Environmental Teaching

8/8/2019 Environmental Teaching

1/97

^

I

C

]

=

NIPC[HIONI]

OGIGFNONI] \S\]NO\


2/97

^IC] =

NIPC[HIONI] OGIGFNONI] \S\]NO\

^ic} H~}ecin

Nipc{hioni} ogigfnoni} |s|}no| nigken k~|cin||n| }h ocicoc|n gim gphcm

nipc{hioni} mgogfn% vace|} ogci}gcicif gim cil{ng|cif t{h}gkcec}s)

]ac| ~ic} lhi}gci| `h~{ |nl}chi|2

\nl}chi 7Gi ci}{hm~l}chi }h nipc{hioni} ogigfnoni} |s|}no| !NO\#

]ac| |nl}chi vcee mnin NO\% h~}ecin c}| h{cfci| gim mc|l~|| }an knin}| h`

cotenoni}cif c})

\nl}chi ;Nipc{hioni} ogigfnoni} |s|}no|Mnpnehtcif gim cotenoni}cif NO\)

]an gtt{hgla c| kg|nm hi }an NO\ |tnlclg}chi| h` C\H 7=447) Nqgoten| h` fhhm

t{gl}cln g{n cile~mnm }h mnohi|}{g}n }anh{s ci t{gl}cln)

NO\ c| mc|l~||nm ci h~{ |}gfn|2

NO\ \}gfn 72 G||cfi nipc{hioni}ge {n|thi|ckcec}s

Lhim~l} }an nipc{hioni} |}g}~| {npcnv

NO\ \}gfn ;2 Mnpneht }an nipc{hioni} thecls

N|}gkec|a nipc{hioni} hkbnl}cpn| gim }g{fn}|

NO\ \}gfn


3/97

\nl}chi

Gi ci}{hm~l}chi }h nipc{hioni} ogigfnoni} }hhe|gim lhilnt}|

Lengin{ T{hm~l}chi% Nlh/N`lcnils% Cim~|}{cge Nlhehfs !\s|}no| ]acijcif# gim Ec`n

Lslen G||n||oni})

\nl}chi 0NO\ ci }an `~}~{n

Eng{icif Hkbnl}cpn|

G} }an nim h` }ac| ~ic}% |}~mni}| |ah~em kn gken }h2

Mnin gim h~}ecin NO\:

Cmni}c`s htth{}~ic}cn| `h{ NO\ ci }an |lahhe% }an vh{jtegln gim }an

ahon:

Gtt{nlcg}n }ag} NO\ gtt{hglan| gim t{ch{c}cn| vcee pg{s gllh{mcif }h

}an }stn gim |crn h` }an k~|cin||% ehlge nipc{hioni}ge t{hkeno| gim

lecog}n lag{gl}n{c|}cl|:

Mnpneht gi NO\ `h{ g ah|tc}gec}s k~|cin||:

Mc|l~|| NO\ ht}chi| vc}a nifcinn{| gim nipc{hioni} |tnlcgec|}| gim

tg{}clctg}n ci |nenl}cif }an oh|} lh|}/n``nl}cpn gim nipc{hioni}gees/

|~c}gken cot{hpnoni}| `h{ g fcpni |c}~g}chi)

464


4/97

GI CI][HM^L]CHI ]H NIPC[HIONI]OGIGFNONI] \S\]NO\

\NL]CHI 72

\NL]CHI

7

Gee }ac| }gej gkh~} b~otcif hi }an f{nni kgimvgfhi ag| mcnm mhvi) Knciff{nni

c| ih ehifn{ `g|achigken h{ fegoh{h~|% c} c| g `gl} h` ec`n) Ihv lhi|cmn{nm ks gee

cim~|}{cn| }h agpn g mc{nl} cotgl} hi t{h}gkcec}s% c} ag| knni gk|h{knm ci k~|cin||t{gl}cln) Agpcif en`} }an fegoh~{ gim nqlc}noni}% vn g{n ihv g} |}gfn }vh }an

mn}gce h` cotenoni}g}chi)

Mgpcm Animn{|hi% @h{on{ Og{jn}cif Ogigfn{ h` Tes|~ Lhi}gcin{|% ^J

7)7 Vag} c| gi Nipc{hioni} Ogigfnoni}\s|}no !NO\#8

Gi nipc{hioni} ogigfnoni} |s|}no !NO\# anet| k~|cin||n| }h npge~g}n% ogigfn

gim {nm~ln }anc{ nipc{hioni} cotgl}| ks t{hpcmcif g on}ahmhehfs }h ci}nf{g}n

nipc{hioni} ogigfnoni} ci}h k~|cin|| htn{g}chi| ci g |s|}nog}cl ogiin{)

G }stclge NO\ lhi|c|}| h` }an `heehvcif gl}chi|2

Lhim~l} g t{necocig{s nipc{hioni} {npcnv }h cmni}c`s gee {n|h~{ln

cit~}| gim vg|}n h~}t~}|:

N|}gkec|a gi nipc{hioni} thecls:

N|}gkec|a nipc{hioni} hkbnl}cpn|(}g{fn}|:

Cotenoni} NO\ }a{h~fa gi nipc{hioni} ogigfnoni} t{hf{goon:

N|}gkec|a NO\ t{hlnm~{n| ci gee mntg{}oni}| gim mcpc|chi|:

N|}gkec|a nipc{hioni} tn{`h{ogiln ohic}h{cif gim mg}g lheenl}chi

t{hlnm~{n|:

Ci}n{ige nipc{hioni} lhoo~iclg}chi% mnenfg}chi gim }{gcicif:

Nipc{hioni}/{neg}nm lhoo~iclg}chi }h pc|c}h{|:

Lhim~l} gi NO\ g~mc}:

Lhotg{n gl}~ge tn{`h{ogiln gfgci|} hkbnl}cpn|(}g{fn}|:

[npcnv hkbnl}cpn|(}g{fn}| h{ lhi}ci~ge cot{hpnoni}:

[nth{} hi nipc{hioni} tn{`h{ogiln }h notehsnn|% l~|}hon{|%

|}gjnahemn{| gim }an vcmn{ t~kecl)

7); ]an H{cfci| h` NO\NO\ vg| mnpnehtnm hi }an `heehvcif kg|n|2 LHOTECGILN GIM M^N MCECFNILN G^MC]CIF

Lhotecgiln g~mc}| vn{n mnpnehtnm ci }an 7364| ci {n|thi|n }h }an

lh|}es in| lhotgicn| vn{n cil~{{cif m~n }h ihi/lhotecgiln vc}a

nipc{hioni} enfc|eg}chi) M~n mcecfniln h{ t{n/glw~c|c}chi g~mc}| g{n

lhim~l}nm }h cmni}c`s }an nipc{hioni} c||~n| h` |c}n| gim k~|cin||n|

kn`h{n }ans lgi kn lhi|cmn{nm h{ cipn|}oni} h{ }gjnhpn{)

]H]GE W^GEC]S OGIGFNONI]

NO\ c| kg|nm hi }an ]WO t{hln||2tegi

mh

lanlj

gl}

467


5/97

ÎC] =2 NIPC[HIONI] OGIGFNONI] \S\]NO\

]AN KNIN@C]\ H@ NO\

NO\ nigken| }h~{c|o k~|cin||n| }h lhotes vc}a% gim npni nqlnnm%

nipc{hioni} enfc|eg}chi)

NO\ ehvn{| lh|}| ks {nm~lcif {n|h~{ln ~|n% cot{hpcif htn{g}cif

n`lcnils% ehvn{cif vg|}n h~}t~} gim gphcmcif ihi/lhotecgiln in|)

NO\ ogjn| g t{htn{}s g |g`n{ gim ange}acn{ nipc{hioni} `h{

notehsnn| gim pc|c}h{|) Vh{j {neg}nm gllcmni}|% hll~tg}chige ceein||n|

gim {neg}nm gk|ni}nnc|o lgi }an{n`h{n kn {nm~lnm)

Gehif vc}a }an f{hv}a h` t~kecl nipc{hioni} gvg{nin||% }h~{c|}|

g{n mnogimciff{nnin{ |n{pcln|) NO\ nigken| k~|cin||n| }h onn}

}ac| mnogim) ]an f{hv}a h` }h~{c|o nlh/egkne| gim nipc{hioni}

gvg{m| c| g |}{hif cimclg}chi h` }an f{hvcif {n|thi|n h` }h~{c|}| }h

nipc{hioni}gees {n|thi|cken |n{pcln|)

Kgij| gim ci|~{giln lhotgicn| ihv {nw~c{n ci`h{og}chi hi

nipc{hioni} tn{`h{ogiln vani ogjcif enimcif gim lhpn{gfn

mnlc|chi|) Ci 7336% ÎNT k{hjn{nm }an \}g}noni} ks @cigilcge

Ci|}c}~}chi| hi Nipc{hioni} gim \~|}gcigken Mnpnehtoni}% g

lhooc}oni} ks 74= |cfig}h{cn| }h cot{hpn nipc{hioni} ogigfnoni}

gim gmht} cim~|}{s kn|} t{gl}cln ci l{nmc} {c|j ogigfnoni}%

{nm~l}chi h` nin{fs gim og}n{cge| ~|n gim vg|}n ogigfnoni}) ]an

|cfig}h{cn| cile~mn g {gifn hìgilcge ci|}c}~}chi|2 lhoon{lcge gim

cipn|}oni} kgij|% pni}~{n lgtc}gec|}|% g||n} ogigfn{| gim o~e}ceg}n{ge

mnpnehtoni} kgij|) G| g |tci/h`` `{ho }ac| cic}cg}cpn% hpn{ 64 ci|~{giln

lhotgicn| `{ho ;> lh~i}{cn| agpn lhon }hfn}an{ ~imn{ ÎNT }h `h{o

ÎNT Ci|~{giln Cim~|}{s Cic}cg}cpn `h{ }an Nipc{hioni})

Lh{th{g}n |hlcge {n|thi|ckcec}s c| g f{hvcif gfnimg) Lhotgicn| g{n

ih ehifn{ b~mfnm ks }anc{ t{h} gehin gim `gln oh~i}cif t{n||~{n

}h tg{}clctg}n ci cot{hpcif }an w~gec}s h` ec`n h` }anc{ l~|}hon{|%

notehsnn| gim }an vcmn{ |hlcn}s vc}aci vacla }ans htn{g}n) NO\ c| }an

{|} l{c}clge |}nt ci }ac| mc{nl}chi)

\NL]CHI

7

46;


6/97

NO\ \]GFN 72

G\\CFI [N\THI\CKCEC]S GIM LHIM^L]NIPC[HIONI] \]G]^\ [NPCNV

G||cfi Nipc{hioni} [n|thi|ckcec}s

Ci gis k~|cin||% {n|thi|ckcec}s `h{ g }g|j o~|} kn g||cfinm }h |honhin }h ni|~{n

}ag} c} c| tn{`h{onm gim lhoten}nm) [n|thi|ckcec}s `h{ NO\ lgi kn g||cfinm }h

hin notehsnn h{ }h g f{h~t) Oh|} }h~{c|o k~|cin||n| gtthci} gi nipc{hioni}

lagotchi% |~tth{}nm ks gi nipc{hioni} ogigfnoni} }ngo) ]an nipc{hioni}

ogigfnoni} }ngo |ah~em cile~mn {nt{n|ni}g}cpn| `{ho }ht ogigfnoni} gim

`{ho gee mntg{}oni}|2 }ac| vcee ni|~{n }ag} }an nipc{hioni} k~{mni| h` }an ni}c{nk~|cin|| g{n cmni}cnm gim cile~mnm ci }an NO\)

]an nipc{hioni} lagotchi gim ogigfnoni} }ngo |ah~em agpn }an |jcee| }h2

Gtt{nlcg}n }an coth{}giln h` NO\:

^imn{|}gim enfc|eg}cpn {nw~c{noni}| gim }an coteclg}chi| h` ihi/

lhotecgiln:

Gtt{nlcg}n }an }nlaiclgec}cn| h` NO\ |h }ag} t{ch{c}s gl}chi| lgi kn

cmni}cnm:

Cotenoni} NO\% vacla cile~mn| fg}an{cif ci`h{og}chi% lhim~l}cif

ci}n{pcnv|% mg}g giges|c| gim {nth{} v{c}cif)

MNPNEHTCIF GIMCOTENONI]CIF NO\

\NL]CHI ;2

\NL]CHI

;

@h~{ |}gfn| h` NO\

\]GFN 7

G||cfi {n|thi|ckcec}s gimlhim~l} nipc{hioni} |}g}~|{npcnv

G||cfi {n|thi|ckcec}s) Gtthci} gi nipc{hioni} lagotchigim

n|}gkec|a gi nipc{hioni} ogigfnoni} }ngo Lhim~l} t{necocig{s nipc{hioni} |}g}~| {npcnv }h g||n||

}an enpne| h {n|h~{ln(og}n{cge ~|n gim vg|}n h~}t~}% gimlhotecgiln vc}a nipc{hioni} enfc|eg}chi

[npcnv l~{{ni} gim cotnimcif nipc{hioni} enfc|eg}chi

G||n|| l~{{ni} nipc{hioni} tn{`h{ogiln

N|}gkec|a hkbnl}cpn| gim }g{fn}|

N|}gkec|a nipc{hioni} thecls

Mnpneht nipc{hioni} ogigfnoni} tegi

Cotenoni} nipc{hioni} ogigfnoni} tegi

]{gci notehsnn| }h cilh{th{g}n nipc{hioni} gl}chi ci}h mgces}g|j|

Lhoo~iclg}n nipc{hioni} thecls gim hifhcif nipc{hioni}cot{hpnoni} }h f~n|}|

Ohic}h{ gim mhl~oni} nipc{hioni} tn{`h{ogiln

Lhim~l} NO\ g~mc}

Lhotg{n tn{`h{ogiln gfgci|} }ag} h t{npch~| sng{| g| vnee g|}an |n} hkbnl}cpn| gim }g{fn}|

Ohmc`s hkbnl}cpn| gim }g{fn}| h{ lhi}ci~nm nipc{hioni}cot{hpnoni} !c innmnm#

[nth{} hi nipc{hioni} tn{`h{ogiln

\]GFN =Lhim~l} }an NO\ g~mc} gim{nth{} hi nipc{hioni}tn{`h{ogiln

\]GFN 4. h` vg}n{ c| ~|nm ci f~n|}{hho| gim jc}lani|) H}an{ ogbh{ ~|n{| g{n

eg~im{cn| gim t~kecl }hcen}|)

Ah} vg}n{ c| anem ci% gim mc|}{ck~}nm `{ho% ah}/vg}n{ |}h{gfn }gij|) Ci eg{fn{ `glcec}cn|%

|ntg{g}n khcen{| gim |}h{gfn }gij| ogs kn ~|nm }h ang} gim ahem vg}n{ |~ttecn|

g} mc``n{ni} }notn{g}~{n|) Gi ge}n{ig}cpn c| }h ~|n ehlg}chi/|tnlcl vg}n{ ang}n{| }h

cil{ng|n }notn{g}~{n| g| {nw~c{nm)

O~la nin{fs c| innmnm }h ang} gim |}h{n ah} vg}n{% gim ehvn{cif ah} vg}n{

lhi|~ot}chi vcee {nm~ln vg}n{/ang}cif lh|}|)

Mc``n{ni} mnf{nn| h` ah} vg}n{ g{n {nw~c{nm `h{ mc``n{ni} t~{th|n|) ]stclge vg}n{

ang}cif }a{n|ahem| `h{ ah|tc}gec}s k~|cin||n| g{n2/ F~n|} {hho| >4L

/ Eg~im{s =4/14L

/ Jc}lani| 04L

Vg|}nvg}n{ |ah~em kn mc{nl}nm }h |nvgfn }{ng}oni} tegi}| `h{ }{ng}oni} kn`h{n

mc|lag{fn) Sn} eg{fn phe~on| h` vg|}nvg}n{ g{n mc|lag{fnm vc}ah~} }{ng}oni} ci kh}a

cim~|}{cgec|nm gim ihi/cim~|}{cgec|nm lh~i}{cn|)

Vg}n{ }{ng}oni} c| nqtni|cpn% gim c| ~|~gees lag{fnm ks phe~on mc|lag{fnm)

Kchehfclge }{ng}oni} thim| lh~em kn |n} ~t c` ih o~iclctge |nvn{ c| gpgcegken)

\NL]CHI

;

^IC] =2 NIPC[HIONI] OGIGFNONI] \S\]NO\46>


9/97

VG\]N GIM VG\]NVG]N[ [NPCNV LANLJEC\]

C| vg}n{ ~|n kncif ohic}h{nm8 Ahv o~la ah} gim lhem vg}n{ c| ~|nm hi }an ogcit{htn{}s% ci }an |vcoocif thhe gim ci }an fg{mni npn{s ohi}a(sng{8

Agpn n``h{}| knni ogmn }h |gpn vg}n{8

Vag} g{n }an |h~{ln| h` vg}n{ |~ttes8

G{n vg}n{ w~gec}s |}gimg{m| kncif on}8

G{n }an{n |cfi| h` lh{{h|chi% acfa enpne| h` |lgen h{ h}an{ mnth|c}|% h{ tA cil{ng|n%cimclg}cif }ag} vg}n{ w~gec}s innm| }h kn cot{hpnm8

Vag} c| vg}n{ lhi|~ot}chi lh|} g| g t{hth{}chi h` htn{g}cif lh|}|8

G{n notehsnn| nilh~{gfnm }h |gpn vg}n{ m~{cif mgces vh{j {h~}cin|8

G{n f~n|}| cipc}nm }h |gpn vg}n{8

Ahv h`}ni c| }an vg}n{ mc|}{ck~}chi |s|}no lanljnm `h{ engj|% t{n||~{n lhi}{heoge`~il}chi| gim h}an{ cin`lcnilcn|8

Agpn |ntg{g}n mntg{}oni}| knni |~k/on}n{nm }h ohic}h{ }an vg}n{ lhi|~ot}chi h`

ngla8

C| }an{n gmnw~g}n }~{ihpn{ ci vg}n{ |}h{gfn }gij| }h t{npni} }an `h{ocif h` kgl}n{cg8

