Environmental Review Document, Parker Mountain Wind …...Environmental Review Document, Parker...

Environmental Review Document, Parker Mountain Wind Energy Project February 21, 2013 Mr. Dan Roscoe Scotian WindFields Inc. Project #12-4471

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disturbance due to the increased presence of on-site personnel and the operation of heavy equipment may elicit temporary displacement/avoidance behaviours in mobile wildlife species. Aside from surface disturbance and the possible removal of regenerated vegetation, decommissioning will not include additional habitat loss/alteration. Therefore, the impacts to terrestrial fauna during this phase of the Project are not expected to be significant in magnitude nor long-term in duration. Potential effects on terrestrial fauna, during different phases of the Project, are summarized in Table 5.15. Table 5.15: Potential Effects on Terrestrial Fauna

Effect Source of Effect *Phase Applicable to

C O/M D

Sensory

disturbance

Noise, vibration, and/or visual disturbance from site

personnel, equipment, and/or turbine

Mortality Heavy equipment operation; collision with Project

vehicles

Habitat fragmentation

and alteration

Clearing of vegetation (minimal)

*C – Construction Phase O/M Operations/Maintenance Phase D – Decommissioning Phase

General Mitigation Measures The following specific mitigative measures will be implemented to avoid and mitigate any potential effects on terrestrial fauna:

Development and implementation of an EPP for the Project. Minimization of the footprint of physical disturbance by:

o Alignment of the access road with the existing road. o Maintenance of a buffer around sensitive habitats such as watercourses and

wetlands, where possible. o Minimization of routine vegetation clearing:

clearing of land only if required for construction area footprint; restoration of areas of disturbance where possible, post construction;

and location of all site construction compounds on non-sensitive areas.

Completion of a comprehensive schedule and determination of timelines to efficiently complete Project activities within the shortest time frames possible.

Species-Specific Mitigation Desktop and field analyses for SOCI have revealed several priority species that have the potential to occur at the Project site. Addressing the potential impacts of the Project on these species will require species-specific mitigation techniques, as described below.


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American marten: Project activities should be planned to avoid mature-coniferous forests that feature suitable

denning trees, where possible. Common snapping turtle:

Watercourse alterations will be limited and will be subject to approval from NSE. Where possible, watercourse alterations will avoid Common snapping turtle nesting habitat,

including sand and gravel banks, as well as over-wintering habitat such as over-hanging stream banks (COSEWIC 2008).

Eastern ribbonsnake:

Watercourse and wetlands alterations will be limited and will be subject to approval from NSE. Fisher:

Project activities will be planned to minimize disturbance to Fisher habitat at the Project site, particularly mature, mixed wood stands featuring large, hollow trees for suitable for denning (Gilbert et al.1997).

Monarch:

Should large congregations of Monarchs be found at the Project site, Project activities in the area should cease until the migrating group has left the Project site. This is most likely to occur in late summer prior to the fall migration.

Southern flying squirrel:

Project activities should be planned to avoid large, mast-bearing trees, as well as large trees with natural cavities, where possible.

Wood turtle:

Based on recommendations outlined in the document ‘Protecting and Conserving Wood Turtles: A Stewardship Plan for Nova Scotia’ (MacGregor and Elderkin 2003), and the NS Transportation and Public Works Generic Environmental Protection Plan for the Construction of 100 Series Highways (2007), the following general procedures will be implemented to ensure the protection of Wood turtles:

o Any turtles found shall be relocated outside of the construction zone, along the same habitat corridor in the direction of travel the turtle was originally oriented and preferably upstream within the same riparian habitat corridor (< 400 m).

o Adequate, permanent buffers of vegetation shall be left around important Wood turtle habitat. If necessary (i.e., in the event that Wood turtles are confirmed at the site), an appropriate mixture of shrubs and trees shall be planted to create a buffer.

Many of the mitigation measures described above are considered to be standard best practices, and are expected to address potential impacts.


2

5.7 Avifauna Habitats at the Project site consist of forested stands of varying species composition, interspersed with cutover areas. Such habitat heterogeneity and varying successional stages provides habitat for a wide variety of resident, breeding, and migrant species. 5.6.1 Desktop Review The closest IBA (IBA Canada 2012) to the Project site is the Brier Island and Offshore Waters IBA, located approximately 90 km to the southwest. This IBA is recognized as one of the most important bird areas in the Maritimes, as it is a migratory trap for landbirds and a very important year-round feeding area for marine/shorebirds. The Project site is located in the MBBA map square 20LQ06, and in the most recent edition of the atlas (covering the years 2006-2010), 85 species were identified as being possible, probable, or confirmed breeders within the mapped square 20LQ06. These species include common passerines such as Black-capped Chickadee (Poecile atricapillus), Common Yellowthroat (Geothlypis trichas), Dark-eyed Junco (Junco hyemalis), and Yellow-rumped Warbler (Dendroica coronata), as well as common waterfowl such as the American Black Duck (Anas rubripes). The following priority species are considered possible, probable, or confirmed breeders in the survey area:

American Bittern (Botaurus lentiginosus) – “Yellow” (NSDNR 2010); Bank Swallow (Riparia riparia) – “Red” (NSDNR 2010); Barn Swallow (Hirundo rustica) – “Yellow” (NSDNR 2010), “Threatened” (COSEWIC 2012); Bobolink (Dolichonyx oryzivorus) – “Yellow” (NSDNR 2010), “Threatened” (COSEWIC 2012); Boreal Chickadee (Poecile hudsonicus) – “Yellow” (NSDNR 2010); Chimney Swift (Chaetura pelagica) – “Red” (NSDNR 2010), “Threatened” (COSEWIC,

2012), “Threatened” (SARA, 2011), “Endangered” (NSESA, 2007); Common Loon (Gavia immer) – “Red” (NSDNR 2010); Common Nighthawk (Chordeiles minor) - “Red” (NSDNR 2010), “Threatened” (COSEWIC,

2012), “Threatened” (SARA, 2011), “Threatened” (NSESA, 2007); Eastern Kingbird (Tyrannus tyrannus) – “Yellow” (NSDNR 2010); Eastern Phoebe (Sayornis phoebe) – “Yellow” (NSDNR 2010); Eastern Wood-Pewee (Contopus virens) – “Yellow” (NSDNR 2010),“Special Concern”

(COSEWIC 2012); Ruby-crowned Kinglet – “Yellow” (NSDNR 2010); Gray Catbird (Dumetella carolinensis) – “Red” (NSDNR 2010); Rose-breasted Grosbeak (Pheucticus ludovicianus) – “Yellow” (NSDNR 2010); Spotted Sandpiper (Actitis macularius) – “Yellow” (NSDNR 2010); Tree Swallow (Tachycineta bicolor) – “Yellow” (NSDNR 2010); Turkey Vulture (Cathartes aura)- “Yellow” (NSDNR 2010); Willow Flycatcher(Empidonax traillii) – “Yellow” (NSDNR 2010); and Wilson’s Snipe (Gallinago delicata) – “Yellow” (NSDNR, 2010)

The Nova Scotia Significant Species and Habitats database contains 219 unique records pertaining to birds and/or bird habitat within a 100 km radius of the Project site. These records include 70 classified as “Other Habitat”, primarily relating to Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) nests, but


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also include records of Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) and Great Blue Heron (Ardea herodias); 63 records classified as “Species of Concern”, primarily relating to Common Loon (Gavia immer) nesting habitat; 52 records classified as “Migratory Bird Habitat”, relating to a variety of waterfowl, waterbird, and shorebird species; and 34 records classified as “Species at Risk”, which include a variety of species including Harlequin Duck (Histrionicus histrionicus) and Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus). Significant habitat features related to migratory Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) and American Black Duck (Anas rubripes) are present directly to the south of the Project site in the tidal areas of the Annapolis River, approximately 0.17 and 3.21 km from the Project site, respectively. Additional habitat for migratory waterfowl has been identified 2.85 km to the north along the shore of the Bay of Fundy. Habitat for Wood Duck, identified in the database as a “Species of Concern”, but not considered a priority species according to the criteria outlined in the document “A Guide to Addressing Wildlife Species and Habitats in an EA Registration Document (NSE 2009b), is located approximately 5.53 km to the east in Belleisle Marsh, while Common Loon nesting habitat is located 9.51 km to the southeast in Lower Wright’s Lake. The ACCDC database (ACCDC 2012) contains records of 100 bird species within a 100 km radius of the Project site. Table 5.16 lists these species as well as their respective provincial and national conservation status ranks. Table 5.16: Bird Species Recorded within a 100 km Radius of the Project Site

Common Name Scientific Name SARA

Status1

NSESA

Status2

COSEWIC

Status3

NSDNR

Status4

American Bittern Botaurus lentiginosus Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed Yellow

American Coot Fulica americana Not Listed Not Listed Not at Risk Undetermined

American Golden-

Plover Pluvialis dominica Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed Yellow

American Three-toed

Woodpecker Picoides dorsalis Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed Undetermined

Arctic Tern Sterna paradisaea Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed Red

Atlantic Puffin Fratercula arctica Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed Yellow

Baltimore Oriole Icterus galbula Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed Red

Bank Swallow Riparia riparia Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed Red

Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica No Status Not Listed Threatened Yellow

Barrow's Goldeneye Bucephala islandica Special

Concern Not Listed

Special

Concern Red

Bay-breasted Warbler Dendroica castanea Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed Yellow

Bicknell's Thrush Catharus bicknelli Threatened Vulnerable Threatened Red

Black Guillemot Cepphus grylle Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed Green

Black Tern Chlidonias niger Not Listed Not Listed Not at Risk Red

Black-backed

Woodpecker Picoides arcticus Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed Yellow


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Status1

NSESA

Status2

COSEWIC

Status3

NSDNR

Status4

Black-billed Cuckoo Coccyzus

erythropthalmus Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed Red

Black-crowned Night-

heron Nycticorax nycticorax Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed Red

Black-legged Kittiwake Rissa tridactyla Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed Yellow

Blackpoll Warbler Dendroica striata Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed Yellow

Blue-winged Teal Anas discors Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed Red

Bobolink Dolichonyx oryzivorus No Status Not Listed Threatened Yellow

Boreal Chickadee Poecile hudsonicus Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed Yellow

Boreal Owl Aegolius funereus Not Listed Not Listed Not at Risk Undetermined

Brant Branta bernicla Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed Yellow

Brown Thrasher Toxostoma rufum Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed Undetermined

Brown-headed Cowbird Molothrus ater Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed Green

Canada Warbler Wilsonia canadensis Threatened Not Listed Threatened Red

Cape May Warbler Dendroica tigrina Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed Yellow

Chimney Swift Chaetura pelagica Threatened Endangered Threatened Red

Cliff Swallow Petrochelidon pyrrhonota Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed Red

Common Goldeneye Bucephala clangula Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed Green

Common Loon Gavia immer Not Listed Not Listed Not at Risk Red

Common Moorhen Gallinula chloropus Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed Undetermined

Common Nighthawk Chordeiles minor Threatened Threatened Threatened Red

Common Tern Sterna hirundo Not Listed Not Listed Not at Risk Yellow

Cooper's Hawk Accipiter cooperii Not Listed Not Listed Not at Risk Undetermined

Eastern Bluebird Sialia sialis Not Listed Not Listed Not at Risk Yellow

Eastern Kingbird Tyrannus tyrannus Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed Yellow

Eastern Meadowlark Sturnella magna No Status Not Listed Threatened Yellow

Eastern Phoebe Sayornis phoebe Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed Yellow

Eastern Wood-Pewee Contopus virens Not Listed Not Listed Special

Concern Yellow

Fox Sparrow Passerella iliaca Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed Green

Gadwall Anas strepera Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed Red

Gray Catbird Dumetella carolinensis Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed Red

Gray Jay Perisoreus canadensis Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed Yellow

Great Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed Yellow

Great Crested

Flycatcher Myiarchus crinitus Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed Red

