ENVIRONMENTALAND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT PROJECT …
Transcript of ENVIRONMENTALAND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT PROJECT …
ENVIRONMENTALAND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENTPROJECT REPORT FOR PROPOSED CONSTRUCTION OF AMODERN ABATTOIR (SLAUGHTERHOUSE) IN OL KALOU
MUNICIPALITY, NYANDARUA COUNTY
Report submitted to the National Environment Management Authority(NEMA) in accordance with section 58 of Environmental Management
and Coordination Act,
PROPONENT
MUNICIPAL MANAGER
OLKALOU MUNICIPALITY,
PO BOX 701-20303 OL’KALOU Telephone: 0202660859 Email: [email protected]
NYANDARUA COUNTY
CONSULTANTSICONIC TWO INVESTMENT
P.O BOX 7 OLKALOU
Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Project Report for proposed slaughterhouse in OlkalouMunicipality
CERTIFICATION
I/We, the undersigned certify that to the best of my/our knowledge and belief,
this report is correct and true reflection of the findings on the anticipated for
proposed construction of a modern abattoir (slaughterhouse) in Ol kalou
Municipality, Nyandarua County
For and on behalf of Consultants
Eng. Sammy K. Cheluleh
License No: 0629
Signature…………………………… Date………………………
I, certify that I have read this report for and on behalf of Proponent and that it is to
the best of my knowledge and belief correct and true.
Name: ..........................................................
Designation: ................................................
Telephone:………………………………..
Signature:…………………………….. Date:…………………………
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Executive summary
This document is the report of an Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) conducted for
the proposed modern slaughterhouse in Ol kalou Municipality. The project will be funded by the
County Government of Nyandarua through Urban Support Programme. The Environmental
Management and Coordination Act, 1999 requires that such projects undergo an Environmental
assessment to predict and evaluate their potential impacts on the environment. To this end
developers of such facilities are required to acquire an EIA license prior to their implementation. The
aim of EIA is to ensure that necessary mitigation measures for all probable adverse impacts are
incorporated into the project design and implementation to promote sustainable development. The
report was conducted in accordance with the provisions of the Environmental Management and
Coordination (Environmental Impact Assessment/Audit) Regulations, 2003, which outlines the scope
and the content of such a report.
Data for the compilation of this report was gathered through filed visits and direct measurements,
interviews with key stakeholders. Views of the members of the public were collected through semi-
structured questionnaires. In addition, photographs and GPS coordinates of the proposed site were
taken.
This report is organized in nine chapters as follows:
Chapter 1: The chapter gives general information about the project including the state of livestock
sector in the country, objectives and terms of reference of the study and description of
the proposed interventions.
Chapter 2: This documents the general background information of the area such as location,
administration, climatic conditions, soils and infrastructure.
Chapter3: The chapter describes the details of the proposed project including the design,
implementation arrangements and activities during construction and operation phase of
the project.
Chapter 4: The various legislative and regulatory provisions that might have an impact on the
implementation of the project are reviewed in this chapter.
Chapter 5: The chapter predicts impacts of the proposed project on the biophysical and socio-
economic environments. The main impacts will include:-
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Creation of employment
Improvement of infrastructure
Impacts on livestock marketing and production
Impacts on health and safety
Environmental pollution
Impacts on soil and hydrology
The chapter also documents the recommendations made to minimize the potential adverse
impacts of the project while enhancing the positive impacts.
Chapter 6: The various project alternatives are discussed, these include no project option,
alternative sites and scale of operation. The proposed site is preferred based on various
factors but it was felt that there is need for additional land to accommodate the project.
Chapter 7: Findings of the public consultations
Chapter 8: The chapter summarizes the anticipated impacts during the various stages of
implementation of the project and the respective mitigation measures. The
responsibilities for the implementation of these measures are also presented.
The report winds up by presenting the key conclusions and recommendations. The main conclusions
is that the project will make significant contribution to the local economy through job creation,
opening up the area for more investments, infrastructural development, promotion of local linkages
and market among others. It is hereby recommended that;
Nyandarua County Government must control land use in the vicinity of the slaughterhouse
to prevent possible future conflicts.
the management of the project takes strong cognizance of the importance attached to
environmental health and therefore maximize efforts to safeguard the environment in all
operations and activities of the project.
the day to day construction and operation of the project be supervised to ensure that the
environment is not degraded unnecessarily. To achieve this, there is need for the developer
to obtain a written commitment from the project contractor to the effect that this report
shall be fully complied with during construction;
the proposed Environmental & Social Management Plan (ESMP) should be fully
implemented;
explore generation of biogas from the slaughterhouse wastes
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all necessary approvals, permits and licenses should be obtained at various stages of the
project;
an environmental audit should be conducted within 12 months of commencement to
evaluate the implementation of ESMP.
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Table of contents
CERTIFICATION........................................................................................................................................2
Executive summary.................................................................................................................................3
1.0 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................9
1.1 Livestock sector in Kenya..........................................................................................................9
1.2 Slaughterhouses in Kenya........................................................................................................9
1.3 The proposed action...............................................................................................................10
1.4 Project Justification................................................................................................................10
1.5 Need for EIA............................................................................................................................11
1.6 Terms of reference.................................................................................................................11
1.7 Methods and approaches.......................................................................................................11
2.0 PROJECT BACKGROUND.............................................................................................................12
2.1 Site and location.....................................................................................................................12
2.2 Physical and Topographic Features........................................................................................12
2.3 Climate of Nyandarua County................................................................................................13
2.4 Infrastructure..........................................................................................................................13
2.4.1 Electricity.........................................................................................................................13
2.4.2 Water Reticulation system..............................................................................................13
2.4.3 Sewerage System............................................................................................................13
2.5 Demography...........................................................................................................................13
2.6 Livestock Production..............................................................................................................14
3.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTION...............................................................................................................15
3.1 Project objective.....................................................................................................................15
3.2 Proposed design and facilities................................................................................................15
3.3 Construction activities............................................................................................................16
3.3.1 Excavation and foundation work....................................................................................16
3.3.2 Storage of materials........................................................................................................16
3.3.3 Masonry, concrete work and related activities..............................................................17
3.3.4 Structural steel work.......................................................................................................17
3.3.5 Roofing works..................................................................................................................17
3.3.6 Electrical works...............................................................................................................17
3.3.7 Plumbing..........................................................................................................................17
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3.4 Implementation and management........................................................................................17
3.5 Slaughtering process..............................................................................................................18
4.0 LEGISLATIVE AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK.........................................................................20
4.1 Introduction............................................................................................................................20
4.2 The Environmental Management and Coordination Act, 1999.............................................20
4.3 Environmental Management and Coordination water quality and waste management
regulations.........................................................................................................................................21
4.4 Public Health Act (Cap 242)....................................................................................................21
4.5 Physical Planning Act..............................................................................................................22
4.6 Water Act, 2002......................................................................................................................22
4.7 Penal Code Act (Cap.63).........................................................................................................22
4.8 Occupational Health and Safety Act (2007)...........................................................................22
4.9 The Stock and Production Theft Act Cap 355.........................................................................23
4.10 The Meat Control Act Cap 356............................................................................................23
4.11 The Meat Control (local slaughterhouse) Regulations, 2010.............................................23
4.12 The Hide, Skin and leather Trade Act (Cap 359).................................................................24
4.13 The Animal Disease Act Cap 364.........................................................................................24
4.14 The weights and measures Acts Cap 513...........................................................................24
4.15 Others.................................................................................................................................24
5.0 ANTICIPATED IMPACTS AND PROPOSED MITIGATION MEASURES...........................................26
5.1 Introduction............................................................................................................................26
5.2 Creation of employment........................................................................................................26
5.3 Development of infrastructure...............................................................................................27
5.4 Stabilisation of livestock prices and market...........................................................................27
5.5 Increased capacity..................................................................................................................27
5.6 Anticipated negative Impacts during construction................................................................28
5.6.1 Impacts on air quality......................................................................................................28
5.6.2 Noise and vibration pollution..........................................................................................28
5.6.3 Solid waste management................................................................................................29
5.6.4 Strain of Infrastructure....................................................................................................30
5.6.5 Impacts on fauna and flora.............................................................................................31
5.6.6 Impact on Landscape......................................................................................................31
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5.6.7 Hydrology and Water Quality Degradation....................................................................32
5.6.8 Soil Erosion......................................................................................................................32
5.6.9 Occupational health and safety impacts.........................................................................32
5.7 Impacts during operation.......................................................................................................33
5.7.1 Provision of employment opportunities.........................................................................33
5.7.2 Development of the area................................................................................................34
5.7.3 Waste generation and management..............................................................................34
5.7.4 Occupational health and safety concerns.......................................................................37
5.7.5 Noise pollution................................................................................................................38
5.7.6 Odour..............................................................................................................................39
5.7.7 Flies and rodents.............................................................................................................39
5.7.8 Increased demand on infrastructure..............................................................................40
5.7.9 Impacts on the public safety and health.........................................................................41
5.7.10 Stock theft.......................................................................................................................41
5.7.11 Impacts associated with treatment of hides and skins...................................................42
5.7.12 Impacts on population....................................................................................................43
5.8 Decommissioning Phase.........................................................................................................43
5.9 Environmental Impacts Matrix...............................................................................................45
6.0 PROJECT ALTERNATIVES.............................................................................................................47
6.1 No Project alternative............................................................................................................47
6.2 Alternative locations...............................................................................................................47
6.3 Scale of operation...................................................................................................................48
7.0 PUBLIC PARTICIPATION..............................................................................................................49
8.0 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN...................................................................................51
9.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS..................................................................................58
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Livestock sector in Kenya
The livestock sector contributes 3.3% of the GDP and accounts for 30% of gate value of agricultural
commodities. Livestock production is a major economic and social activity for the communities that
live in high rainfall areas for intensive livestock dairy production and in the arid and semi-arid
(ASALS) for meat. The production comprises mainly dairy and meat production, eggs, hides, skins
and wool from cows, sheep, goats and poultry. Red meat, comprising beef, mutton, goat and camel
meat, accounts for over 80% of all the meat consumed locally. About 67% of the red meat is
produced in the arid and semi-arid lands (ASALs) under pastoral production system. Pastoralists
keep about 70% of the national livestock herd, estimated at about 9.7 million beef cattle, 13.9
million goats, 10.0 million sheep, and 0.8 million camels. The marketing of the beef animals is
currently conducted under the on and hoc basis with pastoralists, middlemen and butchers playing a
major role
The major constrains facing this industry include the fluctuations in weather, drought, floods and
unpredictable weather patterns that have direct effect in livestock feed and water supply, lack of
easier access to livestock market due to poor infrastructure, unavailability of suitable credits to
livestock farmers especially the quality breeding stock, lack of the commercialization of the small
holder sector, and the unfavorable international trade environment and trade barriers.