C| vg|}nvg}n{ }{ng}nm kn`h{n mc|lag{fn8

Agpn vg}n{ t~{lag|cif gim vg|}n vg}n{ mc|lag{fn lh|}| {c|ni hpn{ }an eg|} < sng{|8

\NL]CHI

;

^IC] =2 NIPC[HIONI] OGIGFNONI] \S\]NO\460


10/97

Nipc{hioni} \}g}~| [npcnv hi Nin{fs

NIN[FS @GL]\ANN]

Nin{fs gllh~i}| `h{ }an eg{fn|} |ag{n h` htn{g}cif lh|}| ci }h~{c|o `glcec}cn|)

Nin{fs c| ~|nm `h{ ecfa}cif% ang}cif gim lhhecif% pni}ceg}chi% gim thvn{cif

gttecgiln|)

Oh|} }h~{c|o k~|cin||n| m{gv }anc{ nenl}{cl nin{fs `{ho }an ig}chige f{cm% vah|n

thvn{ c| fnin{g}nm `{ho pg{ch~| |h~{ln|2 `h||ce `~ne| |~la g| `~ne hce gim lhge%

asm{hthvn{% i~leng{ thvn{% ig}~{ge fg|: gim {ninvgken |h~{ln| |~la g| |heg{% vcim%

kch/`~ne| gim fnh}an{oge nin{fs)

Gtg{} `{ho f{cm nenl}{clc}s% ah|tc}gec}s k~|cin||n| ~|n g {gifn h` h}an{ `~ne gim nin{fs

|h~{ln| `h{ vg}n{ gim |tgln ang}cif gim lhhjcif) ]an|n cile~mn `~ne hce% ig}~{ge fg|

h{ t{htgin% |heg{ gim vcim thvn{% kch/`~ne| gim fnh}an{oge nin{fs)

Vag} g{ng h` g ah|tc}gec}s k~|cin|| c| }an oh|} nin{fs/ci}ni|cpn8 ]an gi|vn{

mntnim| hi k~cemcif lhif~{g}chi|% lecog}n lhimc}chi|% ang}cif gim lhhecif{nw~c{noni}|% enpne| h` hll~tgils gim gl}cpc}s% }an nin{fs |h~{ln| ~|nm% gim }an

nin{fs/n`lcnils h` gttecgiln|)

Vacen |hon gl}cpc}cn| ogs {nw~c{n acfa goh~i}| h` nin{fs% g||hlcg}nm lh|}| ogs

kn {neg}cpnes ehv) Gtg{} `{ho t{clcif mc|}h{}chi|% }ac| lh~em kn m~n }h }an acfa

nin{fs/n`lcnils h` nw~ctoni} h{ }an acfa lgeh{cl pge~n h` }an `~ne ~|nm) ]an ^J

Mntg{}oni} h` }an Nipc{hioni}% ]{gi|th{} gim }an [nfchi| Nin{fs N`lcnils Kn|}

T{gl}cln T{hf{goon% t{hpcmnm }an `heehvcif n|}cog}n| hi nin{fs ci}ni|c}s gim lh|}|

kg|nm hi nin{fs lhi|~ot}chi mg}g `{ho ah|tc}gec}s `glcec}cn| ci }an ^J2

\NL]CHI

;

Nin{fs ogigfnoni} lhi|cmn{g}chi| mc``n{ ci ah} gim lhem lecog}n|) Ci ah} lecog}n|

gc{/lhimc}chicif c| ~|nm }h {nm~ln }notn{g}~{n| gim a~ocmc}s% vacen ci lhem lecog}n|%

ang}cif |s|}no| g{n {nw~c{nm }h cil{ng|n }notn{g}~{n gim lhi}{he pni}ceg}chi gim

a~ocmc}s)

Mnf{nn/mgs }a{n|ahem| t{hpcmn f~cmgiln }h t{htn{}s ogigfn{| hi ang}cif gim

lhhecif enpne|) ]ans mc``n{ `{ho lh~i}{s }h lh~i}{s) Lhotg{cif h~}|cmn }notn{g}~{n|

vc}a }an mnf{nn/mgs }a{n|ahem vcee cimclg}n }an enpne| }h vacla k~cemcif| agpn }h kn

ang}nm h{ lhhenm) Mnf{nn/mgs }a{n|ahem| g{n t~kec|anm gangm h` }con ci nin{fs gim

t{htn{}s ogigfnoni} ec}n{g}~{n)

Vani lg{{scif h~} nin{fs g~mc}| c} ogs kn inln||g{s }h lhipn{} w~gi}c}cn| h` `~ne

ci}h ~ic}| h` nin{fs) ]an cit~} pge~n| `h{ nin{fs lhipn{|chi h` lhoohies ~|nm `~ne|

g{n fcpni ci }an }gken knehv) Cit~} pge~n ongi| }an nin{fs kncif lhipn{}nm ci }an

thvn{(ang} fnin{g}chi t{hln||) ]an|n cit~} pge~n| o~|} }an{n`h{n kn o~e}ctecnm ks

}an nin{fs n`lcnils h` }an gttecgiln }h hk}gci }an gl}~ge h~}t~} h` nin{fs) Gll~{g}n

mg}g h` }an nqgl} lgeh{cl pge~n| h` `~ne| gim }an n`lcnils h` nw~ctoni} lgi kn

hk}gcinm `{ho |~ttecn{|)


N|}cog}n| h` nin{fs ci}ni|c}s gim lh|}| ci }an ^J

. H@ ]H]GE NIN[FS PHE^ON . H@ ]H]GE NIN[FS LH\]\

\tgln ang}cif(lhhecif =1. ;3.

Jc}lani gim @&K h~}en}| 7>. 7>.

Vg}n{ Ang}cif ;4. 7;.

Ecfa}cif 3. 77.

H}an{| 1. ;


11/97

C} vcee ge|h kn inln||g{s }h lhipn{} pge~n| `{ho vg}}/ah~{| }h bh~en| h{ pcln pn{|g)

]an lgel~eg}chi c|2

7 jceh vg}}/ah~{ !jVa# ?


12/97

NIN[FS LANLJEC\]

Ahv o~la thvn{ gim `~ne c| ~|nm hi }an t{htn{}s npn{s ohi}a(sng{8

Vag} `~ne |h~{ln c| ~|nm }h fnin{g}n }an nenl}{clc}s ~|nm8

Agpn n``h{}| knni ogmn }h |gpn thvn{ gim nin{fs8

C| thvn{ |~ttes |a~} mhvi ci g{ng| }ag} g{n ih} ci ~|n8

G{n }notn{g}~{n |n}}cif| gmb~|}nm }h ni|~{n lho`h{} enpne| gim ocico~o nin{fs ~|n8

C| }an langtn|} gim oh|} n`lcni} `~ne kncif ~|nm `h{ ngla {nw~c{noni}8

C| }an nin{fs tegi} gim nw~ctoni} hpn{ }ni sng{| hem8

G{n nin{fs/|gpcif ecfa}k~ek| kncif ~|nm8

G{n notehsnn| nilh~{gfnm }h |gpn nin{fs ci mgces {h~}cin|8

G{n pc|c}h{| cipc}nm }h |gpn nin{fs8

G{n gttecgiln| }an{oh|}g}clgees lhi}{heenm8

Vag} g{n `~ne gim thvn{ lh|}| ci t{hth{}chi }h }h}ge htn{g}cif lh|}|8

Agpn `~ne gim thvn{ lh|}| cil{ng|nm hpn{ }an eg|} }a{nn sng{|8


\NL]CHI

;

463


13/97

Nipc{hioni} \}g}~| [npcnv h{ Vg|}n

VG\]N @GL]\ANN]

Vg|}n mc|th|ge c| g ogbh{ nlhihocl gim nipc{hioni} lageenifn `glcif gee |hlcn}cn|) Vg|}n fnin{g}nm ks ah|tc}gec}s k~|cin||n| cile~mn2

/ Tgtn{ gim lg{mkhg{m c}no| |~la g| |}g}chin{s% mc|th|gken c}no| gim tgljgfcif:

/ Ge~ocic~o t{hm~l}| |~la g| knpn{gfn lgi| gim }ci|:

/ Teg|}cl c}no| |~la g| tgljgfcif% lhi}gcin{| gim mc|th|gken c}no|:

/ H{fgicl vg|}n |~la g| `hhm vg|}n gim fg{mni }{coocif|:

/ Agrg{mh~| vg|}n |~la g| kg}}n{cn|% |hepni}|% tgci}| gim gi}c/`h~ecif gfni}|:

/ K~cemcif og}n{cge| gim `~{ic}~{n:

/ Hce| gim `g}:

/ Nim/h`/ec`n gttecgiln| gim `~{ic}~{n)

O~iclctge vg|}n !vacla cile~mn| }an gkhpn# c| {nlslenm% cilcin{g}nm h{ egim eenm) Ci

oh|} lh~i}{cn|% oh|} vg|}n fhn| `h{ egimee)

Egimee |c}n| agpn |cficlgi} nipc{hioni} cotgl}|) Ci gi n``h{} }h {nm~ln egimee

phe~on|% ogis lh~i}{cn| g{n ni`h{lcif egimee }gqn| gim enfc|eg}chi }h mc|lh~{gfn

inv |c}n|) \co~e}ginh~|es% n``h{}| g{n kncif ogmn }h cil{ng|n }an {nlslecif h` tgtn{%

teg|}cl gim ge~ocic~o vg|}n|) ]an cilcin{g}chi h` vg|}n vc}a ang} {nlhpn{s c| ge|h

kncif t{hoh}nm% }ah~fa }h en||n{ nq}ni})

@h{ }h~{c|o k~|cin||n|% }an {npni~n fgci| }a{h~fa }an |gen h` {n~|gken gim {nlslegken

vg|}n| lgi f{ng}es h``|n} }an lh|}| h` vg|}n |ntg{g}chi% kgcecif gim lhotgl}cif)

]an vg|}n ogigfnoni} acn{g{las c|2

/ Gphcm:/ [nm~ln:

/ [n~|n:

/ [nlslen:

/ [nlhpn{)

\nn tgfn 74> `h{ mn}gce| hi ngla g|tnl} h` }an acn{g{las)

Kg|nm hi og}n{cge ~|n gim {nlslecif |}g}c|}cl| `{ho }an ^\2

/ [nlslecif hin ge~ocic~o lgi |gpn| nih~fa nin{fs }h {~i g ]P `h{ < ah~{|:

/ [nlslecif hin feg|| kh}}en |gpn| nih~fa nin{fs }h ecfa} g 744/vg}} k~ek `h{ = ah~{|:

/ Npn{s < vnnj|% Gon{clgi| mc|th|n h` gi goh~i} h` ~|nm oh}h{ hce nw~cpgeni} }h }an

Nqqhi Pgemnr hce |tcee:

/ [nlslecif hin }hiin h` tgtn{ |gpn| 7%=44/jcehvg}} ah~{| h` nin{fs% nih~fa }h ang}

gi gpn{gfn Gon{clgi ahon `h{ 0 ohi}a|)


\NL]CHI

;

414


14/97

VG\]N LANLJEC\]

]an {|} |}nt ci t{ntg{g}chi `h{ g t{necocig{s vg|}n |}g}~| {npcnv c| }h lhotcen gicipni}h{s h` gee og}n{cge| mc|th|nm h` ks }an k~|cin||) ]an `heehvcif |ah~em }ani knlhi|cmn{nm2

Ahv o~la vg|}n c| fnin{g}nm ~imn{ }an ogci vg|}n lg}nfh{cn|2 tgtn{% teg|}cl%ge~ocic~o% h{fgicl !jc}lani gim fg{mni# gim agrg{mh~|% npn{s ohi}a(sng{8

Vacla mntg{}oni}| fnin{g}n acfa phe~on| h` vg|}n8

Ahv o~la c| jihvi gkh~} vg|}n mc|th|ge on}ahm|8

Agpn cic}cg}cpn| knni }gjni }h |ntg{g}n vg|}n8

C| h{fgicl vg|}n |ntg{g}nm `{ho h}an{ vg|}n8

Agpn cic}cg}cpn| knni }gjni }h {nm~ln vg|}n8

Vag} g{n vg|}n mc|th|ge lag{fn| g| g t{hth{}chi h` htn{g}cif lh|}|8

Agpn vg|}n mc|th|ge lag{fn| cil{ng|nm hpn{ }an eg|} < sng{|8

G{n }an{n c}no| ci }an vg|}n |}{ngo }ag} agpn inpn{ knni ~|nm8

Ag| g vg|}n g~mc} knni lhim~l}nm8


\NL]CHI

;

417


15/97

Nipc{hioni} \}g}~| [npcnv hi T~{lag|cif Nipc{hioni}gees/t{n`n{gken

T{hm~l}| gim \n{pcln|

T^[LAG\CIF @GL]\ANN]

]an ah|tc}gec}s cim~|}{s c| g eg{fn k~sn{ h` lhi|~on{ fhhm| gim |n{pcln| gim lgi%

}an{n`h{n% agpn g |cficlgi} ci~niln hi |~ttecn{| gim lhi}{gl}h{|) Hi gpn{gfn% ;0

pn/|}g{ ah}ne| t~{lag|n }an |gon phe~on h` fhhm| g| 7%;44 `gocecn|)

Nipc{hioni}gees/t{n`n{gken t{hm~l}| cile~mn2

/ T{hm~l}| ogmn ni}c{nes h{ tg{}es vc}a {nlslenm og}n{cge|:

/ Og}n{cge| vc}a {nm~lnm }hqclc}s n)f) vg}n{/kg|nm tgci}| gim ihi/|hepni} lengin{|:

/ T{hm~l}| ogi~`gl}~{nm }a{h~fa lengin{ t{hm~l}chi t{hln||n| n)f) ~ikenglanm

tgtn{:

/ T{hm~l}| }ag} g{n oh{n m~{gken gim eg|} ehifn{:

/ T{hm~l}| }ag} {nw~c{n en|| nin{fs m~{cif ogi~`gl}~{n gim ~|n:

/ [n~|gken h{ {nlslegken t{hm~l}|:

/ T{hm~l}| vc}a {nm~lnm tgljgfcif / oh|} tgljgfcif nim| ~t ci }an vg|}n |}{ngo

en|| }agi 3 ohi}a| g`}n{ ogi~`gl}~{n:

/ Nipc{hioni}gees ln{}cnm t{hm~l}|:

/ T{hm~l}| ogi~`gl}~{nm ehlgees ih} {nw~c{cif ehif/mc|}giln }{gi|th{}g}chi)

]an ~|n h` nipc{hioni}gees/t{n`n{gken t{hm~l}| lgi kn g pge~gken |ahvlg|n `h{

lh{th{g}n nipc{hioni} lhooc}oni})

Nipc{hioni}/lhi|lch~| t~{lag|cif t{gl}cln| gphcm gim {nm~ln vg|}n) @h{ nqgoten%

k~scif c}no| vc}a en|| tgljgfcif {nm~ln| tgljgfcif vg|}n)

Lagifcif t~{lag|cif t{gl}cln| |ah~em kn ~imn{}gjni ci leh|n lheegkh{g}chi vc}a

|~ttecn{| }h ni|~{n }ag} }an oh|} lh|}/n``nl}cpn gim nipc{hioni}gees/t{n`n{gken

ge}n{ig}cpn c| |nenl}nm)


\NL]CHI

;

41;


16/97

T~{lag|cif Lanljec|}

]an {|} |}nt c| }h lhotcen gi cipni}h{s h` gee og}n{cge| t~{lag|nm ks }an k~|cin||) ]ac|cipni}h{s lgi kn ~|nm }h g||n||2

Vacla c}no| lgi kn {nteglnm ks g oh{n nipc{hioni}gees/t{n`n{gken ge}n{ig}cpn8

Vacla lgi kn {n~|nm `h{ }an |gon h{ gih}an{ t~{th|n8

G{n c}no| kncif t~{lag|nm }ag} inpn{ fn} ~|nm8

Agpn |~ttecn{| agpn knni g|jnm `h{ nipc{hioni}gees/t{n`n{gken ge}n{ig}cpn|8

Agpn lhi}{gl}h{| knni gken }h t{hpcmn g oh{n nipc{hioni}gees/t{n`n{gken |n{pcln8

Vacla |~ttecn{| gim lhi}{gl}h{| agpn gi nipc{hioni} thecls8

G{n n``h{}| kncif ogmn }h {nm~ln tgljgfcif8

C| g lhi|lch~| n``h{} kncif ogmn }h k~s nipc{hioni}gees/t{n`n{gken t{hm~l}|vaninpn{ th||cken8


\NL]CHI

;

41


17/97

Nipc{hioni} \}g}~| [npcnv hi Noc||chi| gim }an

Cimhh{ Nipc{hioni}

NOC\\CHI\ GIM CIMHH[ NIPC[HIONI] @GL]\ANN]

Noc||chi| `{ho }h~{c|o `glcec}cn| cile~mn2

/ Lhok~|}chi fg|n| !lg{khi mchqcmn% ic}{h~| hqcmn% asm{hlg{khi|# `{ho `h||ce `~ne

gim fg|/htn{g}nm khcen{|% |}hpn| gim fnin{g}h{|:

/ L@L| `{ho {n`{cfn{g}chi gim gc{/lhimc}chicif nw~ctoni}:

/ Agehi| ci {n/nq}cif~c|acif nw~ctoni}:

/ Pgth~{| `{ho m{s lengicif |hepni}|:

/ Pnaclen noc||chi|)

Cimhh{ nipc{hioni} w~gec}s c| h` f{ng} coth{}giln }h }an lho`h{} gim vnee/kncif h`

hll~tgi}|) Oh|} tnhten ecpcif gim vh{jcif ci lc}cn| |tnim 34. h` }anc{ }con cimhh{|)

Cimhh{ gc{ w~gec}s mntnim| hi }an gl}cpc}cn| gim noc||chi| vc}aci }an k~cemcif gim }anthee~}gi}| k{h~fa} ci}h c} `{ho }an gc{ h~}|cmn) Lhoohi |h~{ln| h` cimhh{ gc{ w~gec}s

lhi}gocig}chi cile~mn2

/ Lhok~|}chi fg|n| `{ho |}hpn|% khcen{| gim h}an{ lhok~|}chi nw~ctoni}:

