Epinephrine
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Transcript of Epinephrine
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• It is a catecholamine, a sympathomimetic monoamine derived from the amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine.
• The Latin roots ad-+renes and the Greek roots epi-+nephros both literally mean "on/to the kidney" (referring to the adrenal gland, which secretes epinephrine). Epinephrine is sometimes shortened to epi in medical jargon.
• Epinephrine is now also used in EpiPen and Twinject. EpiPen is long narrow auto-injectors that administer epinephrine, Twinject is similar but contain two doses of epinephrine.
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Adrenal Anatomy
• small, triangular glands loosely attached to the kidneys
• divided into two morphologically and distinct regions
- adrenal cortex (outer)
- adrenal medulla (inner)
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Anatomy and Origin
• embryologically derived from pheochromoblasts
• differentiate into modified neuronal cells
• acts like sympathetic ganglion
• more gland than nerve• chromaffin cells
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Function of the Adrenal Medulla
• an extension of the sympathetic nervous system
• acts as a peripheral amplifier
• activated by same stimuli as the sympathetic nervous system
(examples – exercise, cold, stress, hemorrhage, etc.)
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HO
NH2
CO2H
L-Tyrosine
Tyrosine
hydroxylase HO
NH2
CO2H
Levodopa
HO
HO
NH2
Dopamine
HODopa
Decarboxylase
Dopamine
-hydroxylase
HO
HO
NH2
OH
Norepinephrine(Noradrenaline)
HO
HO
NHMe
OH
Epinephrine(Adrenaline)
N-methyl transferase
(in Adrenal medulla)
Biosynthesis of norepinephrine and epinephrine
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Metabolism involves two key enzymes: MAO and COMT
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Differences between Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
Epinephrine >> norepinephrine – in terms of cardiac stimulation leading to greater cardiac output ( stimulation).
Epinephrine < norepinephrine – in terms of constriction of blood vessels – leading to increased peripheral resistance – increased arterial pressure.
Epinephrine >> norepinephrine – in terms of increasing metabolism
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Effects of Epinephrine
• metabolism
- glycogenolysis in liver and skeletal muscle
- mobilization of free fatty acids
- increased metabolic rate
• can lead to hyperglycemia
• O2 consumption increases
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Fight or Flight Response These catecholamine hormones facilitate
immediate physical reactions associated with a preparation for violent muscular action. These include the following:
Acceleration of heart and lung action and Inhibition of stomach and intestinal action
Constriction of blood vessels in many parts of the body
Liberation of nutrients for muscular action Dilation of blood vessels for muscles Inhibition of tear glands and salivation Dilation of pupil Relaxation of bladder Inhibition of erection
(Gleitman, et al, 2004)
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Pheochromocytoma
• a catecholamine-secreting tumour of chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla
• paraganglioma – a catecholamine secreting tumour of the sympathetic paraganglia
adrenal pheochromocytoma (90%)
extra-adrenal pheochromocytoma
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Signs and Symptoms of Pheochromocytoma
• headache• sweating• palpitations• chest pain• anxiety• glucose intolerance• increased metabolic rate
classic triad
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Gs→ s→ AC → cAMP↑
Gi→ i→ AC → cAMP↓
Gq→ q → PLC → IP3+ DAG
Classes of G protein
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Types of -adrenergic receptor
-adrenergic receptors are adrenergic receptors that respond to norepinephrine and to such blocking agents as phenoxybenzamine.
They are subdivided into two types: 1, found in smooth muscle, heart, and liver,
with effects including vasoconstriction, intestinal relaxation, uterine contraction and pupillary dilation,
2, found in platelets, vascular smooth muscle, nerve termini, and pancreatic islets, with effects including platelet aggregation, vasoconstriction, and inhibition of norepinephrine release and of insulin secretion.
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Types of β-adrenergic receptor
-adrenergic receptors respond particularly to epinephrine and to such blocking agents as propranolol.
There are three known types of beta receptor, designated β1, β2 and β3.
β1-Adrenergic receptors are located mainly in the heart.