1.2 Slaughterhouses in Kenya
There were 65 operational slaughterhouses in Kenya in the year 2000. Sixty-three of these
slaughterhouses dealt with red meat. The other two, namely, Farmer’s Choice and Ken chic,
slaughtered pigs and poultry respectively. Kiamaiko and Mlolongo dealt exclusively with goats and
camels respectively. Only two out of the 65 slaughterhouses, i.e, Hurlingham and Farmer’s Choice,
are export standard slaughterhouses; the rest serve the local meat market. The annual output
capacity of Hurlingham and Farmer’s Choice is 10,000 cattle and 20,000 pigs respectively and both
are privately owned companies. Out of 63 slaughterhouses that deal in red meat, 32 are private
owned and the remaining are public owned by various local authorities, with annual average
capacity of 18,344 and 9,774 respectively (Source: Audit of the livestock marketing status in Kenya,
2002 by Jacob Aklilu)
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1.3 The proposed action
The County government through the municipal board intends to put up a slaughter of domestic
standard in Olkalou Municipality. The total land size is about 5 acres at Presidential park 1 within the
Olkalou Municipality. The facility anticipates slaughter of 40 cows and 200 sheep and goats. The
facility will have the following structures:
Properly built and drained lairage erected not less than ten meters from the slaughterhouse
and equipped with adequate facilities for ante — mortem inspection and special lairage for
suspect animals
Fenced cattle races from the lairage to the slaughterhouse, properly drained and in a suitable
place equipped with facilities for washing the animals
Distribution room of adequate size
Separate room for the cleaning and treatment of intestines and stomachs
Separate room for the storage, disposal and treatment of inedible and condemned animals,
carcass and meat
Waste water disposal lagoons, condemned pit and blood tanks whose depth complies with
the general requirements
Dressing rooms, toilet rooms and urinals that are in sufficient numbers, ample in size and
conveniently located
Properly located facilities for cleansing and disinfecting utensils and hands of personnel
handling carcasses and meat.
1.4 Project Justification
Livestock farmers in the dry part of Nyandarua face perennial livestock losses during drought and
this has increased the people facing extreme poverty and hunger in the area. The proposal to put up
this modern slaughter house is seen as a long time solution as it will strengthen the marketing
channels and hence enabling the farmers earn an income from the livestock sales. The current
production systems in the area is also predominantly that of traditional livestock keeping
(substantially for subsistence and not economically driven) or a mixture of the two meaning that
there is opportunity and space to enhance productivity of the sector in the area and thereby expand
current livestock income levels.
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1.5 Need for ESIA
This environmental and social impact assessment was commissioned by the County Government of
Nyandarua through the Municipal Board. It was aimed at fulfilling the requirements of section 58 of
the Environmental Management and Coordination Act, 1999. Slaughterhouses are listed in second
schedule of the Act as one of the projects whose impacts on the environment have to be assessed
before they are implemented. The main objective of the EIA is to ensure that adequate measures
are put in place to mitigate any possible negative impacts on the environment while maximizing the
positive impacts.
1.6 Terms of reference
To provide a detailed description of the proposed project in terms of location, objectives,
design, activities, material inputs, outputs, products and waste;
To provide a detailed description of the baseline environmental and socioeconomic
conditions of the project area;
To review relevant legal, policy and institutional framework applicable in the implementation
of the proposed project;
To provide a detailed description of the potentially affected environment;
To identify, predict and analyze the environmental and social impacts of the project,
including seeking neighbours’ and public views and concerns;
To provide an analysis of project alternatives in terms of site, design, implementation
technologies and provide reasons for preferred options;
To provide a detailed Environmental Management Plan proposing measures for mitigating
negative environmental impacts, cost for offsetting the measures, timeframe, responsibility
and monitoring indicators to implement the measures;
To provide an action plan for management of occupational/public health safety concerns
1.7 Methods and approaches
The environmental and social impact assessment was conducted in accordance with the provisions
of the Environmental Impact Assessment/Audit regulations, 2003. To achieve the set objectives,
data for compilation of this report was gathered through site visits, interview with local leaders and
key stakeholders, collection of public views through semi-structured questionnaires and literature
review. Photographs and GPS coordinates of the site were also taken.
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2.0 PROJECT BACKGROUND
2.1 Site and location
The proposed project will be put up in Ol kalou Municipality at 2.3km from Olkalou town 150 m
metres off Olkalou- Gilgil Road at Presidential park 1. The GPS coordinates long 36.3764467 lat 0
2749884, at an altitude of 1921m above sea level. It can be accessed through a dirt road connecting
to Olkalou town through the tarmac. In general, the livestock will be delivered in trucks due to the
fact that some animals may be obtained from far. The area is zoned for abattoir use. The area has
very low population and is gently sloping eastwards.
2.2 Physical and Topographic Features
The main physical features of the County include Kinangop Plateau and Ol’kalou/Ol’joroOrok
plateau which have slopes that are interrupted by low undulating hills. The gentle slopes flatten to
plain-like features encouraging formation of marshlands and swamps. The County was affected by
volcanic and faulting which gave rise to major land forms, the Great Rift Valley to the west and
Aberdare ranges to the east. The highest point of the Aberdare ranges is 3999m above sea level.
There are steep slopes that have undergone great transformation through weathering creating
shallow valleys and gorges. The ranges drop gradually in a series of faults giving way to an
escarpment that has been broken into sharp valleys occasioned by change in levels of the river
courses.
There are eight permanent rivers; Malewa, Ewaso Narok, Pesi, Turasha, Chania, Kiburu, Mkungi and
Kitiri. Lake Ol’bollosat which is the largest water mass in the County is fed by streams and
underground water seepage from the Aberdare and Dundori hills. Human activities and clearing of
the catchments areas for settlement has affected its natural refilling system and its existence is
threatened.
These are igneous rocks, volcanic, and alluvium. Most rock systems have lines of weaknesses
occasioned by faulting which allows porosity and easy percolation. The soils in the County are of
volcanic origin and vary in both fertility and distribution. The County is endowed with moderate to
high fertile soils. Soils in the Kinangop and Ol’kalou plateau are poorly drained clay loams. However,
Ndaragwa, northern part of Ol’joroOrok and Ol’kalou has well drained clay loams. These soils have
different crop production potentials.
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2.3 Climate of Nyandarua County
The County experiences moderate to low temperatures. The highest temperatures are recorded in
the month of December, with a mean average of 250 C while the lowest is recorded in the month of
July, with a mean average temperature of 120 C.
The cold air rises during clear nights on the moor lands of the Aberdare Ranges flows down the
Plateau, through the valleys west of the plateau. The temperatures in these valleys can fall to
between 1.20 C and -1.30 C which last for few hours before sunrise.
The County experiences two rainy seasons: Long rains from March to May with a maximum rainfall
of 1600 mm and short rains from September to December and with a maximum rainfall of 700 mm.
The rainfall intensity varies according to the location. Areas near the Aberdare slopes receive
sufficient rainfall with the plateau receiving scanty and erratic rainfall.
2.4 Infrastructure
2.4.1 Electricity
The area is supplied with power by the Kenya Power and Lighting Company (KPLC). The necessary
guidelines and precautionary measures relating to the extension and use of electricity to the plot
will be followed to access power.
2.4.2 Water Reticulation system
The water used at the site and its environs is obtained from the existing supply by Ol,Kalou Water
and Sanitation Company-OLWASCO. The site is to be connected a meter.
2.4.3 Sewerage System
The whole of Nyandarua County does not have a sewerage system so does Ol, Kalou the
headquarters. These are some of the issues that the County government addressing. Residents use
septic tanks to drain their effluents and other drain in the open. The proposed project will have a
waste water disposal system.
2.5 Demography
According to the Kenya Bureau of Statistic, Nyandarua had a population of 596,268 people in the
year 2009 and projected to 722,998 people by the year 2017. The population is described as young
as majority of the population about 43% are below 15 years and 69% are less than 30 years. This
means that majority are of school going age and youth which present challenges and opportunities
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Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Project Report for proposed slaughterhouse in OlkalouMunicipality
to develop them with quality education, training and infrastructure for the development of the
County. Majority of the population live in rural areas as only 26,653 people live in urban areas in the
County. The number of urban dwellers is estimated to increase to 30,241 by the year 2017.
2.6 Livestock Production
Livestock farming is also a major activity in the County and the main animals reared are indigenous and
exotic species of cattle, goats, sheep, rabbits and poultry. Dairy farming is the dominant enterprise in the
livestock subsector. Bee keeping is also being practiced by several farmers in the region. The main value
addition activities on livestock products include milk processing, cooling of milk, processing and
packaging of honey and leather tanning. Most of these activities are on small scale.
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Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Project Report for proposed slaughterhouse in OlkalouMunicipality
3.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTION
3.1 Project objective
The objective of the proposed project is to establish a domestic standard slaughterhouse under
Kenya Urban Support Programme. The project will be run by the County Government of Nyandarua.
3.2 Proposed design and facilities
The proposed slaughterhouse will be located in Olkalou Municipality. It will have capacity for
slaughter of 20 bovines and about 10 sheep and goats. The facility will consist of the following:-
Stock holding area
1 laboratory
1 emergency slaughter area
Inspection area
2 large stock holding pens with capacity of 10 each (provided with water troughs)
2 small stock holding pens with capacity of 50 each (provided with water troughs)
1 suspect holding pens (provided with water troughs)
Offices
Weighing and surveillance area before entry into slaughterhouse
2 Offices
Parking lot
Slaughterhouse –this will be a single block (non-storey) made of stone wall and iron sheet roofing.
2 races separate for small and large stock
Stunning pen for bovine stock
Bleeding area –separate for small and large stock
Slaughter floor (flaying, evisceration, splitting, trimming, final washing, weighing, inspection )
Cold room for small stock
Suspect coldroom
Dispatch
Office
Tool store
Pracks and trimmings area
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Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Project Report for proposed slaughterhouse in OlkalouMunicipality
Pouch area
Hides and skins area.
Waste facilities
Manure shed
Hides shed
Hide store
Lagoons
Incinerator
Blood tank
Condemned carcass pit
Other
Pump house
Waste bin
The whole facility will occupy an area of 1 hectare.