Greater Yellowlegs Tringa melanoleuca Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed Yellow

Harlequin Duck Histrionicus histrionicus Special

Concern Endangered

Special

Concern Red

Horned Lark Eremophila alpestris Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed Green

Hudsonian Godwit Limosa haemastica Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed Yellow

Indigo Bunting Passerina cyanea Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed Undetermined


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Status1

NSESA

Status2

COSEWIC

Status3

NSDNR

Status4

Killdeer Charadrius vociferus Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed Yellow

Least Bittern Ixobrychus exilis Threatened Not Listed Threatened Undetermined

Least Sandpiper Calidris minutilla Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed Green

Long-eared Owl Asio otus Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed Red

Marsh Wren Cistothorus palustris Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed Undetermined

Northern Bobwhite Colinus virginianus Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed No Status

Northern Cardinal Cardinalis cardinalis Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed Green

Northern Goshawk Accipiter gentilis Not Listed Not Listed Not at Risk Green

Northern Mockingbird Mimus polyglottos Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed Green

Northern Pintail Anas acuta Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed Red

Northern Shoveler Anas clypeata Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed Red

Olive-sided Flycatcher Contopus cooperi Threatened Not Listed Threatened Red

Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus Threatened Vulnerable Special

Concern Yellow

Philadelphia Vireo Vireo philadelphicus Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed Undetermined

Pied-billed Grebe Podilymbus podiceps Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed Yellow

Pine Grosbeak Pinicola enucleator Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed Red

Pine Siskin Spinus pinus Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed Yellow

Piping Plover Charadrius melodus Endangered Endangered Endangered Red

Purple Martin Progne subis Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed Red

Purple Sandpiper Calidris maritima Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed Yellow

Razorbill Alca torda Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed Yellow

Red Knot Calidris canutus Endangered Endangered Endangered Red

Red Phalarope Phalaropus fulicarius Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed Yellow

Red-breasted

Merganser Mergus serrator Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed Green

Red-headed

Woodpecker

Melanerpes

erythrocephalus Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed Accidental

Red-necked Phalarope Phalaropus lobatus Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed Yellow

Ring-billed Gull Larus delawarensis Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed Green

Roseate Tern Sterna dougallii Endangered Endangered Endangered Red

Rose-breasted

Grosbeak Pheucticus ludovicianus Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed Yellow

Rusty Blackbird Euphagus carolinus Special

Concern Not Listed

Special

Concern Red

Scarlet Tanager Piranga olivacea Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed Undetermined

Semipalmated Plover Charadrius semipalmatus Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed Green

Semipalmated

Sandpiper Calidris pusilla Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed Yellow

Short-eared Owl Asio flammeus Special

Concern Not Listed

Special

Concern Red

Solitary Sandpiper Tringa solitaria Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed Green


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Status1

NSESA

Status2

COSEWIC

Status3

NSDNR

Status4

Spotted Sandpiper Actitis macularius Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed Yellow

Tennessee Warbler Vermivora peregrina Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed Yellow

Turkey Vulture Cathartes aura Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed Yellow

Vesper Sparrow Pooecetes gramineus Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed Red

Virginia Rail Rallus limicola Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed Undetermined

Warbling Vireo Vireo gilvus Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed Undetermined

Whip-Poor-Will Caprimulgus vociferus Threatened Not Listed Threatened Red

Willet Tringa semipalmata Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed Red

Willow Flycatcher Empidonax traillii Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed Yellow

Common Snipe Gallinaga gallinaga Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed Yellow

Wilson's Warbler Wilsonia pusilla Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed Yellow

Wood Thrush Hylocichla mustelina Not Listed Not Listed Threatened Undetermined

Yellow-bellied

Flycatcher Empidonax flaviventris Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed Yellow

Source: ACCDC 2012 1SARA 2012; 2NSESA 2007; 3COSEWIC 2012; 4NSDNR 2010 5.7.2 Field Surveys Fall and winter surveys for avifauna were completed at the Project site and in the immediate vicinity, as shown in Drawing 5.6. Detailed results and methodology are provided in Appendix D. A total of 47 species, consisting of 257 individual birds, were recorded during the fall migration surveys completed in September and October. Black-capped Chickadee (Poecile atricapillus), Yellow-rumped Warbler (Dendroica coronata), and Blue Jay (Cyanocitta cristata) were the most abundant and frequently observed species.

A total of 12 species were identified, including 52 individual birds during the winter surveys. Common Redpoll (Acanthis flammea), Black-capped Chickadee, and American Crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos) were the most frequently observed and most abundant species.

The Project site features forest stands of varying age and composition, interspersed with cutover areas. Typically, open habitats such as recent cutovers are of limited use to birds outside of the breeding season (Davis and Browne 1996); however, the cutovers at the Project site have regenerated to the point that they constitute viable edge or transition habitat. Common fall migrants, including Yellow-rumped Warbler, Black-throated Green Warbler (Dendroica virens), Ruby-crowned Kinglet (Regulus calendula), and Magnolia Warbler (Dendroica magnolia) were present in relatively low numbers during fall migration surveys, and no significant migratory flocks were observed. Just 11 sparrows were recorded during fall surveys, although it is possible that surveys occurred just prior to the main sparrow movement through the province (Kearney 2012). Resident, forest-dwelling species, most notably Black-capped Chickadee, Golden-crowned Kinglet (Regulus satrapa), and Dark-eyed Junco were the dominant species observed during fall migration, suggesting that the Project site is not particularly important to migrant passerines. Mature conifers found in the mixed-wood stands offer favorable foraging habitat for nomadic species including Pine Siskin (Spinus


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pinus) and Evening Grosbeak (Coccothraustes vespertinus), although large flocks typical of these species were not observed. Non-passerine species detected during fall surveys, including Pileated Woodpecker (Dryocopus pileatus) and Barred Owl (Strix varia), reflect the mature forest habitat present at the Project site, particularly in the northern portion. The absence of water bodies within the Project site boundaries suggests it is unlikely that waterfowl use the Project site directly; in fact, no waterfowl were observed in the general Project area. Similarly, the limited open-water wetlands at the Project site likely accounted for the absence and/or low numbers of swamp associated species including Gray Jay (Perisoreus canadensis), Swamp Sparrow (Melospiza georgiana), and Common Yellowthroat (Geothlypis trichas), as well as aerial insectivores like Tree Swallow (Tachycineta bicolor). Species diversity at the Project site during the winter was limited, as is typical of most of the province at this time of year. The prevalence of Common Redpoll (Acanthis flammea) is indicative of a suitable white birch (Betula papyrifera) seed crop; otherwise, the low abundances observed suggest that food resources are not adequate at the Project site to support sizeable populations of resident species in the winter months. Overall, there were 51 different species identified at or near the Project site during surveys conducted during the fall and winter, including six SOCI (Table 5.17, Drawing 5.7). Table 5.17: SOCI identified at the Project Site

Common Name Scientific Name SARA Status1

NSESA Status2

COSEWIC Status3

NSDNR Status4

Survey Observed

Blackpoll Warbler Dendroica striata Not Listed

Not Listed

Not Listed Yellow Fall migration

Eastern Wood-pewee Contopus virens Not Listed

Not Listed

Special Concern

Yellow Fall migration

Golden-crowned Kinglet

Regulus satrapa Not Listed

Not Listed

Not Listed Yellow Fall migration, winter

Pine Siskin Spinus pinus Not Listed

Not Listed


Ruby-crowned Kinglet Regulus calendula

Not Listed

Not Listed


Wilson's Warbler Wilsonia pusilla Not Listed

Not Listed


1SARA 2012; 2NSESA 2007; 3COSEWIC 2012; 4NSDNR 2010

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1. Reference: Digital Topographic Mapping By Nova Scotia Geomatics Centre. 2. Projection: NAD83(CSRS), UTM Zone 20 North.

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Project Site Boundary

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3. GPS Points Taken Are Typically To +/-5m Accuracy.

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Ruby-crowned KingletWilson's Warbler

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5.6.3 Effects and Mitigation The effects of a wind farm on birds are variable and depend on factors such as the development design, topography of the area, habitats affected, and the bird community in the wind farm area (Drewitt and Langston 2006). Although some effects are related to construction (i.e. habitat alteration), most potential effects on avifauna are mainly related to operation. Potential effects may include:

Habitat loss/alteration; Mortality resulting from direct collision; and Sensory disturbance.

Habitat Loss/Alteration Habitat alterations resulting from the site preparation and construction phases of wind energy developments also have the potential to impact bird populations either directly or indirectly (Arnett et al. 2007). However, impacts are considered less severe than those from other energy extraction developments such as oil and gas exploration because the disturbance is limited to the construction footprint (turbine pads, roads, associated buildings, etc.) (Kuvlevsky et al. 2007). The magnitude of these impacts, however, may be magnified if the disturbed area contains sensitive plant communities that provide important habitat to local bird populations (Kuvlevsky et al. 2007). Altered landscapes can potentially lead to displacement of species with sensitive habitat requirements (Arnett et al. 2007). Site clearing and preparation may involve the removal of key habitat features, such as standing deadwood, mature trees, or shrub cover required as foraging and/or breeding habitat for certain bird species. Mature forest, for example, is present at the Project site and its removal may displace bird species into other mature stands in the general area. Surface disturbance is greater in the construction phase than in the operational phase because large right of ways need to be created to accommodate large construction equipment and transport vehicles (Arnett et al. 2007). It can therefore be assumed that impacts associated from direct habitat alteration are greatest in the short-term, except when key habitat features are permanently removed. Depending on the availability of nearby alternative habitat, habitat alterations associated with wind energy infrastructure may have detrimental effects on local bird populations. The Project footprint is small, and as such habitat alterations that do occur will be limited. Resulting displacement effects will be minor; in addition, the landscape of the general Project area features a myriad of forest stands that would appear to provide suitable alternative habitat to any bird species displaced due to habitat alteration at the Project site. Collision Mortality The most overt potential effect of the Project on birds is direct mortality resulting from collision with Project infrastructure, namely turbine blades, during the operational phase. Most evidence suggests that mortality levels resulting from turbine collisions are low (EC et al. 2012) although many studies do not adequately incorporate carcass removal by scavengers into mortality estimates. In a review of night migrant fatalities at wind farm sites in North America, Kerlinger et al. (2010) found fatality rates of less than one bird/turbine/year to approximately seven birds/turbine/year, even with corrections made for scavenger removal and searcher efficiency. Furthermore, multi-bird fatality events, in which more than three birds were killed at a turbine site in a single night, were found to be rare and may have been related to lighting and/or inclement weather (Kerlinger et al. 2010).


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Collision risk is greater on or near areas used by large numbers of foraging or roosting birds or in important migratory flyways (Drewitt and Langston 2006). In Canada, passerines account for 70% of all fatalities, with most occurring during the fall migration season (EC et al. 2012). The probability of raptor collision with wind turbines depends on the species, turbine height, and local topography (de Lucas et al. 2008). Collision risk can therefore be greatly reduced by incorporating knowledge of the avifauna into the design and placement of wind power infrastructure. In summary, available research suggests that the probability of large-scale fatality events occurring at wind farms is extremely low (Kerlinger et al. 2010) and the observed mortality caused by wind energy facilities is low compared to other sources of human caused bird mortality (i.e., buildings, communications towers, vehicles, etc.) (Kingsley and Whittam 2005). Baseline information gained from avian surveys can be combined with site specific considerations to greatly reduce the risk of bird collisions. Sensory Disturbance Sensory disturbance to birds can occur during the construction, operational, and decommissioning phases of wind power projects, and can be caused by the increased presence of personnel, vehicle movement, operation of heavy equipment, and the operation of the turbines themselves (Drewitt and Langston 2006). It is thought that disturbance to birds may have a greater population impact than collisions, although research is lacking in this area (Kingsley and Whittam 2005). Primary concerns with regards to sensory disturbance are related to displacement and potential effects on key physiological processes such as breeding. Some studies have shown that birds will exhibit avoidance behaviours post-construction, leading to a variable degree of displacement from previously used habitat (reviewed in Drewitt and Langston 2006) which essentially amounts to habitat loss. In most cases, such displacement is on the scale of tens to hundreds of metres, which can lead to localized changes in bird densities (Leddy et al.1999; Pearce-Higgins et al. 2009). However, while birds may avoid specific sites, the evidence does not suggest that birds abandon the general area as a whole. Other research indicates that the presence of wind turbines has no effect on the distribution of the bird community (Devereux et al. 2008) and birds may habituate to the presence of operating wind turbines (Madsen and Boertmann 2008). The tolerance to Project related disturbance may be species specific but may also be related to the availability of alternative habitat (Kingsley and Whittam 2005). Thus, careful site selection of turbines to avoid any unique habitat types will alleviate some disturbance and/or displacement effects, especially during the operational phase of the Project. Potential effects to birds during the different phases of the Project are summarized in Table 5.18.


