EOG ReviewEOG Review

TEST TAKING TEST TAKING STRATEGIESSTRATEGIES

Read and highlight key words in all questions relating to the passage.

Read the entire passage. Read the question and all the answer choices. Look back in the passage for the correct answer. Eliminate as many answer choices as you can. Select the best answer. If you are still unsure of the correct answer,

mark it in your book with a star, and come back to it later.

If you are sure of your answer, mark the answer in your book and bubble it in on your answer sheet.

QAR – Question / QAR – Question / Answer RelationshipsAnswer Relationships

Why is this important?

Students need to be able to understand the questions sothat they will better know how to find the best answers for them.

4 TYPES OF QUESTIONS4 TYPES OF QUESTIONS

IN THE BOOK: – Right there – literal level – Think and search – interpretive level

IN MY HEAD: Author and me – interpretive levelOn my own – applied level

RIGHT THERERIGHT THERE

Categories: Cognition

The answer is RIGHT THERE in the text. It is usually easy to find. The question often uses the same words as the text.

Look for KEY WORDS in the questions and in the text!

THINK AND SEARCHTHINK AND SEARCH

Categories: Cognition, Interpretation

The answer is IN the text, but it is NOT right there. You may need to look in different parts of the text and put the information together with prior knowledge to find the correct answer.

The answer may have more than one part to it. Look for KEY WORDS in the question and in

the text!

AUTHOR AND ME (READING AUTHOR AND ME (READING BETWEEN THE LINES) BETWEEN THE LINES)

Categories: Interpretation, Critical Stance, Connections

The answer is NOT written down in the actual text. You use interpretation. You have to think about what YOU already know and what the AUTHOR is talking about in the text.

Then, you put this all together to find the best answer.

You MUST infer!!!

ON MY OWN ON MY OWN (BEYOND (BEYOND THE THE BOOK) BOOK) Categories: Interpretation, Critical Stance,

Connections

The answer is NOT in the text. Instead, it comes from applying your own prior knowledge about the subject in the text from your OWN experiences and background.

You have to THINK about what you know!

You must infer AND evaluate!!!

UNDERSTANDING THE UNDERSTANDING THE STRATEGIES STRATEGIES

Finding main idea Recalling facts and details Understanding sequence Recognizing cause and effect Comparing and contrasting Making predictions Finding word meaning in context Drawing conclusions and making inferences Distinguishing between fact and opinion Identifying the author’s purpose Interpreting figurative language Summarizing

FINDING THE MAIN FINDING THE MAIN IDEAIDEA

• The main idea of a reading passage is a sentence that tells what the passage is mostly about. Questions about the main idea ask you to find what a passage is mostly about or mainly about. The question might also ask you to choose the best title for a passage. When answering a question about the main idea, ask yourself, What is the passage mostly about?

• Then choose your answer.

RECALLING FACTS AND RECALLING FACTS AND DETAILS DETAILS

• Every reading passage contains facts and details. The facts and details tell more about the main idea. Questions about facts and details ask you about something that was stated in the passage. To answer a question about a fact or detail, look back in the passage to find the answer.

UNDERSTANDINGUNDERSTANDING SEQUENCESEQUENCE

• Sometimes, a passage is told in order, or sequence. Different things happen at the beginning, middle and end of the passage. Questions about sequence ask you to remember and put events or details in order.

• Questions about sequence often contain key words such as first, then, last, after or before.

RECOGNIZING CAUSE AND RECOGNIZING CAUSE AND EFFECTEFFECT

• A cause is something that happens. An effect is something that happens because of the cause.

• Read the following sentence: “I forgot to set my alarm clock, so I was late for

school.” • The cause of being late for school was

forgetting to set the alarm clock. • The effect of forgetting to set the alarm clock

was being late for school. • Questions about cause and effect usually begin

with key words such as why, what happened or because.

COMPARING AND COMPARING AND CONTRASTINGCONTRASTING

• Some questions ask you to find how two things are alike or different. This is called comparing and contrasting, or finding likenesses and differences.

• Questions that ask you to compare or contrast usually contain key words such as most like, different, alike or similar.

MAKING PREDICTIONS MAKING PREDICTIONS

• A prediction is something you think will happen in the future. Questions about predictions ask what will probably or most likely happen next.

• You will not find the answer to these questions in the passage, but there are clues you can use from the passage to make a good guess about what might happen next.

FINDING WORD FINDING WORD MEANING IN CONTEXTMEANING IN CONTEXT

• Sometimes when you read, you find a word whose meaning you do not know. Often, you can tell the meaning of the word by the way it is used in the sentence. This is called understanding word meaning in context. Questions about meaning in context ask you to find the meaning of a word that may not be familiar to you.

• If you have trouble choosing an answer for a question like this, try each answer choice in the sentence where the word appears in the passage, and see which answer choice makes the most sense.