3.3 Construction activities
3.3.1 Excavation and foundation work
Excavation will be carried out to prepare the site for construction of foundations. Some leveling of
the ground may be required and this may involve the use of heavy earthmoving machinery such as
bulldozers. The excavation and compaction of lagoons will need heavy machinery.
3.3.2 Storage of materials
Building materials will be stored on site. Bulky materials such as rough stones, ballast, sand and steel
will be carefully piled on site. To avoid piling large quantities of material on site, the contractor will
order bulky materials such as sand, gravel and stones in quotas. Materials such as cement, paint and
glass among others will be stored in temporary storage structures to be built for this purpose.
3.3.3 Masonry, concrete work and related activities
The construction of the building walls, foundations, floors, drainage systems, and perimeter fence
among other components of the project involves a lot of masonry work and related activities.
General masonry and related activities include stone dressing, concrete mixing, plastering, slab
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construction, construction of foundations, erection of building walls and curing of freshly
constructed concrete surfaces. These activities are labour intensive and are supplemented by
machinery such as concrete mixers
3.3.4 Structural steel work
The building will be reinforced with structural steel for stability. Structural steel work involves steel
cutting, welding and erection or fitting.
3.3.5 Roofing works
Roofing activities will include raising the roofing materials such as iron sheets and structural timber
to the roof and fastening the roofing materials to the roof.
3.3.6 Electrical works
Electrical work during construction of the slaughterhouse will include installation of electrical
gadgets and appliances including electrical cables, lighting apparatus, sockets etc. In addition, there
will be other activities involving the use of electricity such as welding and metal cutting. All electrical
works will be carried out by a licensed electrician to the satisfaction of KPLC.
3.3.7 Plumbing
Plumbing activities will include metal and plastic cutting, the use of adhesives, metal grinding and
wall drilling amongst others. Installation of pipes for water supply and sewerage systems within the
slaughterhouse will be done by a qualified contractor.
3.4 Implementation and management
The proposed project will be funded by the County Government of Nyandarua. Once completed, the
slaughterhouse will be run the County which will be responsible for the day to day running of the
facility. The County will provide the staff and resources for the operation of the slaughterhouse. The
traders will pay for the services rendered which will in turn be used for the operation and
maintenance of the slaughterhouse. To this end, it is hoped that the facility will be self-sustaining.
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3.5 Slaughtering process
In the discussion on slaughter activities, the focus will be on the slaughtering of cattle, sheep and
goats. According to the FAO (1993), these three types of animal make up almost 60% of the total
world meat production.
The animals will mainly comprise of sheep and goats, though the design will accommodate large
stocks such as cattle. The animals will be received and held in stock pens. The animals will be
supplied with water, but will not be fed unless they are kept more than 1 day. The animals will then
driven from the holding pens to the slaughtering area where the following activities will take place:
Stunning;
Suspension from an overhead rail by the hind legs;
Sticking and bleeding over a collecting trough. The collected blood may be disposed or
processed;
Hide removal (cattle)
Decapitation;
Opening of the carcass by cutting;
Inspection of the carcass;
Evisceration (removal of intestines and internal organs);
Splitting and cutting of the carcass; and
Cold storage or dispatch to the market.
They live weight of cattle slaughtering for meat production can vary from 250 kg to 600 kg,
depending on the age and breed of the animal. As a guide, heifers weigh 250-300 kg, cows 350-
400kg, and steer 400-600 kg. The slaughtering process involves stunning, hide removal, evisceration,
splitting and dispatch. Cattle and sheep are delivered to the abattoir/slaughterhouse and confined in
holding pens. Slaughtering process starts with stunning of the animal using a slaughter gun (License
required). The animal falls and slide into the slaughterhouse. Bleeding, or sticking, then takes place,
with the blood flowing into the drainage channel for disposal. The bled carcasses are conveyed to
the slaughter hall where dressing and evisceration take place. The first stage of this process,
dressing, can be performed as the carcasses hangs from the overhead rail. The head and hoofs are
removed. Hides are then removed. The carcasses are then opened to remove the viscera. The
stomach (paunch) and intestines are emptied of manure and cleaned in preparation for the market.
Edible offal (lungs, heart and liver) are separated. The carcass and then split, and then conveyed
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through the overhead rail to the loading zone. Each carcass and its components are identified and
kept together wherever possible until inspection is complete.
By-products
Meat is the most significant product from the slaughterhouse, by weight and also in monetary
terms. However, by products can contribute significantly to the profitability of a slaughterhouse
operation since they generally have a commercial value. If animal by-products are not used
effectively a valuable source of revenue is lost, and the added and increasing cost of disposal cost of
disposal of these products is incurred by the company. Also, from an environmental perspective,
utilization of by-products reduces the overall environmental load of the process. More than 2% of
the carcass weight is often unaccounted for and is usually lost to effluent. Therefore, there is
potentially more that can be done.
Edible offal for human consumption, such as liver, heart and kidney are often separated and sold to
the market. The preparation of animal intestines for use is more involved process, requiring
emptying, and cleaning. Blood will be disposed into blood tanks within the facility.
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4.0 LEGISLATIVE AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK
4.1 Introduction
There is a growing concern in Kenya and at a global level that many forms of development activities
cause damage to the environment. Development activities have the potential to damage the natural
resources upon which the economies are based. Environmental Impact Assessment is a useful tool
for protection of the environment from the negative effects of developmental activities. It is now
accepted that development projects must be economically viable, socially acceptable and
environmentally sound. According to Sections 58 and 138 of the Environmental Management and
Coordination Act (EMCA) No. 8 of 1999 and Section 3 of the Environmental (Impact Assessment and
Audit) Regulations 2003 (Legal No. 101), projects such as the one proposed require an
Environmental Impact Assessment project report prepared and submitted to the National
Environment Management Authority (NEMA) for review and eventual Licensing before the
development commences. This is necessary as many forms of developmental activities cause
damage to the environment and hence the greatest challenge today is to maintain economic
development without interfering adversely with the environment. This chapter discusses some of
the key legislative and regulatory framework that have direct impact on the project.
4.2 The Environmental Management and Coordination Act, 1999
The projects to be subjected to EIA are specified in the second schedule of the EMCA, 1999. The Act
gives every person in Kenya a right to a clean and healthy environment. It also confers upon every
person the duty to protect and safeguard the environment. Part V of the Act provides measures for
protection and conservation of the environment. Pollution of the environment through waste
disposal, noise, dust, radiation, pesticides, and smells is prohibited. The Authority (National
Environment Management Authority) may issue and serve on any person in respect of any matter
relating to the management of the environment a restoration order to require the person on whom
it is served to restore the environment as near as it may be to the state in which it was before the
implementation of a project or action. Thus the polluter pays principle shall apply. The Act also
provides for heavy penalties on any person who commits an environmental offence under Part XIII.
Section 148 provides that the Act shall prevail over any written law in force immediately before the
coming into force of this Act, relating to the management of the environment. Section 58 of the Act
requires that every new development project (listed in schedule II of the Act) must undergo an
Environmental Impact Assessment before its implementation. Besides the scheduled activities, the
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Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Project Report for proposed slaughterhouse in OlkalouMunicipality
Act empowers the Minister for the time being responsible for environmental matters to prescribe
for EIA appraisal and any other activity which in his view may cause significant adverse
environmental impacts.
4.3 Environmental Management and Coordination water quality and waste management
regulations
In the year 2007, two subsidiary legislations were gazetted by the minister for Environment and
Natural Resources whose impact the proponent should be aware of, the legislations are:-
Environmental Management and Coordination (Water quality) Regulations. 2006 legal notice
No 120, Kenya Gazette supplement No. 68 of 29thSeptember 2006, and
Environmental Management and Coordination (Waste Management) Regulations, 2006,
legal notice no 120, Kenya Gazette Supplement No 69 of 29thSeptember 2006.
Section 4(1) of the water quality regulations, 2006 prohibits any person from any act which may
directly or indirectly cause, or may cause immediate or subsequent water pollution. The next
subsection states that no person shall throw or cause to flow into or near a water resource any
liquid, solid or gaseous substance or deposit any such substance in or near it, as to cause pollution.
Standards for effluent to be discharged into the environment are set by the Act. Any person
discharging into the environment is required to apply for a discharge licence and maintain water
quality records. The standards to be met by effluent discharged into the environment are outlined in
the third schedule to the Act. On the other hand, the solid waste regulations, 2006 seeks to achieve
safe and responsible disposal of solid wastes. The waste generator is required to collect, segregate
and dispose solid wastes in the manner provided for under the regulations. Cleaner production
methods are to be employed to minimize wastes (section 5(1). In addition, section 7 requires that
any transporter of waste shall obtain a license from the authority. Such licensed transporter shall
conduct his/her operations in such a manner as not to cause scattering, flowing or emission of
noxious smells from such waste.
4.4 Public Health Act (Cap 242)
Part IX, section 115, of the Act states that no person/institution shall cause nuisance or condition
liable to be injurious or dangerous to human health. Section 116 requires that Local Authorities take
all lawful, necessary and reasonably practicable measures to maintain their jurisdiction clean and
sanitary to prevent occurrence of nuisance or condition liable to be injurious or dangerous to human
health. Such nuisance or conditions are defined under section 118 as waste pipes, sewers, drainers
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or refuse pits in such state, situated or constructed as in the opinion of the medical officer of health
to be offensive or injurious to health.
4.5 Physical Planning Act
The Local Authorities are empowered under section 29 of the Act to reserve and maintain all land
planned for open spaces, parks, urban forests and green belts. The same section, therefore allows
for the prohibition or control of the use and development of land and buildings in the interest of
proper and orderly development of an area.
Section 30 states that any person who carries out development without development permission
will be required to restore the land to it original condition. It also states that no other licensing
authority shall grant license for commercial or industrial use or occupation of any building without a
development permission granted by the respective Local Authority.
4.6 Water Act, 2002
The Act subjects the discharge of effluent, trade wastes or solid wastes into or near a water body, to
strict controls as well as conservation of water resources. It Act imposes a general prohibition
regarding such discharges into or near a body of water that may cause pollution of water likely to be
used for human consumption or domestic use or in the manufacture of food for human
consumption. The effluent to be discharged must not contain any matter which might be poisonous
or injurious to public health, to livestock or to crops. The Act does, further empowers the relevant
institutions to establish water quality and discharge standards. Fuel Storage facilities have a
potential to pollute both surface and underground water sources through seepage of spilled fuel
and contaminated runoff.
