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증 례 ISSN 2093-9272일산병원학술지 2018;17(2):106-109
106 Korean Journal of National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital
Introduction
Trisomy 18, also known as Edwards syndrome, is a
chromosomal disorder that occurs due to the presence of
an extra chromosome 18, first described by British physi-
cian John Edwards.1 In population-based studies, the
prevalence of trisomy 18 approximates 1/2000 recog-
nized pregnancies, including abortions, stillbirths, and
live births, and the virtual live birth prevalence ranges
from 1/3600 to 1/10,000.2-4 This difference in prevalence
is explained by the high in-utero lethality of the condition
as well as the intentional termination of many affected
pregnancies. It is not surprising that the survival of living
neonates is likewise bleak. More than half of living neo-
nates die within the first week, and the 1-year survival
rate approximates only 2 %.5,6 The syndrome is three- to
four-fold more common in females.7,8
Virtually every organ system can be affected by trisomy
18. Common major anomalies include heart defects in
more than 90 percent of patients - particularly ventricular
septal defects - as well as cerebellar vermian agenesis,
myelomeningocele, diaphragmatic hernia, omphalocele,
imperforate anus, and renal anomalies such as horseshoe
kidney.7,8
As abnormal fetal heart rate tracings and ‘non-reassur-
ing’ non-stress test results are common during labor in
trisomy 18 deliveries, the mode of delivery and manage-
ment of heart rate abnormalities should be discussed by
에드워드 증후군 초음파와 양수검사로 산전에 진단되고 :
분만 후 확인이 가능한 예
국민건강보험 일산병원 산부인과
한상원 김의혁,
Trisomy 18 that was Prenatally Diagnosed Using Ultrasonography and Fetal Karyotyping, and Visualized Postpartum: Case Report and Literature Review
Sang Won Han, Eui Hyeok Kim
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital Goyang, Korea
Trisomy 18, also known as Edwards syndrome, occurs in 1 out of 8000 births, and its incidence is much higher among elderly
gravidas. The incidence of trisomy 18 in the living population is not reflective of its true incidence at conception, as 95% of cases
result in spontaneous abortion or stillbirth. It is the second most common autosomal trisomy and causes multiple anomalies,
carrying an extremely poor prognosis. Sonography has been shown to have variable but high sensitivity in detecting trisomy 18
(64%-100%). We report a case of trisomy 18 which was prenatally diagnosed using ultrasonography and fetal karyotyping and
was directly visualized postpartum, with a brief review of the related literature.
Key Words: Trisomy 18 syndromes, Ultrasound imaging, Amniocentesis
책임저자 김의혁: 경기도 고양시 일산동구 일산로 10444 100국민건강보험 일산병원 산부인과
전화 팩스: (031)900-0211, : 0303-3448-7107E-mail : [email protected]
한상원 외 산전에 초음파와 염색체 검사로 확인 된 에드워드 증후군 .
Volume 17 Number 2 December 2018 107
the obstetrician and patient in advance. In older reports,
more than half of undiagnosed fetuses with trisomy 18
underwent cesarean delivery for “fetal distress”.9
Many fetuses with trisomy 18 result in spontaneous
abortion or stillbirth before the second trimester, and so
the living fetus with genetic confirmation of trisomy 18
is rarely observed in utero. We present a case of a fetus
with trisomy 18 who was diagnosed using ultrasound and
genetically confirmed with amniocentesis.
Case
We booked routine antenatal care for a 35-year-old
gravida 2, para 1 woman. She previously underwent cesa-
rean delivery 6 years ago due to breech presentation.
During this pregnancy, she came to the hospital for a
scheduled visit at 18 weeks of gestation. Before the preg-
nancy, she had no medical problems such as hypertension
or diabetes, and the nuchal translucency thickness at 12
weeks of gestation, as measured in high resolution ultra-
sonography, was within the normal range.
She would be 35 years old at delivery-i.e. advanced ma-
ternal age- we decided to undergo amniocentesis without
quadriple test. Before amniocentesis, we did ultrasono-
graphy for fetal inspection at 18 weeks of gestation.
Ultrasound for antenatal care evaluation was routinely
performed at 18 weeks of gestation, and the findings are
outlined below:
Fetal biometry including biparietal diameter, head cir-
cumference, abdominal circumference and femur length,
was appropriate for gestational age. A strawberry-shaped
skull with bilateral choroid plexus cysts in the head,
measuring 1.2 × 0.8 cm (Fig. 1), was noted. Polyhydram-
nios with an amniotic fluid index of 28 and an 8.6 cm
sized deep pocket were also noted (Fig. 2). The stomach of
the fetus was not visualized.