/ ]hkgllh |ohjn:

/ PHL pgth~{| `{ho lengicif |hepni}|% tgci}|% pg{ic|an|% tah}hlhts noc||chi| gim

tn|}clcmn|:

/ G|kn|}h| k{n|:

/ Hrhin k{h~fa} ci `{ho }an h~}|cmn:

/ M~|} gim tg{}clen|:

/ L@L| `{ho {n`{cfn{g}chi gim gc{/lhimc}chicif nw~ctoni}:/ [gmhi {neng|nm {ho k~cemcif og}n{cge|)

Thh{ cimhh{ gc{ w~gec}s lgi cim~ln gmpn{|n ange}a n``nl}|% `{ho angmglan| gim ig~|ng

}h {n|tc{g}h{s c{{c}g}chi| gim geen{fcl {ngl}chi|) Ehif/}n{o nqth|~{n !ci }an lg|n h`

ah|tc}gec}s notehsnn|# lgi cim~ln oh{n |n{ch~| ceein||n|)

]an kn|}/jihvi cimhh{ nipc{hioni}/{neg}nm ange}a c||~n c| |clj k~cemcif |sim{hon%

g||hlcg}nm vc}a lhi}ci~ge nqth|~{n }h `~on| `{ho tgci}|% gman|cpn|% pg{ic|an|% gim

lanoclge noc||chi| `{ho tah}hlhtcn{|% `~{ic|acif| gim `gk{cl|) ]an Vh{em Ange}a

H{fgic|g}chi !VAH# n|}cog}n| }ag}


18/97

NOC\\CHI\ GIM CIMHH[ GC[ W^GEC]S LANLJEC\]

]an {|} |}nt c| }h lhotcen gi cipni}h{s h` gee |h~{ln| h` noc||chi| ci|cmn gim h~}|cmn }ank~cemcif) ]ani lhi|cmn{ }an `heehvcif2

G{n noc||chi| `{ho khcen{| gim |}hpn| ohic}h{nm8

C| cimhh{ gc{ w~gec}s ohic}h{nm8

G{n gttecgiln| gim nw~ctoni} |n{pclnm {nf~eg{es8

G{n gttecgiln| hpn{ 74 sng{| hem kncif ~|nm8

Agpn lhotegci}| gkh~} thh{ cimhh{ gc{ w~gec}s knni {nlncpnm `{ho f~n|}| h{notehsnn|8

C| }an t{htn{}s `{nn `{ho g|kn|}h|8

Agpn ge}n{ig}cpn| }h L@L| knni lhi|cmn{nm8

Agpn n``h{}| knni ogmn }h {nm~ln noc||chi|8

G{n pnaclen| nw~cttnm vc}a lg}ges}cl lhipn{}n{|8

G{n }an{n ehlge cic}cg}cpn| }h ohic}h{ t{npgcecif !nq}n{ch{# gc{ w~gec}s% n|tnlcgees ci~{kgi g{ng|8

C| }an gc{ w~gec}s h` }an ehlge nipc{hioni} lhi|cmn{nm }h kn fhhm h{ kgm8


\NL]CHI

;

41>


19/97

Nipc{hioni} \}g}~| [npcnv hi [nm~lcif Ihc|n

IHC\N @GL]\ANN]

Ihc|n thee~}chi lgi kn mninm g| ~imn|c{gken |h~im }ag} c| mc|}~{kcif% giihscif gim

vacla ogs kn mn}{coni}ge }h a~ogi ange}a)

^imn|c{gken ihc|n lgi cile~mn o~|cl% }{g`l% l{hvm|% gim vh{jtegln/{neg}nm ihc|n

`{ho oglacin| gim gttecgiln|)

Ihc|n c| ong|~{nm ci mnlckne| !mK#% vacla `heehv g ehfg{c}aocl |lgen) ]an{n`h{n npni g

|ogee cil{ng|n ci mnlckne| ongi| g eg{fn cil{ng|n ci }an ogfic}~mn h` }an |h~im) @h{

nqgoten% g |h~im h` 4/04mK

64mK

34mK

Ogqco~o tn{oc||cken cim~|}{cgevh{jmgs ihc|n enpne|

\H^IM ENPNE !mK# M^[G]CHI !AH^[\#

34 1

3; 0

3> =

744 ;

74> 7

774 7(;

77> 7(=

410


20/97

IHC\N OGIGFNONI] LANLJEC\]

Cmni}c`s gee th||cken |h~{ln| h` ihc|n `{ho vc}aci gim h~}|cmn }an t{htn{}s2

Pn{c`s ig}chige enfc|eg}chi `h{ }an ogqco~o ecoc} `h{ ihc|n ci }an vh{jtegln) Ihc|necoc}| g{n ~|~gees cile~mnm ci hll~tg}chige ange}a gim |g`n}s egv|) Ci oh|} lh~i}{cn|}an ogqco~o ihc|n enpne m~{cif gi 1/ah~{ vh{jcif mgs c| 1>/34mK)

Mh f~n|}| lhotegci {nf~eg{es gkh~} ihc|n8 Mhn| c} lhon `{ho ci|cmn h{ h~}|cmn }ant{htn{}s8

Mh notehsnn| lhotegci gkh~} ihc|n% n|tnlcgees }ah|n kg|nm ci gim g{h~im jc}lani|%

eg~im{cn| gim ogci}nigiln g{ng|8

Agpn notehsnn| {nth{}nm ange}a t{hkeno| }ag} lh~em kn ecijnm }h acfa ihc|nci}ni|c}cn|8

G{n nw~ctoni} gim gttecgiln| {nf~eg{es |n{pclnm }h ogci}gci ehv ihc|n enpne|8

Agpn |}nt| knni }gjni }h {nm~ln ihc|n8

C| c} th||cken }h cmni}c`s mgs| gim }con| h` }an sng{ }ag} g{n tg{}cl~eg{es ihc|s8


\NL]CHI

;

416


21/97

Nipc{hioni} \}g}~| [npcnv hi }an Th}ni}cge [n|thi|n h`Pc|c}h{| }h }an Cotnimcif Nipc{hioni} N``h{}

C} c| ~|n`~e `h{ g ah|tc}gec}s k~|cin|| }h fgci gi ci|cfa} ci}h th}ni}cge f~n|}

{n|thi|n }h }an cotnimcif nipc{hioni} n``h{}2

Agpn gis f~n|}| ciw~c{nm gkh~} }an k~|cin||| nipc{hioni} thecls8

Agpn }h~{ htn{g}h{| gim }{gpne gfni}| ciw~c{nm gkh~} }an k~|cin||n|

nipc{hioni}ge thecls8

Mh lhotn}c}h{| agpn gi nipc{hioni} thecls8

G| tg{} h` }an nipc{hioni} |}g}~| {npcnv% g |ah{} f~n|} |~{pns lh~em kn lhim~l}nm

}h npge~g}n pc|c}h{ ci}n{n|} ci nipc{hioni} c||~n| gim nipc{hioni}gees {n|thi|cken

|n{pcln t{hpcmn{|) @h{ nqgoten2

Nqgoten h` Fhhm T{gl}cln

]{nn}ht| Ah}ne c| lhooc}}nm }h cot{hpcif }an nipc{hioni} gim c| vh{jcif

}hvg{m| {nm~lcif nipc{hioni} cotgl}| vacen t{hpcmcif sh~ vc}a g acfa/ w~gec}s

|n{pcln) Vn vh~em kn teng|nm }h agpn sh~{ lhooni}| hi }an `heehvcif2

G{n sh~ ci}n{n|}nm ci nipc{hioni} c||~n|8

Vh~em sh~ lhi|cmn{ fcpcif t{n`n{niln }h gi nipc{hioni}gees

{n|thi|cken k~|cin||8

Vh~em sh~ gf{nn }h agpcif sh~{ }hvne gim ecini lagifnm npn{s

h}an{ mgs }h |gpn vg}n{ gim nin{fs gim }h {nm~ln vg|}nvg}n{8

Vh~em sh~ gf{nn }h |ntg{g}cif sh~{ feg||% tgtn{ gim on}ge vg|}n c`

|ntg{g}n lhi}gcin{| vn{n t{hpcmnm ci sh~{ {hho8

G{n sh~ ci}n{n|}nm ci {nlncpcif ci`h{og}chi hi ehlge nipc{hioni}

cic}cg}cpn| gim lhi|n{pg}chi t{hf{goon|8

@~{}an{ lhooni}| gim |~ffn|}chi|2 )))

]agij sh~ pn{s o~la `h{ sh~{ }con gim tg{}clctg}chi)


\NL]CHI

;

411


22/97

NO\ \]GFN ;2N\]GKEC\A NIPC[HIONI] THECLS GIM \N]NIPC[HIONI] HKBNL]CPN\ GIM ]G[FN]\

Lhotcen }an Nipc{hioni} \}g}~| [nth{}

]h `~ees giges|n gim gtt{nlcg}n }an mg}g fg}an{nm }a{h~fa }an nipc{hioni} |}g}~|

{npcnv% c} |ah~em kn lhotcenm ci}h gi nipc{hioni} |}g}~| {nth{}) ]ac| {nth{} |ah~em

cile~mn2

Phe~on h` lh|}| h` vg}n{ gim nin{fs ~|nm:

Phe~on| gim lag{fn| h` vg|}n mc|th|ge:

Cipni}h{s h` gee og}n{cge| t~{lag|nm:

Enpne| h` lhotecgiln:

Nipc{hioni} cot{hpnoni} gl}cpc}cn| ge{ngms ci tegln:

Ogigfnoni} gim htn{g}chi t{hlnm~{n| }ag} lh~em `glcec}g}n(hk|}{~l}

NO\ cotenoni}g}chi:

Ehlge cic}cg}cpn| }ag} lh~em `glcec}g}n NO\ cotenoni}g}chi `h{

nqgoten phe~i}g{s cim~|}{s tg{}in{|act| hi }an nipc{hioni}% nlh/

egkneecif |lanon|% ehgi| h{ f{gi}| `h{ nipc{hioni} cot{hpnoni}%

nipc{hioni} anet/ecin|% NO\ ec}n{g}~{n t{hm~lnm ks }an ig}chige

nipc{hioni} gfnils h{ ehlge g~}ah{c}cn|% n}l:

Notehsnn ci}n{n|} ci }an cotnimcif NO\:

Th}ni}cge pc|c}h{ {n|thi|n }h }an cotnimcif NO\:

]con |tni} hi }an {npcnv:

\h~{ln| h` ci`h{og}chi% cile~mcif ci}n{pcnv| gim hk|n{pg}chi|:

[nlhoonimg}chi| hi NO\ hkbnl}cpn| gim }g{fn}|)

Pn{c s Lhotecgiln vc}a L~{{ni} gim Coocini}Nipc{hioni} Enfc|eg}chi

G `~ee {npcnv h` {nenpgi} nipc{hioni} enfc|eg}chi innm| }h kn ~imn{}gjni g} }an

|gon }con g| }an nipc{hioni} |}g}~| {npcnv) ]an nipc{hioni} |}g}~| {nth{} vcee

cmni}c`s g{ng| van{n enfc|eg}chi c| kncif pcheg}nm) C} ge|h anet| }h kn gvg{n h`

cotnimcif enfc|eg}chi% |ciln }an NO\ lgi }ani kn tegiinm }h onn} gim nqlnnm }an

inv {nw~c{noni}|)

\n} NO\ Hkbnl}cpn| gim ]g{fn}|

]an nipc{hioni} |}g}~| {nth{} |ah~em t{hpcmn }an ci`h{og}chi innmnm `h{

n|}gkec|acif NO\ hkbnl}cpn| gim }g{fn}|) ]an hkbnl}cpn| |ah~em |tnlc`s nipc{hioni}

fhge|% gim }an }g{fn}| |ah~em cimclg}n }an enpne h` cot{hpnoni} }h kn g}}gcinm) @h{

nqgoten2

Hkbnl}cpn2 [nm~ln lg{khi mchqcmn h~}t~}

]g{fn}2 [nm~ln lg{khi mchqcmn h~}t~} ks 7;. h` 7331 enpne| ks ;447

Gl}cpc}cn| }ag} g{n acfaes {n|h~{ln/ci}ni|cpn% fnin{g}n eg{fn w~gi}c}cn| h` vg|}ngim noc||chi|% pcheg}n enfc|eg}chi% g{n thh{ nipc{hioni} t{gl}cln% gim th|n ange}a

agrg{m| }h notehsnn| gim f~n|}|% |ah~em kn fcpni t{ch{c}s)


\NL]CHI

;

G ~ee {npcnv h`

{nenpgi}

nipc{hioni}enfc|eg}chi innm|

}h kn ~imn{}gjni

g} }an |gon }con

g| }an

nipc{hioni}

|}g}~| {npcnv)

413


23/97

Hkbnl}cpn| gim }g{fn}| |ah~em kn n|}gkec|anm vc}a cit~} `{ho gee mntg{}oni}| gim

gtt{hpnm ks }ht ogigfnoni})

Fhhm T{gl}cln ]ct

Hkbnl}cpn| gim }g{fn}| o~|} kn {ngec|}cl gim glacnpgken `{ho g k~|cin|| gim

nipc{hioni} tn{|tnl}cpn) Gi hpn{/gokc}ch~| }g{fn} lgi mc|lh~{gfn gl}chi% {nm~ln

ni}a~|cg|o gim ci}n{n|}% vacen gi ~imn{/gokc}ch~| hin vcee ih} t{hpcmn g |ni|n

h` glacnpnoni} gim cotn}~| `h{ lhi}ci~h~| cot{hpnoni})

N|}gkec|a }an Nipc{hioni} Thecls

]an nipc{hioni} thecls c| g t~kecl |}g}noni} h` g lhotgis| nipc{hioni}ge

lhooc}oni} gim {n|thi|ckcec}s) C} mnleg{n| ahv }an k~|cin|| c| {n|thimcif }h

nipc{hioni} lageenifn|% gim n|}gkec|an| }an hpn{gee `{gonvh{j `h{ glacnpcif

hkbnl}cpn| gim }g{fn}|) C} ge|h pgecmg}n| }an NO\)

]an thecls |ah~em kn mnpnehtnm hi }an kg|c| h` }an imcif| h` }an nipc{hioni}

|}g}~| {npcnv gim }an hkbnl}cpn| gim }g{fn}| n|}gkec|anm) C} o~|} agpn }ht

ogigfnoni} |~tth{}) ]an thecls |}g}noni}| h` pn k~|cin||n| g{n {nt{hm~lnm

knehv)

Kg|| F{h~t| Nipc{hioni} Thecls

Vc}a ogbh{ ah}ne gim enc|~{n {n}gcecif gl}cpc}cn| g{h~im }an vh{em% Kg||

[nlhfic|n| }ag} c} `gln| g vcmn {gifn h` nipc{hioni}ge {n|thi|ckcec}cn|)

Kg|| c| lhooc}}nm }h g thecls h` |nnjcif lhi}ci~ge cot{hpnoni} ci

nipc{hioni}ge og}}n{|) F{h~t lhotgicn| agpn ci}{hm~lnm nipc{hioni}geogigfnoni} t{hf{goon|% vacla vcee mnecpn{ {nf~eg}h{s lhotecgiln ci

ngla lh~i}{s% lhoon{lcge n`lcnils gim fhhm nipc{hioni} lc}crni|act

t{hf{goon|) ]an|n t{hf{goon| g{n gi ci}nf{ge tg{} h` }an t{htn{

ogigfnoni} h` f{h~t k~|cin|| gim vcee anet t{hpcmn g |g`n gim ange}as

nipc{hioni} `h{ notehsnn|% lhi}{gl}h{|% l~|}hon{| gim incfakh~{|)

Kg|| vcee ni|~{n }ag} f{h~t lhotgicn|2

^imn{}gjn g }ah{h~fa {c|j gim agrg{m giges|c|:

G{n |ni|c}cpn }h nipc{hioni} c||~n| gim lhi|cmn{ }anc{ th}ni}cge

cotgl} hi gee inv t{hbnl}| gim mnpnehtoni}|:

Cotenoni} }anc{ lhotgis nipc{hioni} theclcn|: Agpn ogigfnoni} gllh~i}gkcec}s gim {n|thi|ckcec}s `h{

nipc{hioni} og}}n{|:

Mnpneht ogigfnoni} t{hf{goon| gim |n} w~gi}cnm }g{fn}| van{n

gtt{ht{cg}n:

Ohic}h{ gim {nth{} hi tn{`h{ogiln hi g {nf~eg{ kg|c|:

Lhoo~iclg}n vc}a }ah|n g``nl}nm ks }anc{ gl}chi|% gim }{gci gim

ciphepn notehsnn| g} gtt{ht{cg}n enpne| gim `~il}chi vc}aci }an

h{fgic|g}chi)

Sh~ lgi pc|c} }an vnk|c}n g} vvv)kg||)lhoUnipc{hioni}


\NL]CHI

;

434


24/97

Fhemni ]~ect Ah}ne| Nipc{hioni} Thecls

Fhemni ]~ect gim ]~ect Cii Ogigfnoni} Ah}ne| hl~| hi h``n{cif g acfa |}gimg{m

h` |n{pcln| gim t{hm~l}|) Tg{} h` h~{ thecls c| }h t{hoh}n }an vnee/kncif h` gee

tg{}cn| lhiln{inm% g| vnee g| {nm~ln ange}a {c|j| }h h~{ |}g``% f~n|}| gim |hlcn}s

g} eg{fn% kh}a ihv gim ci }an `~}~{n)

Vn lhim~l} g t{hgl}cpn nipc{hioni} thecls% lgeenm Fhemni ]~ect Fhn| F{nnin{%

}h {nm~ln h~{ nipc{hioni} ehgm g| o~la g| th||cken) Vn mh }ac| vc}ah~} eh||

h` lho`h{} `h{ h~{ f~n|}|) Vn ge|h ogci}gci ht}co~o |g`n}s `h{ h~{ |}g``%

f~n|}| gim h}an{ tg{}cn| lhiln{inm vc}ah~} eh|cif |cfa} h` |h~im k~|cin||

ogigfnoni})