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Table 5.18: Potential Environmental Effects of the Project on Birds


C O/M D

Direct mortality Collisions with Project infrastructure

Disruption to

breeding and nesting

Noise, vibration, and/or visual disturbance from site

personnel, equipment, and/or turbines; habitat loss

Disruption to roosting and feeding

Noise, vibration, equipment, and/or turbines; habitat loss

Displacement Noise, vibration, and/or visual disturbance from site personnel, equipment, and/or turbines; alteration of migration flyways or local flight paths

Habitat loss and fragmentation

Clearing of vegetation for Project infrastructure; hydrologic alterations leading to wetland loss

*C – Construction phase O/M Operations/Maintenance/ Phase D – Decommissioning Phase

The following specific mitigative measures will be implemented to avoid and mitigate any potential effects on avifauna:

Development and implementation of an EPP for the Project. Where possible, clearing of site vegetation will be conducted outside of the breeding and

nesting season for birds (April to August). If this is not possible, a mitigation plan will be developed in consultation with NSDNR and CWS prior to clearing activities.

The existing access road will be used to the greatest extent possible. Use of lighting on the turbine hub and blades will be limited to minimum levels while still

meeting requirements of Transport Canada. Where possible, placement of Project infrastructure will be avoided in habitats significant to

bird species as identified through the Project avian surveys. These include wetlands, mature forests, and areas with large, hollow trees.

5.8 Bats 5.8.1 Desktop Review The Nova Scotia Significant Species and Habitats database (NSDNR 2012a) identifies no features related to bats and/or bat habitat within a 100 km radius of the Project site. Moseley (2007) provided an overview of the known bat hibernacula in the caves and mines of Nova Scotia. This research indicates one known hibernaculum within a 100 km radius of the Project site. Vault Cave, located approximately 41.1 km to the northeast of the Project site, is considered a “Minor Site” providing over-wintering habitat for less than 10 bats.


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Table 5.19 presents bat species recorded within a 100 km radius of the Project site, according to ACCDC. Table 5.19: Bat Species Recorded within a 100 km Radius of the Project Site

Common Name Scientific Name SARA Status1

NSESA Status2

COSEWIC Status3

NSDNR Status4

Eastern red bat Lasiurus borealis Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed Undetermined

Hoary bat Lasiurus cinereus Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed Undetermined

Little brown myotis Myotis lucifugus Not Listed Not Listed Endangered Yellow

Northern long-eared myotis

Myotis septentrionalis Not Listed Not Listed Endangered Yellow

Silver-haired bat Lasionycteris noctivagans Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed Undetermined

Tri-colored bat Perimyotis subflavus Not Listed Not Listed Endangered Yellow

Source: ACCDC 2012 1SARA 2012; 2NSESA 2007; 3COSEWIC 2012; 4NSDNR 2010 Bat species that have been recorded within a 100 km radius of the Project site were screened against the criteria outlined in the document “Guide to Addressing Wildlife Species and Habitat in an EA Registration Document” (NSE 2009b) to develop a list of priority species. These priority bat species include:

Little brown myotis – “Yellow” (NSDNR 2010), “Endangered” (COSEWIC 2012); Northern long-eared myotis– “Yellow” (NSDNR 2010), “Endangered” (COSEWIC 2012); and Tri-colored bat – “Yellow” (NSDNR 2010), “Endangered” (COSEWIC 2012).

Little brown myotis is the most common bat species in Nova Scotia, and is probably ubiquitous in the province (Broders et al. 2003). During the day, the Little brown myotis will roost in buildings, trees, under rocks, in wood piles, and in caves, congregating in tight spaces to roost at night (Fenton and Barclay 1980). As a non-migratory species, Little brown myotis hibernates from September to early or mid-May in abandoned mines or caves (Fenton and Barclay 1980; Moseley 2007). According to ACCDC (2012), the closest record of Little brown myotis is 68 ± 1 km away from the Project site; however, due to its forested nature, it is likely that Little brown myotis occurs at the Project site outside of hibernation. Northern-long eared myotis, although once considered uncommon throughout Nova Scotia (Moseley 2007), is likely ubiquitous in the forested regions of the province (Broders et al. 2003). This species is widely distributed in the eastern United States and Canada, and is commonly encountered during swarming and hibernation (Caceres and Barclay 2000). During the day, Northern long-eared myotis show a preference for roosting in trees, the characteristics of which have been shown to vary according to the reproductive status of bred females (Garroway and Broders 2008). Females appear to prefer shade tolerant deciduous trees over coniferous trees, whereas males roost solitarily in coniferous or mixed-stands in mid-decay stages (Broders and Forbes 2004). Northern long-eared myotis are also non-migratory and are typically associated with the Little brown myotis during hibernation, in caves or abandoned mines (Moseley 2007). Hibernation in this species is thought to


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begin as early as September and can last until May (as cited in Caceres and Barclay 2000). According to ACCDC (2012), the closest record of Northern long-eared myotis is 72 ± 10 km away from the Project site; however, due to its forested nature, it is likely that Northern long-eared myotis occurs at the Project site outside of hibernation. Tri-colored bat, formerly known as the Eastern pipistrelle, is frequently observed in Nova Scotia, but has a restricted distribution focused in the interior of the southwest region of the province (Farrow and Broders 2011). Research conducted at Kejimkujik National Park found Tri-colored bats to be locally abundant, and results indicate that this population may represent the only breeding population of the species in Canada (Broders et al. 2003). In the summer months, the Tri-colored bat is concentrated in a geographic area bound by Wolfville to the north, Halifax to the east, and Shelburne to the southwest (Quinn and Broders 2007). The species occurs throughout most of eastern North America, with Nova Scotia representing the northeastern extent of its range (Fujita and Kunz 1984). Tri-colored bats require clumps of Usnea lichen for roosting; a habitat feature typically associated with mature spruce and balsam fir trees (Farrow 2007). This association suggests that the species may be negatively impacted by intensive forestry practices that remove roosting habitat (Farrow 2007). The species typically forages over water bodies, but also feeds over tree canopies (reviewed by Quinn and Broders 2007) and it appears that, unlike the Little brown myotis, Tri-colored bats stay active throughout the night, possibly as a means to reduce intraspecific competition (Broders et al. 2003). This species is non-migratory, and generally hibernates alone, or in small numbers, in caves or abandoned mines where it appears to show a preference for small side passages, rather than main passages (Fujita and Kunz 1984; Moseley 2007). Individuals show strong fidelity to specific hibernacula, although in Nova Scotia only 10 hibernating individuals have ever been recorded (Quinn and Broders 2007). According to ACCDC (2012), the closest record of Tri-colored bat is 72 ± 10 km away from the Project site; however, research suggests that the summer distribution of the species extends to just south of the Annapolis River, in close proximity to the Project site (Farrow 2007). Tri-colored bat, therefore, may occur at the Project site outside of hibernation. 5.8.2 Effects and Mitigation The installation of wind turbines has the potential to impact bats both directly and indirectly (Arnett et al. 2007). Although some effects are related to construction (i.e. habitat alteration), most potential effects on bats are mainly related to operation. Potential effects may include:

Habitat loss/alteration; Mortality resulting from direct collision and/or barotrauma; and Sensory disturbance.

The significance of these impacts at the population level depends on a number of biotic and abiotic variables, including the number of individuals affected and the stability of the population, season, physiologic condition of the individuals affected, and weather factors.


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Habitat Loss/Alteration Habitat alterations, including vegetation clearing and soil disruption (NRC 2007) resulting from the site preparation and construction phases, may impact bats (Arnett et al. 2007). The removal of trees during the site clearing and preparation phases can be especially detrimental, particularly to those bat species which use trees as roosting habitat (Arnett et al. 2007). Some studies, however, suggest that habitat changes related to wind power developments may in fact create benefits to bats by increasing cleared areas and creating access roads, both of which can be used by bats as foraging habitat (as cited in Arnett et al. 2007; Kunz et al. 2007a). In relation to this, small-scale disturbances, including creating small cutblocks or small scale access roads through forested habitat, have been shown to stimulate an increase in bat activity relative to previous years (Grindal and Brigham 1998). It is important to note, however, that increased edge habitat due to forest clearing may subsequently increase the risk of mortality by virtue of attracting bats to the area of the operating turbine (Kunz et al. 2007b). Mortality Mortality of bats is a potential effect during the operational phase of wind energy projects, Necropsy of recovered carcasses found that the cause of death for baths killed at wind-energy facilities is an indiscernible combination of direct collision with the turbine blades and barotrauma (Grodsky et al. 2011), although more recent pathological research has found that traumatic injury is the major cause of bat mortality at wind farms and that post-mortem artifacts may manifest themselves as pulmonary barotrauma lesions (Rollins et al. 2012). Barotrauma is characterized by a drop in atmospheric pressure along the top of a rotating turbine blade, which causes thoracic, abdominal, and pulmonary injury to bats when passing through the low pressure area (Baerwald et al. 2008). Much of the established literature has not attempted to elucidate the causes of bat mortality but has instead reported on the magnitude of mortalities. Regardless of the specific cause, large numbers of bat fatalities have been reported at wind energy facilities, particularly along forested ridgetops, in the eastern United States (Kunz et al. 2007a). In Canada, bat fatalities outnumber bird fatalities by 2.4:1 (EC et al. 2012). Since bats are long-lived and have low reproductive rates, such mortalities can potentially contribute to precipitous population decline, and can increase the risk of local extinctions (Arnett et al. 2007). Research suggests that migratory tree-roosting species suffer the highest fatalities at wind farms (Kunz et al. 2007a; Kuvlevsky et al. 2007; Cryan and Barclay 2009), although deaths of Tri-colored bats constituted 25.4% of total bat fatalities at wind facilities in the eastern United States (as cited in Arnett et al. 2007). Migratory species, including Hoary bat, Eastern red bat, and Silver-haired bat, accounted for 71% of 2,270 bat fatalities recorded at wind energy facilities across Canada between 2006 and 2010 (EC et al. 2012). Most bat fatalities are reported in the late summer months (Johnson 2005) coinciding with the start of swarming and autumn migration (Arnett et al. 2007: EC et al. 2012). Periods of high mortality may therefore be linked with the timing of large-scale insect migrations when bats feed at altitudes consistent with wind turbine heights (Rydell et al. 2010). It has been found that bat fatalities increase exponentially with wind tower height, with turbine towers 65 m or taller having the highest fatality rates (Barclay et al. 2007). This hypothesis is also supported by the findings of Horn et al. (2008), who


