

daysDagger

$174 to 248 (129 to 200)

Famciclovir (Famvir)dagger500 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$140

Treatment

Valacyclovir (Valtrex)dagger1000 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$84

Prednisone (Deltasone)30 mg orally twice

daily on days 1 through 7 then 15 mg twice

daily on days 8 through 14 then 75 mg twice

daily on days 15 through 21

Treatment

Lotions containing calamine (eg Caladryl)

may be used on open lesions to reduce pain

and pruritus

Once the lesions have crusted over capsaicin

cream (Zostrix) may be applied

Topically administered lidocaine (Xylocaine)

and nerve blocks have also been reported to

be effective in reducing pain

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Amitriptyline (Elavil) -- By inhibiting reuptake of serotonin andor norepinephrine by presynaptic neuronal membrane may increase synaptic concentration in CNS Useful as analgesic for certain types of chronic and neuropathic pain

Adult DoseEarly in course of HZ 25 mgd PO hs to prevent PHNAfter PHN develops 30-100 mg PO qhs

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Capsaicin cream (Dolorac Capsin Zostrix) --Natural chemical derived from plants of Solanaceae family By depleting and preventing reaccumulation of substance P in peripheral sensory neurons may render skin and joints insensitive to pain Substance P thought to be chemomediator of pain transmission from periphery to CNS

Adult DoseCream Apply to skin tidqid for 3-4 consecutive wk and evaluate efficacy not to exceed 4 applicationsd

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Lidocaine (DermaFlex gel Lidoderm 5 patch) --Several recent studies have advocated topical administration of lidocaine as treatment of PHN Lidocaine gel (5) in placebo-controlled study showed significant relief in 23 patients studied Lidocaine tape also decreases severity of pain

Adult DoseGel (5) Apply to affected area prnPatch (5) Apply to most painful area up to 3 patches per application patch may remain in place for up to 12 h in any 24 h period

Postherpetic Neuralgia Gabapentin (Neurontin) -- This medication has been

approved by the FDA for the treatment of PHN Has properties common to other anticonvulsants and antineuralgic effects Exact mechanism of action is not known Structurally gabapentin is related to GABA but it does not interact with GABA receptors Believed to have a binding site at the alpha 2-delta protein an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gaited calcium channels In the rat brain binding is localized on neuronal dendritic areas Relevance of these observations to treatment of PHN is not known

Adult Dose100 mg PO tid titrate dose prn recommended dose is 900-1800 mg PO qd not to exceed 900 mg PO qid

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Medications - Several hundred current medications

can cause xerostomia antihypertensives

antidepressants analgesics tranquilizers diuretics

and antihistamines c

-Cancer Therapy - Chemotherapeutic drugs can

change the flow and composition of the saliva

Radiation treatment that is focused on or near the

salivary gland can temporarily or permanently

damage the salivary glands

-Sjogrens syndrome - An autoimmune disease causes

xerostomia and dry eyes

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Other conditions -such as bone marrow transplants endocrine disorders stress anxiety depression and nutritional deficiencies may cause xerostomia

-Nerve Damage - Trauma to the head and neck area from surgery or wounds can damage the nerves that supply sensation to the mouth While the salivary glands may be left intact they cannot function normally without the nerves that signal them to produce saliva

Treatment

Identify the xerostomic condition and the

cause Some of the causes may be

ameliorated and this will aid therapy But

in many situations it will be difficult to

eliminate the causes Thus it will be

necessary for the Dentist to control the

results of xerostomia This is especially

true about the increase in dental caries

Treatment -pilocarpine (Salagen) 5mg qid prescription required

-special food preparation - blended and moist foods are easier to swallow

artificial saliva (available over-the-counter)

-sipping plain water is usually preferred over artificial saliva by most patients

-Biotene brand over-the-counter dry mouth products (toothpaste alcohol- free mouth rinse and Oralbalance lubricating gel)

-avoidance of alcohol-based mouth rinses

-use of water and glycerin mixed in a small aerosol spray bottle

RX

Contains sorbitol sodium

carboxymethlcellulose and

methylparaben in a

pleasantly flavored

solution

120 mL (406 fl oz)

Z

Treatment

Acyclovir (Zovirax)dagger800 mg orally five times

daily for 7 to 10 days

10 mg per kg IV every 8 hours for 7 to 10

daysDagger

$174 to 248 (129 to 200)

Famciclovir (Famvir)dagger500 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$140