Fhemni ]~ect gim ]~ect Cii Ogigfnoni} Ah}ne| hkecfn }ano|nepn| }h2

Lhim~l} g t{hgl}cpn nipc{hioni} thecls ci gee ah}ne mntg{}oni}|

gim h`ln|:

Onn} nipc{hioni} {nw~c{noni}|% {~en| gim {nf~eg}chi|:

Ht}coc|n ~|n h` nin{fs% vg}n{ gim og}n{cge|:

Ecoc} vg|}n% gim {nlslen vani th||cken:

Ecoc} }an ~|n h` ag{o`~e og}n{cge|:

\}co~eg}n |~ttecn{| gim f~n|}| }h lhi}{ck~}n }h {nm~lcif }an

nipc{hioni} ehgm:

\ag{n jihvenmfn gim nqtn{cniln vc}a h}an{ lhotgicn| ci }an

ah|tc}gec}s cim~|}{s:

T{hpcmn ah}ne |}g`` vc}a }an ci`h{og}chi gim ongi| }h {ngla }an

F{nni Hkbnl}cpn|:

Ong|~{n }an enpne h` cotenoni}g}chi hi g {nf~eg{ kg|c|:

Npge~g}n gim gmb~|} }an ong|~{n| }gjni }ag} |ah~em engm }h gi

gllnt}gken nipc{hioni} ehgm:

^ilng|cifes ci}{hm~ln cot{hpnoni}| }h }an F{nni T{hf{goon)

In|}e| Lhooc}oni} }h Nipc{hioni}gees/t{n`n{gken K~|cin|| T{gl}cln|

In|}e {n|tnl}| }an nipc{hioni}% |~tth{}| |~|}gcigken mnpnehtoni} gim c|

lhooc}}nm }h nipc{hioni}gees |h~im k~|cin|| t{gl}cln| }a{h~fah~} }an vh{em)

]h `~ee }ac| lhooc}oni}% In|}e2

Ci}nf{g}n| nipc{hioni}ge t{cilcten|% t{hf{goon| gim t{gl}cln| ci}h

ngla k~|cin||: \}{cpn| `h{ }an lhi}ci~h~| cot{hpnoni} h` c}| nipc{hioni}ge

tn{`h{ogiln }a{h~fa gtteclg}chi h` }an In|}e Nipc{hioni}ge

Ogigfnoni} \s|}no !INO\#:

Lhotecn| vc}a gtteclgken nipc{hioni}ge enfc|eg}chi) Van{n ihin

nqc|}% In|}e| hvi ci}n{ige {~en| g{n gttecnm:

T{hpcmn| gtt{ht{cg}n ci`h{og}chi% lhoo~iclg}chi gim }{gcicif

}h k~cem ci}n{ige gim nq}n{ige ~imn{|}gimcif lhiln{icif }an

Lhotgis| nipc{hioni}ge lhooc}oni})

C` sh~ vh~em ecjn }h jihv oh{n gkh~} In|}e| thecls hi }an nipc{hioni}% teng|n

pc|c} }an In|}e Vnk|c}n2 vvv)in|}en)lho)


\NL]CHI

;

437


25/97

Ah}ne Icjjh| Nipc{hioni} Thecls

Ah}ne Icjjh% Ahifjhif% c| gi nipc{hioni}gees/lhi|lch~| ah}ne vacla ih} hies

gco| }h t{hpcmn w~gec}s |n{pcln| `h{ c}| f~n|}|% k~} c| ge|h lhooc}}nm }h }gjcif

gtt{ht{cg}n ong|~{n| `h{ thee~}chi t{npni}chi gim {n|h~{ln| lhi|n{pg}chi) ]h

`~ee }an {nw~c{noni}| h` C\H7=447 \}gimg{m% }an nipc{hioni}ge thecls |}g}noni}`h{ Ah}ne Icjjh Ahifjhif c| g| `heehv|2

]an ah}ne c| lhooc}}nm }h lhotescif vc}a gee ehlge nipc{hioni}ge

enfc|eg}chi gim lhi}ci~h~|es |nnj| }h cot{hpn c}| nipc{hioni}ge

tn{`h{ogiln:

]an ah}ne| ogigfnoni} gim |}g`` ~imn{|}gim gim |~tth{} }an

Nipc{hioni} Thecls gim g{n lhooc}}nm }h lhi}ci~h~| cot{hpnoni}

h` nipc{hioni}ge tn{`h{ogiln ks cmni}c`scif vgs| }h ocicoc|n kh}a

vg|}gfn h` ig}~{ge {n|h~{ln| gim thee~}chi }h }an nipc{hioni}:

]an F{nni Ciihpg}h{ Gvg{m vcee kn t{n|ni}nm }h notehsnn| vah

mnpc|n }an oh|} ciihpg}cpn gim t{gl}clge nipc{hioni} cot{hpnoni}

cic}cg}cpn|) ]an|n cic}cg}cpn| vcee kn {npcnvnm gim cile~mnm ci }annipc{hioni} ogigfnoni} t{hf{goon:

]an ah}ne vcee lhi}ci~h~|es cmni}c`s vgs| }h ocicoc|n vg|}n

g{{cpcif g} |h~{ln gim mnpneht gim cotenoni} {n|h~{ln gim vg|}n

ogigfnoni} |}{g}nfcn| }ag} lhi`h{o }h c}| 0[ thecls [nm~ln%

[n~|n% [ntegln% [ntgc{% [nee gim [nlslen) ]an ah}ne vcee ge|h

gmht} kn|} nipc{hioni}ge t{gl}cln| }h lhi}{he gim ocicoc|n gee

vg|}nvg}n{ mc|lag{fn|:

]an ah}ne vcee cmni}c`s gim cotenoni} t{gl}cln| }h ht}coc|n nin{fs

gim vg}n{ ~|gfn vc}ah~} g``nl}cif }an w~gec}s h` |n{pcln| t{hpcmnm

}h f~n|}|:

]an ah}ne vcee }gjn gtt{ht{cg}n ong|~{n| }h necocig}n

nipc{hioni}ge% hll~tg}chige gim ange}a {c|j| gim c| t{ntg{nm }h

{n|thim }h non{fnilcn| g} gee }con|:

]an ah}ne vcee |~tth{} t~{lag|cif cic}cg}cpn| }ag} g{n lhooc}}nm

}h |~|}gcigken nipc{hioni}ge mnpnehtoni}% gim lhi}ci~h~|es |nnj

nipc{hioni}gees/`{cnimes t{hm~l}| gim |n{pcln| }ag} {nt{n|ni}

fni~cin pge~n `h{ ohins) ]an ah}ne vcee nilh~{gfn gim ci~niln

c}| |~ttecn{| }h }gjn tg{} ci }an nipc{hioni} t{h}nl}chi cic}cg}cpn|%

}h ~imn{|}gim c}| t~{lag|cif thecls% gim }h t{hpcmn t{hm~l}| gim

|n{pcln| }ag} agpn }an ocico~o gmpn{|n cotgl} hi }an nipc{hioni}:

]an ah}ne vcee lg{{s h~} {nf~eg{ ci}n{ige t{hf{goon| h` nm~lg}chi

gim }{gcicif }h niagiln nipc{hioni} gvg{nin|| gohif|} |}g``)

]an ah}ne vcee ge|h gl}cpnes tg{}clctg}n ci nq}n{ige nipc{hioni}ge

gl}cpc}cn|% g| vnee g| pg{ch~| }{gcicif gim mnpnehtoni} t{hf{goon|%

}h k{hgmni c}| ah{crhi:

]an ah}ne vcee |ag{n c}| nipc{hioni} nqtn{cniln vc}a h}an{

h{fgic|g}chi| ci }an lhoo~ic}s% {gc|n }an ci}n{n|}| h` c}|

|}gjnahemn{| ks nqtegcicif }an ah}ne| nipc{hioni} taceh|htas% gim

|nnj }anc{ lh/htn{g}chi ci cot{hpcif }anc{ hvi g}}c}~mn }hvg{m|

nipc{hioni} lhiln{i|)

Gt{ce 7333


\NL]CHI

;

43;


26/97

]an H{lacm O~okgc% Cimcg Ah}ne| Nipc{hioni} Thecls

Vn g} ]an H{lacm% G|cg| {|}pn |}g{% ln{}cnm Nlh}ne ah}ne% lhooc} h~{|nepn|

}hvg{m| lhi}ci~gees Cot{hpcif h~{ Nipc{hioni}ge Ogigfnoni} ci }an ah|tc}gec}s

cim~|}{s% |h g| }h {nogci engmn{| ks2

Ht}coc|cif }an ~|n h` {n|h~{ln| |~la g| nin{fs% tn{c|agken `hhmt{hm~l}|% vg}n{% tgci} gim tgtn{:

\}{cpcif }h fh knshim }an gtteclgken nipc{hioni}ge egv| gim h}an{

{nw~c{noni}|:

Niagilcif }an t{gl}cln h` vg|}n ogigfnoni}% vacla c| }h {nm~ln%

{n~|n gim {nlslen:

Cotenoni}cif nipc{hioni}ge gvg{nin|| h` h~{ |~ttecn{|% }ngo

onokn{|% f~n|}| gim }an ehlge lhoo~ic}s:

T{hpcmcif g asfcnicl gim |g`n vh{jcif nipc{hioni} ci }an ah}ne:

Cil{ng|cif gim ogci}gcicif }an f{nni lhpn{)

\nt}nokn{% ;444

Nqgoten h` Fhhm T{gl}cln

]an Tesoh~}a Lheenfn h` @~{}an{ Nm~lg}chi% Tesoh~}a% ^J% ~imn{}hhj g

t{necocig{s nipc{hioni} {npcnv ci 7333% vc}a }an hkbnl}cpn| h` cotenoni}cif g

lhot{nani|cpn NO\) Ogigmhi G||hlcg}n| h` Tesoh~}a lg{{cnm h~} }an {npcnv)

]an {npcnv lhpn{nm = g{ng|2

7) Gi nqgocig}chi h` nqc|}cif nipc{hioni} t{gl}cln| gim t{hlnm~{n|2

]ac| vg| mhin }a{h~fa g 61/thci} w~n|}chiigc{n(lanljec|} lhpn{cif lh{th{g}nc||~n|% ogigfnoni} |}{~l}~{n% |}g`` gvg{nin||% }{gcicif t{hln||n|% t~kecl

{neg}chi|% cipn|}oni}% h`ln(leg||{hho(vh{j|aht/kg|nm gl}cpc}cn|% nin{fs ~|n

gim |h~{ln|% vg}n{ ~|n gim n`~ni} mc|lag{fn% vg|}n ocicoc|g}chi gim

mc|th|ge% }{gpne gim }{gi|th{}% n|}g}n ogci}nigiln% ogbh{ gim ocih{ vh{j|% gim

ohic}h{cif tn{`h{ogiln }g{fn}|)

;) G {npcnv h` {nenpgi} nipc{hioni} enfc|eg}chi gim {nf~eg}h{s {nw~c{noni}|2

Gl}cpc}cn| ge{ngms {nf~eg}nm ks }an ehlge g~}ah{c}cn|tegiicif gim mnpnehtoni}

|s|}no gim ge{ngms ni`h{lnm ange}a gim |g`n}s {nf~eg}chi| vn{n ih} cile~mnm)

]an enfc|eg}cpn g{ng| {npcnvnm vn{n }{gi|th{}% gc{kh{in noc||chi|% nin{fs ~|n%

vg|}n mc|th|ge gim vg}n{ ~|n)

; 13; 603434


\NL]CHI

;

43


27/97

NO\ \]GFN


28/97

NIPC[HIONI] OGIGFNONI] T[HF[GOON @H[ VG]N[GIM VG\]N VG]N[

Vg}n{ ogigfnoni} ci ah|tc}gec}s `glcec}cn| cile~mn|2

Ogci}gcicif vg}n{ w~gec}s:

Ogigfcif vg}n{ |}h{gfn gim mc|}{ck~}chi vh{j|:

[nm~lcif vg}n{ ~|n:

[nm~lcif vg|}nvg}n{ h~}t~}:

T~{c`scif vg}n{ `h{ |vcoocif/thhe|:

Ohic}h{cif vg}n{ lhi|~ot}chi:

[n~|cif }{ng}nm vg|}nvg}n{:

Ogci}gcicif vg}n{ |~ttes w~gec}s)

Oh|} lh~i}{cn| agpn vg}n{ w~gec}s |}gimg{m|% gim ni|~{cif lhotecgiln vc}a }ano

c| coth{}gi}) ]an VAH gim }an N^ agpn }anc{ hvi |}gimg{m|% vacla lgi kn {n`n{{nm

}h `h{ gmmc}chige f~cmgiln)

]an oh|} lhoohi cimclg}h{| h` thh{ vg}n{ w~gec}s g{n2 |~|tnimnm |hecm|%

mc|lheh~{cif m~n }h lh{{h|chi% {c|cif tA enpne|% nqln||cpn ag{min||% acfa ocin{ge

lhi}ni} gim kgl}n{cge lhi}gocig}chi% n|tnlcgees enfchiineeg tin~ohtacecg) Gis

lagifn ci vg}n{ w~gec}s |ah~em kn k{h~fa} }h }an g}}ni}chi h` }an vg}n{ |~ttes

lhotgis(g~}ah{c}s) G w~clj {npcnv h` }an hi/|c}n vg}n{ |}h{gfn gim mc|}{ck~}chi

vh{j| |ah~em }ani kn lhim~l}nm }h im h~} c` }an |h~{ln h` }an lhi}gocig}chi c|

hi h{ h`` }an t{htn{}s)

Ogigfcif Vg}n{ \}h{gfn gim Mc|}{ck~}chi Vh{j|

VG]N[ \]H[GFN

Ni|~{n g `{nw~ni} }~{ihpn{ h` vg}n{ }h gphcm }an k~cem/~t h` kgl}n{cg

|~la g| enfchiineeg tin~ohtacecg:

\}h{gfn }gij htnicif| |ah~em kn lhpn{nm gim t{h}nl}nm `{ho m~|}%

tn|}|% gim h}an{ |h~{ln| h` lhi}gocig}chi:

Cien} gim h~}en} pgepn| |ah~em kn teglnm }h gphcm }an k~cem/~t h`

|}gfigi} vg}n{:

]gij| |ah~em kn lenginm npn{s |cq ohi}a|% gim nq}n{ch{ gim ci}n{ch{

|lgen k~cem/~t {nohpnm:

]gij| |ah~em kn {nf~eg{es lanljnm `h{ engj|)

VG]N[ MC\][CK^]CHI

Ni|~{n {nf~eg{ ogci}nigiln }h gphcm engj|% |tcee| gim kglj |ctahigfn

kn}vnni m{cijcif gim ihi/m{cijcif |~ttecn|:

Pgl~~o k{ngjn{| gim lgeck{g}nm |s|}no| lgi kn ~|nm }h lhi}{he hv%

{nm~ln t{n||~{n gim ht}coc|n lh|} |gpcif|:

Ogci}gci gim ~tf{gmn ci|~eg}chi hi ah} vg}n{ }gij| gim tctn|)

[nm~lcif Vg}n{ ^|n

FHHM AH^\NJNNTCIF GIM OGCI]NIGILN HT]CHI\ @H[

[NM^LCIF VG]N[ \N

[ntgc{ engj| gim m{cttcif tctn|:

[~i vg|acif oglacin| gim mc|avg|an{| hies vani `~ees ehgmnm:


\NL]CHI

;

43>


29/97

Vani vg}n{cif fg{mni|% mc{nl} hv }h }an {hh}| h` tegi}|:

Tegln teg|}cl lhi}gcin{| eenm vc}a vg}n{ ci }hcen} lc|}n{i| }h {nm~ln

~|a vg}n{ phe~on:

Nilh~{gfn notehsnn| }h |gpn vg}n{:

Lheenl} {gcivg}n{ `h{ vg}n{cif fg{mni| gim h}an{ ihi/m{cijcif ~|n|:

Gphcm {ci|cif ~imn{ {~iicif }gt|2 ~|n k~ljn}| h{ khve| ci|}ngm:

Tegln }ni} lg{m| ci kg}a{hho| cipc}cif f~n|}| }h |gpn vg}n{:

Cipc}n f~n|}| }h {n~|n }anc{ }hvne| gim ecini)

[NTGC[ GIM [N][H@C] HT]CHI\ @H[ [NM^LCIF VG]N[ ^\N

Tegln phe~on {nm~ln{| ci }hcen} lc|}n{i|:

Ci|}gee ah} gim lhem vg}n{ ocqn{| ci gee h~}en}|:

Ci|}gee t{n||~{n ~|a pgepn| hi }hcen}| gim ~{cige|) ]ac| lgi {nm~ln

~|a vg}n{ ks 4.:

[n}{h} }gt| gim |ahvn{| vc}a gn{g}h{|) ]ac| lgi {nm~ln vg}n{ phe~on

ks .:

Ci|}gee tah}hnenl}{cl lnee| ci t~kecl vg|a|}gim|:

Ci|}gee lanoclgees t~{cnm ~{cige| }ag} mh ih} ~|n vg}n{)

[N@^[KC\AONI] HT]CHI\ @H[ VG]N[

[ntegln kg}a| vc}a |ahvn{|:

@c} ehv/hv |ahvn{angm| gim }hcen}|)

LHOOHI W^N\]CHI\ Ahv o~la vg}n{ lgi kn |gpnm }a{h~fa ehv/hv

|ahvn{angm|8

G lhipni}chige |ahvn{angm ~|n| 7>/


30/97

|hon lanoclge cot~{c}cn|) Hrhin lgi kn l{ng}nm }a{h~fa2

]an ^P% h{ tah}hlanoclge on}ahm% vacla tg||n| gc{ }a{h~fa ^P egot|%

}an ^P {gs| }~{icif }an hqsfni ohenl~en| ci}h hrhin% b~|} g| ci }an

|}{g}h|tan{n:

