Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.
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Transcript of Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.
Environmental Science Review
2011 Fall
Biosphere
Chapter 5 Review
Cradle to Grave
Geosphere
• The rocks, soil, humus that make up the crust of the Earth
• Lithosphere-the crust portion of the earth
Crust
• The brittle, surface layer of the earth
• 2 types
Atmosphere
• The gaseous portion of our Earth
• Weather and Air Pollutants
Weather
• Atmospheric conditions at the present in a specific area
Climate
• Weather average in an area over a long period of time
Trophosphere
• The layer of the atmosphere where our weather is located
Ozone
• Layer that protects form UV radiation
Greenhouse Effect
• Sunlight radiation is trapped and reradiated into the atmosphere, raising the temperature
Energy
• Is the amount of work over a distance
Heat
• The total amount of energy in an object.
Temperature
• The average kinetic energy of the object
Types of Energy Transfer
• Radiation
• Convection
• Conduction
Water Cycle (Hydrologic Cycle)
• How water is cycled, transformed, and passed through the Earth.
• Major processes– Evaporation– Condensation– Precipitation– Sublimation–
Hydrosphere
• A portion of the Earth that water –Surface , ground, oceans
Condensation
• Going form a vapor (gas) to a liquid
Salinity
• The amount of salt in a solution
Ecosystem
• Similar communities that are located together and the abiotic factors
Biotic Factor
• Living Factor in nature
Abiotic Factor
• Nonliving factors in the environment
Organism
• An individual
Species
• A group of similar organisms
Population
• Population is the number of similar organism in a specific area at a certain time, that can produce fertile offspring.
Community
• Several population living together in a specific area
Biome
• Several similar ecosystems together with similar biota.
Habitat
• An area where you would expect to find certain organisms.
• Where an organism lives.
Natural Selection
• When nature decides what traits are passed on or who is eaten and never does reproduce
Artificial Selection
• When organisms trait are chosen by humans
Evolution
• A gradual change in a population over a long period of time
Adaptation
• Something that give an organism an advantage or not.
Resistance
• When an organisms passes on it resistance to some specific antibodies/pesticides to offspring
Archaebacteria
• Old ancient bacteria found in horrific conditions
Eubacteria
• Bacteria that is more common to humans.
• Examples-pathogens, staph, strep, cheese making bacteria, nitrogen-fixing bacteria
Fungi
• A decomposer, saprophyte
• Mushrooms, yeasts, truffles,
• Chitin cell wall
Protozoans
• One cell organism can be of many different groups– Algae– Protozoans– Water molds
Gymnosperm
• Naked seeds pines, firs, spruce, tamaracks, evergreens
Angiosperms
• Flower plants
• Two divisions
Invertebrates
• Organism that does not have a spine
• Examples sea sponge, starfish, arthopod, anemone
Vertebrates
• Organism that has a spine or backbones
Photosynthesis
• Conversion of CO2 + H2O into Glucose, O2 and H2O
• Necessary process in plants
Producer
• Autotrophs
• Makes its own food
Consumer
• Hetertroph
• Cannot make its own food
Herbivore
• Plant eater
Carnivore
• Meat eater
Omnivore
• All eater, eats everything
Decomposer
• Something that breaks down dead organic matter into elements
Cellular Respiration
• Glucose is broken down by O2 to form CO2 and H2O
Food Web
• Intricate interaction of organism in an ecosystem
• Show relationships between organisms and the environment
pH
• The reciprocal log of the hydronium ion concentration
• A relative way of how acidic or basic a solution is.
Food Chain
• Linkage of who eats who in an ecosystem
• Pathway of Energy transfer through various stages as a result of the feeding patterns of a series of organisms
Carbon Cycle
• A way to show how C atoms are cycled through various compounds organisms in the environment
Nitrogen-fixing Bacteria
• A bacteria that change N2 into ammonia
Nitrogen Cycle
• A process in which N is circulates among the air soil, water and organisms
• Limiting factor for terrestial plants
Phosphorous Cycle
• A process in which P is circulated in the soil, organisms, water
• PO4 is a limiting factor for aquatic plants
• PO4 is banned in detergents
Ecological Succession
• The gradual change in an area from bare rock to climax vegetation
Primary Succession
• Succession where you start with bare bedrock and break it down to eventually form soil
Secondary Succession
• After the initial rocks conversion to soil, humus
• Succession where you do not have to start at ground zero
Seral Community
• Transitional community in the process of Succession
Pioneer species
• Initial organism on bare rock in the process of succession
• First organism on the scene, bacteria, algae, lichen, mosses, etc.
