EOC Review: Biochemistry, Enzymes, Cell, and Cell Transport Christopherson.
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Transcript of EOC Review: Biochemistry, Enzymes, Cell, and Cell Transport Christopherson.
EOC Review: Biochemistry, Enzymes, Cell, and Cell
TransportChristopherson
Monomer
• Single molecule• One subunit
• Example: Single bead for a necklace
Polymer
• Many molecules• More than one subunit
• Example: Beads making up a necklace
Four Macromolecules: Carbohydrates
Monomer of a Carbohydrate
Simple Sugar or Monosaccharide
Polymer of a Carbohydrate
Complex sugar
Type of Carb: Monosaccharide• Explanation: One sugar / Simple Sugar
• Example: Glucose or Fructose
Indicator: Benedict’s Solution
Positive Test: Turns Green to Red
Type of Carb: Polysaccharide
Explanation: Many Sugars
Example of a PolysaccharidesCellulose:Provides structure for plants
Example of a Polysaccharide
Starch: Stored Energy in plants
Examples of a Polysaccharide
Chitin: Structure and support for insects and mushrooms
Indicator: Iodine
Positive Test: Turns Black
Example of a Polysaccharide
Glycogen: Stored energy in animals
Carbohydrate Functions #1
•Short term energy source
•Burn quickly
•Glucose
Carbohydrate Function #2
•Stored Energy
•Organisms store what they don’t use
•Glycogen and Starch
Carbohydrate Function #3
Provide structure for plants,
fungus, and
insects
Four Macromolecules: Lipids
Lipids
• Also known as: Fats, Oils, and Waxes
Indicator: Brown Paper Bag or Towel
Positive Test: Grease Spot
Lipids Function #1
Long term energy storage
Lipids Function #2
Provide Insulation
Lipids Function #3
Regulate water movement in and
out of the cell
Four Macromolecules: Proteins
Protein Monomers and Polymers
Indicator: Biuret’s
Positive Test: Turns Purple
Proteins Function #1
Make up the structure and
function of muscles
Proteins Function #3
Blood has hemoglobin (protein) which helps
transport oxygen
Proteins Function #4
Insulin (protein) helps glucose
move from our bloodstream to
our cells
Protein Function - #5
Enzymes (Protein) fuel every chemical reaction in
organisms.
Helps form bonds and break things down
Four Macromolecules: Nucleic Acids
Nucleic Acids
• Elements present: Only one with P
• Monomer: Nucleotide
Nucleic Acid Function #1
Responsible for an organisms genetic
make-up (DNA)
Nucleic Acid Function #2
Usable form of energy (ATP)
Nucleic Acid – Function #3
Makes Proteins: RNA
Chemical ReactionOccurs when bonds are broken or formed to create a new substance
Reactants Products
Characteristics of Enzymes #1
Enzymes are biological catalysts;
speed up the rate of
reaction
Example of Enzymes as Catalysts
Characteristics of Enzymes #2
Enzymes are site specific
One enzyme = One job
How Enzymes Work
Environmental Effects on Enzymes
1. Temperature*• High
Temperatures can denature
enzymes
• Denature means lose
shape (active site).
Environmental Effects on Enzymes
1. pH• Dramatic
changes in the pH of a
solution can denature an
enzyme
• Decreasing enzyme activity
Eukaryotic Cell Definition
Complex cells that have “membrane-
bound” organelles.
“Membrane-bound” means that they have
an outer layer.
Two main types of Eukaryotic Cells
1. Animal Cell 2. Plant Cell
NucleusLocation: Large circle typically in the
middle of the cellFunction: Control center of the cell;
location of DNA
Ribosomes
Location: Small dots all over the cellFunction: Location of protein synthesis; where proteins are made
MitochondriaFunction: Breaks down sugar into ATP (usable form of energy); Powerhouse of
the cell
Location: Throughout the cell
ChloroplastLocation: Green “beans” throughout a
plant cellFunction: Location of photosynthesis;
process by which plants make food
VacuoleLocation: Throughout an animal cell; makes up the majority of a plant cellFunction: Stores water, food, waste, etc.
Location: Outer layer of the cellFunction: Control what comes in and out
of the cell; gatekeeper
Cell/Plasma Membrane
HomeostasisThe ability of an organism to adjust its internal environment to keep it stable.
Cell WallLocation: Layer outside of the cell
membrane in some organismsFunction: Provide structure and support
Plants
Cell Wall
BacteriaCell Wall
Cell Wall
Fungus
Phytoplankton
Cell Wall
Prokaryotic Cell Definition
Simple cells that lack “membrane-
bound” organelles.
“Membrane-bound” means
that they have an outer layer.
Examples of Prokaryotic Cells: Bacteria
Differences between
Prokaryotic and
Eukaryotic Cells
Cell Specialization
Nerve Cell: Conducts messages
throughout organisms
Cell Specialization
Muscle Cell:Stretches and
contracts like a rubber band;
allows muscles to work
Cell SpecializationBlood Cell:
Shaped like flat discs; Allows for more surface area for oxygen attachment
Cell SpecializationSperm Cell:
Possesses a tail; allows for movement to the egg
Cellular Transport
Christopherson
Where are WE?
Organism
Tissue
Cell Transport is fueled by the
need of the cell to maintain
homeostasis
DiffusionMovement of particles from an high
concentration to a low concentration; reach homeostasis
High Low
What is concentration?The amount of a substance
High concentration means there is a lot present
Substances that can diffuse across the cell membrane
OsmosisMovement of WATER from a high to a low
concentration
Hint:a. Water will ALWAYS move to the higher
concentration of dissolved substances.
Hint:b. Solute SUCKS solvent (water)!!!!
Solute
Water
Isotonic Solution
• Cell remains same size• Water moves in and
out at same rate (time)
• The concentration of dissolved substances is equal in and out of cell.
Hypotonic Solution
• Cell swells• Water moves in• The higher
concentration of dissolved substances is __________ the cell.
Hypertonic Solution
• Cell shrinks• Water moves out• The higher
concentration of dissolved substances is __________ the cell.
Two types of transport in cellsPassive Transport: Movement of particles from a high to a low concentration
Two types of transport in cellsActive Transport: Movement of particles from a low to a high concentration; ATP is needed
ATP
LOW HIGH