Acfa/phe}gfn nenl}{clc}s kncif tg||nm }a{h~fa m{s gc{ ci g pgl~~o)

]an hrhin hk}gcinm c| }ani ci}{hm~lnm ci}h }an vg}n{ pcg g lhot{n||h{ h{ |coceg{

mnpcln)

Ge|h fgcicif f{h~im c| thhe vg}n{ t~{clg}chi ks ^PL {gmcg}chi egot|% vacla

{gmcg}n ^P nin{fs g} ;=4/;14 igihon}{n| tn{ |nlhim) ]an ecfa} c| gk|h{knm ks

}an MIG h` kgl}n{cg% oh~em|% pc{~|n| gim sng|}% vacla }ani engm| }h g lagifn ci

}an fnin}cl og}n{cge |h }ag} }ans g{n ih ehifn{ gken }h o~e}ctes) \hon laeh{cin

!gkh~} 74. h` lhipni}chige w~gi}c}cn|# c| }ani innmnm }h t{hpcmn {n|cm~ge kgl}n{cge

lhi}{he) G |nlhim knin} h` }ac| on}ahm c| }ag} ^PL ecfa} ag| g tah}hlanoclge

n``nl}% vacla lgi mn|}{hs laeh{gocin|; gim h}an{ ks/t{hm~l}| h` laeh{cin) @{nn

laeh{cin c| }ani {neng|nm kglj ci}h }an vg}n{ }h tn{`h{o c}| ci}nimnm }g|j h`mc|ci`nl}chi) Ih} hies g{n vg}n{ w~gec}s gim g}oh|tan{cl lhimc}chi| lhi|cmn{gkes

cot{hpnm% k~} ge|h o~la en|| laeh{cin ag| }h kn gmmnm }h t{hpcmn }an {n|cm~ge

kgl}n{cge lhi}{he)

Ohic}h{cif Vg}n{ Lhi|~ot}chi

\ciln vg}n{ c| mc{nl}es ecijnm }h }an enpne h` hll~tgils(gl}cpc}s% c} c| kn|} }h ohic}h{

gim knilaog{j vg}n{ ~|n hi }an kg|c| h` f~n|} icfa}| h{ pc|c}h{ i~okn{|)

Vg}n{ on}n{| g{n n||ni}cge `h{ }an ohic}h{cif h` vg}n{ ~|n) Mc``n{ni} g{ng| h` }an

k~|cin|| lh~em kn |~k/on}n{nm `h{ }an lheenl}chi h` oh{n |tnlcl mg}g) Lhotg{cif

vg}n{ ~|n hpn{ }an sng{| gim knilaog{jcif vc}a h}an{ `glcec}cn| h` |coceg{ |crngim |}gimcif lgi t{hpcmn pge~gken ci`h{og}chi `h{ cot{hpnm vg}n{ ogigfnoni}

gim cil{ng|nm |gpcif| hi vg}n{ gim nin{fs lh|}|) Vani knilaog{jcif vc}a h}an{

t{htn{}cn| c} o~|} kn {nonokn{nm }ag} vg}n{ ~|n vcee pg{s f{ng}es mntnimcif hi

}an |crn h` }an t{htn{}s% |n{pcln| h``n{nm% enpne h` gl}cpc}s gim lecog}cl lhimc}chi|)

[n~|n h` ]{ng}nm Vg|}nvg}n{

C} c| fhhm nipc{hioni} gim k~|cin|| t{gl}cln }h lheenl} gim {n~|n {gcivg}n{ `h{

c{{cfg}chi gim h}an{ ihi/m{cijcif ~|n|) Vg}n{ lheenl}chi }gij| lgi kn ci|}geenm hi

}an {hh` h{ g} f{h~im enpne) C` }an vg}n{ c| }h kn ~|nm ci/ah~|n c} ogs {nw~c{n g

ocico~o enpne h` }{ng}oni}) ]an lheenl}chi gim ~|n h` {gcivg}n{ c| mc|l~||nm cioh{n mn}gce ci ^ic} >)

C} c| th||cken }h |~ttenoni} ihi/m{cijcif vg}n{ innm| ks }{ng}cif gim {n~|cif

vg|}nvg}n{) ]an {|} lhi|cmn{g}chi ci vg|}nvg}n{ {n~|n c| }h mc|}cif~c|a kn}vnni

f{ns gim keglj vg}n{) F{ns vg}n{ c| vg|}nvg}n{ `{ho kg}a{hho|% eg~im{cn| gim

jc}lani|: keglj vg}n{ c| vg|}nvg}n{ `{ho }hcen}|) Keglj vg}n{ lhi}gci| tg}ahfni|

gim geoh|} }ni }con| oh{n ic}{hfni }agi f{ns vg}n{% gim }an{n`h{n innm| }h fh

}a{h~fa g }vh/ h{ }a{nn/|}gfn kchehfclge }{ng}oni} t{hln|| kn`h{n c} lgi kn {n~|nm)

F{ns vg}n{ }{ng}oni} c| en|| ci}ni|cpn gim lgi kn |g`nes lhim~l}nm hi/|c}n) ]an

}{ng}nm vg}n{ lgi kn ~|nm `h{ c{{cfg}chi% }hcen} ~|acif gim h}an{ ihi/m{cijcif

~|n|)

Hpn{ }an eg|} }ni sng{|% ogis ig}chige vg}n{ |~ttes gim te~okcif {nf~eg}chi|agpn knni ohmcnm }h gllhoohmg}n }an {n~|n h` f{ns vg}n{) ]ans g{n oh|} ng|ces

cilh{th{g}nm ci }an cic}cge mn|cfi t{hln|| h` g k~cemcif% g| |ntg{g}n m{gci| gim

|nt}cl }gij| agpn }h kn k~ce}) Ci }an lg|n h` nqc|}cif k~cemcif|% {n}{h}}cif m{gcigfn

; Vani laeh{cin gim goohicgg{n kh}a t{n|ni} ci vg}n{%

}ans {ngl} }h h{o lhokcinmlaeh{cint{hm~l}| lgeenmlaeh{gocin|) ]ans g{n en||n``nl}cpn mc|ci`nl}gi}| }agi {nnlaeh{cin)


\NL]CHI

; \ciln vg}n{ c|mc{nl}es ecijnm }h}an enpne h`

hll~tgils(

gl}cpc}s% c} c| kn|}

}h ohic}h{ gim

knilaog{j vg}n{

~|n hi }an kg|c|

h` f~n|} icfa}| h{

pc|c}h{ i~okn{|)

436


31/97

|s|}no| ogs kn nqtni|cpn% gim g lh|}/knin} giges|c| o~|} kn lhim~l}nm }h

mn}n{ocin c` }an n``h{} c| vh{}avacen)

]an enpne }h vacla f{ns vg}n{ innm| }h kn }{ng}nm mntnim| hi }an enpne h` kchehfclge

hqsfni mnogim% h{ KHM% h` }an vg|}nvg}n{ gim }an t~{th|n `h{ vacla c} vcee kn

{n~|nm) ]an KHM enpne c| }an enpne h` hqsfni nq}{gl}nm `{ho }an vg}n{ ks kgl}n{cgvani thee~}gi}| mnlhoth|n) ]an oh{n h{fgicl og}n{cge| }an{n g{n ci vg|}nvg}n{%

}an oh{n hqsfni c| innmnm `h{ thee~}gi} mnlhoth|c}chi)

Ci oh|} ah|tc}gec}s k~|cin||n|% f{ns vg}n{ lgi kn {n~|nm `h{ c{{cfg}chi h{ ~|acif

}hcen}|% gim ci }ac| lg|n c} ogs kn nih~fa }h tg|| }an vg|}nvg}n{ }a{h~fa g |gim

e}n{) ]h ogqcoc|n |gim e}n{ n`lcnils% c} c| coth{}gi} }h ocicoc|n }an |~|tnimnm

|hecm| ci }an vg|}nvg}n{) Kg}a{hho% eg~im{s gim jc}lani h~}en}| |ah~em }an{n`h{n

kn }}nm vc}a e}n{|% gim gmmc}chige f{ng|n }{gt| |ah~em kn gmmnm }h jc}lani

h~}en}|)

K~} c` f{ns vg}n{ c| }h kn ~|nm `h{ m{cijcif% c} o~|} fh }a{h~fa g lhoten}n

kchehfclge }{ng}oni} t{hln||2

T{necocig{s e}{g}chi t{hln|| }h {nohpn f{c} gim eg{fn |~|tnimnm

|hecm|:

T{necocig{s |nmconi}g}chi t{hln|| m~{cif vacla >>. h` |~|tnimnm

|hecm| g{n geehvnm }h |n}}en gim g{n |~k|nw~ni}es {nohpnm `{ho }an

vg|}nvg}n{:

Kchehfclge }{ng}oni} t{hln||% nc}an{ gl}cpg}nm |e~mfn h{ g tn{lheg}cif

e}n{ }h hqcmc|n }an n`~ni}% gim {nm~ln KHM:

\nlhimg{s |nmconi}g}chi t{hln|| }h {nohpn gee |~|tnimnm og}}n{ gim

{nimn{ }an n`~ni} |~c}gken `h{ {n~|n)

Fhhm T{gl}cln ]ct

]an }{ng}oni} h` vg|}nvg}n{ |ah~em ih} kn ~imn{}gjni vc}ah~} }an |n{pcln| h`

vg|}nvg}n{ }{ng}oni} |tnlcgec|}|) Te~okcif lhmn| gim mc|lag{fn {nf~eg}chi|

|ah~em ge|h kn lhi|~e}nm)

Nqgoten| h` Fhhm T{gl}cln

G} }an Lgog [gbt~}ig Le~k [n|h{}% [gbg|}agi% Cimcg% }ni }h }vni}s }ah~|gim

ec}{n| h` f{ns vg}n{ g{n {|} tg||nm }a{h~fa g f{gpne gim |gime}n{ knm gim

}ani ~|nm `h{ vg}n{cif }an fg{mni) Vg}n{ ~|n gim vg}n{ kcee| agpn `~{}an{

mnl{ng|nm ks lagifcif }hvne| gim knm ecini npn{s }a{nn mgs|)

G} }an \}ncfnikn{fn{ J~{ag~| Ah}ne% Go|}n{mgo% In}an{egim|% g lgeck{g}nm

vg}n{ t{n||~{n lhi}{he |s|}no }hfn}an{ vc}a vg}n{/|gpcif t{n||~{n ihrren| hi

vg|akg|ci|% |cij|% gim }hcen} lc|}n{i| c| k{cifcif |~k|}gi}cge vg}n{ |gpcif|) ]an

inv mc|avg|an{ ~ic} c| t{hf{goonm }h {n~|n vg}n{ {ho }an t{npch~| vg|a)

G vg|}nvg}n{ }{ng}oni} vh{j| ag| knni ci|}geenm g} }an ]gb [n|cmnils% Cimh{n%

Cimcg% }a{h~fa vacla =4%444 ec}{n| h` vg|}nvg}n{ g{n }{ng}nm gim {n~|nm npn{s

mgs) ]an }{ng}nm vg}n{ c| ~|nm }h vg}n{ }an fg{mni) @~{}an{ vg}n{ lhi|n{pg}chi

vg| ogmn th||cken ks lagifcif vg}n{cif }con| `{ho m~{cif }an mgs }h mgvi

gim m~|j) Eh||n| `{ho npgth{g}chi% vacla ~|nm }h gllh~i} `h{ 1%444 ec}{n| tn{mgs% g{n }a~| {nm~lnm)


\NL]CHI

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431


32/97

]an Ahif Jhif Ah}ne% Ahif Jhif ag| {nm~lnm vg}n{ lhi|~ot}chi ks ;4. ks

ci|}geecif gn{g}h{| ci kg}a{hho h~}en}| gim necocig}cif }an ~|n h` {~iicif vg}n{

h{ lengicif)

Ci Lgigmcgi Tglcl Ah}ne gim [n|h{}| ah}ne|% vg}n{ h~}en}| gim mc|}{ck~}chi

tctn| g{n {nf~eg{es lanljnm `h{ engj|% gn{g}h{| g{n ci|}geenm ci }gt|% ehv/hv

|ahvn{angm| gim ehv/phe~on lc|}n{i| g{n ~|nm ci kg}a{hho|% gim tah}hnenl}{cl/

lnee/htn{g}nm }hcen}| gim vg|akg|ci| g{n ~|nm ci t~kecl `glcec}cn|) G} hin h`

}an lagci| ah}ne|% }an Ah}ne Pgilh~pn{% g |he~}chi kg|nm hi kgjcif |hmg gim

|ge} c| ~|nm }h t~{c`s |vcoocif/thhe vg}n{) ]ac| ag| {nm~lnm lanoclge ~|n gim

g||hlcg}nm lh|}|% gim ogmn agimecif gim mc|th|ge ng|cn{)

NIPC[HIONI] OGIGFNONI] T[HF[GOON @H[ NIN[FS

Nin{fs n`lcnils ih} hies {nm~ln| `~ne gim nenl}{clc}s kcee|% c} ge|h cil{ng|n| }an

hpn{gee lho`h{} h` }an t{htn{}s) Nin{fs ogigfnoni} ogs kn mcpcmnm ci}h }vh ogci

g{ng|2

Ogci}nigiln h{ fhhm ah~|njnntcif ht}chi|:

[ntgc{% {n}{h} gim {n`~{kc|aoni} ht}chi|)

Ogci}nigiln h{ Fhhm Ah~|njnntcif Ht}chi|

Eh`} ci|~eg}chi lgi anet t{npni} lhimni|g}chi gim oh~em% gim lgi

{nm~ln ang}cif kcee| ks geoh|} ;4.) Ci|~eg}chi og}n{cge| cile~mn

ocin{ge vhhe gim k{hvi lnee~eh|n k{n|) G }acljin|| h` 7> }h ;4 lo

|ah~em kn ni|~{nm `h{ ogqco~o nin{fs n`lcnils) G| ci|~eg}chi ogjn|

}an eh`} g{ng lhemn{% ah} vg}n{ }gij| gim tctn| ci }ac| g{ng o~|} ge|h

kn ci|~eg}nm)

\a~} mhvi thvn{ ci |nl}chi| h` }an k~cemcif }ag} g{n ih} ci ~|n)

]ac| lgi kn mhin }a{h~fa }an ~|n h` K~cemcif Ogigfnoni} \s|}no|

!KNO\#% mc|l~||nm eg}n{ ci }ac| |nl}chi)

Ci|~eg}n gee ah} vg}n{ }gij|% tctn| gim khcen{|)

\nge fgt| ci vgee|% vcimhv|% mhh{|% {hh`| gim hh{ }h lhi}{he ang}cif(

lhhecif eh|| gim tnin}{g}cif mgot)

Ogjn pc|c}h{| gvg{n h` }an coth{}giln h` nin{fs lhi|n{pg}chi) Cipc}n

}ano }h |vc}la h`` nw~ctoni} gim ecfa}| vani ih} {nw~c{nm)

Og}la }an |crn h` }an gttecgiln| }h mnogim {nw~c{noni}|) Hpn{|crnm h{~imn{|crnm nw~ctoni} vg|}n| nin{fs)

]{gci |}g`` }h ~|n en|| ah} vg}n{ gim }h |gpn nin{fs ks |vc}lacif h``

nw~ctoni} vani ih} innmnm)

Ci }an jc}lani% og}la tgi |crn }h ah} teg}n(k~{in{ |crn) Mn`{h|} `hhm g}

{hho }notn{g}~{n gim ih} ci ah} vg}n{)

Ogci}gci ah} vg}n{ ci }gt| g} >4L)

^|n }{gi|e~lni} egot|agmn| }h ht}coc|n ecfa} h~}t~})

Htni gim leh|n l~{}gci| }h ogqcoc|n gim ocicoc|n ang} fgci g|

{nw~c{nm)

Ni|~{n }con{| gim lhi}{heen{| g{n |n} gllh{mcif }h }an mnf{nn/mgs}a{n|ahem| gim enpne| h` gl}cpc}s ci|cmn }an t{htn{}s)

Ni|~{n khcen{| gim laceen{| g{n {nf~eg{es |n{pclnm }h ogqcoc|n

n`lcnils)


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Mh ih} tegln `~{ic}~{n ci `{hi} h` ang}cif h{ lhhecif ~ic}|)

[gmcg}h{| gim gc{/lhimc}chicif ~ic}| |ah~em kn teglnm knehv vcimhv|

}h t{npni} mhvi/m{g~fa}|: l~{}gci| |ah~em }an{n`h{n ih} kn geehvnm }h

m{gtn hpn{ }ano)

\nenl} }an oh|} nin{fs/n`lcni} lslen| gim `~ees ehgm vg|acifoglacin| gim mc|avg|an{| kn`h{n ~|n)

[ntgc{% [n}{h} gim [n`~{kc|aoni} Ht}chi|

G i~okn{ h` {ntgc{% {n}{h} gim {n`~{kc|aoni} ht}chi| g{n t{n|ni}nm knehv2

G~}hog}cl ehgm/|anmmcif lhi}{he |s|}no|:

Lhi}{he| `h{ ang}cif gim ah} vg}n{:

Mh~ken/fegrcif:

\ngecif gim |}{cttcif:

Lhi}{heenm pni}ceg}chi: Ehv nin{fs ecfa}cif:

Lhpn{cif gim lhg}cif|:

Ang} {nlhpn{s:

K~cemcif Nin{fs Ogigfnoni} \s|}no| !KNO\#:

Lhokcinm ang} gim thvn{:

[nteglcif hem nw~ctoni}:

[ninvgken nin{fs ht}chi|:

Vgee% {hh`% gim hh{ ci|~eg}chi)