Treatment

Valacyclovir (Valtrex)dagger1000 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$84

Prednisone (Deltasone)30 mg orally twice

daily on days 1 through 7 then 15 mg twice

daily on days 8 through 14 then 75 mg twice

daily on days 15 through 21

Treatment

Lotions containing calamine (eg Caladryl)

may be used on open lesions to reduce pain

and pruritus

Once the lesions have crusted over capsaicin

cream (Zostrix) may be applied

Topically administered lidocaine (Xylocaine)

and nerve blocks have also been reported to

be effective in reducing pain

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Amitriptyline (Elavil) -- By inhibiting reuptake of serotonin andor norepinephrine by presynaptic neuronal membrane may increase synaptic concentration in CNS Useful as analgesic for certain types of chronic and neuropathic pain

Adult DoseEarly in course of HZ 25 mgd PO hs to prevent PHNAfter PHN develops 30-100 mg PO qhs

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Capsaicin cream (Dolorac Capsin Zostrix) --Natural chemical derived from plants of Solanaceae family By depleting and preventing reaccumulation of substance P in peripheral sensory neurons may render skin and joints insensitive to pain Substance P thought to be chemomediator of pain transmission from periphery to CNS

Adult DoseCream Apply to skin tidqid for 3-4 consecutive wk and evaluate efficacy not to exceed 4 applicationsd

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Lidocaine (DermaFlex gel Lidoderm 5 patch) --Several recent studies have advocated topical administration of lidocaine as treatment of PHN Lidocaine gel (5) in placebo-controlled study showed significant relief in 23 patients studied Lidocaine tape also decreases severity of pain

Adult DoseGel (5) Apply to affected area prnPatch (5) Apply to most painful area up to 3 patches per application patch may remain in place for up to 12 h in any 24 h period

Postherpetic Neuralgia Gabapentin (Neurontin) -- This medication has been

approved by the FDA for the treatment of PHN Has properties common to other anticonvulsants and antineuralgic effects Exact mechanism of action is not known Structurally gabapentin is related to GABA but it does not interact with GABA receptors Believed to have a binding site at the alpha 2-delta protein an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gaited calcium channels In the rat brain binding is localized on neuronal dendritic areas Relevance of these observations to treatment of PHN is not known

Adult Dose100 mg PO tid titrate dose prn recommended dose is 900-1800 mg PO qd not to exceed 900 mg PO qid

Causes for Xerostomia include

-Other conditions -such as bone marrow transplants endocrine disorders stress anxiety depression and nutritional deficiencies may cause xerostomia

-Nerve Damage - Trauma to the head and neck area from surgery or wounds can damage the nerves that supply sensation to the mouth While the salivary glands may be left intact they cannot function normally without the nerves that signal them to produce saliva

Treatment

Identify the xerostomic condition and the

cause Some of the causes may be

ameliorated and this will aid therapy But

in many situations it will be difficult to

eliminate the causes Thus it will be

necessary for the Dentist to control the

results of xerostomia This is especially

true about the increase in dental caries

Treatment -pilocarpine (Salagen) 5mg qid prescription required

-special food preparation - blended and moist foods are easier to swallow

artificial saliva (available over-the-counter)

-sipping plain water is usually preferred over artificial saliva by most patients

-Biotene brand over-the-counter dry mouth products (toothpaste alcohol- free mouth rinse and Oralbalance lubricating gel)

-avoidance of alcohol-based mouth rinses

-use of water and glycerin mixed in a small aerosol spray bottle

RX

Contains sorbitol sodium

carboxymethlcellulose and

methylparaben in a

pleasantly flavored

solution

120 mL (406 fl oz)

Z

Treatment

Acyclovir (Zovirax)dagger800 mg orally five times

daily for 7 to 10 days

10 mg per kg IV every 8 hours for 7 to 10

daysDagger

$174 to 248 (129 to 200)

Famciclovir (Famvir)dagger500 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$140

Treatment

Valacyclovir (Valtrex)dagger1000 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$84

Prednisone (Deltasone)30 mg orally twice

daily on days 1 through 7 then 15 mg twice

daily on days 8 through 14 then 75 mg twice

daily on days 15 through 21

Treatment

Lotions containing calamine (eg Caladryl)

may be used on open lesions to reduce pain

and pruritus

Once the lesions have crusted over capsaicin

cream (Zostrix) may be applied

Topically administered lidocaine (Xylocaine)

and nerve blocks have also been reported to

be effective in reducing pain

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Amitriptyline (Elavil) -- By inhibiting reuptake of serotonin andor norepinephrine by presynaptic neuronal membrane may increase synaptic concentration in CNS Useful as analgesic for certain types of chronic and neuropathic pain