Climax Community
• A final or stable biotic community
Old field Succession
• What happens when you stop plowing or using a pasteur.
Population Density
• How many of a specific population is in a specific area at a specific period of time.
Population Dispersion
• The way a population is distributed in an area.
• Three types– Random, scattered– Uniform– Clumped
Growth rate
• Birth rate compared to death rate to see what is happening to the population
Biotic or Reproductive Potential
• Conditions that favor the best situation for population growth.
Environmental Resistance
• Factors that keep a population under control
• Disease, ample food, water, space, war or competition
Exponential Growth
Carrying Capacity
• How many organism the area can support without damaging it beyond repair
Niche
• How an organism fits into the big picture, it job or place in the environment
Competition
• 2 population needing or fighting for a common resource.
• Common resource– Water – Food– Minerals – Space
Predation
• Organism that kills and eats another organism.
• Hunter
Parasitism
• Where one organism benefits and another is harmed to a small extent
Symbiosis
• Two organism living together, or in close proximity
Mutualism
• Both organism benefit(++)
Commensalism
• One benefits and the other does not care
Recruitment
• Organisms reach a reproductive age
Over-shoot, Population Explosion
• Population grow faster. Surpasses the carrying capacity
Die-back, Crash
• After a population explosion the population will die
Migration
Demographics
Infrastructure
Age Structure Pyramid
Survivorship
Fertility Rate
Life Expectancy
Arable Land
• Farm land that can be used to grow crops
Urbanization
• People changing areas into (urban) town areas
Biome
• A group of ecosystems that are similar.
Climate
• The average weather over a long period of time
Latitude
• The number of degrees north or south of the equator.
Altitude
• High or low, mountains and or valleys
Tropical Rain Forest
• Rain over 150 cm per year and temperature average above 25 degrees celsius
Emergent Layer
• In a tropical Rain forest the trees that emerge above the canopy layer
Canopy
• In the vertical layers of a forest this layer will range from 25-50 feet
Epiphyte
• A parasitic plant that gets its nourishment from a larger plant
Understory
• In the horizontal layers of a forest the understory are between 5-25 feet tall.
Temperate Deciduous Forest
• A biome that has deciduous tree(lose the leaves at some point)
• Temperate-temperatures between 15 and 25 degrees celsius
Temperate Rain Forest
• A biome with a rain supply of over 150 cm per year. But the average yearly temperature is below 25 degrees celsius
Taiga
• The area with coniferous tree and a yearly temperature of around 5 degrees Celsius
• Can also be called the Boreal, Coniferous,
Savanna
• A wet grassland, a grassland that gets periodic huge amounts of rain.
Temperate Grassland
• Breadbasket of the world
Chaparral
Desert
Tundra
Permafrost
Wetland
Plankton
Nekton
Benthos
Littoral Zone
Benthic Zone
Natural Eutrophication
Artificial Eutrophication
Salt Marsh
Mangrove Swamp
Barrier Island
Coral Reef
Surface Water
River System
Watershed
Groundwater
Aquifer
Porosity
Permeability
Recharge Area
Potable
Pathogen
Dam
Resevoir
Desalination
Water Pollution
Point-Pollution Source
Nonpoint Pollution
Wastewater
Artificial Eutrophication
Natural Eutrophication
Thermal Pollution
Biomagnification
• The accumulation of pollutants at successive levels of a food chain
Bioamplification
• Where a pollutant builds up in an individual organism.
Soild Wastes
Biodegradable
Municipal Solid Waste
Landfill
Leachate
Source Reduction
• Using less of a resource for a common good
Recycling
Reuse
• Using normally waste products over again before they are sent into the wastestream
Resale
Compost
• The decomposition of natural material that is then used as a topsoil in gardens.
Mulch
• Ground up material that is used a s a ground cover for plants.
• + Conserves water, cuts down weeds, aesthetically pleasing, adds nutrients for plants
• - insects have a hiding place, has a limited lifespan
Hazardous Wastes
• An material that may be corrosive, flammable, carcinogenic, tetragenic, combustible.
Deep-well Injection
• Hazardous materials are liquified and then injected deep into the earths crust
Surface impoundment
• Place where wastes are temporarily place to allow for evaporation to remove the water.
• Artificial Lagoon