G~}hog}cl Ehgm/\anmmcif Lhi}{he \s|}no|

Oh|} nenl}{clc}s |~ttecn{| {nw~c{n }ag} ah|tc}gec}s k~|cin||n| tgs g ogqco~o

mnogim }g{c`` kg|nm hi tngj mnogim ehgm|) ]ac| c| mn|cfinm }h mc|lh~{gfn ~|n{|

`{ho agpcif eg{fn tngj| gim `gee| ci }anc{ nin{fs mnogim tg}}n{i|) ]h {nm~ln

tngj mnogim ehgm| gim }g{c``|% c} c| {|} inln||g{s }h cipn|}cfg}n }an lg~|n| h`

ehgmcif gim }h lanlj c` }an ~|n h` |hon gttecgiln| lgi kn gphcmnm m~{cif tngj

tn{chm|) G~}hog}cl ehgm/lhi}{he |s|}no| lhi}ci~h~|es ohic}h{ nenl}{clc}s ~|n)

Vani mnogim {c|n| }h }an ogqco~o }a{n|ahem% }ans g~}hog}clgees |vc}la h`` }an

gttecgiln| t{hf{goonm ci}h }an |s|}no) ]ans ge|h geehv }an ~|n{ }h lahh|n vacla

gttecgiln| fn} |vc}lanm h`` {|}) Eg{fn ah|tc}gec}s k~|cin||n| agpn `h~im }ag}

g~}hog}cl ehgm/|anmmcif lhi}{he |s|}no| lgi f{ng}es {nm~ln tngj mnogim ehgm|gim k{cif |cficlgi} lh|} |gpcif|)

Lhi}{he| `h{ Ang}cif gim Ah} Vg}n{

]an {cfa} lhi}{he| g{n l{~lcge `h{ }an n`lcni} htn{g}chi h` ah} vg}n{ gim ang}cif(

lhhecif |s|}no|) ]an|n cile~mn2

[hho }an{oh|}g}|% vacla |vc}la/h`` khcen{| vani {hho| g{n ang}nm }h

g |n} }notn{g}~{n:

T{hf{goon{ gim }con{ |vc}lan|% vacla |vc}la h`` |tgln gim vg}n{

ang}cif g} {nw~c{nm }con|:

Rhin lhi}{he|% geehvcif hin h{ oh{n rhin| }h kn lhi}{heenm |ntg{g}nes

Ah} vg}n{ lsecimn{ }an{oh|}g}| }h |vc}la h`` khcen{| vani vg}n{ c|

ang}nm }h g fcpni }notn{g}~{n:


\NL]CHI

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744


34/97

G }an{oh|}g}cl {gmch pgepn }}nm hi}h g {gmcg}h{ gim ~|nm ci

lhib~il}chi vc}a }an {hho }an{oh|}g} |s|}no h{ khcen{ nin{fs lhi}{he

|s|}no: c} vh{j| ks {nm~lcif vg}n{hv ci}h }an {gmcg}h{ vani }an

}an{oh|}g} {nglan| }an |n} }notn{g}~{n:

\}h{gfn vg}n{ lhi}{he|% ~|nm `h{ |}h{gfn h{ lhokcig}chi ang}n{|2}ans cile~mn |~la `ng}~{n| g| g~}hog}cl }an{oh|}g}| !}h lhi}{he

ang} |}h{gfn gim h~}t~} gllh{mcif }h tngj mnogim ehgm| gim

}g{c``| vcimhv|#% lhipnl}h{/lhi}{he {hho }notn{g}~{n }an{oh|}g}|% gim

nq}n{ige }con{|)

Fhhm T{gl}cln ]ct

G lhoten}n ang}cif gim lhhecif lhi}{he tgljgfn lgi ~|~gees kn ci|}geenm g}

gis }con% k~} ci|}geeg}chi lh|}| lgi kn |~k|}gi}cgees {nm~lnm c` c} c| mhin m~{cif

{n`~{kc|aoni})

Mh~ken/Fegrcif

Kg|nm hi nin{fs |gpcif| gehin% }an tgs/kglj }con `h{ mh~ken/fegrcif {nteglnoni}

vcimhv| c| = }h 6 sng{|) ]an oh|} coth{}gi} `ng}~{n ci {nm~lcif ang} eh|| c| ih} }an

}acljin|| h` }an feg||% k~} }an |tgln kn}vnni }an egsn{| h` feg||% vacla |ah~em kn

g{h~im ;4oo) Ehv/noc||cpc}s feg|| vcee `~{}an{ {nm~ln ang} eh||)

Fhhm T{gl}cln ]ct|

Ci }an lg|n h` vcimhv| ge{ngms ci|}geenm% |nlhimg{s fegrcif ~|~gees ogmn h`

feg|| ci teg|}cl h{ ge~ocic~o `{gon| c| g lh|}/n``nl}cpn ht}chi) Vhhm gim TPL

`{gon| g{n kn}}n{ ci|~eg}h{| }agi ge~ocic~o)

]{cljen pni}| }h ni|~{n gmnw~g}n pni}ceg}chi |ah~em gllhotgis {nteglnoni}

vcimhv|)

\ngecif gim \}{cttcif

Kgmes }}nm mhh{| gim vcimhv| g{n g ogbh{ |h~{ln h` ang}cif gim lhhecif eh||% k~}

g{n langt gim ng|s }h {ntgc{) \ngecif gim |}{cttcif og}n{cge| cile~mn |ceclhi |}{ct|%

kegmn |nge|% k{~|a tcen| gim een{|% gim {~kkn{% TPL gim ge~ocic~o |nge|)

Fhhm T{gl}cln ]ct

C} c| n|tnlcgees coth{}gi} }h ogci}gci gmnw~g}n pni}ceg}chi van{n ~nm !`~ne gim

fg|# gttecgiln| g{n ci ~|n% |ciln gmnw~g}n gc{ o~|} jnnt ni}n{cif }an g{ng }h

geehv{n| }h k~{i |g`nes) C` }{cljen pni}| g{n ih}}}nm% }an ~ttn{ tg{} h` vcimhv|

|ah~em ih} kn |ngenm)

Lhi}{heenm Pni}ceg}chi

Vacen |ngecif gim |}{cttcif c| coth{}gi}% |h }hh c| lhi}{heenm pni}ceg}chi) Gmnw~g}n

pni}ceg}chi c| coth{}gi} }h {nm~ln lhimni|g}chi gim }an {n|~e}cif mgot% gim }h

ni|~{n }ag} hmh~{|% lg{khi mchqcmn gim |}gen gc{ g{n {nohpnm gim fhhm cimhh{ gc{

w~gec}s c| ogci}gcinm) ]an{n g{n |npn{ge }stn| h` lhi}{heenm pni}ceg}chi |~c}gken `h{

ah|tc}gec}s k~cemcif|2


\NL]CHI

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Kgljf{h~im pni}ceg}chi |s|}no| |~la g| }{cljen pni}|:

[gtcm pni}ceg}chi |s|}no| |~la g| nq}{gl}h{ `gi|:

M~l}nm |s|}no| cile~mcif ang} {nlhpn{s)

Ehv/Nin{fs Ecfa}cif

Ehv/nin{fs ecfa}cif c| ng|s }h ci|}gee gim lgi {nm~ln nin{fs lh|}| ks 74/7>.) Ehv/

nin{fs egot| cile~mn lhotgl} ~h{n|lni} !LE@|#% ~h{n|lni} }~kn|% gim }~if|}ni

agehfni|)

LE@| eg|} gkh~} 1 }con| ehifn{ }agi }~if|}ni agehfni egot| gim ~|n gkh~} ;>.

en|| nin{fs `h{ }an |gon ecfa} h~}t~}) ]~if|}ni agehfni egot| g{n gkh~} >4.

oh{n n`lcni} }agi |}gimg{m egot| gim eg|} }vcln g| ehif) Gee nin{fs/n`lcni}

ecfa}cif h``n{| }an gmpgi}gfn h` mcoon{ |vc}lan|% vacla geehv lhi}{he h` ecfa}

h~}t~})

Lhpn{cif| gim Lhg}cif|

Ci vg{on{ lecog}n|% vng}an{t{hh` lhpn{cif| |ah~em kn ic|anm h`` vc}a |~i/

{nnl}cif tgci}| }h {nm~ln |heg{ ang} fgci) \coceg{es% tgen |agmn| ~|nm `h{

mnlh{g}cif nq}n{ch{| gim ci}n{ch{| {nm~ln ang} fgci gim cil{ng|n ecfa} {nnl}chi)

Ang} [nlhpn{s

Ah|tc}gec}s t{htn{}cn| lgi glacnpn |~k|}gi}cge |gpcif| ks {nlhpn{cif |ni|cken gim

eg}ni} ang} `{ho jc}lani% eg~im{s gim |vcoocif/thhe nqag~|} |s|}no|% khcen{

~n|% gim lhimni|nm ang} {nlhpn{s) ]ac| ang} lgi kn lagiineenm kglj `h{ |tgln

h{ vg}n{ ang}cif) Ang} {nlhpn{s {nw~c{n| }an ci|}geeg}chi h` ang} nqlagifn{| }h

|ntg{g}n }an ang} `{ho c}| |h~{ln !vg}n{% fg| h{ lhok~|}chi t{hm~l}|# gim }{gi|`n{

c} }h van{n c} lgi kn {n~|nm }an vg}n{ h{ |tgln ang}cif |s|}no) ]an oh|} lh|}/

n``nl}cpn ang}/{nlhpn{s |s|}no| `h{ ah|tc}gec}s k~|cin||n| g{n ~|~gees |ni|cken

ang} nqlagifn{| |~la g| {~i/g{h~im lhce| gim }an{oge vanne|)

]an `ng|ckcec}s h` ang} {nlhpn{s mntnim| hi2

]an }notn{g}~{n h` }an vg|}n ang} ci }an gc{ h{ vg}n{:

Van{n }an vg|}n ang} c| }h kn ~|nm% vacla |ah~em kn leh|nes lhiinl}nm

}h }an |h~{ln h` }an vg|}n ang}:

T~{lag|cif gim htn{g}cif lh|}| h` }an ang}/nqlagifn ~ic}2 }an lh|} h`

}an ang} {nlhpn{nm |ah~em kn acfan{ }agi }an t~{lag|cif gim htn{g}chi

h` }an ang}/nqlagifn ~ic})

LHOOHI W^N\]CHIVag} c| }an mc``n{niln kn}vnni |ni|cken ang} gim eg}ni}

ang}8

\ni|cken ang} c| }an ang} g||hlcg}nm vc}a g lagifn ci }notn{g}~{n) Eg}ni} ang}

c| g||hlcg}nm vc}a g lagifn ci |}g}n |~la g| `{ho ecw~cm }h fg|)

K~cemcif Nin{fs Ogigfnoni} \s|}no| !KNO\#

KNO\ g{n lhot~}n{/kg|nm nin{fs/ogigfnoni} |s|}no| vacla t{hpcmn `h{ }anci}nf{g}nm lhi}{he h` }an{oh|}g}|% khcen{|% gim rhin lhi}{heen{|% ngla rhin agpcif

c}| hvi ang}cif% lhhecif gim ecfa}cif ~ic}|) ]ans }an{n`h{n nigken mc``n{ni} g{ng|

h` g t{htn{}s }h kn lhi}{heenm |ntg{g}nes gim npni |a~} mhvi vani ih} ci ~|n)


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KNO\ geehv `h{ }an ~|n h` hll~tgils/ecijnm lhi}{he |s|}no|% vacla g{n pn{s ~|n`~e

`h{ ah|tc}gec}s k~|cin||n|) ]an|n cile~mn2

ECIJ TGINE\ GIM JNS @HK TGINE\

]an|n geehv h{ thvn{ ci {hho| }h kn gl}cpg}nm }h |n} }notn{g}~{n| hies

vani hll~tcnm) ]an ecij tgine c| gl}cpg}nm vani }an jns c| {nohpnm`{ho }an jns ahemn{ g} {nlnt}chi h{ }an lhi}{he g{ng% vacen }an `hk tgine

c| gl}cpg}nm vani }an jns c| teglnm ci }an jns ahemn{ ci|cmn ngla {hho)

Kh}a |s|}no| {nw~c{n }an ci|}geeg}chi h` ][P|)

CI@[G/[NM HLL^TGILS MN]NL]H[\

]an|n |s|}no| }~{i hi ~ic}| vani oh}chi c| mn}nl}nm gim geehv

`h{ cimcpcm~ge }notn{g}~{n lhi}{he ks }an hll~tgi}) C` ih oh}chi c|

mn}nl}nm% }an |s|}no ahem| }an |n} }notn{g}~{n `h{ g t{n|n} }con !>/>4

oci~}n|# kn`h{n |vc}lacif kglj gee ~ic}| }h kgljf{h~im enpne|)

Lhokcinm Ang} gim Thvn{ !LAT#LAT |s|}no| fnin{g}n nenl}{clc}s gim lagiine }an ang} fnin{g}nm ci }an t{hln||

!ih{ogees {nfg{mnm g| vg|}n# }h ~|n `h{ vg}n{ h{ |tgln ang}cif) G| kh}a nenl}{clc}s

gim ang} g{n fnin{g}nm g} }an |gon }con% }an n`lcnils h` LAT |s|}no| lgi kn g|

acfa g| 14/34.)

LAT c| oh|} |~c}nm }h t{htn{}cn| }ag} {nw~c{n vg}n{ gim |tgln ang}cif `h{ ehifn{

tn{chm| h` }an sng{) ]an ^J Mntg{}oni} h` }an Nipc{hioni}% ]{gi|th{} gim }an

[nfchi| {nth{}| }ag} g{h~im 76. h` }h}ge LAT ci|}geeg}chi| ci }an ^J g{n ci ah}ne|)

Fhhm T{gl}cln ]ct

LAT |s|}no| mh ih} gevgs| k{cif igilcge {n}~{i|) \tnlcgec|} gmpcln c| innmnm }h

npge~g}n }an ng|ckcec}s h` }ac| ht}chi)

[ntegln Hemn{ Nw~ctoni}

Hemn{ khcen{| gim laceen{| g{n oh{n nin{fs/ci}ni|cpn }agi invn{ ohmne|) [nteglcif

nw~ctoni} hpn{ 7> sng{| hem vcee {nm~ln nin{fs kcee| ks 74/7>.) C` nw~ctoni} c|

en|| }agi 74 sng{| hem% cipn|}cif ci lhi}{he| ogs t{hpn oh{n nlhihoclge)

[ninvgken Nin{fs Ht}chi|

[ninvgken nin{fs c| g |h~{ln h` nin{fs }ag} lgi kn t{hm~lnm g} }an |gon {g}n g|h{ `g|}n{ }agi c} c| lhi|~onm% gim }an{n`h{n mhn| ih} mnten}n ig}~{ge {n|h~{ln|)

[ninvgken nin{fs }nlaihehfs `h{ }h~{c|o gim ah|tc}gec}s cile~mn| |heg{ vg}n{

ang}cif% tah}hphe}gcl| !TP#% ocic/asm{h |s|}no|% vcim }~{kcin|% kch/`~ne| gim

fnh}an{oge ang} t~ot|)

]an ~|n h` {ninvgken nin{fs vcee kn mc|l~||nm g} enif}a ci ^ic} >)

Vgee% [hh` gim @ehh{ Ci|~eg}chi

G{h~im 14. h` lhhecif gim ang}cif c| eh|} }a{h~fa nq}n{ige vgee|) Ci lhib~il}chi

vc}a ang}cif(lhhecif lhi}{he|% vgee ci|~eg}chi ge|h {nm~ln| lhimni|g}chi gim

mgot) Ogis {nlslenm gim oh{n nipc{hioni}gees/t{n`n{gken ci|~eg}cif og}n{cge|g{n gpgcegken gim |ah~em kn fcpni t{n`n{niln) @h{ogemnasmn |ah~em kn gphcmnm)

]an }stn| gim on}ahm| h` {hh` ci|~eg}chi mntnim hi }an {hh` tc}la !|ehtcif h{ g}#%


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kh~emn{|% npn|% {g`}n{|% vng}an{t{hh` lhpn{cif|% n}l) ]an oh|} lhoohies ~|nm

ci|~eg}chi og}n{cge| g{n teg|}cl !ogcies thes|}s{nin# gim ocin{ge vhhe)

@ehh{ ci|~eg}chi c| kn|} mhin vani hh{| g{n kncif {nteglnm h{ nq}ni|chi|

k~ce}) C` ci|~eg}chi c| egcm gkhpn nqc|}cif hh{|% lg{n |ah~em kn }gjni }ag} }an

nq}{g }acljin|| mhn| ih} g``nl} nqc|}cif}}cif| gim |jc{}cif|) @ehh{ ci|~eg}chi c|n|tnlcgees ~|n`~e }h {nm~ln ang}cif gim lhhecif eh||n| ci k~cemcif| vc}a |~|tnimnm

vhhmni hh{|) Ci|~eg}chi og}n{cge| cile~mn ocin{ge vhhe% thes|}s{nin gim `hgo

feg||)

Fhhm T{gl}cln ]ct

G| }an{n g{n ogis |tnlclg}chi| ci }an lahcln gim }an egscif h` ci|~eg}chi%

|tnlcgec|} gmpcln c| innmnm)


]a{h~fa thvn{ `gl}h{ lh{{nl}chi gim }an ci|}geeg}chi h` g ehgm/|anmmcif

|s|}no% }an Ah}ne Ci}n{/Lhi}cini}ge ci \smins% G~|}{gecg% c| glacnpcif |gpcif| ci

nenl}{clc}s lh|}| h` G-;6%444 g sng{) G KNO\ c| ~|nm }h lhi}{he gim ohic}h{ gee

laceen{|% khcen{|% |}ngo fnin{g}h{| gim ah}/vg}n{ }gij|)

64. h` }an ah} vg}n{ {nw~c{noni}| h` }an Vnelhon F{h~t O~fage \an{g}hi

Ah}ne ci Gf{g% Cimcg% c| hk}gcinm }a{h~fa |heg{ vg}n{ ang}n{|) Nin{fs/n`lcni}

lhotgl}~h{n|lni} egot| g{n }}nm ci f~n|}{hho| gim t~kecl g{ng|% gim

ci`{g{nm |ni|h{| g~}hog}clgees |vc}la h`` ecfa}| vani {hho| g{n pglgi})

G| g {n|~e} h` gi nipc{hioni} |}g}~| {npcnv hi nin{fs% ]an [nigc||giln BgogclgF{gim [n|h{}% Hlah [ch|% Bgogclg% ag| {nteglnm c}| hem laceen{| vc}a inv L@L/