Adult DoseEarly in course of HZ 25 mgd PO hs to prevent PHNAfter PHN develops 30-100 mg PO qhs

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Capsaicin cream (Dolorac Capsin Zostrix) --Natural chemical derived from plants of Solanaceae family By depleting and preventing reaccumulation of substance P in peripheral sensory neurons may render skin and joints insensitive to pain Substance P thought to be chemomediator of pain transmission from periphery to CNS

Adult DoseCream Apply to skin tidqid for 3-4 consecutive wk and evaluate efficacy not to exceed 4 applicationsd

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Lidocaine (DermaFlex gel Lidoderm 5 patch) --Several recent studies have advocated topical administration of lidocaine as treatment of PHN Lidocaine gel (5) in placebo-controlled study showed significant relief in 23 patients studied Lidocaine tape also decreases severity of pain

Adult DoseGel (5) Apply to affected area prnPatch (5) Apply to most painful area up to 3 patches per application patch may remain in place for up to 12 h in any 24 h period

Postherpetic Neuralgia Gabapentin (Neurontin) -- This medication has been

approved by the FDA for the treatment of PHN Has properties common to other anticonvulsants and antineuralgic effects Exact mechanism of action is not known Structurally gabapentin is related to GABA but it does not interact with GABA receptors Believed to have a binding site at the alpha 2-delta protein an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gaited calcium channels In the rat brain binding is localized on neuronal dendritic areas Relevance of these observations to treatment of PHN is not known

Adult Dose100 mg PO tid titrate dose prn recommended dose is 900-1800 mg PO qd not to exceed 900 mg PO qid

Treatment

Identify the xerostomic condition and the

cause Some of the causes may be

ameliorated and this will aid therapy But

in many situations it will be difficult to

eliminate the causes Thus it will be

necessary for the Dentist to control the

results of xerostomia This is especially

true about the increase in dental caries

Treatment -pilocarpine (Salagen) 5mg qid prescription required

-special food preparation - blended and moist foods are easier to swallow

artificial saliva (available over-the-counter)

-sipping plain water is usually preferred over artificial saliva by most patients

-Biotene brand over-the-counter dry mouth products (toothpaste alcohol- free mouth rinse and Oralbalance lubricating gel)

-avoidance of alcohol-based mouth rinses

-use of water and glycerin mixed in a small aerosol spray bottle

RX

Contains sorbitol sodium

carboxymethlcellulose and

methylparaben in a

pleasantly flavored

solution

120 mL (406 fl oz)

Z

Treatment

Acyclovir (Zovirax)dagger800 mg orally five times

daily for 7 to 10 days

10 mg per kg IV every 8 hours for 7 to 10

daysDagger

$174 to 248 (129 to 200)

Famciclovir (Famvir)dagger500 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$140

Treatment

Valacyclovir (Valtrex)dagger1000 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$84

Prednisone (Deltasone)30 mg orally twice

daily on days 1 through 7 then 15 mg twice

daily on days 8 through 14 then 75 mg twice

daily on days 15 through 21

Treatment

Lotions containing calamine (eg Caladryl)

may be used on open lesions to reduce pain

and pruritus

Once the lesions have crusted over capsaicin

cream (Zostrix) may be applied

Topically administered lidocaine (Xylocaine)

and nerve blocks have also been reported to

be effective in reducing pain

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Amitriptyline (Elavil) -- By inhibiting reuptake of serotonin andor norepinephrine by presynaptic neuronal membrane may increase synaptic concentration in CNS Useful as analgesic for certain types of chronic and neuropathic pain

Adult DoseEarly in course of HZ 25 mgd PO hs to prevent PHNAfter PHN develops 30-100 mg PO qhs

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Capsaicin cream (Dolorac Capsin Zostrix) --Natural chemical derived from plants of Solanaceae family By depleting and preventing reaccumulation of substance P in peripheral sensory neurons may render skin and joints insensitive to pain Substance P thought to be chemomediator of pain transmission from periphery to CNS

Adult DoseCream Apply to skin tidqid for 3-4 consecutive wk and evaluate efficacy not to exceed 4 applicationsd