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reported that bats were not being struck by turbine blades when flying in a straight line en route to another destination, but were struck while foraging in and around the rotor-swept zone of the turbine. Temporal variation in bat activity and subsequent fatality rates can be influenced by weather variables, as well as the characteristics of the facility (Baerwald and Barclay 2011). Although bats exhibit species-specific responses to environmental variables (Baerwald and Barclay 2011), in general they appear to be more active when wind speeds are low, which increases the risk of collisions with rotating turbine blades (Arnett et al. 2007) and mortality resulting from barotrauma. Increasing the turbine cut-in speed, the minimum wind speed at which the turbine blades are permitted to begin rotating, has been shown to greatly reduce bat fatality because bats are less active at these wind speeds (Arnett et al. 2011). Sensory Disturbance Increased human presence may also disturb roosting bats (Arnett et al. 2007), but it is unknown if this disturbance is sufficient to disrupt normal behaviour or physiology. Sensory disturbance to bats is most likely during the site preparation/construction and decommissioning phase of the Project, during which the presence of on-site personnel and equipment will be the highest. During hibernation, bats are sensitive to human presence, and human intrusion into hibernacula can lead to increased arousals leading to a premature depletion of fat reserves (Thomas 1995). Siting wind-energy facilities away from hibernacula is therefore recommended in the design phases of these projects. It is unknown if noise associated with the operational phase of wind energy projects has any measureable effect on bats, although it is thought that bats may become acoustically disoriented by the low-frequency noise emitted from rotating turbines (Kunz et al. 2007a). Bats have been shown, experimentally, to avoid foraging in areas with intense, broadband noise (Schaub et al. 2008), however this research was not conducted in the context of wind-energy development and other studies indicate that bats have been shown to forage in close proximity to operational turbines (Horn et al. 2008). The following specific mitigative measures will be implemented to avoid and mitigate any potential effects on bats:

Development and implementation of the EPP for the Project. Existing access roads will be used to the greatest extent possible. Use of lighting on turbine hubs and blades will be limited to minimum levels while still

meeting requirements of Transport Canada. Where possible, placement of Project infrastructure will be avoided in habitats significant to

bat species. These include hibernacula, wetlands, and open bodies of water. Implement post-construction monitoring under direction from NSE and in consultation with

CWS and NSDNR to monitor for significant mortality trends. Potential effects to bats, during the different phases of the Project, are summarized in Table 5.20.


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Table 5.20: Potential Environmental Effects of the Project on Bats


C O/M D

Direct mortality Collisions (and risk of barotrauma) with Project infrastructure

Disruption to breeding and nesting

Noise, vibration, and/or visual disturbance from site personnel, equipment, and/or turbines; habitat loss

Disruption to roosting and

feeding

Noise, vibration, equipment, and/or turbines; habitat loss

Displacement Noise, vibration, and/or visual disturbance from site personnel, equipment, and/or turbines; alteration of

migration flyways or local flight paths

Habitat loss and

fragmentation

Clearing of vegetation for Project infrastructure;

hydrologic alterations leading to wetland loss

*C – Construction phase O/M Operations/Maintenance Phase D – Decommissioning Phase

6.0 CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT AND EFFECTS MANAGEMENT Davis MacIntyre & Associates Limited conducted an archeological resource impact assessment (ARIA) for the Project (Appendix E). The purpose of the assessment was to determine the potential for historic and pre-contact period archeological resources through background research. There is no evidence of historic settlement in close proximity to the Project site. Most Early European settlement was restricted to lower elevations within the valley floor, alongside the Annapolis River. In addition, a lack of structures along the existing access road at the Project site indicates that it is more likely a logging road than access to a settlement (Davis MacIntyre & Associates Ltd. 2012). A field survey completed during 2012 revealed an area of former pasture land and a rough stone wall located approximately 1.5 km northwest of the proposed turbine and 60 m north of the proposed access road. Other than this, the only other evidence of cultural activity was in the form of small scale logging (Davis MacIntyre & Associates Ltd. 2012). Current development plans indicate that no significant archaeological material will be disturbed during construction of the Project. As such, no mitigation is recommended. 7.0 FOLLOW UP MEASURES An EPP and site specific erosion and sediment control plan (ESCP) will be developed prior to start of construction of the Project. The EPP and ESCP will detail best practices and mitigative measures to be employed during the life of the Project to minimize environmental impacts.

In addition, several other permits and/or approvals may be required prior to the start of construction (Table 7.1).


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Table 7.1: List of Permits/Approvals Potentially Required

Approval/Notification/Permit Required Government Agency

Wetland Alteration Approval NSE

Watercourse Alteration Approval NSE

Special Move Permit Service Nova Scotia

Access Permit Nova Scotia Transportation and Infrastructure Renewal

Work within Highway Right-of-Way Nova Scotia Transportation and Infrastructural Renewal

Final design location and height of turbine NRCan

Lighting design for navigational purposes Transport Canada

8.0 CONCLUSIONS A number of environmental components were evaluated for this assessment. Based on the data collected during the field studies and the associated research, reasonable mitigation strategies and best management practices were identified that lower the potential effects of the Project. The Project consists of a single turbine and the Project design is making use of an existing road and clear cut area to reduce the overall disturbance and potential impact. 9.0 REFERENCES ACCDC. 2012. Data Report 4843: Parker Mountain, NS. 14 pp. Álvares F., Rio-Maior H., Roque S., Nakamura M., Cadete D., Pinto S. and F. Petrucci-Fonseca. 2011. Assessing ecological responses of wolves to wind power plants in Portugal: methodological constrains and conservation implications. Proceedings, Conference on Wind Energy and Wildlife Impacts, Trondheim, Norway, 2–5 May 2011. Arnett E.B., Inkley D.B., Johnson D.H., Larkin R.P., Manes S., Manville A.M., Mason R., Morrison M., Strickland M.D. and R. Thresher. 2007. Impacts of wind energy facilities on wildlife and wildlife habitat. Special issue by The Wildlife Society. Technical Review 07-2. Arnett, E. B., Huso, M.M., Schirmacher, M.R., and J. P. Hayes. 2011. Altering turbine speed reduces bat mortality at wind-energy facilities. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 9:209–214. Baerwald E.F., D’Amours G.H., Klug B.J. and R.M.R. Barclay. 2008, Barotrauma is a significant cause of bat fatalities at wind turbines. Current Biology Vol 18 No 16. Baerwald, E.F. and R.M.R. Barclay. 2011. Patterns of Activity and Fatality of Migratory Bats at a Wind Energy Facility in Alberta, Canada. Journal of Wildlife Management. Volume 75, Issue 5, pp. 1103-1114. Barclay, R. M. R., Baerwald, E.F. and J. C. Gruver. 2007. Variation in bat and bird fatalities at wind energy facilities: assessing the effects of rotorsize and tower height. Canadian Journal of Zoology 85:381–387. Beazley, K. F., Snaith, T.V. Mackinnon, F. and D. Colville. 2004. Road density and potential impacts on wildlife species such as American moose in mainland Nova


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NSDNR (Nova Scotia Department of Natural Resources). 2012e. Hunter and Trapper Harvest Statistics Index. Accessed January 10, 2013 from http://novascotia.ca/natr/hunt/furbearerharvests. asp#bycounty NSDNR (Nova Scotia Department of Natural Resources). 2012f. Endangered Mainland Moose Special Management Practices. Accessed January 10, 2013 from http://www.gov.ns.ca/natr/wildlife/habitats/terrestrial/pdf/SMP_Mainland_Moose.pdf NSE (Nova Scotia Environment) 2009a. A Proponent's Guide to Environmental Assessment. Accessed on June 20, 2012 from http://www.gov.ns.ca/nse/ea/docs/EA.Guide-Proponents.pdf NSE (Nova Scotia Environment) 2009b. Guide to Addressing Wildlife Species and Habitat in an EA Registration Document. Accessed January 4, 2013 from http://www.gov.ns.ca/nse/ea/docs/EA.Guide-AddressingWildSpecies.pdf NSE (Nova Scotia Environment). 2012a. Well Logs Database – Groundwater (log data from 1966- 2001). Accessed on September 16, 2012 from http://www.gov.ns.ca/nse/welldatabase/wellsearch.asp NSE (Nova Scotia Environment). 2012b. Pump Test Database. NSE Water and Wastewater Branch and NSDNR, Mineral Resources Branch. Accessed on September 16th, 2012 from http://gis4.natr.gov.ns.ca/website/nsgroundwater/viewer.htm NSE (Nova Scotia Environment) 2012c. Groundwater Observation Well Network. Accessed on October 2, 2012 from http://www.gov.ns.ca/nse/groundwater/groundwaternetwork.asp NSERCR (Nova Scotia Eastern Ribbonsnake Conservation and Recovery). Nova Scotia Distribution. Accessed on December 20th, 2012 from http://www.speciesatrisk.ca/ribbonsnake/index.php?q=node/7. NSESA (Nova Scotia Endangered Species Act). 2007. Nova Scotia Endangered Species Act as of 2007. Accessed on September 10th, 2012 from http://www.gov.ns.ca/natr/wildlife/biodiversity/species-list.asp. NSFA (Nova Scotia Fisheries and Aquaculture). 2007. Atlantic Salmon. Accessed on August 27th, 2012 from http://www.gov.ns.ca/fish/sportfishing/species/salm.shtml. NSTIR (Nova Scotia Department of Transportation and Infrastructure Renewal). 1989. Public Highways Act, pursuant to Subsection 20(1) of Chapter 371 of the Revised Status of Nova Scotia. Accessed November 21, 2012 from http://nslegislature.ca/legc/statutes/pubhighw.htm NSTPW (Nova Scotia Transportation and Public Works). 2007. Generic Environmental Protection Plan (EPP) for the Construction of 100 Series Highways. Published by Environmental Services Section, NS Transportation and Public Work, Halifax, NS Parker, G. 2001. Status report on the Canada lynx in Nova Scotia. 53 pp.


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Parker, G. 2003. Status report on the Eastern Moose (Alces alces americana Clinton) in mainland Nova Scotia. 77 pp. Pearce-Higgins, J.W., Stephen, L., Langston, R.H.W., Bainbridge, I.P. and R. Bullman. 2009. The distribution of breeding birds around upland wind farms. Journal of Applied Ecology, 46, 1323–1331. Quinn, G.M., and H.G. Broders. 2007. Roosting and foraging ecology of eastern pipistrelle (Perimyotis subflavus) bats in SW Nova Scotia. A report prepared for the Nova Scotia Habitat Conservation Fund. 34 pp. Rabin, L. A., McGowan, B., Hooper, S.L., and D. H. Owings. 2003. Anthropogenic noise and its effect on animal communication: an interface between comparative psychology and conservation biology. International Journal of Comparative Psychology 16: 172–192. Rollins, K.E., Meyerholz, D.K., Johnson, G.D., Capparella, A.P., and S.S. Loew. 2012. A Forensic Investigation into the Etiology of Bat Mortality at a Wind Farm: Barotrauma or Traumatic Injury? Veterinary Pathology. Vol. 49, no. 2: 362-371 Rulifson, R. and M. Dadswell. 1995. Life history and population characteristics of Striped bass in Atlantic Canada. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 124: 407-577. Rydell J, Bach L., Dubourg-Savage M.J., Green M., Rodrigues L., and A. Hedenström. 2010. Bat mortality at wind turbines in northwest Europe. Acta Chiropterologica 12: in press SARA (Species at Risk). 2012. Species at Risk Public Registry. Accessed on September 16th, 2012 from http://www.sararegistry.gc.ca/default_e.cfm. Schaub, A., Ostwald, J. and Siemers, B. M. 2008. Foraging bats avoid noise. Journal of Experimental Biology 211(19): 3174-3180 ScienceDaily. 2005. Wind Farms Impacting Weather. Accessed on March 8, 2012 from http://www.sciencedaily.com/videos/2005/1012-wind_farms_impacting_weather.htm. Scott, F.W. 1987. First record of the Long-tailed shrew, Sorex dispar, for Nova Scotia. Canadian Field Naturalist 101: 404-407. Service Nova Scotia. 2011. Property Online version 2.0. Website accessed January 2013 from http://www.gov.ns.ca/snsmr/property/default.asp?mn=282.46.1064 Shafer, A.B.A., and D.T. Stewart. 2006. A disjunct population of Sorex dispar (Long-tailed shrew) in Nova Scotia. Northeastern Naturalist 13: 603-608. Snaith, T.V., and K.F. Beazley. 2004. The distribution, status, and habitat associations of Moose in mainland Nova Scotia. Proceedings of the Nova Scotian Institute of Science 42: 263-317. Stea, R.R., Conley, H., and Y. Brown. 1992. Surficial Geology Map of the Province of Nova Scotia.