`{nn nw~ctoni} vc}a 4)>4jv(}hiin nin{fs/n`lcnils) ]an lhhecif }hvn{| agpn

ge|h knni ~tf{gmnm) ]an ah}ne c| {npcnvcif }an `ng|ckcec}s h` LAT)

Lgigmcgi Tglcl Ah}ne| gim [n|h{}| ehvn{nm vg}n{ ang}cif lh|}| ks ci|~eg}cif

ah}/vg}n{ tctn| gim }gij|% gim {nf~eg{es ohic}h{cif khcen{ }an{oh|}g}|) \hon

t{htn{}cn| ~|n |heg{ vg}n{ ang}n{| }h t{hpcmn ah} vg}n{ h{ |vcoocif thhe|)

Nin{fs/ogigfnoni} ong|~{n| vacla lheenl}cpnes {nm~ln nin{fs lh|}| ks

;4/;>. tn{ gii~o% g} }an ]gb [n|cmnils% Cimh{n% Cimcg% cile~mn2

]con{| hi h`ln gc{/lhimc}chin{| }h |vc}la h`` ~ic}| `h{ 7> oci~}n| npn{s

=> oci~}n|:

KNO\ gim ecij tgine| }h }~{i thvn{ hi gim h`` ci f~n|} {hho|:

\heg{ vg}n{ ang}n{|:

Vg|}n ang} `{ho gc{/lhimc}chicif ~ic}| {nlhpn{nm gim {n~|nm `h{ vg}n{

ang}cif:

\~i/lhi}{he eo| hi feg|| tgin| }h {nm~ln |heg{ fgci gim gc{/

lhimc}chicif ehgm|:

[hh`| gim h~}n{ vgee| h` }an {hho| hi }an }ht hh{% vacla g{n nqth|nm

}h mc{nl} |~iecfa} `h{ ehif tn{chm|% nokhmcnm vc}a >4oo h` ci|~eg}chi

}h {nm~ln ang} fgci)


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NIPC[HIONI] OGIGFNONI] T[HF[GOON @H[ VG\]N

[nm~lcif gim {n~|cif vg|}n c| hin h` }an ng|cn|} g{ng| `h{ nipc{hioni}

cot{hpnoni} gim }an{n`h{n hin h` }an kn|} g{ng| }h |}g{}) ]an t{necocig{s

nipc{hioni} |}g}~| {npcnv {nw~c{n| g ec|} h` gee vg|}n fnin{g}nm ks }an k~|cin||)

]ac| lgi ihv kn ~|nm }h cmni}c`s t{hm~l}| }ag} lgi kn2

[nteglnm vc}a ge}n{ig}cpn| vacla gphcm vg|}n h{ fnin{g}n en||:

[n~|nm `h{ }an |gon h{ gih}an{ t~{th|n:

\h{}nm gim lheenl}nm `h{ {nlslecif ~imn{ o~iclctge vg|}n {nlslecif

|lanon|:

^|nm h{ ehifn{)

G lanljec|} hi vg|}n ogigfnoni} h{ ah|tc}gec}s glcec}cn| c| fcpni knehv) C} heehv|

}an h{mn{ h` }an vg|}n ogigfnoni} acn{g{las2

7) Gphcm

;) [nm~ln


39/97

[ntegln cimcpcm~ge }hcen}{cn| ci f~n|}{hho| vc}a {neegken qnm mc|tni|n{|

^|n kh}a |cmn| h` h`ln tgtn{ kn`h{n mc|th|ge

Mhig}n en`}hpn{ `hhm `{ho k~``n}| }h lag{c}s

\vc}la `{ho mc|th|gken }h {n~|gken eg~im{s kgf|

Mhig}n hem `~{ic}~{n gim ecini }h lag{c}s


40/97

Ahv lgi }an \ntg{g}chi h` Vg|}n kn Ng|ces Cilh{th{g}nm ci}hAh|tc}gec}s Htn{g}chi|8

Tegln |ntg{g}n vg|}n lhi}gcin{| ci {hho| gim cipc}n f~n|}| }h ~|n }an

lhi}gcin{| g| egkneenm:

G|j f~n|}| }h |h{} h~} vg|}n |~la g| kg}}n{cn| `h{ |ntg{g}n lheenl}chigim mc|th|ge:

Ci|}gee ah~|njnntcif lg{}| vc}a |ntg{g}n vg|}n lhi}gcin{|:

Tegln |ntg{g}n vg|}n lhi}gcin{| ci jc}lani|% h}an{ @&K h~}en}|%

ah~|njnntcif gim gmocic|}{g}chi g{ng|:

Tegln k~ej lhi}gcin{| `h{ |ntg{g}n vg|}n ci gi gtt{ht{cg}n kglj

h`ln g{ng:

]{gci notehsnn| ci gee mntg{}oni}| }h |ntg{g}n vg|}n)

Ci }an lg|n h` agrg{mh~| vg|}n |~la g| |hepni}|% thhe lanoclge|% tgci}|% lanoclge

tn|}clcmn| gim h}an{ |~la t{hm~l}|% }an ehlge g~}ah{c}s| mc|th|ge |}ct~eg}chi|

|ah~em kn `heehvnm) Asfcnin gim `hhm |g`n}s lhmn| t{hpcmn f~cmgiln `h{ `hhm gim

tgljgfcif vg|}n mc|th|ge% vacla vcee `glcec}g}n vg|}n ogigfnoni})

\hon @gl}| Gkh~} Lhoth|}cif

Lhoth|}cif c| }an ~|n h` ocl{h/h{fgic|o| }h k{ngj mhvi h{fgicl vg|}n

!pnfn}gken lecttcif|% engpn|% |nnm|% |jci|% |anee|% {cim|% fg{mni vg|}n% n}l#

ci}h cih{fgicl `h{o% vacla lgi }ani kn ~|nm }h cot{hpn }an i~}{cni} gim vg}n{

{n}ni}chi lgtglc}s h` |hce)

Lhoth|}cif }nlaicw~n| {gifn `{ho |coten kgljsg{m angt| }h ci/pn||ne

|s|}no|)

G| lhoth|}cif vg|}n c| vn}% kgljsg{m angt| innm }h kn egsn{nm vc}a m{s k~ejcif

og}n{cge| |~la g| vhhm% |gvm~|}% ags% engpn| h{ |a{nmmnm tgtn{) Lhoon{lcge

lhoth|} gl}cpg}h{| lgi ge|h kn ~|nm) G |ogee goh~i} h` ic}{hfni `n{}cec|n{ lgi

kn gmmnm }h cil{ng|n nin{fs lhi}ni} gim |tnnm ~t mnlhoth|c}chi) Lhoth|}

angt| innm }h kn jnt} ohc|} gim }ah{h~faes ocqnm }h ni|~{n vg|}n k{ngj|

mhvi {gtcmes) Gi ~i}~{inm tcen vcee knlhon gign{hkcl !eglj hqsfni# gim |onee)

Ci/pn||ne |s|}no| geehv vg|}n }h kn lhoth|}nm ci nileh|nm pn||ne|% {nm~lcif

lhoth|}cif }con }h en|| }agi . h` }an vg|}n angt lhi|c|}

h` ong}: ci/pn||ne |s|}no| agpn tg{}es hpn{lhon }ac| mc|gmpgi}gfn)

Fhhm T{gl}cln ]ct

Gmmcif }hh o~la k~ejcif og}n{cge lgi l{ng}n g ehv/nin{fs lhoth|} ocq}~{n%

vacla }gjn| g ehif }con }h k{ngj mhvi)


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T{ntg{g}chi h` Vg|}n h{ [nlslecif

C` vg|}n c| }h kn |~lln||`~ees t{ntg{nm gim ~|nm `h{ {nlslecif% c} o~|} kn ~ic`h{oes

|h{}nm gim lenginm% gim {nn {ho kh}}en/lgt|% hhm% on}ge% teg|}cl% n}l) Lhotgl}h{|

lgi kn ~|nm }h {nm~ln vg|}n phe~on) ]ac| ehvn{| }an |tgln {nw~c{nm }h lheenl} gim

|}h{n vg|}n gim cil{ng|n| c}| pge~n g| g {nlslegken og}n{cge) K~} lhotgl}h{| lgikn nqtni|cpn gim g{n hies vh{}avacen ci eg{fn t{htn{}cn| vc}a |cficlgi} vg|}n

phe~on)

Teg|}cl gim tgtn{ vg|}n ~|~gees innm| }h kn kgenm gim lhotgl}nm kn`h{n lheenl}chi

`h{ {nlslecif) Gmpcln innm| }h kn hk}gcinm `{ho ehlge gim(h{ o~iclctge vg|}n

lheenl}chi gim {nlslecif |lanon| hi }an t{ntg{g}chi h` vg|}n% ~|n h` lhotgl}h{|%

kgecif |tnlclg}chi|% gim }an og{jn} t{cln `h{ {nlslegken|)

LHOOHI W^N\]CHI\ Ahv acfa g{n {npni~n| `{ho |neecif vg|}n `h{

{nlslecif8

[npni~n `{ho {nlslecif vg|}n mntnim| hi }an }stn gim phe~on h` vg|}n

|ntg{g}nm gim ogmn gpgcegken `h{ lheenl}chi% }an ehlge og{jn} `h{ {nlslenm

t{hm~l}|% gim ehlge theclcn| hi }an {nlslecif h` th|}/lhi|~on{ vg|}n) @h{ kn|}

{n}~{i|% }an vg|}n o~|} kn |h{}nm gim lhi}gocig}chi/`{nn) Vh{jcif leh|nes

vc}a {nlslecif mngen{| vcee nigken n``nl}cpn |h{}cif gim lheenl}chi tegi| }h kn

mnpnehtnm gim {n}~{i| }h kn ht}coc|nm)

C| {nlslecif }an oh|} nipc{hioni}/t{n`n{gken ht}chi `h{ th|}/lhi|~on{

vg|}n8

Gee {nlslegken| innm }h kn |h{}nm% lenginm% gim kgenm kn`h{n lheenl}chi `{ho

lhoon{lcge |c}n|% ahon| gim k~|cin||n|) ]ans }ani agpn }h kn }{gi|th{}nm }hog}n{cge agimecif glcec}cn| van{n }ans g{n ~{}an{ |h{}nm% lenginm% gim l{~|anm

!h{ t~etnm ci }an lg|n h` tgtn{# kn`h{n }ans lgi fh }h ogi~`gl}~{cif |c}n| `h{

{n~|n) ]an }{gi|th{} ciphepnm ci {nlslecif cil{ng|n| c` tnhten m{cpn }h vg|}n

lheenl}chi thci}| }h mc|th|n h` }anc{ vg|}n)

]an|n t{hln||n| gim }{gi|th{} {nw~c{noni}| lgi lhi|~on eg{fn goh~i}| h`

vg}n{% thvn{% h||ce ~ne| gim h}an{ og}n{cge|% gim noc} vg|}n| gim noc||chi|)

]an jns w~n|}chi c|2

G{n }an {n|h~{ln| ~|nm gim vg|}n fnin{g}nm ks }an {nlslecif t{hln|| acfan{

}agi }an {n|h~{ln| ~|nm gim vg|}n fnin{g}nm c` pc{fci og}n{cge| vn{n ~|nm `h{}an |gon t~{th|n8

]an gi|vn{ {nw~c{n| mn}gcenm nipc{hioni}% ec`n/lslen gim nlhihocl |}~mcn| gim

vcee pg{s vc}a ngla {nlslegken og}n{cge) Lhi|cmn{g}chi o~|} ge|h kn fcpni }h }an

ni}c{n h{fgic|g}chi% t{h}gkcec}s% gim f{hv}a t{h|tnl}| h` }an {nlslecif og{jn}

ci w~n|}chi)

\hon {nlni} gim lhi}{hpn{|cge |}~mcn| ci }an ^J gim }an ^\ |ahv }ag} `h{

tgtn{ gim teg|}cl% cilcin{g}chi vc}a nin{fs {nlhpn{s lgi kn g kn}}n{ k~|cin||

gim nipc{hioni}/t{n`n{gken ge}n{ig}cpn }agi {nlslecif: }an tg{gon}n{| g{n }hh

i~on{h~| }h mc|l~|| an{n) K~} c} |ah~em ih} kn `h{fh}}ni }ag} cilcin{g}chi

tegi}| g{n pn{s lgtc}ge/ci}ni|cpn }h k~cem gim htn{g}n% gim npni |}g}n/h`/}an/

g{} cilcin{g}h{| lgi noc} ag{o`~e fg|n|% cile~mcif mchqci|) Gih}an{ g{f~oni}gfgci|} cilcin{g}chi vc}a nin{fs {nlhpn{s c| }ag} c} m{cpn| mhvi cilni}cpn| `h{

vg|}n {nm~l}chi)


\NL]CHI

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]an h}an{ vg|}n mc|th|ge ht}chi c| egimee% vacla ag| |cficlgi} nipc{hioni}

cotgl}|) Ci gi n``h{} }h {nm~ln egimee vg|}n phe~on|% egimee enpcn| gim }gqn|

agpn {c|ni |cficlgi}es hpn{ {nlni} sng{| gim enfc|eg}chi gconm g} {n|}{cl}cif

}an k~cemcif h` inv egimee |c}n| c| kncif ni`h{lnm ci ogis lh~i}{cn|)

Ci }an ecfa} h` }an|n }{nim|% {nlslecif c| nqtnl}nm }h fgci inv f{h~im ci }an

~}~{n) G| eg{fn fnin{g}h{| h` th|}/lhi|~on{ vg|}n% }an ah|tc}gec}s cim~|}{s ag|

g jns {hen }h tegs ci cil{ng|cif {nlslecif phe~on| gim }an og{jn} h{ {nlslegken

t{hm~l}|)


G} }an ]{h~pceen Ah}ne% [n|}g~{gi} gim Lhi`n{niln Lni}{n ci Ah{ikgnj% Mniog{j%

vg|}n c| |ntg{g}nm g| `heehv|2 h{fgicl vg|}n% tgtn{ gim khg{m% lheh~{nm gim

ihi/lheh~{nm feg||% {n}~{igken kh}}en|% ge~ocic~o% gim tgljgfcif og}n{cge)

Teg|}cl og}n{cge| g{n {n~|nm gim mh ih} ni}n{ }an vg|}n |}{ngo)

H{fgicl vg|}n c| `{hrni gim |hem `h{ lhipn{|chi ci}h gicoge `hhm:

Tgtn{ gim khg{m g{n lhotgl}nm gim |hem `h{ {nlslecif:

Tgljgfcif og}n{cge| g{n {n}~{inm }h |~ttecn{|:

Feg|| c| mnth|c}nm g} }an ing{n|} {nlslecif lheenl}chi thci}:

[n}~{igken kh}}en| g{n |hem `h{ {n~|n)

]an ]{h~pceen ag| ge|h mc|lhi}ci~nm }an ~|n h` mc|th|gken c}no|) \agothh

gim kg}a gim |ahvn{ fne g{n t{hpcmnm ci {neegken vgee/oh~i}nm mc|tni|n{|:

feg||n| agpn {nteglnm mc|th|gken teg|}cl o~f|) ]an ~|n h` cimcpcm~ge tgljgfn|

h` k~}}n{% og{ogegmn% ahins% l{ngo n}l)% ag| knni mc|lhi}ci~nm) Oh|} k{hla~{n|g{n t{ci}nm hi {nlslenm tgtn{)

]an ]{h~pceen c| g ahemn{ h` }an F{nni Jns% }an Mgic|a ig}chige nlh/egkne `h{

nipc{hioni}gees/t{n`n{gken ah|tc}gec}s `glcec}cn|)

]an Lgog [gbt~}gig [n|h{}% [gbg|}gi% Cimcg% lhoth|}| gee `hhm% jc}lani gim

fg{mni vg|}n }a{h~fa pn{oclhoth|}cif % }an ~|n h` |tnlcgees/k{nm vh{o|

}h k{ngj mhvi vg|}n ci}h lhoth|}) ]an ah}ne htn{g}n| c}| hvi pn{ocl~e}~{n

egkh{g}h{s }ag} t{hm~ln| vh{o| `h{ lhoth|}cif hi/|c}n g| vnee g| `h{ }an ehlge

lhoo~ic}s) ]an {n|h{} c| ge|h vh{jcif }hvg{m| ~|cif }an kchfg| fnin{g}nm

m~{cif }an k{ngjmhvi h` vg|}n `h{ lhhjcif)

]an [nigc||giln Bgogclg F{gim [n|h{}% Hlah [ch|% Bgogclg% {nlslen| tgtn{}a{h~fa }an \hlcge Ohkcec|g}chi gim \ne` Anet T{hbnl} !\OG\A#% vacla ~|n|

vg|}n tgtn{ }h ogjn agim/ogmn th|}lg{m|% kc{}amgs gim k~|cin|| lg{m|) |nm

lhhjcif hce c| lheenl}nm gim |hem }h |hgt ogi~`gl}~{n{|)

G} }an Ahif Jhif Ah}ne% Ahif Jhif% n``h{}| g{n ogmn }h2

Ecoc} tgtn{ ~|n ci }an kglj h`ln:

[ntegln mc|th|gken teg|}cl inv|tgtn{ kgf| vc}a {n~|gken leh}a hin|:

Lheenl} ~|nm lhhjcif hce `h{ |gen gim {n~|n ci h}an{ cim~|}{cn|:

[ntegln teg|}cl kh}}en| ci }an ocic/kg{| vc}a feg|| hin|:

^|n tegi}| }h mnlh{g}n {n|}g~{gi} }gken| ci|}ngm h`hvn{|)


\NL]CHI

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NIPC[HIONI] OGIGFNONI] T[HF[GOON @H[ T^[LAG\CIFNIPC[HIONI]GEES/T[N@N[GKEN T[HM^L]\ GIM \N[PCLN\