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Lidocaine (DermaFlex gel Lidoderm 5 patch) --Several recent studies have advocated topical administration of lidocaine as treatment of PHN Lidocaine gel (5) in placebo-controlled study showed significant relief in 23 patients studied Lidocaine tape also decreases severity of pain

Adult DoseGel (5) Apply to affected area prnPatch (5) Apply to most painful area up to 3 patches per application patch may remain in place for up to 12 h in any 24 h period

Postherpetic Neuralgia Gabapentin (Neurontin) -- This medication has been

approved by the FDA for the treatment of PHN Has properties common to other anticonvulsants and antineuralgic effects Exact mechanism of action is not known Structurally gabapentin is related to GABA but it does not interact with GABA receptors Believed to have a binding site at the alpha 2-delta protein an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gaited calcium channels In the rat brain binding is localized on neuronal dendritic areas Relevance of these observations to treatment of PHN is not known

Adult Dose100 mg PO tid titrate dose prn recommended dose is 900-1800 mg PO qd not to exceed 900 mg PO qid

Treatment -pilocarpine (Salagen) 5mg qid prescription required

-special food preparation - blended and moist foods are easier to swallow

artificial saliva (available over-the-counter)

-sipping plain water is usually preferred over artificial saliva by most patients

-Biotene brand over-the-counter dry mouth products (toothpaste alcohol- free mouth rinse and Oralbalance lubricating gel)

-avoidance of alcohol-based mouth rinses

-use of water and glycerin mixed in a small aerosol spray bottle

RX

Contains sorbitol sodium

carboxymethlcellulose and

methylparaben in a

pleasantly flavored

solution

120 mL (406 fl oz)

Z

Treatment

Acyclovir (Zovirax)dagger800 mg orally five times

daily for 7 to 10 days

10 mg per kg IV every 8 hours for 7 to 10

daysDagger

$174 to 248 (129 to 200)

Famciclovir (Famvir)dagger500 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$140

Treatment

Valacyclovir (Valtrex)dagger1000 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$84

Prednisone (Deltasone)30 mg orally twice

daily on days 1 through 7 then 15 mg twice

daily on days 8 through 14 then 75 mg twice

daily on days 15 through 21

Treatment

Lotions containing calamine (eg Caladryl)

may be used on open lesions to reduce pain

and pruritus

Once the lesions have crusted over capsaicin

cream (Zostrix) may be applied

Topically administered lidocaine (Xylocaine)

and nerve blocks have also been reported to

be effective in reducing pain

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Amitriptyline (Elavil) -- By inhibiting reuptake of serotonin andor norepinephrine by presynaptic neuronal membrane may increase synaptic concentration in CNS Useful as analgesic for certain types of chronic and neuropathic pain

Adult DoseEarly in course of HZ 25 mgd PO hs to prevent PHNAfter PHN develops 30-100 mg PO qhs

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Capsaicin cream (Dolorac Capsin Zostrix) --Natural chemical derived from plants of Solanaceae family By depleting and preventing reaccumulation of substance P in peripheral sensory neurons may render skin and joints insensitive to pain Substance P thought to be chemomediator of pain transmission from periphery to CNS

Adult DoseCream Apply to skin tidqid for 3-4 consecutive wk and evaluate efficacy not to exceed 4 applicationsd

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Lidocaine (DermaFlex gel Lidoderm 5 patch) --Several recent studies have advocated topical administration of lidocaine as treatment of PHN Lidocaine gel (5) in placebo-controlled study showed significant relief in 23 patients studied Lidocaine tape also decreases severity of pain

Adult DoseGel (5) Apply to affected area prnPatch (5) Apply to most painful area up to 3 patches per application patch may remain in place for up to 12 h in any 24 h period

Postherpetic Neuralgia Gabapentin (Neurontin) -- This medication has been

approved by the FDA for the treatment of PHN Has properties common to other anticonvulsants and antineuralgic effects Exact mechanism of action is not known Structurally gabapentin is related to GABA but it does not interact with GABA receptors Believed to have a binding site at the alpha 2-delta protein an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gaited calcium channels In the rat brain binding is localized on neuronal dendritic areas Relevance of these observations to treatment of PHN is not known

Adult Dose100 mg PO tid titrate dose prn recommended dose is 900-1800 mg PO qd not to exceed 900 mg PO qid