4.7 Penal Code Act (Cap.63)
Section 191 of the penal code states that if any person or institution that voluntarily corrupts or foils
water for public springs or reservoirs, rendering it less fit for its ordinary use is guilty of an offence.
Section 192 of the same Act says a person who makes or vitiates the atmosphere in any place to
make it noxious to health of persons /institution, dwelling or business premises in the
neighbourhood or those passing along public way, commit an offence.
4.8 Occupational Health and Safety Act (2007)
The Act covers provisions for health, safety and welfare at workplace. It requires that workers must
be provided with suitable protective clothing and appliances including where necessary, suitable
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gloves, footwear, goggles, gas masks, and head covering e.t.c while at work. Other provisions of the
act include:-
Secures safety and health for people legally in all workplaces
Prevents employment of children in workplaces where their safety and health is at risk
Encourages entrepreneurs to set achievable safety targets for their enterprises
Promotes reporting of work-place accidents, dangerous occurrences and ill health with a
view to finding out their causes and preventing of similar occurrences in future
Promotes creation of a safety culture at workplaces through education and training in
occupational safety and health
4.9 The Stock and Production Theft Act Cap 355
The act prohibits possession of any stolen stock or its production unlawfully. In some parts it says a
person found in possession of any stock, which may be reasonable suspected to be stolen or
unlawfully obtained once proved guilty he/she will be convicted to be penalties prescribed for theft.
4.10 The Meat Control Act Cap 356
The act stipulates control measures exercised over meat and meat products intended for human
consumption, and over slaughterhouses and places where such meat is processed. The act
mandates the inspection, officer to inspect meat before it is dispatched to consumer outlets. The act
also prescribed on how ‘condemned’ carcasses are supposed to be disposed with little or no danger
to members of the public. On condemned carcass, it says that the said meat should be banned or
buried in to a pit, which cannot be accessed, by dogs or other scavengers. The act gives guidelines
on the right equipment, tools and structures to be used in the slaughterhouse.
4.11 The Meat Control (local slaughterhouse) Regulations, 2010
The regulations provides all the requirements for the development and running of any
slaughterhouse in the country. The regulation 3 part 2 states that a person shall not slaughter an
animal except in a slaughterhouse. The act also categorizes slaughterhouses into three categories
according to regulation 4 part 3, the categories are:
a) Category A for large scale slaughterhouses
b) Category B for medium slaughterhouses
c) Category C for slaughter slabs
The above categories are defined with their specifications and requirements in the second schedule
of the act. The first schedule of the regulations is on the site accessibility and construction of the
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slaughterhouses and it gives all the requirements in terms of infrastructure, size, drainage, waste
management, materials applied for the construction of the structures among others. It also
stipulates the sanitation requirements of any slaughterhouse, hygiene requirements, conditions and
facilities for meat inspection, meat inspection, packaging and labeling meat and meat containers
and records of the slaughterhouse.
The proposed slaughterhouse is an domestic standard slaughterhouse. The required land size is not
less than 2.5 hectares among other requirements as stipulated by the second schedule of the
regulations. The proponent is able to meet these requirements
4.12 The Hide, Skin and leather Trade Act (Cap 359)
The act is aimed at consolidating the law related to hides, skin and leather trade. It provides for
coordination and control of the trade and development of the hides, skin and leather industry. The
act provides for controlled handling of leather, skin and hides through issuance of buyers license. It
also regulates the processing steps used in hides and skin development through its inspectors.
4.13 The Animal Disease Act Cap 364
In this act, veterinary surgeons are empowered to quarantine animal movement from areas where
they suspect that a notifiable disease exists. The act also requires that an area initially occupies by
infected animals should be disinfectant and cleaned before new stock of animals should be
disinfected and clean before new stock of animals are introduced there.
4.14 The weights and measures Acts Cap 513
This is the principle Act dealing with weights and measures in Kenya, it defines the standards and
units to be used and the regulations to be adhered. Section 20 makes in an offence for any person to
use or possess or control for use for trade a weighing or measuring instruments not constructed to
indicate in terms of weight or measure as authorized by the act. The next section (section 21)
prohibits use for trade and weight, measure, weighing or measuring instrument, which is false or
unjust. It further requires that the measures weighing or measuring instrument used for trade to be
examined, verified, stamped or restamped at least once in every year-section 27 (1) and a certificate
of verification be issued (section 27 sub-section 7). It is under the provision that all scale and
weighing and balances used in the slaughterhouse are expected to meet.
4.15 Others
Other reviewed legislation relevant to construction of petrol stations include:
Food, drugs and chemical substances Act – (revised 1992)
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There are also important International Conventions, Agreements and Treaties of which
Kenya is a signatory and relevant to the meat industry.
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Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Project Report for proposed slaughterhouse in OlkalouMunicipality
5.0 ANTICIPATEDENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS AND PROPOSED MITIGATION
MEASURES
5.1 Introduction
Development projects have direct and indirect impacts on the environment. The impacts can be
temporary or permanent, localized or widespread, significant or insignificant. The basis of the
concept of sustainable development is to create a balance between environment and economic
development. Environmental and social impacts of development projects must therefore be
assessed before their implementation with the aim of incorporating measures for enhancement of
positive impacts while minimizing any probable negative impacts. Slaughterhouses in particular can
have significant impact on the right of the public to a healthy and safe environment. While nature is
able to cope with certain amounts of waste via a variety of natural cleaning mechanisms, this can be
exceeded if the concentration of waste products increases. The nature’s mechanisms become
overburdened and pollution problems start to occur. The problems associated with slaughterhouses
are diverse and include; foul smell, vermins and rodents, spread of diseases and safety risks among
others. This chapter identifies and discusses key environmental impacts of the proposed
development in Olkalou Municipality.
5.2 Positive socio-economic impacts
Creation of employment
The proposed slaughterhouse will create employment during both construction and operational
phases. It is also likely that the labour force (mainly casuals) will be sourced from the local
community. The number of jobs to be created for the locals will depend on the capacity of the
contractor and availability of labour in Olkalou. It is highly recommended that the contractor should
give priority to local youths to take up the available job opportunities instead of bringing in workers
from outside, unless where special skills are required. During the operational phase of the project,
the slaughterhouse will be run by the Nyandarua County Government, it is expected that those
employed will mostly be from the local community. In general, the net impact of the project will
therefore be increased job opportunities for the locals. Hiring of staff must be transparent and must
give equal opportunities to men, women and youths.
Economic returns and secondary businesses
The construction of this slaughterhouse will act as an economic investment by the County
government for the people of Nyandarua County. Once operational, the slaughterhouse will
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generate revenue for the County and hence help uplift living conditions of the locals. Many
secondary businesses are also likely to spring up during this construction and operation phases like
those providing foods and beverages to the construction workers. Others like the construction
material suppliers will also gain some additional Income during this phase. In addition, the
slaughterhouse may attract investments in complementary industries such as tanneries.
Development of infrastructure
The project will attract investment in basic infrastructure such as electricity, water and roads. Part of
the proposed project will the installation of electricity at the site. Being in an area designated for
light industries use, the availability of electricity in this area may encourage the other land owners
to develop their properties for various uses. The area is close to town and well accessible. This will
further boost its potential for development.
Stabilization of livestock prices and market
The large supply of livestock to the market influences their prices with the traders setting the prices.
The livestock are mainly sold to traders for market outside the County. Availability of
slaughterhouse with storage facility will help stabilize prices since the meat can be stored for a
longer time than the current situation. Most traders feel that high demand for livestock in terminal
markets outside the County and apparent low buying prices provides a profitable business
opportunity, and thus presence of large number of livestock traders in the County
As noted earlier in this report, there already exists a livestock. The establishment of the market
might therefore help provide infrastructure to facilitate slaughter of animals such that meat is
transported instead of live animals. This will help reduce losses suffered during transportation of live
animals to terminal markets as well as reducing cost of transportation. For this to be achieved, it will
be very necessary for the roads in the area to be constructed to make them passable throughout the
year as well as reducing the time taken to reach the market.
Increased capacity
Between 35-40 goats are slaughtered daily at the existing abattoir constituting 90% of all animals
slaughtered. The installed capacity of the proposed slaughterhouse will be more than thrice the
existing capacity. It will also have storage facilities and better facilities for maintenance of hygiene
and sanitation. Since only 5% of the livestock are consumed locally, the availability of standard
slaughtering facility with adequate storage can encourage traders to slaughter the animals the
transport meat to the market instead of live animals. Although this will depend on the condition of
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roads, it is a possibility. The proposed slaughterhouse will have capacity to slaughter 40bovine and
200 sheep and goats.
5.3 Anticipated negative Impacts during construction
5.3.1 Impacts on air quality
The implementation of the project will impact on air quality during construction phase. This will be
as a result of dust generated by various activities such as excavation, transportation of materials,
masonary works e.t.c. In addition, exhaust emissions from project vehicles and machines are likely
to occur. This emission may not only result to air quality degradation but also respiratory diseases to
the employees upon inhalation. The impacts are likely to be limited to the construction site. The
proposed site has low human population and hence exposure will be limited. It is however
necessary that necessary measures be undertaken to safeguard human health.
Mitigation
Sprinkling of water on dusty surfaces
Switch off engine and machines when not in use to reduce emissions
Vehicles transporting materials such as sand to the site should be covered
Wet dusty sections of the roads used transportation trucks especially in populated areas
such as shopping centres
5.3.2 Noise and vibration pollution
Construction of the slaughterhouse may cause temporary, localized increase in background ambient
sound. The principal noise sources associated with slaughterhouse construction activities include
heavy equipment such as bulldozers, scrapers, and trucks. However, these noise sources will only
have a temporary impact for the duration of the construction. Transport of construction inputs to
the proposed site as well as the subsequent unloading and the loading of waste generated may
cause noise disturbances. Exposure of construction workers to high decibel sound may impact on
health. The noise levels should therefore be kept within the required decibels as per the
requirements of the Noise and excessive vibrations (pollution) Regulations, 2009. The level of
vibrations is not expected to be significant.
Mitigation
Provision of ear plugs or noise muffs to construction workers exposed to excessive noise
Regular servicing of vehicles and machines to reduce noise
Install noise screens around stationery sources of noise e.g concrete mixer and generators
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5.3.3 Solid waste management
Large amounts of solid waste will be generated during construction of this slaughterhouse. These
will include metal cuttings, construction debris, excavated soil, paper bags, empty cartons, empty
paint and solvent containers, broken glass among others. The wastes may make the site unsightly or
can be a health hazard. The construction workers will also generate faecal waste during their day-to-
day operations. The generated waste needs proper handling to prevent environmental/health
disasters. The available facilities at the existing slaughterhouse will be used during construction. It is
also necessary that the wastes be separated at the source for ease of disposal. The anticipated
wastes during construction are non-hazardous in nature and no special handling will be required.