DRAWING CONCLUSIONS DRAWING CONCLUSIONS AND MAKING INFERENCESAND MAKING INFERENCES

• When you read, many times you must figure out things on your own. The author doesn’t always tell you everything. For example, you might read the following sentences:

• “The moon cast an eerie glow in Jake’s room. Suddenly, he saw a shadow by the window. Jake sat up in bed, frozen with fear.” From what the author has written, you can tell that it’s probably nighttime, because the moon is out and Jake is in bed. What else can you infer?

• Questions about drawing conclusions often contain the key words you can tell or probably.

DISTINGUISHING DISTINGUISHING BETWEEN FACT AND BETWEEN FACT AND

OPINION OPINION • Questions about facts and opinions ask

you to find which statements are fact statements and which statements are opinion statements. Remember, a fact is something that is true. An opinion tells how someone feels about something. Facts can be proven, but opinions cannot.

• Statements that are opinions often contain key words such as most, best, nicest and greatest.

IDENTIFYING AUTHOR’S IDENTIFYING AUTHOR’S PURPOSE PURPOSE

• Questions about the author’s purpose ask you why the author wrote the passage. Most authors write for one of these reasons:

• To persuade the reader• To inform the reader• To describe something to the

reader• To entertain the reader

INTERPRETING INTERPRETING FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE

• Sometimes, writers use words in such a way that their meaning is different from their usual meaning. For example, someone who has told a secret might say, “I spilled the beans.” This is an example of figurative language. These words do not mean that the person actually spilled some beans, but rather that the person revealed a secret.

• Some examples of figurative language are similes, metaphors, hyperboles, personification, cliches, onomatopoeias and alliteration.

SUMMARIZING SUMMARIZING

• Questions about the best summary of a passage ask you about the main points of the passage. When you answer questions about summary, first ask yourself, “What is the main idea of the passage?”

• A good summary is closer to the main idea than to any single detail found in the passage.

ELEMENTS OF FICTION ELEMENTS OF FICTION

• Plot• Character• Setting• Figurative language• Point of view• Theme• Symbol

PLOTPLOTThe series of related events that The series of related events that

makes up a storymakes up a story

The 5 Stages of Plot1) Exposition – introduces the setting, characters and

conflict. 2) Rising action (conflicts and complications) – Many

conflicts that become more intense and build up as the main characters struggle internally and externally.

3) Climax – the turning point of the story; emotional high points (for the character, not the reader)

4) Falling action – events that lead to the resolution5) Resolution - the outcome of the conflict; loose ends

are tied up

CONFLICTCONFLICT The struggle between opposing The struggle between opposing

forces within the plotforces within the plot

The 4 types of conflict1) INTERNAL: Man vs. himself – struggle

concerning emotion and decision2) EXTERNAL: Man vs. society – struggle

between man and the rules governing society

3) EXTERNAL: Man vs. man – struggle between two or more individuals

4) EXTERNAL: Man vs. nature – struggle between man and an element of nature

CHARACTERSCHARACTERS The entities involved in the action of The entities involved in the action of

the storythe story 1) Protagonist – the main character of a story who is faced with a

conflict2) Antagonist – the person or thing that causes the conflict3) Main (round) – a character that is well developed and plays a

significant role in the story4) Minor (flat) – a character about whom the reader learns less

and whose role in the story is supportive of the other characters

CHARACTERIZATIONCHARACTERIZATIONThe techniques the writer uses to The techniques the writer uses to

develop a characterdevelop a character• STEAL

• SPEECH• THOUGHT• EFFECT ON OTHERS• ACTIONS• LOOKS

SETTINGSETTING The time and place where the action The time and place where the action

occursoccurs • Time and place

1. Time – the “when” of the story (date, day, time of day, season, etc.) 2. Place – the “where” of the story (city, town, state, country, house, room, etc.)

• Mood and tone1. Mood – the feeling the reader gets from a literary piece2. Tone – the author’s attitude toward his/her subject

• Sensory detailsWords that appeal to the senses (sight, hearing, taste, touch and smell) – improve the description of the setting, making it more appealing to the reader.

FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE

A. SIMILEA comparison using “like” or “as”

B. METAPHORA comparison using is or a form of is

C. PERSONIFACATIONAssigning human traits to a non-human object

POINT OF VIEWPOINT OF VIEWThe perspective from which a story is The perspective from which a story is

toldtold

3 types of point of view1) 3rd person omniscient – the narrator knows all

the thoughts, motives and feelings of each character

2) 3rd person limited – the narrator stands outside the action and focuses on one character’s thoughts, feelings and observations

3) 1st person – main character tells his own story and refers to himself as “I”

THEMETHEMEThe universal message that the author The universal message that the author

wants the reader to understandwants the reader to understand

Example:

A person can never escape his/her crimes.