Gehif vc}a vg|}n ogigfnoni}% t~{lag|cif c| gi ng|s gim pc|cken g{ng }h |}g{}

nipc{hioni} gl}chi) ^|cif nipc{hioni}gees/t{n`n{gken t{hm~l}| mnohi|}{g}n| g

lhotgis| nipc{hioni} lhooc}oni} }h notehsnn|% pc|c}h{| gim |~ttecn{|% gimanet| gphcm gim {nm~ln vg|}n)

]an t~{lag|cif cipni}h{s lhotcenm m~{cif }an nipc{hioni} |}g}~| {npcnv cimclg}n|

}an kn|} tegln }h |}g{}) Gmmc}chige lhi|cmn{g}chi| cile~mn2

G{n t{hm~l}| kncif t~{lag|nm }ag} g{n ih} kncif ~|nm8 Vag} g{n }an

enpne| h` mngm |}hlj8

Lgi }an t~{lag|n h` |hon c}no| kn mc|lhi}ci~nm8 Lh~em g |coceg{

enpne h` |n{pcln kn t{hpcmnm vc}ah~} }ano8 Ocfa} }ans kn {n|h~{lnm(

{nteglnm vc}a og}n{cge| t{n|ni}es nimcif ~t ci vg|}n |}{ngo|8

Vag} }hqcl t{hm~l}| g{n kncif t~{lag|nm8 Lh~em }ans kn {nteglnm vc}a

ihi/}hqcl ge}n{ig}cpn|8 Lhi|cmn{ }an `heehvcif nqgoten|2


Agpn gis `hhm c}no| knni fnin}clgees ohmcnm h{ ogi~`gl}~{nm vc}a

fnin}clgees ohmcnm {gv og}n{cge|8

G{n c}no| kncif t~{lag|nm vc}a acfa phe~on| h` tgljgfcif8 Lgi }ans

kn {nteglnm vc}a c}no| vc}a en||% h{ en|| k~ejs% tgljgfcif8 Lgi }an

tgljgfcif kn {n}~{inm }h }an |~ttecn{8

Lgi }an t~{lag|n gim ~|n h` mc|th|gken c}no| kn mc|lhi}ci~nm8 Lgi

}ans kn {nteglnm vc}a oh{n nipc{hioni}gees/t{n`n{gken ge}n{ig}cpn|%

|~la g| |}g{la/kg|nm mc|th|gken teg}n|8

Lgi oh{n n``h{} kn ogmn }h k~s {nlslenm8

Lgi oh{n n``h{} kn ogmn }h k~s kchmnf{gmgken t{hm~l}|8

C| t{n`n{niln fcpni }h nipc{hioni} ln{}cnm t{hm~l}| gim |n{pcln|8

C| t{n`n{niln fcpni }h ehlgees t{hm~lnm fhhm| gim |n{pcln|8

G{n n``h{}| kncif ogmn }h k~s ci k~ej vani th||cken8

Agpn n``h{}| knni ogmn }h ~|n t{hm~l}| }ag} {nw~c{n en|| nin{fs gim

}{gi|th{} }h ogi~`gl}~{n% ~|n gim mc|}{ck~}n8

Mh |~ttecn{| gim lhi}{gl}h{| agpn nipc{hioni} theclcn|8

Agpn |~ttecn{| knni g|jnm }h t{hpcmn oh{n nipc{hioni}gees/t{n`n{gken

ge}n{ig}cpn|8

\NL]CHI

;

Nipc{hioni}gees/t{n`n{gken ge}n{ig}cpn| }h }hqcl t{hm~l}|

]HQCL T[HM^L]\ NIPC[HIONI]GEES/T[N@N[GKEN GE]N[IG]CPN\

Tn|}clcmn| gim an{kclcmn| Kchehfclge tn|}/lhi}{he ge}n{ig}cpn|

Hpni lengin{| Kgjcif |hmg

Tn{ogini} cij og{jn{| Vg}n{ kg|nm og{jn{|

Tah}hlhts }hin{| [nlslenm }hin{|

Pg{ic|a Pg{ic|an| vc}a ehvn{ PHL lhi}ni}

Tgci}| Ehv PHL gim vg}n{/kg|nm tgci}|

Gc{ `{n|anin{| Th}/th~{{c gim ahon/ogmn |he~}chi| h pcinfg{ gim enohi b~cln Gn{h|he| T~ot |t{gs t{hm~l}|

Thhe lanoclge| ]nlaihehfcn| |~la g| ge}n{ig}cpn|ge}% goohicg gim kgjcif/|hmg/kg|nm|he~}chi|% h|oh|c|% chic|g}chi gim P

Oh}a kgee| Lnmg{ gim |gimgevhhm lact| gim hce

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Fhhm T{gl}cln ]ct

Nqln||cpn tgljgfcif c| inc}an{ nlhihoclge ih{ nipc{hioni}/|~c}gken) Ahvnpn{%

g ocico~o enpne h` tgljgfcif o~|} kn ogci}gcinm }h t{h}nl} fhhm| `{ho

lhi}gocig}chi% t{npni} mgogfn gim |thcegfn% gim `glcec}g}n }{gi|th{}% |}h{gfn

gim nim ~|n) C` g {nm~l}chi ci tgljgfcif {n|~e}| ci cil{ng|nm t{hm~l} mgogfngim |thcegfn% }an n``h{} c| thci}en||) @hhm |g`n}s% asfcnin lhmn| gim ehlge

tgljgfcif enfc|eg}chi vcee t{hpcmn gmmc}chige f~cmgiln hi }an ocico~o enpne|

gim }stn| h` tgljgfcif }ag} innm }h kn ogci}gcinm)


]an \}ncfnikn{fn{ J~{ag~| Ah}ne% Go|}n{mgo% ]an In}an{egim|% ag| gi gl}cpn

thecls }h k~s ci k~ej% {nlslenm gim kchmnf{gmgken) Ks vh{jcif leh|nes vc}a

|~ttecn{|% tgljgfcif c| ocicoc|nm gim l{g}n| gim tgeen}| g{n lheenl}nm gim

{n~|nm) Gee tgci}| gim pg{ic|an| ~|nm h{ {nmnlh{g}cif g{n vg}n{/kg|nm gim ehvci PHL lhi}ni}) ]an lheenl}cpn vg|}n gim t~{lag|cif ogigfnoni} theclcn| agpn

{nm~lnm vg|}n ks ;1.)

[n|~e}| h` }an ]gb F{h~t h` Ah}ne|< nipc{hioni} t~{lag|cif t{hf{goon

cile~mn2

Agim/ogmn {nlslenm tgtn{= c| ~|nm `h{ pc|c}cif lg{m|% |}g}chig{s gim

oni~|) Kchmnf{gmgken gim ig}~{ge hem/|}sen t{hm~l}| g{n ~|nm `h{

lengicif:

Tgljgfcif c| jnt} }h g ocico~o:

Inv|tgtn{ gim eg~im{s kgf| g{n h` h{fgicl lh}}hi% ogmn ci Cimcg:

F~n|} |ecttn{| g{n h` ig}~{ge b~}n% ogmn ci Cimcg:

Teg|}cl kgf| agpn knni {nteglnm vc}a {n~|gken vcljn{ kg|jn}|:

^|n h` teg|}cl c| jnt} }h g ocico~o)

]an t~{lag|cif thecls ag| knni g lni}{ge nenoni} ci }an NO\ h` }an Ah}ne

Ci}n{/Lhi}cini}ge% \smins) Nipc{hioni} |ni|c}cpc}s% nin{fs/n`lcnils% m~{gkcec}s%

t{cln gim w~gec}s g{n t{cog{s lhi|cmn{g}chi|) \~ttecn{| g{n g|jnm }h {nm~ln

tgljgfcif% gim }h jnnt |~ffn|}cif f{nnin{ge}n{ig}cpn| g| }ans g{{cpn hi }an

og{jn}) ]ans g{n ge|h g|jnm }h {n|thim }h }an Ah}ne \~ttes W~n|}chiigc{n

gkh~} }anc{ t{hm~l}| gim lhooc}oni} }h nipc{hioni} {n|thi|ckcec}s)

G| tg{} h` c}| gvg{m/vciicif NO\% }an \ifg \ks Ah}ne% \}~ms gim Lhi`n{nilnLni}{n% \pg{}|b % \vnmni% k~s| nqle~|cpnes \vnmc|a) @hhm c| t~{lag|nm

`{ho gf{cl~e}~{ge lh/htn{g}cpn|) ]{gi|th{} mc|}giln kncif gi pc}ge nenoni} ci

t~{lag|cif% t{n`n{niln c| fcpni }h ehlgees f{hvi gim ogi~`gl}~{nm t{hm~l}|)

\~ttecn{| g{n {nw~c{nm }h nileh|n }an heehvcif ci`h{og}chi vc}a }nimn{|2

Nipc{hioni} thecls:

T~kecl nipc{hioni} {nth{}:

Ahv {gv og}n{cge| g{n |h~{lnm% }{gi|th{}nm gim ~|nm:

Pnaclen| gim `~ne| ~|nm `h{ }{gi|th{}:

]stn| gim phe~on| h` tgljgfcif gim }an tn{lni}gfn gllnt}nm `h{

{nlslecif)


< ]an ]gb F{h~t h Ah}ne|htn{g}n| hpn{ 04 ah}ne| ciCimcg gim 1 h}an{ lh~i}{cn|)

= ]ac| tgtn{% g }{gmc}chigel{g`} cim~|}{s ci Cimcg% c|ogmn {ho g ocq}~{n h`b~}n% lahc{ gim lh}}hi% gim{nlslenm tgtn{)

\NL]CHI

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NIPC[HIONI] OGIGFNONI] T[HF[GOON @H[NOC\\CHI\ LHI][HE

Noc||chi| `{ho ah|tc}gec}s `glcec}cn| g{n ogcies noc||chi| `{ho pnaclen| gim `{ho

}an k~{icif h` `h||ce `~ne| ~|nm `h{ |tgln gim vg}n{ ang}cif gim lhhjcif)

[nf~eg{ ogci}nigiln lanlj| |ah~em kn lhim~l}nm hi khcen{| gim fnin{g}h{|)

@ce}n{| gim |l{~kkn{| |ah~em kn }}nm }h nqag~|} `gi|% gim kn {nf~eg{es lenginm

gim ogci}gcinm) Ehlge enfc|eg}chi hi noc||chi |}gimg{m| |ah~em kn lhi|~e}nm

kn`h{n lhi}{he mnpcln| g{n ci|}geenm)

]an ~|n h` pnaclen|% khcen{| gim fnin{g}h{| }ag} lgi htn{g}n hi n}agihe kenim| gim

kch mcn|ne |ah~em ge|h kn lhi|cmn{nm)

\hon @gl}| Gkh~} Kch/@~ne|

!@{ho }an G{fhiin Ig}chige Egkh{g}h{s% Lgigmg% 7336#

]an ~|n h` 1>./n}agihe/kenimnm `~ne| ag| knni |ahvi }h {nm~ln f{nniah~|nfg| noc||chi| ks


46/97

Ohic}h{cif o~|} kn lhim~l}nm hpn{ g ehif tn{chm }h nigken g {gifn h` mg}g }h

kn lheenl}nm) G |cifen ohic}h{cif g}}not} vcee ih} fcpn g lh{{nl} n|}cog}n h` gc{

w~gec}s% `h{ thee~}chi enpne| vcee pg{s g} mc``n{ni} }con| h` }an mgs gim sng{% kncif

ci~nilnm ks vng}an{ lhimc}chi|% gl}cpc}s enpne| gim }an gc{ w~gec}s h` }an h~}|cmn

nipc{hioni})

Van}an{ h{ ih} ohic}h{cif c| ~imn{}gjni% n``h{}| }h cot{hpn cimhh{ gc{ w~gec}s g{n

kn|} knf~i ks {nm~lcif }an `heehvcif noc||chi|2

Lg{khi ohihqcmn g{c|cif `{ho cilhoten}n lhok~|}chi h` `h||ce `~ne|:

Lg{khi mchqcmn g{c|cif `{ho lhok~|}chi gim nqageg}chi:

A~ocmc}s g{c|cif `{ho a~ogi gl}cpc}s:

Hpn{/ h{ ~imn{/pni}ceg}chi:

Hrhin m{gvi ci `{ho h~}|cmn gim g| |nlhimg{s noc||chi| `{ho:

~h{n|lni} ecfa}| gim tah}hlhtcn{|:

Ic}{h~| hqcmn| `{ho fg| k~{in{ |}hpn|:

]hkgllh |ohjn)

Fhhm Ah~|njnntcif gim Ogci}nigiln Ht}chi| h{Ogci}gcicif Cimhh{ Gc{ W~gec}s

]an {|} |}nt c| }h {nf~eg}n }an lagifnhpn{ h` gc{ gllh{mcif }h }an i~okn{ h`

hll~tgi}|% lhilni}{g}chi h` thee~}gi}| ci }an gc{% enpne h` gl}cpc}s gim lecog}n

lhimc}chi|) Ci g }stclge ah}ne ci g ohmn{g}n lecog}n hin lagifn h` gc{ tn{ ah~{ c|

|~c}gken `h{ knm{hho|% > tn{ ah~{ `h{ h`ln|% {nlnt}chi gim ehkks% gim ~t }h ;4 tn{

ah~{ ci jc}lani|% eg~im{cn| gim fg{gfn|)

Nq}n{ch{ |nl}chi| h` }an pni}ceg}cif |s|}no |ah~em kn jnt} lengi gim `{nn h`

hk|}{~l}chi| }h gc{hv) ]ac| c| pc}ge }h ni|~{n }ag} |}gen gc{ mhn| ih} {n/lc{l~eg}n

kglj ci}h }an pni}ceg}chi |s|}no) Khcen{|% |}hpn| gim fnin{g}h{| |ah~em kn jnt} ci

fhhm {ntgc{ gim pni}| gim e}n{| |ah~em kn lenginm {nf~eg{es) @ce}n{ {nteglnoni}

|ah~em kn lg{{cnm h~} gllh{mcif }h }an ogi~`gl}~{n{| ci|}{~l}chi|)

[n}{h} Ht}chi| `h{ Ogci}gcicif Cimhh{ Gc{ W~gec}s

Ci ah} lecog}n|% g lncecif `gi gim gi htni vcimhv g{n en|| nin{fs/

ci}ni|cpn ht}chi| }agi gc{ lhimc}chicif:

@h{ k~cemcif| vc}a ih lni}{ge pni}ceg}chi |s|}no% vcimhv h{ vgee }stn

{hho gc{/lhimc}chicif ~ic}| lgi kn }}nm hi nq}n{ige vcimhv| h{ hi

vgee g{ng| van{n cil{ng|nm pni}ceg}chi c| {nw~c{nm:

Ehv/PHL tgci}|% gman|cpn| gim pg{ic|an| |ah~em kn ~|nm vani

{nmnlh{g}cif) @h{ogemnasmn k~cemcif ci|~eg}chi |ah~em kn gphcmnm:

C` }an k~cemcif lhi}gci| g|kn|}h|% |tnlcgec|} gmpcln c| n||ni}cge)

G|kn|}h| {neng|n| k{n| ci}h }an |~{{h~imcif gc{% gim c` ciagenm% }ac|

lgi kn lg{lcihfnicl) C` }an k{n| agpn mn}n{ch{g}nm h{ g{n mgogfnm%

}ans o~|} kn {nohpnm h{ nilgt|~eg}nm gim }an g``nl}nm tg{} h` }an

k~cemcif o~|} kn npgl~g}nm ~i}ce }ac| ag| knni mhin)

Ehifn{/]n{o Ht}chi| `h{ Ogci}gcicif Cimhh{ Gc{ W~gec}s

Notehsnn gim f~n|} lhotegci}| gkh~} cimhh{ gc{ w~gec}s lgi kn {nlh{mnm gim|}~mcnm hpn{ }con }h cmni}c`s {nf~eg{ tg}}n{i| h{ |h~{ln|) @h{ nqgoten% c` oh{n

lhotegci}| lhon `{ho tnhten |tnimcif }con ci inves mnlh{g}nm g{ng|% c} lh~em

ongi g t{hkeno vc}a PHL noc||chi| {ho k~cemcif og}n{cge|) C` notehsnn| vh{jcif


\NL]CHI

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ci g{ng| ing{ k~|s fg{gfn| gim {hgm| {nth{} mcrrcin||% c} lh~em kn lg~|nm ks

lhi}ci~nm nqth|~{n }h acfan{ enpne| h` lg{khi ohihqcmn gim lg{khi mchqcmn)


]an ]gotn{n Agee Lhiln{} gim Lhi`n{niln Lni}{n% ]gotn{n% @ciegim% gmb~|}|

gc{/lhimc}chicif m~{cif lhiln{}| gim onn}cif| gllh{mcif }h ehgm enpne|) \}g``

{n|thi|cken h{ gc{/lhimc}chicif lc{l~eg}n ci }an agee| vc}a lg{khi mchqcmn on}n{|

gim cil{ng|n h{ mnl{ng|n gc{/lhimc}chicif g| {nw~c{nm)

G} }an Og~{sg \an{g}hi Ah}ne gim ]hvn{|% Inv Mneac% Cimcg% hrhicn{| g{n

ci|}geenm ci f~n|} {hho| }h cot{hpn cimhh{ gc{ w~gec}s) ]an|n mnpcln| !|hon}con|

{n`n{{nm }h g| g{gic|n{| # nin{fc|n }an hqsfni ci }an gc{) Nin{fc|nm hqsfni

gllnen{g}n| }an k{ngjmhvi h` hmh~{|% thee~}gi}| gim ogis h}an{ ag{o`~e

|~k|}giln|)

LHOOHI W^N\]CHI Vag} c| gi g{gic|n{8

Gc{ c| t~{cnm ig}~{gees ci |npn{ge vgs|) ]an oh|} `{nw~ni} c| m~{cif g

}a~imn{|}h{o% vani }an k~cem/~t h` nin{fs kn`h{n g ecfa}nicif |}{cjn lag{fn|

}an hqsfni ci }an gc{) ]an lag{fnm hqsfni {ngl}| vc}a lhi}gocigi}| ci }an gc{

gim mn|}{hs| }ano) ]ac| t{hln|| c| tg{}es vas }an gc{ |onee| |h

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