Mitigation measures
Collect site trash daily, especially during rainy and windy conditions
The construction waste should be collected, removed and disposed off only at authorized
areas.
Provide waste holding facilities in a specified area within the site
Segregate potentially hazardous waste from non-hazardous construction site waste. For
instance toxic liquid wastes (oils, solvents and paints) should not be disposed off together
with other construction debris.
Construction waste be recycled or reused to ensure that materials that would otherwise be
disposed of as waste are diverted for other productive uses. For instance, excess soil could
be used for back-filling. There is a gulley running along the western side of the site. The soil
can be used to rehabilitate the gulley and hence reduce further erosion.
Use durable long lasting materials that will not require replacement often thereby reducing
the amount of construction waste generated over time (practice source reduction)
The contractor shall put in place measures to ensure that construction materials
requirements are carefully budgeted for and to ensure that there are no surplus supplies
that may require disposal later.
Provision of facilities for proper handling and storage of construction materials to reduce the
amount of waste caused by damage or exposure to elements of destruction.
Use of building materials that have minimal packaging to avoid the generation of excessive
packaging waste
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Off-site disposal of any solid wastes should be in accordance with the local authority by-laws
and the Waste Management Regulation, 2009.
5.3.4 Strain of Infrastructure
Water
The workers and the construction works will create an increased demand for water. Water will be
used in the mixing of concrete elements, creation of aggregates for construction works, wetting of
surfaces for softening or hardening after creating the formworks, watering of roads for dust control,
curing of the concrete structures, equipment cleaning, site clean-up and for personal use such as
drinking and washing activities by construction workers. The site has a water connection which will
be used during construction.
Mitigation measures
During construction recycling of water is recommended, where non –contaminated waste
water will be used to wet dry soil surfaces, cleaning equipment and mixing of mortar and
cement.
Proper utilization of water during construction activities to minimize wastage
Road
Once the construction phase commences heavy vehicular movement following the transportation of
construction inputs into the site is most likely to be experienced and more so likely to generate dust
and noise. The potential for traffic build up is not anticipated since the road to the site has small
number or vehicles. In the case of the trucks overloading there is a likelihood of road destruction
following excessive compaction and pressure on the road.
Mitigation measure
Sprinkling of water to reduce dust in populated areas.
Electricity
Welding activities such as cutting of reinforcement bars, installation of windows, doors and
slaughtering equipment like the convey belts will utilize electricity. Although the utilization will only
be on a minimal scale increased demand in the local and national electricity grid cannot be
overlooked. The workers are therefore encouraged to switch off electrical equipment and
appliances when not in use.
Mitigation
Use of efficient electrical appliances and equipment to minimize power losses
Switch off electrical appliances when not in use
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Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Project Report for proposed slaughterhouse in OlkalouMunicipality
5.3.5 Impact on soil profile
Impacts on soil / geology arising from slaughterhouse development activities occur mainly during
construction, earthworks and site restoration. The impacts may range from:
Soil erosion due to clearing of vegetation, increased earth movement, and construction
activities
Compaction of soil due to vehicle movements, causing reduced infiltration of water and
difficulty of penetration by plant roots on the site area.
Contamination of soil from the spillage of materials such as vehicle fuel or used oil and
Removal of fertile topsoil
Mitigation measures
Restrict the excavation to the required areas only
Avoid the use of very heavy equipment for the excavation instead encourage the use of
manual labour
Ensure all the vehicles transporting materials are in good condition and do not spill oil that
may contaminate the soil.
Ensure the building is set on a firm foundation to avoid any collapse and that standard
building materials and workmanship are employed.
5.3.6 Impacts on fauna and flora
During construction of the proposed slaughterhouse loss of vegetative habitats will occur, while
physical site disturbance and noise from construction activities will cause the temporary
displacement of most fauna from the vicinity of the construction site and adjacent areas. No
threatened species were found at the proposed site.
Mitigation measures
After the completion of the construction phase, establish vegetation cover by planting grass
that will help prevent soil erosion.
5.3.7 Impact on Landscape
The likely construction impacts of the proposed slaughterhouse on aesthetic resources include the
visual loss, loss of vegetation. However, the impacts will be minimized by limiting them to the
proposed site.
Mitigation measure
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Limit de-vegetation to the site area.
Landscaping the compound to improve aesthetic value on completion of the project
5.3.8 Hydrology and Water Quality Degradation
Project related excavation could lead to surface water quality degradation if the excavated soil find
its way into water courses. There is no river close to the proposed site. Spills of contaminants such
as oil and greases on soil could result in pollution of water courses if the soil is eroded and
transported by surface run-off. The site is well drained but prone to soil erosion. It falls westwards at
an about 10% gradient and southwards at approximately 3%. The general drainage of the area is
southwards. Adequate measures must therefore be taken to minimize potential erosion of soil by
both wind and water.
Mitigation measures
Take measures to prevent and control soil erosion
Proper maintenance of vehicles and storage of fuels and lubricants to minimize contamination of
soil
5.3.9 Soil Erosion
This is loss of the top-most loose material on the earth surface (soil) down - slope or transportation
by the use of machinery or other equipment including animals. Soil movement is common in
construction activities. This mostly happens during the laying of foundations for the projects and site
clearing. The top loose material will be removed along the foundation lines, drainage lines and
lagoons. Excavation of soil and clearance of the site will expose the soil to agents of erosion such as
wind, water and animals.
Mitigation Measures
Avoid unnecessary movement of soil materials from the site.
Resurface (pave) footpaths that will be frequently used
Establish vegetation cover in open areas (especially grass)
Planting of trees around the perimeter fence to reduce the effects of wind as an agent of soil
erosion.
5.3.10 Occupational health and safety impacts
Construction activities pose significant risks to the construction personnel and property. Even the
most carefully supervised construction sites can pose significant risks this is because it involves
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intensive engineering works. Activities such as erection and fastening of roofing material, metal
grinding and cutting, concrete works and steel erection could result to occupational health and
safety hazards. Falls from high elevation, injuries from hand tools and construction equipment, cuts
from sharp edges of metal, slips owing to slippery and uneven surfaces, electrification and collapse
of building sections could occur endangering the lives of workers. As a result therefore, adequate
measures should be taken to prevent such adverse effects on workers.
Mitigation measures
The contractor should provide adequate personal protective clothing and equipment such as
safety shoes, helmet, goggles, masks and gloves and sensitize the workers of using them.
The workers should not put excessive strain on machines and working equipments
Before excavation works begin the contractor should conduct an inspection on the project
site to establish any potentially hazardous material and unstable side works that could
threaten the lives of the workers.
Workers should be trained on the proper use of tools and protective equipment.
Great care must be given to excavations and the safety of the machinery, tools and other
equipment such as scaffolding, ramp or ladder must be guaranteed. Accident prevention
should be the overriding safety precaution. A qualified person should always be on site to
oversee the working
Any area that poses a physical threat to workers and/or pedestrians requires barriers or
guards.
Provide first Aid facilities, a trained first aider and an emergency plan at the site.
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5.4 Impacts during operation
5.4.1 Positive impacts
Provision of employment opportunities
The operation of the slaughter house will provide employment opportunities to a wide range of
people. The slaughtering process will require personnel at various stages such as stunning, hoisting
the carcass, bleeding, splitting the carcass, evisceration and separation of offals. In addition, workers
will be required for inspection of the carcasses, cleaning of the facility and for management of the
facility. Depending on the specification of the livestock owners, the carcasses will need people to cut
into pieces as requested, packaging or storage. This creation of employment will enable the workers
earn an income hence enabling them provide for their basic needs and support their families.
Development of the area
There has been a general feeling that Olkalou have been marginalized. The proposed development
is meant to open up the area for more investments by exploiting the available resources. The
construction of this slaughterhouse and its subsequent operation will therefore enable the area
residents to sale their livestock for slaughter and especially during the dry season when animals die
due to lack of access to pasture. Development of infrastructure is also likely to take place and hence
opening up the area to other economic ventures.
Other benefits likely to accrue from the proposed project are:-
Generation of manure for use on farms
Stabilization of livestock prices
Promotion of complementary industries e.g tanneries
5.4.2 Negative impacts
Waste generation and management
Slaughterhouses generate substantial amount of wastes. These wastes can cause environmental
degradation if not properly managed.
Solid wastes
Sources of solid wastes:
Animal holding pens- There will be accumulation of animal droppings, urine, livestock feed
and animal dirt from these animal holding pens.
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Slaughterhouse (Blood, paunch e.t.c) of all waste products, the waste in the form of blood
has the highest polluting value. Blood itself has a high BOD: 150,000 - 200,000 mg/l. Blood
will be produced in the killing area and the hide removal area.
Paunch (partially digested feed), is the second most important source of pollution. It may
substantially contribute to the total waste load if not properly handled.
Waste treatment area
Condemned carcasses and animal parts
Miscellaneous wastes such as bottles, papers e.t.c
The developer intends to dispose blood into blood tanks and condemned carcasses into a pit.
Manure will be held in a manure shed within the facility before disposal. The manure can be re-used
to improve soil fertility both on-site and off-site.
Summary of wastes generated and respective management measures:
Source Waste Mode of disposal
Animal wastes
Stockyard & lairage Manure Can be sold to farmers since does not any
treatment
Stunning & bleeding Blood On-site blood tanks/pits
Hide / skin removal Skin, hides Skin and hides shed on-site, sold to dealers
Evisceration Paunch manure and
by-products
On-site manure shed. Later sold to farmers or
used in the compound
Carcass dressing Flesh, grease, blood,
manure
Meat transported to market
Grease recovered from waste water
disposed in accordance with local
government by-laws or in condemnation pit
Small amount of blood from laughter floor
will end up in wastewater stream then
directed to treatment ponds
Manure to be sold out though some will end
up in wastewater stream.
By-products Grease, offal, horns,
hooves e.t.c.
Sold to market
Inspection Condemned
carcasses
Condemnation pit (on-site)
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Human wastes
Offices Papers Designated site or recyclers. Bins to be
provided in strategic locations
Toilets Feaces & urine Septic tank systems
Miscellaneous Bottles, sweepings, papers e.t.c Designated site
Mitigation
Use of the animal droppings as farm yard manure
Manure can be directly spread on land-needs and be mixed with soil to prevent fly breeding,
reduce odour and avoid water pollution from surface run-off.