RX

Contains sorbitol sodium

carboxymethlcellulose and

methylparaben in a

pleasantly flavored

solution

120 mL (406 fl oz)

Z

Treatment

Acyclovir (Zovirax)dagger800 mg orally five times

daily for 7 to 10 days

10 mg per kg IV every 8 hours for 7 to 10

daysDagger

$174 to 248 (129 to 200)

Famciclovir (Famvir)dagger500 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$140

Treatment

Valacyclovir (Valtrex)dagger1000 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$84

Prednisone (Deltasone)30 mg orally twice

daily on days 1 through 7 then 15 mg twice

daily on days 8 through 14 then 75 mg twice

daily on days 15 through 21

Treatment

Lotions containing calamine (eg Caladryl)

may be used on open lesions to reduce pain

and pruritus

Once the lesions have crusted over capsaicin

cream (Zostrix) may be applied

Topically administered lidocaine (Xylocaine)

and nerve blocks have also been reported to

be effective in reducing pain

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Amitriptyline (Elavil) -- By inhibiting reuptake of serotonin andor norepinephrine by presynaptic neuronal membrane may increase synaptic concentration in CNS Useful as analgesic for certain types of chronic and neuropathic pain

Adult DoseEarly in course of HZ 25 mgd PO hs to prevent PHNAfter PHN develops 30-100 mg PO qhs

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Capsaicin cream (Dolorac Capsin Zostrix) --Natural chemical derived from plants of Solanaceae family By depleting and preventing reaccumulation of substance P in peripheral sensory neurons may render skin and joints insensitive to pain Substance P thought to be chemomediator of pain transmission from periphery to CNS

Adult DoseCream Apply to skin tidqid for 3-4 consecutive wk and evaluate efficacy not to exceed 4 applicationsd

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Lidocaine (DermaFlex gel Lidoderm 5 patch) --Several recent studies have advocated topical administration of lidocaine as treatment of PHN Lidocaine gel (5) in placebo-controlled study showed significant relief in 23 patients studied Lidocaine tape also decreases severity of pain

Adult DoseGel (5) Apply to affected area prnPatch (5) Apply to most painful area up to 3 patches per application patch may remain in place for up to 12 h in any 24 h period

Postherpetic Neuralgia Gabapentin (Neurontin) -- This medication has been

approved by the FDA for the treatment of PHN Has properties common to other anticonvulsants and antineuralgic effects Exact mechanism of action is not known Structurally gabapentin is related to GABA but it does not interact with GABA receptors Believed to have a binding site at the alpha 2-delta protein an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gaited calcium channels In the rat brain binding is localized on neuronal dendritic areas Relevance of these observations to treatment of PHN is not known

Adult Dose100 mg PO tid titrate dose prn recommended dose is 900-1800 mg PO qd not to exceed 900 mg PO qid

Z

Treatment

Acyclovir (Zovirax)dagger800 mg orally five times

daily for 7 to 10 days

10 mg per kg IV every 8 hours for 7 to 10

daysDagger

$174 to 248 (129 to 200)

Famciclovir (Famvir)dagger500 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$140

Treatment

Valacyclovir (Valtrex)dagger1000 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$84

Prednisone (Deltasone)30 mg orally twice

daily on days 1 through 7 then 15 mg twice

daily on days 8 through 14 then 75 mg twice

daily on days 15 through 21

Treatment

Lotions containing calamine (eg Caladryl)

may be used on open lesions to reduce pain

and pruritus

Once the lesions have crusted over capsaicin

cream (Zostrix) may be applied

Topically administered lidocaine (Xylocaine)

and nerve blocks have also been reported to

be effective in reducing pain

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Amitriptyline (Elavil) -- By inhibiting reuptake of serotonin andor norepinephrine by presynaptic neuronal membrane may increase synaptic concentration in CNS Useful as analgesic for certain types of chronic and neuropathic pain

Adult DoseEarly in course of HZ 25 mgd PO hs to prevent PHNAfter PHN develops 30-100 mg PO qhs

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Capsaicin cream (Dolorac Capsin Zostrix) --Natural chemical derived from plants of Solanaceae family By depleting and preventing reaccumulation of substance P in peripheral sensory neurons may render skin and joints insensitive to pain Substance P thought to be chemomediator of pain transmission from periphery to CNS

Adult DoseCream Apply to skin tidqid for 3-4 consecutive wk and evaluate efficacy not to exceed 4 applicationsd