β2-Adrenergic receptors are located mainly in the lungs, gastrointestinal tract, liver, uterus, vascular smooth muscle, and skeletal muscle.
β3-receptors are located in fat cells.
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Receptors and signal transduction in the ANS
Adrenergic Receptors
a1A
a1 ba2
a1B a1D a2A a2B a2C b1 b2 b3
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Direct acting adrenergic receptor agonists: a1 receptors
Phenylephrine (Neosynephrine) Methoxamine (Vasoxyl) Oxymetazoline (Visine)
P henylephrine
H O
C H C H2 NH C H3
O H
NH3
COOH
Gq
Phospho -lipase C
(+)
PIP 2
IP3 Diacylglycerol
Increase Ca 2+ Activate ProteinKinase C
Response
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Direct acting adrenergic receptor agonists: a2 receptors
Clonidine (Catapres) Methyldopa (Aldomet) Guanabenz (Wytensin) Guanfacine (Tenex) Tizanidine (Zanaflex)
Clonidine
NH 3
COOH
G I
(-)
ATP cAMP
Reduce cAMP -DependentProtein Kinase Activity
Response
X(+)K +
Adenylate Cyclase
N
NH
HN
Cl
Cl
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Direct acting adrenergic receptor agonists: b receptors
GS
(+)
ATP cAMP
Increase cAMP -DependentProtein Kinase Activity
Response
NH3
COOH
Adenylate Cyclase
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β3 adrenergic agonistAmibegron (SR-58,611A)It is the first orally active β3 agonist developed that is capable of entering the Central Nervous System, and has antidepressant and anxiolytic effects.
Solabegron (GW-427,353)It is being developed for the treatment of overactive bladder and irritable bowel syndrome. It has been shown to produce visceral analgesia by releasing somatostatin from adipocytes.
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Classification of Adrenergic Hormone Receptors
Receptor AgonistsSecond
MessengerG protein
alpha1 (1) NE > E IP3/Ca2+; DAG Gq
alpha2 (2) E > NE cyclic AMP Gi
beta1 (1) E = NE cyclic AMP Gs
beta2 (2) E >> NE cyclic AMP Gs
E = epinephrine; NE = norepinephrine
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Cardiovascular effects of adrenergic agonists in man
(injected iv)
A (a+b)
NA (a >> b)
Iso (b)
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Indications
Ventricular fibrillation
Asystole
Cardiac Arrest
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Indications
Sever hypotension Anaphylaxis
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In cardiac arrest1 mg (10 mL 1:10,000 solution)
If this fails, higher doses of epinephrine (up to 0.2 mg/kg) are acceptable but not recommended (there is growing evidence that it may be harmful).
Precautions
Can precipitate myocardial ischemia
Avoid mixing with alkaline solutions
Can induce myocardial ectopy
Dosage
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EpiPen
EpiPen is a registered trademark for the most commonly used autoinjector of epinephrine (aka adrenaline), used in medicine to treat anaphylactic shock.
http://www.epipen.com/howtouse_high.aspx
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Anaphylaxis is a severe and rapid multi-system allergic reaction. The term comes from the Greek words ana (against) and phyllus (protection). Anaphylaxis occurs when a person is exposed to a trigger substance, called an allergen, to which they have already become sensitized. Minute amounts of allergens may cause a life-threatening anaphylactic reaction. Anaphylaxis may occur after ingestion, inhalation, skin contact or injection of an allergen. The most severe type of anaphylaxis—anaphylactic shock—will usually lead to death in minutes if left untreated.Most common presentation is sudden cardiovascular collapse.
Anaphylaxis
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Ephinephrine can be injected directly into the heart to stimulate it after it as stopped beating due to drowning, suffocation, shock, electrocution, and anesthesia.The epinephrine dramatically restores the heart beat.In cases of shock, norepinephrine has been used to restore and maintain sufficient blood pressure and ensure adequate blood flow to vital organs.
When local anesthetics are used to reduce or eliminate pain in a specific area, epinephrine is frequently used in conjunction with these agents to constrict the blood vessels at the area and prevent drug diffusion from that area.
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