Manure be stockpiled and dried before being spread on land-need to be properly managed
to prevent flies and odors and reduce seepage (construct manure shed).
Sludge from sedimentation ponds can be allowed to dry spread as then used as manure.
Paunch content can be efficiently and economically disposed off by compositing as long as
offensive odors are controlled.
An area should be set aside where the manure and paunch content can be sun-dried. At this
area the paunch content will be heaped allowing excess water to drain into the waste pit and
the residue dried up and used as manure.
Provide litter bins for miscellaneous wastes likely to be generated from the normal
operations of the slaughterhouse.
Liquid Waste
An important environmental impact of the animal slaughtering processing results in the discharge of
liquid waste. Liquid waste can be divided into two: blood and wastewater. Waste water will be
generated from the general cleaning activities of the slaughterhouse and from the cleaning of the
innards materials like the animal intestines. This wastewater typically has high Biological Oxygen
Demand (BOD) and higher levels of nutrients. The kill floor area of the slaughter facility has by far
the most contribution of the wastewater with the water being rich in blood, flesh, fat and other
waste materials. The strength and composition of the waste water is also dependant on the nature
of the slaughtering process involved.
The contractor will therefore construct the bleeding area separate from the rest of the slaughter hall
by a gentle slope so that blood flows through a separate channel while wastewater from the rest of
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the slaughterhouse drains through a separate drainage channel. There will be three blood tanks for
disposal of blood and an open lagoon system for treatment and disposal of waste water. The actual
depth of blood tanks and condemnation pit will be determined by site conditions such as ground
water table, nature of underlying soil, and the anticipated volume among other considerations.
Mitigation measures
The waste water drainage system should be well designed so a to allow separation of waste
water and blood at the source
No solid waste should be allowed to the drainage system as this may cause blockage and
odour
The blood tanks should be of required depth and should have air-tight covers to reduce
spread of oduor and risks of falls. The covers should be lockable.
The lagoons should be designed taking into consideration the amount of waste water to be
treated.
The quality of waste water released from the lagoons should be of standards as required by
NEMA and as such the management should acquire a licence for effluent discharge
The lagoons should be constructed and lined with impervious material to minimize possible
contamination of ground water.
Occupational health and safety concerns
Slaughter houses pose a significant amount of risks associated with slaughterhouse operations.
These risks include:
The possibility of contracting zoonotic diseases e.g. anthrax and brucellosis from infected
animals mainly this may further be facilitated by poor safety practices and unhygienic
behavior.
Cuts and bruises (injuries)-This can serves as a portal of entry for microbiologic agents,
culminating in serious infection to the injured individual
Lower back pains (musculoskeletal diseases)-This may result from physically demanding
work in the slaughterhouse.
Risk of falls, slips or trips-This may occur owing to wet surfaces or contaminated floors in the
working area.
Risky behaviors like failure to use PPEs such as shoes, masks, and glove may cause direct
injury or facilitate transmission of infection to an individual.
Mitigation measures
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Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Project Report for proposed slaughterhouse in OlkalouMunicipality
Animals being delivered for slaughter should undergo Pre-mortem inspection to reduce risk
of workers contracting zoonotic diseases
Keep walking and working surfaces clean and dry
Provide workers with anti slip footwear and other necessary protective clothing
The management should conduct regular health check-ups where workers can be vaccinated
against such zoonotic diseases.
Trainings and seminars on safety practices and hygienic behavior should be conducted
regularly.
Regular medical check-ups for all meat handlers
Provision of first aid facilities
Provide means of disinfecting the slaughterhouse and hand tools
Proper hygiene and sanitation, including provision of safe drinking water, detergents, hand
washing facilities, separate changing rooms for men and women and adequate toilets for
each sex
All measures shall be taken to control rats, mice, birds and insects from accessing the
slaughterhouse.
Noise pollution
Noise emissions from the operation of a slaughterhouse will be continuous, night –time limits which
are more restrictive than daytime limits, should be used as the appropriate noise criteria for
evaluating potential impacts to noise sensitive receptors. The design of the slaughterhouse should
be such that it meets the nighttime criterion of 65dB (A), thereby minimizing impacts of noise
emissions. Fans, refrigeration equipment and similar machines in the slaughter house may generate
noise disturbance though not significant. Noise disturbances from the holding pens may also occur.
To minimize the potential noise in the neighbourhood, measures for noise reduction at the source
and screening should be employed. Where the level of noise exceeds 85dB(A), appropriate ear
protection should be provided to the exposed workers.
Mitigation measures
Provide ear protection to workers exposed to high decibel noise
Avoid use of noisy machines and equipment
Plant trees along the boundary fence to reduce transmission of noise outside the facility
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Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Project Report for proposed slaughterhouse in OlkalouMunicipality
Animals should not be kept for more than two days without being fed. Where possible,
animals should be slaughtered within 24 hours.
Odour
Slaughterhouse operations may cause nuisance in terms of oduor to the workers and locals if not
well managed. The sources of odour from the proposed slaughterhouse may range from:
Waste effluents treatment works (the waste water may be rich in nutrients and have high
BOD)
Paunch content, and blood residue,
Oils and fats discharge
Animal effluent / manure runoff from lairage and storage areas.
From waste water treatment works
Mitigation measures
Heaping of paunch content should be done in a place away from residential areas and should
not be piled for long.
Condemned meat pit should have an air tight cover so avoid release of foul smell.
Plant more suitable trees along the perimeter fence and open spaces that will act as wind
breakers and hence reduce the effects of wind in spreading odour to the area residents.
Flies and rodents
The operations of the project are likely to attract flies and vermin such as rats, cockroaches and
mice. In the case of rats, they can cause food poisoning and transmission of diseases mechanically to
the people. This can be nuisance and hence measures to control them must be put in place. The
breeding for flies should be minimized through maintaining high standard of cleanliness and waste
management and the installation of fly trap devices. The rats can be exterminated by chemical
poisons but great caution must be exercised as some of them often have harmful effects on the
people.
Mitigation
Develop a rodent and insect control programme for the slaughterhouse
Proper fencing to keep off dogs, cats, poultry e.t.c
Increased demand on infrastructure
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Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Project Report for proposed slaughterhouse in OlkalouMunicipality
Water
Since the slaughterhouse will consume large volume of water, it will be necessary to develop and
implement measures to conserve water without compromising on hygiene and sanitation. This will
minimize the potential strain on public water supply.
Mitigation measures
Seek alternative water source to supplement public supply
Available water should be used responsibly to avoid waste
Install water reservoir tanks for use during time of water shortage.
Recycle waste water where possible e.g to irrigate grass and for dust control
Practice rainwater harvesting
Electricity
Electricity will be required for purposes such as lighting, cooling and heating. The consumption of
this electricity will result to additional load to the existing electricity supply. The consumption will
also have an increased demand on the national electricity grid. The management is advised hereby
to seek for alternative sources of electricity such as solar and wind energy.
Mitigation
Explore installation of biogas production plant. Methane gas generated during the normal
breakdown of animal wastes can then be used to heat water or for lighting. This an
environmental friendly source of energy;
Use of energy efficient electrical appliances
Formulate an energy conservation plan for the slaughterhouse with specific targets and
means of monitoring
Installation of alternative source of electricity such as generator
Harness solar energy for lighting and heating
Roads
Once the slaughterhouse operations commences there will be increased vehicular movement to and
from the facility. This will most likely result to traffic congestion from the turning of heavy trucks and
vehicles and even possible delays. As result of this traffic movement there is likelihood of increased
exhaust emissions into the air resulting to air pollution.
Mitigation
Provide separate entry and exit points for smooth flow of vehicles in and out of the facility
Improvement of road leading to the slaughterhouse
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Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Project Report for proposed slaughterhouse in OlkalouMunicipality
Impacts on the public safety and health
The operations of a slaughterhouse house need to be undertaken under very high standards of
hygiene. The standards cannot be compromised considering that the end product will be used for
human consumption. The following measures should therefore be undertaken to enhance hygiene
in the slaughterhouse and safeguard health and safety of the consumers.
Mitigation measures
Inspection of meat prior to release to the market
Disinfection programme for the entire slaughterhouse
Equipment such as tables, overhead rails and machines etc should be that it is easy to
dismantle or remove to facilitate cleaning and should be made of non-corrosive materials
Meat should be stored in clean containers which are solely used for meat storage and
transportation.
A condemnable pit should be constructed for the disposal of condemnable materials e.g.
meat considered unfit for human consumption by a veterinary doctor.
The working clothes used by the employees must be clean to protect the workers and should
be used exclusively used in the work area only.
Sanitary facilities must include a number of toilets /latrines and hand washing arrangements
for. All this facilities must be kept clean and should be well maintained
The management should encourage the employees to do hand washing before work starts,
after using the toilets, after touching dirty objects and materials and after smoking and
eating all this will help in reducing meat contamination.
A well planned, well executed and controlled cleaning and sanitation programme for
machines and equipment will be very important to achieve a hygienic standard.
Stock theft
There is a possibility that the operations of the slaughter house might result to the increased cases
of stock theft in the area and neighbouring villages. The slaughterhouse may act as an easier market
for stolen livestock. The management is therefore advised to adapt stringent measures whereby any
person delivering livestock for slaughter is required to produce all the relevant permits and
documents to proof ownership of the animals.
Impacts associated with treatment of hides and skins
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Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Project Report for proposed slaughterhouse in OlkalouMunicipality
Hides and skins are by-products of the slaughtering process. The proposed slaughterhouse will
generate large number of hides and skins depending on its capacity. These by-products can be
converted into valuable products through value addition to manufacture leather for both domestic
and export market. The hides, skins and leather sub-sector depend largely on the locally available
livestock resources.
At the existing slaughterhouse, traders carry the carcasses and their respective by-products
including hides and skins. There is therefore no post-slaughter treatment carried out at the facility.
There are also no established tanneries in the area.
The environmental impacts of hides and skins will depend on the nature of post- harvest treatment
applied, these could include salting, air-drying e.t.c. It is however worth noting that the proposed
slaughterhouse will not process hides and skins. Although, beyond the scope of this study, it is
highly recommended that the establishment of a tannery in the area be subjected to an
Environmental Impact Assessment to ensure that all the significant environmental considerations
are incorporated in the design of the project. Establishment of such a facility close to the proposed
slaughterhouse would facilitate value addition, reduce wastage of hides and skins and also create
employment. We find that the proposed slaughterhouse could promote complimentary industries
thus creating indirect employment opportunities as well as boosting local economy.