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Lidocaine (DermaFlex gel Lidoderm 5 patch) --Several recent studies have advocated topical administration of lidocaine as treatment of PHN Lidocaine gel (5) in placebo-controlled study showed significant relief in 23 patients studied Lidocaine tape also decreases severity of pain

Adult DoseGel (5) Apply to affected area prnPatch (5) Apply to most painful area up to 3 patches per application patch may remain in place for up to 12 h in any 24 h period

Postherpetic Neuralgia Gabapentin (Neurontin) -- This medication has been

approved by the FDA for the treatment of PHN Has properties common to other anticonvulsants and antineuralgic effects Exact mechanism of action is not known Structurally gabapentin is related to GABA but it does not interact with GABA receptors Believed to have a binding site at the alpha 2-delta protein an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gaited calcium channels In the rat brain binding is localized on neuronal dendritic areas Relevance of these observations to treatment of PHN is not known

Adult Dose100 mg PO tid titrate dose prn recommended dose is 900-1800 mg PO qd not to exceed 900 mg PO qid

Treatment

Acyclovir (Zovirax)dagger800 mg orally five times

daily for 7 to 10 days

10 mg per kg IV every 8 hours for 7 to 10

daysDagger

$174 to 248 (129 to 200)

Famciclovir (Famvir)dagger500 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$140

Treatment

Valacyclovir (Valtrex)dagger1000 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$84

Prednisone (Deltasone)30 mg orally twice

daily on days 1 through 7 then 15 mg twice

daily on days 8 through 14 then 75 mg twice

daily on days 15 through 21

Treatment

Lotions containing calamine (eg Caladryl)

may be used on open lesions to reduce pain

and pruritus

Once the lesions have crusted over capsaicin

cream (Zostrix) may be applied

Topically administered lidocaine (Xylocaine)

and nerve blocks have also been reported to

be effective in reducing pain

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Amitriptyline (Elavil) -- By inhibiting reuptake of serotonin andor norepinephrine by presynaptic neuronal membrane may increase synaptic concentration in CNS Useful as analgesic for certain types of chronic and neuropathic pain

Adult DoseEarly in course of HZ 25 mgd PO hs to prevent PHNAfter PHN develops 30-100 mg PO qhs

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Capsaicin cream (Dolorac Capsin Zostrix) --Natural chemical derived from plants of Solanaceae family By depleting and preventing reaccumulation of substance P in peripheral sensory neurons may render skin and joints insensitive to pain Substance P thought to be chemomediator of pain transmission from periphery to CNS

Adult DoseCream Apply to skin tidqid for 3-4 consecutive wk and evaluate efficacy not to exceed 4 applicationsd

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Lidocaine (DermaFlex gel Lidoderm 5 patch) --Several recent studies have advocated topical administration of lidocaine as treatment of PHN Lidocaine gel (5) in placebo-controlled study showed significant relief in 23 patients studied Lidocaine tape also decreases severity of pain

Adult DoseGel (5) Apply to affected area prnPatch (5) Apply to most painful area up to 3 patches per application patch may remain in place for up to 12 h in any 24 h period

Postherpetic Neuralgia Gabapentin (Neurontin) -- This medication has been

approved by the FDA for the treatment of PHN Has properties common to other anticonvulsants and antineuralgic effects Exact mechanism of action is not known Structurally gabapentin is related to GABA but it does not interact with GABA receptors Believed to have a binding site at the alpha 2-delta protein an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gaited calcium channels In the rat brain binding is localized on neuronal dendritic areas Relevance of these observations to treatment of PHN is not known

Adult Dose100 mg PO tid titrate dose prn recommended dose is 900-1800 mg PO qd not to exceed 900 mg PO qid

Treatment

Valacyclovir (Valtrex)dagger1000 mg orally three

times daily for 7 days

$84

Prednisone (Deltasone)30 mg orally twice

daily on days 1 through 7 then 15 mg twice

daily on days 8 through 14 then 75 mg twice

daily on days 15 through 21

Treatment

Lotions containing calamine (eg Caladryl)

may be used on open lesions to reduce pain

and pruritus

Once the lesions have crusted over capsaicin

cream (Zostrix) may be applied

Topically administered lidocaine (Xylocaine)

and nerve blocks have also been reported to

be effective in reducing pain

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Amitriptyline (Elavil) -- By inhibiting reuptake of serotonin andor norepinephrine by presynaptic neuronal membrane may increase synaptic concentration in CNS Useful as analgesic for certain types of chronic and neuropathic pain