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Nova Scotia Department of Natural Resources, Minerals and Energy Branch, Map ME 1992-3, scale 1:500 000. Available online as DP ME 36m version 36, 2006 at http://www.gov.ns.ca/natr/meb/download/dp036.asp. Strum Environmental Services Limited. 2012. Geotechnical Investigation Proposed Wind Turbine, 5167 Highway No. 1, Parker Mountain, Annapolis County, Nova Scotia. Prepared by LVM Maritime Testing. for the account of Strum Environmental Services Limited. TBTRT (The Blanding’s Turtle Recovery Team). 2012. National recovery plan for the Blanding’s Turtle (Emydoidea blandingii) Nova Scotia population. Nova Scotia, Canada. 73 pp. Thomas, D. W. 1995. Hibernating bats are sensitive to nontactile human disturbance. Journal of. Mammalogy 76:940–946. Trescott, P. 1968. Groundwater Resources and Hydrogeology of the Annapolis-Cornwallis Valley, Nova Scotia. Accessed on July 23, 2012 from http://www.gov.ns.ca/nse/groundwater/docs/GroundwaterResourceReport_Annapolis-CornwallisValley.pdf Trombulak, S.C. and C.A. Frissell. 2000. Review of ecological effects of roads on terrestrial and aquatic communities. Conservation Biology 14, 18-30. TSFWV (The Society for Wind Vigilance). 2012. Visual Health Effects and Wind Turbines. Accessed January 10, 2013 at http://www.windvigilance.com/about-adverse-health-effects/visual-healtheffects- and-wind-turbines Walter, D., Leslie, D., and J. Jenks. 2006. Response of Rocky Mountain Elk (Cervus elaphus) to Wind-power Development. The American Midland Naturalist. 156(2). Pp. 363-375. Webb, K.T. and I.B. Marshall. 1999. Ecoregions and ecodistricts of Nova Scotia. Crops and Livestock Research Centre, Research Branch, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Truro, Nova Scotia; Indicators and Assessment Office, Environmental Quality Branch, Environment Canada, Hull, Quebec. Weather Network. 2012. Statistics: Greenwood NS. Accessed January 2013 from http://www.theweathernetwork.com/statistics/precipitation/cl8202000/cans0055 Woolaver, L.G., Elderkin, M.F., and F.W. Scott. 1998. Sorex dispar in Nova Scotia. Northeastern Naturalist 5: 323-330.

APPENDIX A COUNTY ANNAPOLIS LAND USE BY-LAW

County of Annapolis

Land Use By-law

Effective Date: December 1, 2011

Table of Contents PART 1 Title, Introduction and Purpose ............................................................... 1

PART 2 Definitions ..................................................................................................... 2

PART 3 Administration & Interpretation ................................................................ 5

PART 4 Zones, Zoning Maps and MPS Designations ....................................... 9

PART 5 General Provisions ...................................................................................... 9

PART 6 General Development (GD) Zone .......................................................... 10

PART 7 Wind Resource (WR) Zone ..................................................................... 12

PART 8 Hampton Hills Wind Resource (HHWR) Zone .................................... 14

Schedules "A", “B”, “C”, “D”, “E” and “F”: Zoning Maps

PART 1: TITLE, INTRODUCTION AND PURPOSE

1. This By-law shall be known and may be cited as the "Annapolis County Land-Use By-law" for the Municipality of the County of Annapolis and shall apply to all the lands within the Municipality of the County of Annapolis, hereinafter referred to as the Planning Area, as defined by the Zoning Maps, Schedules "A", “B”, “C”, “D”, “E” and “F”. 2. The purpose of this Land Use By-law is to carry out and implement the land use development policies contained within the Annapolis County Municipal Planning Strategy in accordance with the Municipal Government Act. The MGA also enables the Municipality of the County of Annapolis to adopt a Subdivision By-law to control the division of land. These three documents provide the framework for planning and development in the Planning Area. 3. The regulations and standards contained within this By-law that apply to the development and use of property are as follows:

Zoning Maps (Schedules "A", “B”, “C”, “D”, “E” and “F”) to determine which zone the property is located;

the requirements respecting the particular zone in which the property is located (Parts 6, 7 & 8);

the general provisions section which applies to all zones (Part 5);

the definitions section to determine how specific developments or lot conditions are defined or applied to a development (Part 2); and

the administration and interpretation section to define permit requirements (Part 3); 1. Throughout this Land Use By-law there are a number of “Notes to Readers”; these are for

information and clarification purposes only, and do not form part of this By-law. 1. Property boundaries as shown on the Zoning Maps (Schedules "A", “B”, “C”, “D”, “E” and “F”)

are continuously subject to change due to approvals of applications for subdivision of land and thus are included for information and clarification purposes only, and do not form part of this By-law.

PART 2: DEFINITIONS For the purposes of this By-law, all words shall carry their customary meaning except for those so defined in this Part. 1. ACCESSORY BUILDING means a separate subordinate building or structure on the same lot as the main building, devoted exclusively to an accessory use; 2. ACCESSORY USE means a use subordinate and naturally, customarily and normally incidental to, and exclusively devoted to, a main use of land or a main building and located on the same lot; 3. ADJACENT PROPERTY means a lot or parcel of land that shares a common lot line or property boundary with another lot or parcel of land; 4. ALTER means any change in the structural component of a building or structure, or a change in the use of land, a building or a structure; 5. ARRAY means two or more wind turbines that are physically interconnected; 6. BUFFERING / BUFFER STRIP means a treed or landscaped area intended to separate and screen the view of abutting uses/properties from each other; 7. BUILDING means any structure having a roof supported by columns or walls, built,

constructed, placed or located on a lot and used for the accommodation or enclosure of persons, animals, materials, chattels or equipment, but not including a tent, gazebo, pergola, or a recreational vehicle; 8. BY-LAW means this By-law, which is the Land Use By-law for the Annapolis County Planning Area of the Municipality of Annapolis County; 9. CAMP means a structure having a roof supported by columns or walls, built, constructed, placed or located on a lot and used for human habitation, typically intended for temporary or seasonal, that is rustic in nature and lacks an on-site sewage disposal system, a piped-in water supply and grey water disposal system; 10. DECOMMISSION means the final closing down of a development or project or the point at which it has reached the end of its operational life, and the process by which the site is restored to an agreed use or condition; 11. DEVELOPMENT includes any erection, construction, reconstruction, enlargement, addition, alteration, location, placement, conversion, replacement or relocation of, or alteration in the use made of land, buildings or structures; 12. DEVELOPMENT OFFICER is the person appointed to administer this By-law; 13. EXISTING means legally existing as of the effective date of this By-law. 14. ERECT means to build, place, locate, construct, reconstruct or alter and without limiting the generality of the foregoing, shall be taken to include any preliminary physical operation such as excavating, grading, piling, cribbing, filling or structurally altering any existing building or structure by an addition, deletion, enlargement or extension; 15. GROUND FLOOR AREA means the maximum area contained within the outside walls of the ground floor or first floor, above the finished grade, of a building or structure; 16. HABITABLE BUILDING means structure having a roof supported by columns or walls, built, constructed, placed or located on a lot, designed and used for the accommodation, enclosure or assembly of human beings, regardless of whether the structure is intended for seasonal or permanent use, or whether or not the structure is used for overnight accommodation, including residential, commercial, institutional, industrial and recreational buildings, but not including a camp, a tent or a recreational vehicle and also not including accessory buildings or structures such as sheds and storage areas; 17. KILOWATT (kW) means a measure of power for electrical current; 18. LARGE SCALE WIND TURBINE means a wind turbine which has a power generation capacity of greater than 100 kilowatts and also refers to a wind turbine which has a nameplate capacity of greater than 100 kilowatts; 19. LOT means a parcel of land described in a deed or shown on an approved, registered plan of subdivision; 20. MAIN BUILDING means a building in which is conducted or carried on the principal use or purpose of the lot on which it is located; 21. MINI SCALE WIND TURBINE means a wind turbine which has a power generation capacity

of less than 25 kilowatts, but not less than 1 kilowatt and also refers to a wind turbine which has a nameplate capacity of less than 25 kilowatts, but not less than 1 kilowatt; 22. MUNICIPALITY means the Municipality of the County of Annapolis; 23. PERSON includes an individual, association, firm, partnership, corporation, incorporated company, organization, trustee or agent and the heirs, executors or other legal assigns, wards and representatives to whom the context applies according to law; 24. PUBLIC ROAD means any street or road owned and maintained by either the Municipality or the Province of Nova Scotia; 25. RECREATIONAL VEHICLE means a vehicular, portable unit designed for travel, camping or recreational use, including a Class A, Class B and Class C motor home, a travel trailer, a fifth wheel recreational vehicle, a folding or pop-up tent trailer or a pick-up camper; 26. SEPARATION DISTANCE means the distance measured from the base of the wind turbine tower to any specified building, structure, road or natural feature; 27. SETBACK means the distance measured from the base of the wind turbine tower to any property or lot boundary or lot line; 28. SIGN means any structure, device or natural object or part thereof, or any device attached thereto, or painted or represented thereon, used to identify, advertise or attract attention to any object, product, place, activity, institution, organization, commodity, profession, enterprise, industry or business, on which is displayed or includes any letter, word, model, number, banner, flag, pennant, insignia or representation used as an announcement, direction, or advertisement; 29. SMALL SCALE WIND TURBINE means a wind turbine which has a power generation capacity equal to or less than 100 kilowatts, but not less than 25 kilowatts and also refers to a wind turbine which has a nameplate capacity equal to or less than 100 kilowatts, but not less than 25 kilowatts; 30. STRUCTURE means anything that is erected, built, or constructed of parts joined together or any such erection fixed to or supported by the soil or by any other structure; 31. WATERCOURSE means a lake, river, stream, ocean or other body of water; 32. WIND TURBINE means a structure or device that produces power by capturing the kinetic energy in surface winds created by the sun and converting it into energy in the form of electricity and includes the wind turbine tower, the wind turbine rotor blades, the wind turbine nacelle and the wind turbine foundation; 33. WIND TURBINE BLADE means the part of the wind turbine that rotates in the wind and extracts kinetic energy from the wind; 34. WIND TURBINE HEIGHT means the distance or total vertical height of the entire wind turbine structure being the sum of the height of the support foundation above grade, measured at the base of the tower, the turbine tower itself, the nacelle and the highest vertical extension of the wind turbine rotor blades, generally expressed as half of the rotor blade sweep or diameter; 35. WIND TURBINE NACELLE means the frame and housing at the top of the wind turbine tower that encloses the gearbox and generator and protects them from the weather;

36. WIND TURBINE NAMEPLATE CAPACITY means the manufacturer’s maximum rated output of the electrical generator found in the nacelle of the wind turbine; 37. WIND TURBINE TOWER means a freestanding structure supported by a wind turbine foundation that serves to support other parts of the wind turbine, and may also mean a structure attached to guy wires that serve, to support other parts of the wind turbine; PART 3: ADMINISTRATION AND INTREPRETATION ADMINISTRATION 3.1 This By-law shall be administered by the Development Officer. COMPLIANCE WITH OTHER BY-LAWS 3.2 Nothing in this By-law shall exempt a person from complying with the requirements of any other by-law of the Municipality or from obtaining any license, permit or approval required by this or any other By-law of the Municipality or any regulation of the Province or the Government of Canada. Where these provisions conflict with those of any other by-law of the Municipality or a regulation of the Province or the Government of Canada, the higher or more stringent regulation shall prevail. DEVELOPMENT PERMIT 3.3 (a) Where a development permit is required, no person shall undertake a development on a lot within the Planning Area without first obtaining a development permit from the Development Officer. (b) The Development Officer shall only issue a development permit in conformance with this By-law, except where a variance is granted or in the case of a nonconforming use or structure, in which case a permit shall be granted in conformance with the Municipal Government Act. (c) A development permit issued under this By-law shall automatically lapse, and become null and void, if the development to which it relates has not commenced within 12 months of the development permit approval date. (d) The Development Officer may revoke a development permit issued under this By-law where the Development Officer is satisfied that the development permit was issued under false or mistaken information or if the information provided on the development permit application is found to be inaccurate. (e) Notwithstanding that a development may not require a development permit, the development is not exempt from compliance with any other requirement of this By-law or with any permit requirements set out in other applicable secondary land use by-laws.