The environmental impacts associated with processing of hides and skins will mainly be off-site and
need to be considered based on specific sites and operations. It is however important for the local
authority to pay due diligence in town planning to avoid possible land use conflicts in future. For
instance, the town planner must control settlements around the slaughterhouse and tannery since
these facilities can have significant impacts on environment and public health.
Besides investments in physical infrastructure, building local capacity for production of healthy
livestock as well as provision of training slaughterhouse staff on how to remove and handle hides
and skins can help in producing high quality hides and skins. If achieved, this could have a significant
positive impact on the hides, skins and leather market, both domestic and export.
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Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Project Report for proposed slaughterhouse in OlkalouMunicipality
Mitigation
The County government must control developments and settlements around the proposed
slaughterhouse to prevent possible land use conflicts in future;
Establishment of hides and skin processing factory must undergo environmental impact
assessment before implementation
Training of staff on post slaughter handling and treatment of hides and skins
Promote animal health through improved provision of veterinary services- e.g, ticks control
can improve quality of hides and skins.
Impacts on population
While the proposed development will attract other investments in the vicinity, it is likely that the
population around it may increase. Although the area is zoned for light industrial use, without
proper planning, some of the plots could be converted for use as commercial or residential facilities.
This will lead to an increase in population around the slaughterhouse and this could result in
conflicts as well as exposing the public to health risks.
Mitigation
The County government must control settlements and land use around the proposed
slaughterhouse to prevent conflicts. The future land use in the area should be compatible
5.5 Decommissioning Phase
Decommissioning is an important phase in the project cycle and comes as the last to wind up the
operations/activities of a particular project The quality and standard such a project of this nature
have a lifespan of over 50 years of which will much dependent on maintenance levels as a result
therefore the chances of decommissioning in foreseeable future are minimal. In the event of its
occurrence, there will be some social implications which will involve the laying off workers who may
be employed thus losing their income, issues of safety and health etc. In brief demolition activities
will involve:
Demolition of the buildings
This is mostly hypothetical but may arise in cases where the premises age, the land zoning is altered
and there is poor maintenance of the building prompting it to be demolished for renovation
purposes. Several measures have to be put in place to ensure that the project site returns to its
acceptable standards after demolition works. The workers can be injured by falling debris; dust
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Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Project Report for proposed slaughterhouse in OlkalouMunicipality
emanating from broken pieces of gravel can lead to respiratory infections. Demolished buildings can
also be an eye sore if not handled in a proper manner resulting to reduced aesthetic value of the
land.
Mitigation Measures
The contractor should ensure that actual bringing down of the buildings is done by the use of
the required machinery and procedure.
The workers should also be provided with proper protective equipment such as aprons,
helmets, ear muffs, dust masks and gloves.
The proponent and contractor should acquire approval of the demolition plans and
procedure
Fencing off of the site is appropriate to prevent injuries to the general public.
There should be disconnection of all utilities including electricity and piping systems.
Recovery of materials
This will involve the removal, reuse / recycling of the buildings foundation, Machinery and
equipment. Partitions and other demolition waste is not possible, the material should be taken to a
licensed waste disposal site. Recovery of debris can lead to respiratory infections due to the dust
from the broken pieces. The workers can also acquire cuts from roofing and nails.
Mitigation measures
The contractor should ensure that there is a fully stocked first aid kit incase of cuts or any
other kind of injury.
The salvaged material should be reused and recycled
The proponent and the contractor should ensure that they dispose the unwanted material
and debris to the areas zoned for this under the County Council.
Rehabilitation and landscaping of the site
This is meant to recover the value of the degraded environment thus rejuvenate the flora and fauna
of the area. This can be done through:
Backfilling of the foundation columns and open trenches.
Environmentally friendly vegetation to be planted in the area to reclaim the original state of
the site.
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Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Project Report for proposed slaughterhouse in OlkalouMunicipality
5.6 Environmental Impacts Matrix
For the purpose of this report a scale matrix has been applied based on Biswas and Agarwala (1992)
and modified to suit the project under consideration. The technique summaries environmental
impacts utilizing the matrix method, the predicted impacts are converted into an ordinal scale
(ranking) of impacts severity, as follows:
Severity Impacts score
No impacts 0
Negligible 1
Minor (slight or short term) 2
Moderate 3
Major (irreversible or long term) 4
Severe (permanent) 5
Limitations
The main limitation of the use of matrix method is that impact characterization involves subjective
prediction as well as assessment; in addition, higher order impacts are not accounted for using the
matrix approach i.e. secondary or tertiary impacts arising from the project.
Impacts matrix
Impacts
Impacts on natural environment
Pla
nn
ing
and
des
ign
Co
nst
ructi
on
Op
erati
on
Dec
om
mis
sio
nin
g
Soil disturbance 0 1 1 3
Removal of vegetation 0 1 2 2
Dust 0 1 1 2
Noise 0 2 3 3
Traffic congestion 0 3 3 1
Solid waste disposal 0 1 3 2
Odours 0 0 3 2
Fly and vermin 0 0 2 2
Impact on the landscape 0 2 0 2
Impact on the fauna 0 1 0 1
Air quality degradation 0 1 3 1
Waste generation 0 2 5 2
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Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Project Report for proposed slaughterhouse in OlkalouMunicipality
Groundwater pollution 0 0 1 1
Occupational health and safety concerns 0 1 1 2
Stock theft 0 0 2 0
Impacts on public health and safety 0 0 1 2
Creation of employment opportunities 1 3 4 2
Introduction of secondary business 0 3 3 3
Improvement of infrastructural services and facilities 0 1 3 0
Local economy 0 2 3 3
Manure for agriculture 0 0 4 3
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Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Project Report for proposed slaughterhouse in OlkalouMunicipality
6.0 PROJECT ALTERNATIVES
6.1 No Project alternative
The No Project Alternative option in respect to the proposed project implies that the status quo be
maintained. This means the land for the proposed project will continue to be idle or will be re-
allocated for alternative light industrial use. Such a scenario has serious economic implications for
the local community. It is expected that the slaughterhouse will not only help develop the area but
also attract other investments e.g tanneries e.t.c. This will have net effect of improving livelihoods of
the local community as well as improving livestock production. The proposed project is also likely to
promote marketing of livestock in the County and its neighbouring counties. The project will also
cushion the community against losses suffered during droughts (massive death of livestock). The No
Project Option is the least preferred from the socio-economic perspective due to the following
factors:
The economic status of Kenyans and local people would remain unchanged;
Local skills and resources would remain under-utilized;
No employment opportunities would be created for locals who would work in the proposed
project were it allowed to go on;
Discouragement for investors;
Development of infrastructural facilities (roads, electrical etc.) would be forfeited;
If the project is not implemented all the anticipated benefits will be forfeited. This scenario is not
favourable for economic and social development of the area. With the system of devolution
envisaged in the Kenya’s constitution, the devolved governments will have to rely and exploit their
available resources for their economic development. Since livestock is the most important natural
resource among this community, development of infrastructure such as the one proposed could
significantly help open up the area for more investments.
6.2 Alternative locations
The proposed location was selected on the basis of the following:-
The site is close to Olkalou town
The site is accessible
Availability of infrastructure such as water and electricity
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Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Project Report for proposed slaughterhouse in OlkalouMunicipality
Low population- most of the land in the vicinity is still undeveloped. This would therefore
minimize potential impacts on public health and safety.
Acceptability by the community- the location viewed as convenient by the residents within
the division. Interviews with local leaders indicated no objection as to the location of the
project.
There already exists another slaughterhouse slaughtering 35-40 shoats per day at full
capacity.
6.3 Scale of operation
The proposed slaughterhouse will have to meet standards for domestic slaughterhouse under the
Meat Control (Local Slaughterhouse) Regulations, 2010. The other option was the construction of a
category B or C whose capacities are 144 and 90 shoats per day respectively. Each category of
domestic slaughterhouse has specific land requirement. Establishment of whichever category of
slaughterhouse will serve to complement the capacity of the existing slaughterhouse.
The implementation of the proposed project is the best viable option as this would impact on the
local community and the national economy at large. Failure to implement the project will result in
forfeiture of the anticipated benefits while down-scaling the project will only reduce the benefits.
The environmental costs will also not be significant in the long-run as compared to the probable
economic benefits.
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Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Project Report for proposed slaughterhouse in OlkalouMunicipality
7.0 PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
For any major development project that will involve the community taking part in the effective
running of the project, public involvement in the development is a key step for the sustainability of
the project. Public participation involves the information/ awareness creation of the general project,
all its activities and potential impacts that it may have. The perception of the society on the project
is important especially when it comes to the project ownership. If the community embraces the
project, it is likely to succeed as it would perceive it as a service for the society and if the community
is thoroughly involved in the development process, from the conceptualization to the
implementation, the project is likely to be embraced and owned by the community. The feel of
ownership guarantees the success of the project.
The process of public involvement for this project started out through the involvement of the local
leaders. The proposal to have a modern domestic scale slaughterhouse came from the local leaders
and was passed on to the relevant persons up the ladder in the County government. So when the
County government proposed the development of the slaughterhouse it was not a project just
imposed on the area. The community readily embraced the proposed project as it perceived as a
development that understood its needs.
The public involvement for the EIA was carried out through meetings and interviews with key
stakeholders in the area (Olkalou). Administration of questionnaires was also use to involve the
locals who were most likely to be affected by the project and its activities. This was carried out
through a stakeholders meeting.
The local community that was consulted was very positive about the project and the question they
had was only on when the project was to be implemented. The only concerns they had been on the
sufficiency of water for a project of that magnitude. Another concern was on waste management
and they recommended the management put in place an effective waste management system for
the smooth running of the plant. The public also had concerns on the targeted market being outside
of the area and larger towns in the country. The infrastructural base of the area was poor in terms
of road networks as it is only served by earth roads that made the area inaccessible during the rainy
seasons. However they were optimistic that such a project would attract infrastructural
development of the area.
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Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Project Report for proposed slaughterhouse in OlkalouMunicipality
The public that was consulted included the locals, the slaughterhouse workers and businessmen.