Adult DoseEarly in course of HZ 25 mgd PO hs to prevent PHNAfter PHN develops 30-100 mg PO qhs

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Capsaicin cream (Dolorac Capsin Zostrix) --Natural chemical derived from plants of Solanaceae family By depleting and preventing reaccumulation of substance P in peripheral sensory neurons may render skin and joints insensitive to pain Substance P thought to be chemomediator of pain transmission from periphery to CNS

Adult DoseCream Apply to skin tidqid for 3-4 consecutive wk and evaluate efficacy not to exceed 4 applicationsd

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Lidocaine (DermaFlex gel Lidoderm 5 patch) --Several recent studies have advocated topical administration of lidocaine as treatment of PHN Lidocaine gel (5) in placebo-controlled study showed significant relief in 23 patients studied Lidocaine tape also decreases severity of pain

Adult DoseGel (5) Apply to affected area prnPatch (5) Apply to most painful area up to 3 patches per application patch may remain in place for up to 12 h in any 24 h period

Postherpetic Neuralgia Gabapentin (Neurontin) -- This medication has been

approved by the FDA for the treatment of PHN Has properties common to other anticonvulsants and antineuralgic effects Exact mechanism of action is not known Structurally gabapentin is related to GABA but it does not interact with GABA receptors Believed to have a binding site at the alpha 2-delta protein an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gaited calcium channels In the rat brain binding is localized on neuronal dendritic areas Relevance of these observations to treatment of PHN is not known

Adult Dose100 mg PO tid titrate dose prn recommended dose is 900-1800 mg PO qd not to exceed 900 mg PO qid

Treatment

Lotions containing calamine (eg Caladryl)

may be used on open lesions to reduce pain

and pruritus

Once the lesions have crusted over capsaicin

cream (Zostrix) may be applied

Topically administered lidocaine (Xylocaine)

and nerve blocks have also been reported to

be effective in reducing pain

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Amitriptyline (Elavil) -- By inhibiting reuptake of serotonin andor norepinephrine by presynaptic neuronal membrane may increase synaptic concentration in CNS Useful as analgesic for certain types of chronic and neuropathic pain

Adult DoseEarly in course of HZ 25 mgd PO hs to prevent PHNAfter PHN develops 30-100 mg PO qhs

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Capsaicin cream (Dolorac Capsin Zostrix) --Natural chemical derived from plants of Solanaceae family By depleting and preventing reaccumulation of substance P in peripheral sensory neurons may render skin and joints insensitive to pain Substance P thought to be chemomediator of pain transmission from periphery to CNS

Adult DoseCream Apply to skin tidqid for 3-4 consecutive wk and evaluate efficacy not to exceed 4 applicationsd

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Lidocaine (DermaFlex gel Lidoderm 5 patch) --Several recent studies have advocated topical administration of lidocaine as treatment of PHN Lidocaine gel (5) in placebo-controlled study showed significant relief in 23 patients studied Lidocaine tape also decreases severity of pain

Adult DoseGel (5) Apply to affected area prnPatch (5) Apply to most painful area up to 3 patches per application patch may remain in place for up to 12 h in any 24 h period

Postherpetic Neuralgia Gabapentin (Neurontin) -- This medication has been

approved by the FDA for the treatment of PHN Has properties common to other anticonvulsants and antineuralgic effects Exact mechanism of action is not known Structurally gabapentin is related to GABA but it does not interact with GABA receptors Believed to have a binding site at the alpha 2-delta protein an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gaited calcium channels In the rat brain binding is localized on neuronal dendritic areas Relevance of these observations to treatment of PHN is not known

Adult Dose100 mg PO tid titrate dose prn recommended dose is 900-1800 mg PO qd not to exceed 900 mg PO qid

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Amitriptyline (Elavil) -- By inhibiting reuptake of serotonin andor norepinephrine by presynaptic neuronal membrane may increase synaptic concentration in CNS Useful as analgesic for certain types of chronic and neuropathic pain

Adult DoseEarly in course of HZ 25 mgd PO hs to prevent PHNAfter PHN develops 30-100 mg PO qhs

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Capsaicin cream (Dolorac Capsin Zostrix) --Natural chemical derived from plants of Solanaceae family By depleting and preventing reaccumulation of substance P in peripheral sensory neurons may render skin and joints insensitive to pain Substance P thought to be chemomediator of pain transmission from periphery to CNS