SIGNATURE FOR APPLICATIONS 3.4 The application for a development permit shall be signed by all registered owners of the property or by the owner's agent, duly authorized in writing by the registered owner of the property to act for or on behalf of the registered owners. APPLICATION FEE 3.5 Every application for a development permit, a variance or a by-law amendment shall be accompanied by a form of payment acceptable to the Municipality in the amount specified by Municipal Council, as amended from time to time. APPLICATION FOR DEVELOPMENT PERMIT 3.6 (a) Every application for a development permit shall be accompanied by a sketch or site plan drawn to an appropriate scale and showing: 1. the true shape, dimensions and area of the lot to be used or upon which a development is

proposed; 2. the distance from the zone boundary to the boundary of the lot; 3. the distance from the zone boundary to the proposed development; 4. the distance of the proposed development from all lot boundaries and a copy of a registered

easement where a waiver is authorized; 5. the distance of the proposed development from every existing building or structure already

erected on the lot and the size, shape and height of every building or structure already erected on the lot;

6. the proposed location and dimensions of any parking or loading area, driveway, ingress and egress points and landscaped area;

7. the distance of the proposed development from a public road; 8. the distance of the proposed development from a main building on an adjacent property; 9. the distance of the proposed development from an accessory building that is equal to or greater

than ten square metres (107.6 sq. ft.) in ground floor area on an adjacent property; 10. the distance of the proposed development from a habitable building on any other lot; 11. the proposed use of the lot, the proposed use of an existing building or structure on the lot and

the proposed use of the development proposed to be erected on the lot; 12. the wind turbine manufacturer’s specifications related to the maximum rated output of the

electrical generator; 13. the wind turbine manufacturer’s name, logo and capacity nameplate; 14. the dimensions of the proposed development, including the wind turbine height and rotor

diameter and the color scheme of the proposed wind turbine to be erected on the lot; 15. the location, placement and type of any artificial lighting on the proposed wind turbine required

so as to meet a provincial or federal regulation and the statement from the applicable provincial or federal regulatory authority or board indicating the location, placement and type of the artificial lighting on the proposed wind turbine required; and

16. any other information which the Development Officer deems necessary to determine whether or not the proposed development conforms to the requirements of this By-law.

(b) Where the Development Officer is unable to determine if the proposed development conforms to this By-law, the Development Officer may require that the plans submitted under Part 3.6(a) be based upon a plan of survey certified and stamped by Nova Scotia Land Surveyor. CERTAIN WORDS 3.7 In this By-law, words used in the present tense include future; words in the singular form include the plural; words in the plural include the singular; and the word "used" includes "arranged, designed or intended to be used"; and the word "shall" is mandatory and not permissive. PERMITTED USES 3.8 In this By-law any use not listed as a permitted use in a zone is prohibited in that zone unless otherwise indicated. Where a permitted use within any zone is defined in this By-law, the uses permitted within the zone include any similaruses that satisfy such definition, except where a definition specifically excludes any similar uses. USE OF THE METRIC SYSTEM 3.9 Throughout this By-law the metric system of measurement has been used followed by the approximate imperial system equivalents in brackets. Should any case arise in which there appears to be a discrepancy between the two figures, the metric figure shall prevail. ADVERTISING AND NOTIFICATION COSTS 3.10 (a) Where an application is made for a variance or for an amendment to this By-law, the applicant shall deposit to the Municipality at the time of application an amount established by Council to pay the cost of all advertising and notification required. 1. If the amount paid under clause (a) is not sufficient to cover the costs incurred, the applicant

shall pay to the Municipality the additional amount required. 2. If the amount paid is more than sufficient, the Municipality shall refund the excess amount. 3. Where Council decides not to proceed with the application, the deposit shall be returned to the

applicant less the cost of any incurred advertising or notification cost. 4. Where the applicant withdraws the application, the deposit shall be returned to the applicant

less the cost of any incurred advertising or notification cost. LARGE SCALE WIND TURBINE DECOMMISSIONING AND SITE REINSTATEMENT 3.11 The registered owner of a property upon which a large scale wind turbine has been constructed or the developer/operator of a large scale wind turbine development shall notify the Municipality and the Development Officer of a decision to remove a large scale wind turbine from a property and notify the Municipality and the Development Officer as to the time when the large scale wind turbine will be removed and the reinstatement of the property shall be completed. A development permit shall be required prior to the removal of a large scale wind turbine from a property.

SECONDARY LAND USE BY-LAWS 3.12 Land uses regulated by a Secondary Land Use By-law, other than large scale wind turbines, shall continue to be regulated in accordance with that Land Use By-law. Where a Secondary Land Use By-law contains regulations concerning the development of large scale wind turbines, this Land Use By-law shall take precedence over the Secondary Land Use By-law and the regulations established in that Secondary Land Use By-law shall be superseded by the requirements established by this Land Use By-law related to the development of large scale wind turbines. EXPANSIONS AND LARGE SCALE WIND TURBINES 3.13 Where a habitable building is constructed on a lot not containing a large scale wind turbine after the effective date of this By-law, so as to be located within an established large scale wind turbine habitable building separation distance, any new large scale wind turbines that are to be developed in the Wind Resource (WR) Zone or the Hampton Hills Wind Resource (HHWR) Zone shall meet the minimum separation distance requirement from a habitable building applicable to that zone from that new habitable building constructed after the effective date of this By-law and any other applicable requirement of this By-law. EXPANSIONS AND MINI SCALE & SMALL SCALE WIND TURBINES 3.14 Where a main building or an accessory building that is equal to or greater than ten square metres (107.6 sq. ft.) in ground floor area is constructed on an adjacent property after the effective date of this By-law, so as to be located within an established mini scale wind turbine or a small scale wind turbine separation distance, any new mini scale wind turbines or small scale wind turbines that are to be developed in the General Development (GD) Zone, the Wind Resource (WR) Zone or the Hampton Hills Wind Resource (HHWR) Zone shall meet the minimum separation distance requirement from a main building on an adjacent property or the minimum separation distance from an accessory building that is equal to or greater than ten square metres (107.6 sq. ft.) in ground floor area on an adjacent property applicable to that zone from that new main or accessory building constructed after the effective date of this By-law and any other applicable requirement of this By-law. EFFECTIVE DATE OF LAND USE BY-LAW 3.15 Pursuant to the Municipal Government Act, this By-law shall take effect on the date of publication of the notice advertising the new by-law or amendment, hereinafter referred to as the effective date. Notes to Reader: The effective date of this Land Use By-law is December 1, 2011 PART 4: ZONES AND THE ZONING MAPS 4.1 For the purpose of this By-law, the Planning Area is divided into the zones indicated in the list below, the boundaries of which are shown on the attached Zoning Maps, Schedules "A", “B”, “C”, “D”, “E” and “F”, which forms part of this By-law. Such zones may be referred to by the corresponding symbols indicated opposite the zone name and the boundaries between zones shall be scaled from the Zoning Maps.

ZONES SYMBOL General Development GD Wind Resource WR Hampton Hills Wind Resource HHWR PART 5: GENERAL PROVISIONS MULTIPLE USES 5.1 Any lot in any zone in the Planning Area may be developed for one or more than one use, more than one main building or structure or accessory building or structure may be developed on a lot in any zone and a building or structure located on a lot may be used for one or more than one use, provided all other requirements of this By-law are met. NON-CONFORMING USES AND STRUCTURES 5.2 Any use of land or building or structure constructed, or being constructed, on or before the effective date of this By-law that does not conform to the requirements of this By-law shall be subject to the MGA provisions respecting non-conforming uses and structures. LOTS ALONG PRIVATE ROADS 5.3 Whether a development permit is required or waived, if a lot intended to be used or upon which a building or structure is to be erected abuts a private road, the lot is eligible for development provided all other applicable requirements of this By-law are met. ZERO LOT FRONTAGE LOTS 5.4 Whether a development permit is required or waived, a lot created pursuant to Section 27 of the Subdivision By-law for the Municipality of Annapolis County is eligible for development provided all other applicable requirements of this By-law are met. PART 6 GENERAL DEVELOPMENT (GD) ZONE GD ZONE PROHIBITED USES 6.1 The following developments and uses shall be prohibited in the General Development (GD) Zone: Large Scale Wind Turbines GD ZONE PERMITTED USES - NOT SUBJECT TO DEVELOPMENT PERMITS

6.2 The following developments and uses shall be permitted in the General Development (GD) Zone and shall not require a development permit: All developments and uses, except for those set out in Part 6.1 and Part 6.3 of this By-law GD ZONE PERMITTED USES - SUBJECT TO DEVELOPMENT PERMITS 6.3 The following developments and uses shall be permitted in the General Development (GD) Zone and shall require a development permit: Mini Scale Wind Turbine – subject to Part 6.4 of this By-law Small Scale Wind Turbine – subject to Part 6.5 of this By-law GD ZONE REQUIREMENTS RELATING TO MINI SCALE WIND TURBINES 6.4 Mini scale wind turbines shall be permitted in the General Development (GD) Zone subject to the following requirements: 1. the minimum setback distance for the mini scale wind turbine from all property boundaries shall

be no less than one times the total height of the mini scale wind turbine. The minimum setback distance requirement shall be waived where the mini scale wind turbine is mounted on the roof of a residential dwelling structure;

2. the minimum separation distance for the mini scale wind turbine from a main building on an adjacent property shall be no less than two times the total height of the mini scale wind turbine. The minimum separation distance requirement shall be waived where the mini scale wind turbine is mounted on the roof of a residential dwelling structure. There is no minimum separation distance requirement from a main building located on the same lot as the mini scale wind turbine;

3. the minimum separation distance for the mini scale wind turbine from an accessory building on an adjacent property that is equal to or greater than ten square metres (107.6 sq. ft.) in ground floor area shall be no less than one and one half times the total height of the mini scale wind turbine. The minimum separation distance requirement shall be waived where the mini scale wind turbine is mounted on the roof of a residential dwelling structure. There is no minimum separation distance requirement from a main building located on the same lot as the mini scale wind turbine;

4. the mini scale wind turbine tower shall not display any commercial advertising or signage. The nacelle may display only the manufacturer’s name, logo and capacity nameplate; and

5. the mini scale wind turbine shall not be provided with artificial lighting except for lighting that is required to meet a Provincial or Federal regulation.

GD ZONE REQUIREMENTS RELATING TO SMALL SCALE WIND TURBINES 6.5 Small scale wind turbines shall be permitted in the General Development (GD) Zone subject to the following requirements:

1. the minimum setback distance for the small scale wind turbine from all property boundaries

shall be no less than one and one half times the total height of the small scale wind turbine; 2. the minimum separation distance for the small scale wind turbine from a main building on an

adjacent property shall be no less than two and one half times the total height of the small scale wind turbine. There is no minimum separation distance requirement from a main building located on the same lot as the small scale wind turbine;

3. the minimum separation distance for the small scale wind turbine from an accessory building on an adjacent property that is equal to or greater than ten square metres (107.6 sq. ft.) in ground floor area shall be no less than two times the total height of the small scale wind turbine. There is no minimum separation distance requirement from an accessory building located on the same lot as the small scale wind turbine;

4. the small scale wind turbine tower shall not display any commercial advertising or signage. The nacelle may display only the manufacturer’s name, logo and capacity nameplate; and

5. the small scale wind turbine shall not be provided with artificial lighting except for lighting that is required to meet a Provincial or Federal regulation.