They all perceived the development in a positive manner as a tool that would lead to the area
development. All the respondents who were involved perceived it as a potential source of
employment and the fact that it would be centrally located in the NYandarua County, the distance
to the slaughterhouse would be lessened and this would also reflect in the cutting of costs for
livestock disposal. However, there were also concerns on the development in terms of security,
water problems experienced in the area, the fact that the slaughterhouse would be modernized and
concern that machinery may take over human labor and also the distance to the livestock sale yard
being far from the proposed slaughterhouse site.
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Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Project Report for proposed slaughterhouse in Olkalou Municipality
8.0 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN
Project stage Activity Potential impact Proposed mitigation measures Responsibilities
Pre-construction
Location anddesign
Grass and shrubs Landscaping and re-vegetation County/ Contractor
Land acquisition Fencing of land for slaughterhouse
Land size not adequate for category A slaughterhouse.
Obtain approval from County Allocation of more land. At least 2.5Ha are required
for this type of slaughterhouse.
County
Design Chance of surface and ground water contamination
Lining of bases and sides of ponds and drainage system with impervious material
County/ Contractor
Construction Movement ofvehicles andmachinery
Nuisance to people due to generation of dust, noise andsmoke
Road improvements Sprinkle water on roads passing through populated
areas such as shopping centres Maintenance of vehicles to minimize hazardous
emissions
County/ Contractor
Site clearance Loss of vegetation cover Limit clearance to necessary areas Siting the slaughterhouse in area of minimum
impacts
County/ Contractor
Loss of biodiversity Plant vegetation on completion of project County/ Contractor
Excavation Soil erosion Limit excavation to necessary areas only County/ Contractor
Possible pollution of water courses
Stabilization of excavated surfaces County/ Contractor
Generation of dust Sprinkling of water on dusty surfaces to reduce dust and erosion
County/ Contractor
Exposure of workers to dust Provide dust masks and other PPEs to workers County/ Contractor
Setting up andnormalconstructionactivities
Generation of dust from various activities e.g cement dust e.t.c
Sprinkle water on dusty surfaces Provide PPEs to exposed construction workers Take measure to limit spread dust from the site
County/ Contractor
Noise from vehicles and construction activities
Provide noise screens around stationery noise sources e.g generators
County/ Contractor
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Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Project Report for proposed slaughterhouse in Olkalou Municipality
Project stage Activity Potential impact Proposed mitigation measures Responsibilities
Servicing and maintenance of vehicles and machinery
Provide ear protection to exposed workers
Exposure to occupational risks and hazards e.g dust, noise, vibrations, sharps, accidents, falls e.t.c
Proper coordination of construction activities Provide appropriate PPEs including dust masks, ear
plugs/muffs, footwear, overalls, helmet, goggles e.t.c.
Provide first aid facilities at the construction site Minimize emissions by switching off
County/ Contractor
Visual intrusion Fence off the construction site County/ Contractor
Disposal of human waste Provide toilets for use County/ Contractor
Disposal of excavated soil Re-use for back-filling County/ Contractor
Disposal of miscellaneous construction waste packagingmaterials, scrap metals, timber e.t.c.
Recover and recycle or sell for recycling scrap metal e.g. pieces of metal and paint containers
Disposal of construction at designated site in accordance with local government by-laws
Segregation of wastes at the source for ease of management and disposal
Re-use waste water e.g. for dust control Provide a specific waste holding area on the site to
prevent littering
County/ Contractor
Welfare, hygiene and sanitation
Provide adequate safe drinking water Provide adequate toilets, washrooms and hand
washing facilities Provide changing rooms for workers at the
construction site Proper maintenance of sanitation facilities Separate toilets, washrooms and changing rooms
for each sex Formulate health and safety rules to be adhered to
County/ Contractor
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Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Project Report for proposed slaughterhouse in Olkalou Municipality
Project stage Activity Potential impact Proposed mitigation measures Responsibilities
by workers e.g prohibit eating in certain areas e.t.c.
Regulatory compliance Approval of building plans before construction of the slaughterhouse
Acquire EIA license prior to implementation of the project
County/ Contractor
Operation Transportationand holding ofanimals
Possibility of stolen animals being slaughtered at the facility
Surveillance and strict vetting and issuance of permit
COUNTY
Noise from animals Animals should not be held for long before slaughter Provide water to animals
COUNTY
Soils erosion in pens Rotation of animals to curb soil erosion Pavement of lairages
COUNTY
Possible transmission of diseases
Examination of livestock before issuance of permit and slaughter
Quarantines where necessary Meat handlers must have valid medical certificates.
Those with communicable diseases should not be allowed into the slaughterhouse
Use of proper PPEs to minimize exposure to disease pathogens
Inspection of meat by licensed person Controlled access to the slaughterhouse
COUNTY
Health and safety Risk of fire and electrical safety
Install circuit breakers Provide adequate fire detection and fighting system
comprising of portable fire extinguishers, hydrant system, hose reels, water for fire fighting and fire alarm
Provide and mark fire escape routes and assembly point
Conduct fire safety training
COUNTY
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Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Project Report for proposed slaughterhouse in Olkalou Municipality
Project stage Activity Potential impact Proposed mitigation measures Responsibilities
Conduct fire drill once a year Gas cylinders should be kept in well ventilated and
secure place outside the slaughterhouse Formation and training of fire fighting team Maintenance of power outlets and ensuring that
conduits are well insulated.
Wastemanagement
Pollution of the environment Operation and maintenance programme for wastes treatment facilities
Design to ensure smooth low of wastewater and handling of solid wastes
Separation of wastes at various stages of slaughter for ease of management and disposal
Lining of waste treatment facility with impervious material
Incineration of hazardous materials or wastes Provide waste receptacles and collection bins in
strategic locations within the facility Re-use manure on farms Plant trees to control spread of odour, noise and
dust Proper handling and use of by-products e.g hides,
horns etc. Manure should not be kept for long Obtain effluent discharge license from NEMA Off-site disposal of waste should be in accordance
with the local government by-laws and national environmental regulations
Obtain license to operate an incinerator
COUNTY
Hygiene andsanitation
Exposure of workers and public to health hazards and
Use of PPEs by workers Maintain high standards of hygiene and sanitation
COUNTY
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Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Project Report for proposed slaughterhouse in Olkalou Municipality
Project stage Activity Potential impact Proposed mitigation measures Responsibilities
risks as stipulated in Meat Control (local slaughterhouse) Regulations, 2010
Develop a pest and insect control programme for the slaughterhouse
Regular internal inspections to promote hygiene andsanitation
Creation of awareness among workers on hygiene and sanitation
Provide adequate water for maintenance of hygieneand sanitation
Equipment and hand tools should be made of such materials as to facilitate cleaning and maintenance of required hygiene and sanitation standards
Disinfection programme
Occupationalhealth and safety
Exposure to health and safety risks and hazards
Facility should have adequate lighting and ventilation
Provide appropriate PPEs to workers based on type of hazard worker is exposed to
Formation of health and safety committee Formation of environment health and safety policy Maintain floors walls and ceiling in sanctuary and
safe conditions Effective Operation and Maintenance programme Provide warning and information signs where
necessary Training of workers in Healthy and Safety Develop emergency response plan for workplace Conduct Healthy and Safety audits on annual basis
in accordance with OSHA, 2007
COUNTY
Environmental Exposure to health & safety Conduct waste water analysis in accordance with COUNTY
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Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Project Report for proposed slaughterhouse in Olkalou Municipality
Project stage Activity Potential impact Proposed mitigation measures Responsibilities
monitoring &conservation
risks water quality regulations, 2006 Conduct environmental audits on annual basis
Conservation of environment Plant grass and trees on open spaces to protect soil from agents of erosion
Promote environmental conservation activities among local community
Formulate policies on conservation of water, electricity and other natural resources
Explore the use of renewable resources such as solar energy and biogas for lighting and heating
Implement soil and water conservation measures to prevent soil erosion and enhance water conservation e.g through rain water harvesting and recycling
COUNTY
Staff welfare Working conditions Provide PPEs Ensure occupational health and safety conditions as
stipulated in OSHA, 2007 Full compliance with labour laws including provision
of PPEs, training of workers, welfare facilities, terms of employment, e.t.c
Have training programme for staff based on training needs assessment
COUNTY
Aesthetics Loss of aesthetic value of the site
Proper landscaping of the compound to enhance beauty
Provide litter bins within the facility to minimize littering
Prompt repairs to maintain facility in good condition Plant trees to reduce visual intrusion
COUNTY
Regulatorycompliance
Non-compliance may interfere with smooth
Obtain necessary permits and licenses for operation e.g food hygiene license, business permit e.t.c
COUNTY
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Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Project Report for proposed slaughterhouse in Olkalou Municipality
Project stage Activity Potential impact Proposed mitigation measures Responsibilities
running of the operations. Registration of workplace under OSHA, 2007 Obtain license for operation of incinerator Inspection of boilers, hoists and chains under OSHA,
2007 Medical check-ups for meat handlers Obtain effluent discharge license from NEMA
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Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Project Report for proposed slaughterhouse in OlkalouMunicipality
9.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The proposed slaughterhouse in Olkalou Municipality will have a number of positive impacts on
the local and national economy. The benefits of the slaughterhouse should however not lead to
adverse environmental impacts and therefore the measures suggested in this report should be
fully implemented. The developer and the operator need to be well conversant with ESMP and
fully implement the proposed measures.
Recommendations
Proper planning of the slaughterhouse to maximize use of the available land
The County Government of Nyandarua must control land use in the vicinity of the
slaughterhouse to prevent possible future conflicts. Human settlements and activities
that around the slaughterhouse must be minimized,
That the management of the project takes strong cognizance of the importance
attached to environmental health and therefore maximize efforts to safeguard the
environment in all operations and activities of the project.
That the day to day construction and operation of the project be supervised to ensure
that the environment is not degraded unnecessarily. To achieve this, there is need for
the developer to obtain a written commitment from the project contractor to the effect
that this report shall be fully complied with during construction. In addition, a similar
commitment will be necessary during handing over the project to the operator i.e
County Government of Nyandarua or any other operator. While this report is necessary
to obtain the necessary approvals as required under the laws of Kenya, this alone
cannot be enough to protect the environment without full implementation of its
recommendations;
The proposed Environmental& Social Management Plan (ESMP) should be fully
implemented.
The proponent should explore generation of biogas from the slaughterhouse wastes
Operational permits and licenses should be obtained prior to commencement of the
activities of the slaughterhouse
Fully comply with the requirements and standards provided from time to time by the
local authority and other relevant regulatory bodies
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Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Project Report for proposed slaughterhouse in OlkalouMunicipality
Annual environmental audits are conducted to monitor the impacts of the project.
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