The most prominent finding was multiple anomalies of
the extremities, which included bilateral clenched hands,
clubfoot, limb reduction, radial asplasia, and flexion
deformities. The fetal cardiac axis was severely deviated,
but accurate assessment of the heart was difficult due to
polyhydramnios and an early gestational age for detailed
sonography (Fig. 3).
The fetus was strongly suspected to have Edwards syn-
drome and fetal karyotyping was offered for a definitive
diagnosis, along with appropriate counseling. Amnio-
centesis was performed and Edwards syndrome was con-
firmed by the results of the fetal karyotyping. In view of
the extremely poor prognosis, termination of the preg-
nancy was recommended and was planned with the pa-
Fig 1. Transventricular sonographic view shows fetal
choroid plexus cysts (indicated by arrows) and an angu-
lated “strawberry-shaped” skull.
Fig 2. Measurement of the amniotic fluid index with an
8.6 cm sized deep pocket.
SW Han et al. Trisomy 18 that was Prenatally Diagnosed Using Ultrasonography and Fetal Karyotyping
108 Korean Journal of National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital
tient’s consent. However, in the meantime, intrauterine
fetal death occurred.
The delivery mode was determined to be vaginal birth
although she had previously undergone cesarean delivery.
For induction of labor, misoprostol 400 g (Cytotec, 2 tabµ -
lets) was inserted as a vaginal suppository at an interval of
12 hours.
Approximately 18 hours after induction, a dead fetus
with ambiguous genitalia, weighing 200 grams, was de-
livered vaginally. The directly visualized findings of the
terminated fetus corresponded with the prenatal sono-
graphic findings. Figs 4 and 5 show the gross appearance
after termination. These images show the characteristic
hand position of severe clenched fists and syndactyly
with focal absence of phalanges, as well as clubfoot with
“rocker bottom” appearance. In addition to these find-
ings, micrognathia and malformed, small auricles were
noted (Fig. 6).
The mother was discharged on postpartum day 2 with-
out any complications, including vaginal bleeding.
Discussion
Trisomy 18 is the second most common autosomal
trisomy observed in live births; most cases are detected
in the second trimester.10 As with trisomy 21, also known
as Down syndrome, there is a relationship between ad-
vanced maternal age and the occurrence of trisomy 18 in
offspring due to meiotic nondisjunction. In this case, the
Fig 3. Clubfoot, as demonstrated with the foot in a
fixed, hyperflexed position.
Fig 4. Gross appearance after termination. This image
shows the characteristic hand position of severe.
Fig. 5. Severe clubfoot with “rocker bottom” appearance.
Fig. 6. Micrognathia with small or absent auricles.
한상원 외 산전에 초음파와 염색체 검사로 확인 된 에드워드 증후군 .
Volume 17 Number 2 December 2018 109
patient was 35 years old, which qualifies as advanced
maternal age.
The clinical spectrum of trisomy 18 may involve any
organ system.7,10 The major phenotypic features include
intrauterine growth restriction; hypertonia; strawberry-
shaped calvarium with a pointed front and a flat occiput;
small mouth; micrognathia; small malformed ears; short
sternum; horseshoe kidney; and flexed fingers, with the
index finger overlapping the third finger and the fifth
finger overlapping the fourth. Congenital heart disease
occurs in greater than 50 percent of affected offspring,
with valvular heart disease being common. However,
ventricular septal defects and patent duct arteriosus are
the most common defects. The gastrointestinal system is
involved in approximately 75 percent of cases; Meckel’s
diverticulum and malrotation are the predominant ab-
normalities. Omphalocele is relatively common in tris-
omy 18. The frequency of sonographically-detected gross
anomalies in fetuses with trisomy 18 varies with gesta-
tional age, and is approximately 53 percent up to and in-
cluding 17.5 weeks of gestation, and 67 percent from
17.5 to 24 weeks.11
The prognosis of trisomy 18 is very poor even in live-
birth though most fetuses were aborted and international
consensus on guidelines for care that includes all of the
specialties involved in the care of fetuses, newborn, and
older children with trisomy 18 is required. And avoid-
ance of the termination at term due to late diagnosis is
essential for easy procedure.
We have herein reported a case of trisomy 18, prenatally
diagnosed using ultrasonography and fetal karyotyping
and then directly visualized at postpartum, with a brief
review of the related literature.
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