Adult DoseCream Apply to skin tidqid for 3-4 consecutive wk and evaluate efficacy not to exceed 4 applicationsd

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Lidocaine (DermaFlex gel Lidoderm 5 patch) --Several recent studies have advocated topical administration of lidocaine as treatment of PHN Lidocaine gel (5) in placebo-controlled study showed significant relief in 23 patients studied Lidocaine tape also decreases severity of pain

Adult DoseGel (5) Apply to affected area prnPatch (5) Apply to most painful area up to 3 patches per application patch may remain in place for up to 12 h in any 24 h period

Postherpetic Neuralgia Gabapentin (Neurontin) -- This medication has been

approved by the FDA for the treatment of PHN Has properties common to other anticonvulsants and antineuralgic effects Exact mechanism of action is not known Structurally gabapentin is related to GABA but it does not interact with GABA receptors Believed to have a binding site at the alpha 2-delta protein an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gaited calcium channels In the rat brain binding is localized on neuronal dendritic areas Relevance of these observations to treatment of PHN is not known

Adult Dose100 mg PO tid titrate dose prn recommended dose is 900-1800 mg PO qd not to exceed 900 mg PO qid

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Capsaicin cream (Dolorac Capsin Zostrix) --Natural chemical derived from plants of Solanaceae family By depleting and preventing reaccumulation of substance P in peripheral sensory neurons may render skin and joints insensitive to pain Substance P thought to be chemomediator of pain transmission from periphery to CNS

Adult DoseCream Apply to skin tidqid for 3-4 consecutive wk and evaluate efficacy not to exceed 4 applicationsd

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Lidocaine (DermaFlex gel Lidoderm 5 patch) --Several recent studies have advocated topical administration of lidocaine as treatment of PHN Lidocaine gel (5) in placebo-controlled study showed significant relief in 23 patients studied Lidocaine tape also decreases severity of pain

Adult DoseGel (5) Apply to affected area prnPatch (5) Apply to most painful area up to 3 patches per application patch may remain in place for up to 12 h in any 24 h period

Postherpetic Neuralgia Gabapentin (Neurontin) -- This medication has been

approved by the FDA for the treatment of PHN Has properties common to other anticonvulsants and antineuralgic effects Exact mechanism of action is not known Structurally gabapentin is related to GABA but it does not interact with GABA receptors Believed to have a binding site at the alpha 2-delta protein an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gaited calcium channels In the rat brain binding is localized on neuronal dendritic areas Relevance of these observations to treatment of PHN is not known

Adult Dose100 mg PO tid titrate dose prn recommended dose is 900-1800 mg PO qd not to exceed 900 mg PO qid

Postherpetic Neuralgia

Lidocaine (DermaFlex gel Lidoderm 5 patch) --Several recent studies have advocated topical administration of lidocaine as treatment of PHN Lidocaine gel (5) in placebo-controlled study showed significant relief in 23 patients studied Lidocaine tape also decreases severity of pain

Adult DoseGel (5) Apply to affected area prnPatch (5) Apply to most painful area up to 3 patches per application patch may remain in place for up to 12 h in any 24 h period

Postherpetic Neuralgia Gabapentin (Neurontin) -- This medication has been

approved by the FDA for the treatment of PHN Has properties common to other anticonvulsants and antineuralgic effects Exact mechanism of action is not known Structurally gabapentin is related to GABA but it does not interact with GABA receptors Believed to have a binding site at the alpha 2-delta protein an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gaited calcium channels In the rat brain binding is localized on neuronal dendritic areas Relevance of these observations to treatment of PHN is not known

Adult Dose100 mg PO tid titrate dose prn recommended dose is 900-1800 mg PO qd not to exceed 900 mg PO qid

Postherpetic Neuralgia Gabapentin (Neurontin) -- This medication has been

approved by the FDA for the treatment of PHN Has properties common to other anticonvulsants and antineuralgic effects Exact mechanism of action is not known Structurally gabapentin is related to GABA but it does not interact with GABA receptors Believed to have a binding site at the alpha 2-delta protein an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gaited calcium channels In the rat brain binding is localized on neuronal dendritic areas Relevance of these observations to treatment of PHN is not known

Adult Dose100 mg PO tid titrate dose prn recommended dose is 900-1800 mg PO qd not to exceed 900 mg PO qid