SPECIAL GD ZONE REQUIREMENT: MAXIMUM NUMBER OF MINI SCALE WIND TURBINES OR SMALL SCALE WIND TURBINES 6.6 The total number of mini scale wind turbines or small scale wind turbines that may be built, erected, constructed, placed, located or developed on a lot in the General Development (GD) Zone shall be limited to a maximum of two mini scale wind turbines or a maximum of two small scale wind turbines. The combination of a mini scale wind turbine and a small scale wind turbine shall be limited so as only two such wind turbine structures may be built, erected, constructed, placed, located or developed on a lot in the General Development (GD) Zone. PART 7 WIND RESOURCE (WR) ZONE WR ZONE PERMITTED USES - NOT SUBJECT TO DEVELOPMENT PERMITS 7.1 The following developments and uses shall be permitted in the Wind Resource (WR) Zone and shall not require a development permit: All developments and uses, except for those set out in Part 7.2 of this By-law WR ZONE PERMITTED USES - SUBJECT TO DEVELOPMENT PERMITS 7.2 The following developments and uses shall be permitted in the Wind Resource (WR) Zone and shall require a development permit: Mini Scale Wind Turbine – subject to Part 7.3 of this By-law Small Scale Wind Turbine – subject to Part 7.4 of this By-law Large Scale Wind Turbine – subject to Part 7.5 of this By-law

WR ZONE REQUIREMENTS RELATING TO MINI SCALE WIND TURBINES 7.3 Mini scale wind turbines shall be permitted in the Wind Resource (WR) Zone subject to the following requirements: 1. the minimum setback distance for the mini scale wind turbine from all property boundaries shall

be one half the rotor diameter plus one metre (3.28 ft.). The minimum setback distance requirement shall be waived where the mini scale wind turbine is mounted on the roof of a residential dwelling structure;


3. the minimum separation distance for the mini scale wind turbine from an accessory building on an adjacent property that is equal to or greater than ten square metres (107.6 sq. ft.) in ground floor area shall be no less than one and one half times the total height of the mini scale wind turbine. The minimum separation distance requirement shall be waived where the mini scale wind turbine is mounted on the roof of a residential dwelling structure. There is no minimum separation distance requirement from an accessory building located on the same lot as the mini scale wind turbine;

4. the minimum separation distance for the mini scale wind turbine from a public road shall be no less than two times the total height of the mini scale wind turbine;



WR ZONE REQUIREMENTS RELATING TO SMALL SCALE WIND TURBINES 7.4 Small scale wind turbines shall be permitted in the Wind Resource (WR) Zone subject to the following requirements: 1. the minimum setback distance for the small scale wind turbine from all property boundaries

shall be one half the rotor diameter plus one metre (3.28 ft.); 2. the minimum separation distance for the small scale wind turbine from a main building on an



4. the minimum separation distance for the small scale wind turbine from a public road shall be no less than two times the total height of the small scale wind turbine;



SPECIAL WR ZONE REQUIREMENT: MAXIMUM NUMBER OF MINI SCALE WIND TURBINES OR SMALL SCALE WIND TURBINES 7.5 The total number of mini scale wind turbines or small scale wind turbines that may be built, erected, constructed, placed, located or developed on a lot in the Wind Resource (WR) Zone shall be limited to a maximum of two mini scale wind turbines or a maximum of two small scale wind turbines. The combination of a mini scale wind turbine and a small scale wind turbine shall be limited so as only two such wind turbine structures may be built, erected, constructed, placed, located or developed on a lot in the Wind Resource (WR) Zone. WR ZONE REQUIREMENTS RELATING TO LARGE SCALE WIND TURBINES 7.6 Large scale wind turbines shall be permitted in the Wind Resource (WR) Zone subject to the following requirements: 1. the minimum setback distance for the large scale wind turbine from all property boundaries shall

be one half the rotor diameter plus one metre (3.28 ft.); 2. notwithstanding 7.5 (a), the minimum setback distance from a property boundary may be

waived to the extent that permits the large scale wind turbine rotor blade, but not the large scale wind turbine foundation, tower or nacelle, to project over an adjacent property boundary or into an adjacent property air space, but not a public road property boundary, provided that the adjacent lot to which the large scale wind turbine rotor blade will project into or overhang has provided an easement for right-of-way and access to permit the projection into or to overhang the property and the easement has been clearly granted by deed and registered in the Registry of Deeds in favour of the owner of the lot upon which the large scale wind turbine is located upon and all other applicable requirements of this By-law are satisfied;

3. the minimum separation distance for the large scale wind turbine from a habitable building in any zone shall be one thousand metres (3,280.84 ft.). There is no minimum separation distance requirement from a habitable building located on the same lot as the large scale wind turbine;

4. the minimum separation distance for the large scale wind turbine from a public road shall be no less than two times the total height of the large scale wind turbine;

5. the large scale wind turbine shall be finished in a non-reflective matte finish. The permitted colors for a large scale wind turbine shall be limited to white, grey or light blue or any other color or combination of color that is required to meet a Provincial or Federal regulation;

6. the large scale wind turbine tower shall not display any commercial advertising or signage. The nacelle may display only the manufacturer’s name, logo and capacity nameplate and the turbine operator’s name and/or logo; and

7. the large scale wind turbine shall not be provided with artificial lighting except for lighting that is required to meet a Provincial or Federal regulation.

PART 8 HAMPTON HILLS WIND RESOURCE (HHWR) ZONE HHWR ZONE PERMITTED USES - NOT SUBJECT TO DEVELOPMENT PERMITS

8.1 The following developments and uses shall be permitted in the Hampton Hills Wind Resource (HHWR) Zone and shall not require a development permit: All developments and uses, except for those set out in Part 8.2 of this By-law HHWR ZONE PERMITTED USES - SUBJECT TO DEVELOPMENT PERMITS 8.2 The following development and uses shall be permitted in the Hampton Hills Wind Resource (HHWR) Zone and shall require a development permit: Mini Scale Wind Turbine – subject to Part 8.3 of this By-law Small Scale Wind Turbine – subject to Part 8.4 of this By-law Large Scale Wind Turbine – subject to Part 8.5 of this By-law Large Scale Wind Turbine ancillary meteorological stations Large Scale Wind Turbine Operations and Maintenance Buildings HHWR ZONE REQUIREMENTS RELATING TO MINI SCALE WIND TURBINES 8.3 Mini scale wind turbines shall be permitted in the Hampton Hills Wind Resource (HHWR) Zone subject to the following requirements: 1. the minimum setback distance for the mini scale wind turbine from all property boundaries shall

be one half the rotor diameter plus one metre (3.28 ft.). The minimum setback distance requirement shall be waived where the mini scale wind turbine is mounted on the roof of a residential dwelling structure;


3. the minimum separation distance for the mini scale wind turbine from an accessory building on an adjacent property that is equal to or greater than ten square metres (107.6 sq. ft.) in ground floor area shall be no less than one and one half times the total height of the mini scale wind turbine. The minimum separation distance requirement shall be waived where the mini scale wind turbine is mounted on the roof of a residential dwelling structure. There is no minimum separation distance requirement from an accessory building located on the same lot as the mini scale wind turbine;

4. the minimum separation distance for the mini scale wind turbine from a public road shall be no less than two times the total height of the mini scale wind turbine;



HHWR ZONE REQUIREMENTS RELATING TO SMALL SCALE WIND TURBINES 8.4 Small scale wind turbines shall be permitted in the Hampton Hills Wind Resource (HHWR) Zone subject to the following requirements: 1. the minimum setback distance for the small scale wind turbine from all property boundaries

shall be one half the rotor diameter plus one metre (3.28 ft.); 2. the minimum separation distance for the small scale wind turbine from a main building on an



4. the minimum separation distance for the small scale wind turbine from a public road shall be no less than two times the total height of the small scale wind turbine;



SPECIAL HHWR ZONE REQUIREMENT: MAXIMUM NUMBER OF MINI SCALE WIND TURBINES OR SMALL SCALE WIND TURBINES 8.5 The total number of mini scale wind turbines or small scale wind turbines that may be built, erected, constructed, placed, located or developed on a lot in the Hampton Hills Wind Resource (HHWR) Zone shall be limited to a maximum of two mini scale wind turbines or a maximum of two small scale wind turbines. The combination of a mini scale wind turbine and a small scale wind turbine shall be limited so as only two such wind turbine structures may be built, erected, constructed, placed, located or developed on a lot in the Hampton Hills Wind Resource (HHWR) Zone. HHWR ZONE REQUIREMENTS RELATING TO LARGE SCALE WIND TURBINES 8.6 Large scale wind turbines shall be permitted in the Hampton Hills Wind Resource (HHWR) Zone subject to the following requirements: 1. the minimum setback distance for the large scale wind turbine wind turbine from all property

boundaries shall be one half the rotor diameter plus one metre (3.28 ft.); 2. notwithstanding 8.5 (a), the minimum setback distance from a property boundary may be

waived to the extent that permits the large scale wind turbine rotor blade, but not the large scale wind turbine foundation, tower or nacelle, to project over an adjacent property boundary or into an adjacent property air space, but not a public road property boundary, provided that the adjacent lot to which the large scale wind turbine rotor blade will project into or overhang has provided an easement for right-of-way and access to permit the projection into or to overhang the property and the easement has been clearly granted by deed and registered in the Registry of Deeds in favour of the owner of the lot upon which the large scale wind turbine is located upon and all other applicable requirements of this By-law are satisfied;

3. the minimum separation distance for the large scale wind turbine from a habitable building in any zone shall be seven hundred metres (2,296.59 ft.). There is no minimum separation distance requirement from a habitable building located on the same lot as the large scale wind turbine;

4. the minimum separation distance for the large scale wind turbine from a public road shall be no less than two times the total height of the large scale wind turbine;

5. the large scale wind turbine shall be finished in a non-reflective matte finish. The permitted colors for a large scale wind turbine shall be limited to white, grey or light blue or any other color or combination of color that is required to meet a Provincial or Federal regulation;

6. the large scale wind turbine tower shall not display any commercial advertising or signage. The nacelle may display only the manufacturer’s name, logo and capacity nameplate and the turbine operator’s name and/or logo; and

7. the large scale wind turbine shall not be provided with artificial lighting except for lighting that is required to meet a Provincial or Federal regulation.

APPENDIX B WETLAND SURVEY METHODOLOGY AND CHARACTERISTICS

WETLAND DELINEATION IDENTIFICATION METHODOLOGY

Wetlands and Watercourses in Nova Scotia

Wetlands in Nova Scotia are regulated by NSE under Section 105 of the Environment Act.

Under the Act, wetlands are:

Land referred to as a marsh, swamp, fen, or bog that either

periodically or permanently has water table at, near, or above

the land surface or that is saturated with water, and sustains

aquatic processes as indicated by the presence of poorly

drained soils, hydrophytic vegetation, and biological activities

adapted to wet conditions.

Watercourses are defined in the Environment Act as:

Any creek, brook, stream, river, lake, pond, spring, lagoon, or

any other natural body of water, and includes all the water in

it, and also the bed and the shore (whether there is actually

any water in it or not). It also includes all groundwater.

Watercourses are defined in Halifax Regional Municipality (HRM) land use by-laws as:

A lake, river, stream, ocean, or other natural body of water.

Delineation Methodology

In order for a wetland determination to be made, the following three criteria were assessed

the field:

Presence of hydrophytic (water loving) vegetation;

Presence of hydrologic conditions that result in periods of flooding, ponding, or

saturation during the growing season; and

Presence of hydric soils (anaerobic conditions in upper part).

Although detailed data point analysis was not completed within the study areas, soil pits

were completed frequently to confirm the presence/absence of wetland hydrology and hydric

soils, as per the methodology below. A general vegetation survey was also completed within

the wetlands to confirm hydrophytic vegetation.