SYMBOLSYMBOLA person, place or object that has a A person, place or object that has a concrete meaning in itself and also concrete meaning in itself and also stands for something beyond itself, stands for something beyond itself,

such as an idea or feelingsuch as an idea or feeling

Example:

A heart is a symbol for love

ELEMENTS OF NONFICTIONELEMENTS OF NONFICTION

TYPES OF NONFICTION

• Biography• Autobiography• Essay• Informative article• Interview

BIOGRAPHYBIOGRAPHYThe story of a The story of a

person’s life told person’s life told by someone elseby someone else

AUTOBIOGRAPHYAUTOBIOGRAPHYThe story of a person’s The story of a person’s life told by that personlife told by that person

4 types of autobiographies

• Memoir – a form of autobiographical writing that focuses on one event or period in a person’s life

• Journal – a personal narrative that reflects the passage of one time in one’s life

• Diary – a dated record of the writer’s life

• Letter – a written communication between two parties

ESSAYESSAYA short piece of writing A short piece of writing

on a single subjecton a single subject

3 types of essays1) Personal – expresses a writer’s thoughts about

a speaker’s subject

2) Persuasive – tries to convince readers to adopt a certain point of view about a single subject

3) Expository - presents or explains information about a single subject

INFORMATIVE ARTICLEINFORMATIVE ARTICLEprovides facts about a provides facts about a

single subjectsingle subject

3 types of informative articles1) News story – an objective and unbiased account

of current events

2) Feature story – a human interest story focusing on interesting people or events

3) Magazine article – writing designed to catch and hold your interest about a subject

INTERVIEWINTERVIEWA conversation in A conversation in which one person which one person asks questions to asks questions to

obtain informationobtain information

STRATEGIES FOR STRATEGIES FOR READING NONFICTIONREADING NONFICTION

• Preview the selection – Consider the title, headings, subheadings, pictures and graphics

• Clarify the organization – look for signal words that help identify the organizational pattern to determine how this pattern enhances understanding of the text

• Summarize the main idea – determine the most important point and look for supporting details

• Separate facts and opinions – be sure to recognize the difference in order to detect any bias

• Evaluate the text – determine the author’s purpose for writing, and identify his/her personal bias. Form an opinion about the people, events and/or ideas.

TEXT FEATURESTEXT FEATURES

• TITLE – a word or phrase that captures the main idea of the selection

• HEADINGS – a word or phrase that introduces subtopic related to the main topics

• CAPTIONS - text attached to a graphic that provides clarification to the reader

POETRYPOETRY

TYPES OF POETRYTYPES OF POETRY

NARRATIVENARRATIVE

A poem that tells a story.

FREE VERSEFREE VERSE

Poetry that has no regular rules regarding form, rhyme rhythm, meter, etc. so that lines are irregular and may or may not rhyme.

ODEODE

A long lyric poem of a serious nature that commemorates or celebrates.

SOUND DEVICESSOUND DEVICESlanguage that appeals to the sense of language that appeals to the sense of

hearing and reinforces the meaning of a hearing and reinforces the meaning of a poempoem

Repetition Rhyme Rhyme scheme Rhythm Alliteration Assonance Onomatopoeia

REPETITIONREPETITION

Technique in which a sound, word, phrase or line is repeated for effect or emphasis.

RHYMERHYME RHYME –the repetition of sounds at the end of

words.

RHYTHM RHYTHM

The pattern or flow of sound created by the arrangement of stressed and unstressed syllables.

ALLITERATONALLITERATON

Repeated consonant sounds at the beginning of words or within words

ONOMATOPOEIAONOMATOPOEIA

The use of words whose sound suggest their meaning or use

FIGURATIVE LANGUAGEFIGURATIVE LANGUAGElanguage that conveys a language that conveys a

meaning beyond the ordinarymeaning beyond the ordinary

MetaphorExtended metaphor SimileHyperboleImageryPersonification

METAPHORMETAPHOR

A direct comparison between two relatively unlike things

Extended metaphor – compares two essentially unlike things at some length

SIMILESIMILE

A comparison between two unlike things using like, as, than or resembles.

HYPERBOLEHYPERBOLE

Exaggeration for emphasis or for humorous effect

IMAGERYIMAGERY

Concrete details that appeal to the sense of sight, touch, sound smell and taste

PERSONIFICATIONPERSONIFICATION

The giving of human qualities to an animal, object or idea

ELEMENTS OF FICTION ELEMENTS OF FICTION

• Plot- like the diagram• Character- STEAL• Setting- where is the story taking place?• Figurative language- metaphor, simile,

hyperbole, personification• Point of view- 1st, 2nd, 3rd • Theme- author’s message to the reader• Symbol- deeper meaning of something within a

text