Identification of Hydrophytic Vegetation

Hydrophytic vegetation is defined as the sum total of macrophytic plant life that occurs in

areas where the frequency and duration of inundation or soil saturation produce permanent

or periodically saturated soils of sufficient duration to exert a controlling influence on the

plant species present (Environmental Laboratory 1987). Hydrophytic vegetation should be

the dominant plant type in wetland habitat (Environmental Laboratory 1987).


Dominant plant species observed in each wetland were classified according to indicator

status (probability of occurrence in wetlands), in accordance with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife

Service (USFWS) National List of Vascular Plant Species that Occur in Wetlands: NE Region

(Region 1) (Reed 1988). Please refer to Table 1 (below) for these classifications. These

indicators are used as this region most closely resembles the flora of Nova Scotia and

climate regime. Further relevant information was reviewed in Flora of Nova Scotia (Zinck,

1998).

Table 1: Classification of Wetland-Associated Plant Species1

Plant Species Classification Abbreviation2 Probability of Occurring in Wetland

Obligate OBL >99%

Facultative Wetland FACW 66-99%

Facultative FAC 33-66%

Facultative Upland FACU 1-33%

Upland UPL <1%

No indicator status NI Insufficient information to determine status

Plants That Are Not Listed

(assumed upland species)

NL Does not occur in wetlands in any region.

1 Source: Reed 1988

2 A ‘+’ or ‘–’ symbol can be added to the classification to indicate greater or lesser probability, respectively, of

occurrence in a wetland.

If the majority (greater than 50%) of the dominant vegetation at a data point is classified as

obligate (OBL), facultative wetland (FACW), or facultative (FAC), then the location of the

data point is considered to be dominated by hydrophytic vegetation.

Identification of Hydric Soils

A hydric soil is a soil that has formed under conditions of saturation, flooding, or ponding long

enough during the growing season to develop anaerobic conditions in the upper part (USDA-

NRCS 2010). Indicators of the presence of a hydric soil include soil colour (gleyed soils and

soils with bright mottles and/or low matrix chroma), aquic or preaquic moisture regime,

reducing soil conditions, sulfidic material (odour), soils listed on the hydric soils list, iron and

manganese concretions, organic soils (histosols), histic epipedon, high organic content in

surface layer in sandy soils, and organic streaking in sandy soils.

Soil pits were excavated to a maximum depth of 40 cm or refusal. The soil in each was then

examined for hydric soil indicators. The matrix colour and mottle colour (if present) of the

soil were determined using the Munsell Soil Colour Charts.

Determination of Wetland Hydrology

Wetland habitat, by definition, either periodically or permanently, has a water table at, near, or

above the land surface or that is saturated with water. To be classified as a wetland, a site

should have at least one primary indicator or two secondary indicators of wetland hydrology,

as shown in Table 2.


Table 2: Indicators of Wetland Hydrology

Examples of Primary Indicators Examples of Secondary Indicators

Water marks Oxidized Root Channels in the Upper 30 cm

Drift Lines Local Soil Survey Data

Sediment Deposition Dry season Water Table

Drainage Patterns Stunted or Stressed Plants

Water-stained leaves

Visual Observation of Saturated Soils

Visual Observation of Inundation

Wetland habitat is assessed for signs of hydrology, via visual observations across the area

and through assessment of soil pits.

References

Environmental Laboratory (1987), Corps of Engineers Wetlands Delineation Manual, US

Army Corp of Engineers, 1987.

Reed. 1988. National List of Plant Species that Occur in Wetlands: NE Region (Region 1) U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, DC.

USDA-NRCS. (United States Department of Agriculture- Natural Resources

Conservation Service). 2010. Field Indicators of Hydric Soils in the United States: A Guide

for Identifying and Delineating Hydric Soils. Version 7.0. 53 pp.

Zinck, M. 1998. Rolands Flora of Nova Scotia. Nimbus Publishing, Nova Scotia.

Environmental Laboratory. (1987). "Corps of Engineers wetlands delineation manual,"

Technical Report Y-87-1, U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg,

MS. NTIS No. AD A176 912 (Note: Appendix C information is outdated and must be obtained

from regional Wetlands offices)

http://el.erdc.usace.army.mil/wetlands/pdfs/wlman87.pdf

Table B1: Wetland Characteristics, Parker Mountain Wind Energy Project Project # 12-4471

Herbs Shrubs Trees

1 Treed swampLotic stream (confined)

Basin Throughflow Organic (A1 Histosol) Saturated at surface Gentle

cinnamon fern (Osmunda cinnamonea);three-seeded sedge (Carex trisperma )

black spruce (Picea mariana );speckled alder (Alnus incana )

black spruce;eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis);red maple (Acer rubrum )

Watercourse 1 drains through from south to north; Watercourse 2 flows in from beyond the eastern wetland boundary (likely connecting to watercourse 1)

2 Treed swamp Terrene BasinOutflow (inferred)

Organic (A1 Histosol) Saturated at surface Gentle cinnamon fern

yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis);witch-hazel (Hamamelis verginiana);white ash (Fraxinus americana)

yellow birch;witch-hazel;white ash

None observed

3 Treed swampLotic stream (confined)

Basin Throughflow Organic (A1 Histosol)1) Saturated at surface;2) Hydrogen sulphide odour

Gentle fringed sedge (Carex crinita )

yellow birch;witch-hazel;white ash

red maple (Acer rubrum );white ash;black spruce

Watercourse 4 flows through this wetland

4 Shrub swamp Terrene Basin Outflow Organic (A1 Histosol) Saturated at 5 cm Gentlecinnamon fern;soft rush (Juncus effusus )

red maple NoneWater flows via drainage beyond the northern wetland boundary

5 Treed swamp Unknown Basin Outflow Organic (A1 Histosol)1) Saturated at surface;2) Water stained leaves;3) Drainage patterns

Gentlecinnamon fern;sensitive fern (Onoclea sensibilis)

red maple;black spruce;yellow birch

black spruce None observed

6 Treed swamp Terrene BasinIsolated (inferred)

Organic on bedrock (A1 Histosol)

1) Saturated at surface;2) Water stained leaves

Gentle cinnamon fernwhite ash;red maple

white ash;red maple

None observed

7 Treed swamp Terrene Basin Outflow Organic (A1 Histosol) Saturated at surface Gentlecinnamon fern;fringed sedge

red maple red maple Drains to the north via perennial drainage

8 Shrub swampLotic stream (confined)

Basin ThroughflowOrganic on bedrock (A1 Histosol)

1) Saturated at surface;2) Water stained leaves

Gentlecinnamon fern;fringed sedge;royal fern (Osmunda regalis)

yellow birch NoneWatercourse 6 flows through this wetland, draining it to the north

9 (east) Treed swamp Terrene Basin IsolatedOrganic on bedrock (A1 Histosol)

Saturated at surface Moderate

sensitive fern;cinnamon fern;wooly bullrush (Scirpus cyperinus );Oxalis spp.

yellow birch;red maple

yellow birch;red maple

None

9 (west) Shrub swamp Terrene Basin Isolated Organic (A1 Histosol)1) Saturated at surface;2) Groundwater within 15 cm

Gentlewide-leaved cattail (Typha agustofilia );wooly bullrush

speckled alder;yellow birch;red maple

None None

SURFACE/HYDROLOGIC CONDITIONS

WATERCOURSE/WATER BODY PRESENT

WETLAND BOUNDARY

DOMINANT VEGETATIONSOIL TYPEWETLAND ID

LANDSCAPE POSITION

LANDFORM WATER FLOWWETLAND TYPE

Table B2: Watercourse Characteristics, Parker Mountain Wind Energy Project Project # 12-4471

1 2 5 to 15Gravel and rock

between bouldersSouth to north None Herbs and shrubs

Flows through wetland 1, and connects the northern and southern extent of this wetland via culvert under the road

2 0.5 5 to 10Gravel and rock

between bouldersWest to northeast None Herbs and shrubs

Receives drainage from ditch, flows under road via existing culvert and continues south; sources wetland 1

3 1Dry at time of observation

Gravel between boulders

Southeast to northwest None Herbs and shrubs Heavily chanelled; flows under road via culvert

4 2Dry at time of observation

Rock and boulders Northeast to west NoneHerb, shrub and tree

coverageWell chanelled, erosion stable on both banks; drains wetland 3, flows under road via culvert

5 0.5 to 1 5 to 15Gravel between

bouldersSoutheast to northwest None

Shrub and tree coverage

Well chanelled banks.

6 0.5 to 1 15Gravel between

bouldersSouth to north None

Herb, shrub and tree coverage

Pools after flowing north under road via culvert; drains wetland 7 to the north

OTHER OBSERVATIONSIN STREAM

VEGETATIONFEATURE ID WIDTH (m) WATER DEPTH (cm) SUBSTRATE DRAINAGE DIRECTION

BANK VEGETATION COVERAGE

APPENDIX C PLANT LISTS

Table C1: Short List of Rare Plant and Lichen Species Identified Within 100 km of the Project Site, Parker Mountain Wind Energy Project Project # 12-4471

Scientific Name Common Name NSDNR Status COSEWIC Status SARA Status NSESA StatusAdiantum pedatum Northern Maidenhair Fern Red Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedAgeratina altissima White Snakeroot Red Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedAllium schoenoprasum Wild Chives Red Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedAllium schoenoprasum var. sibiricum Wild Chives Red Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedAllium tricoccum Wild Leek Red Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedAlnus serrulata Smooth Alder Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedAlopecurus aequalis Short-awned Foxtail Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedAnagallis minima Chaffweed Red Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedAnemone canadensis Canada Anemone Red Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedAnemone quinquefolia Wood Anemone Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedAntennaria parlinii Parlin's Pussytoes Red Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedAntennaria rosea ssp. Arida Rosy Pussytoes Red Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedAnzia colpodes Black-foam Lichen Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedArabis drummondii Drummond's Rockcress Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedArabis hirsuta var. pycnocarpa Western Hairy Rockcress Red Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedArtemisia campestris Field Wormwood Red Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedAsplenium trichomanes Maidenhair Spleenwort Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedAsplenium viride Green Spleenwort Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedAstragalus robbinsii var. minor Robbins' Milkvetch Red Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedBartramia ithyphylla Straight-leaved Apple Moss Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedBetula michauxii Newfoundland Dwarf Birch Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedBetula pumila Bog Birch Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedBlysmus rufus Red Bulrush Red Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedBoehmeria cylindrica Small-spike False-nettle Red Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedBotrychium lanceolatum var. angustisegmentum Triangle Moonwort Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedBotrychium simplex Least Moonwort Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedCallitriche hermaphroditica Northern Water-starwort Red Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedCampanula aparinoides Marsh Bellflower Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedCardamine maxima Large Toothwort Red Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedCardamine parviflora var. arenicola Small-flowered Bittercress Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedCarex adusta Lesser Brown Sedge Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedCarex atratiformis Scabrous Black Sedge Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedCarex capillaris Hairlike Sedge Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedCarex comosa Bearded Sedge Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedCarex digitalis Slender Wood Sedge Red Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedCarex eburnea Bristle-leaved Sedge Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedCarex garberi Garber's Sedge Red Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedCarex haydenii Hayden's Sedge Red Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedCarex hirtifolia Pubescent Sedge Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedCarex houghtoniana Houghton's Sedge Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedCarex hystericina Porcupine Sedge Red Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedCarex laxiflora Loose-Flowered Sedge Red Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedCarex laxiflora var. laxiflora Loose-Flowered Sedge Red Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedCarex livida var. radicaulis Livid Sedge Red Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedCarex longii Long's Sedge Red Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedCarex ormostachya Necklace Spike Sedge Red Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedCarex prairea Prairie Sedge Red Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedCarex saxatilis Russet Sedge Red Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedCarex swanii Swan's Sedge Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedCarex tenera Tender Sedge Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedCarex tuckermanii Tuckerman's Sedge Red Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedCarex wiegandii Wiegand's Sedge Red Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedCaulophyllum thalictroides Blue Cohosh Red Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedCephalanthus occidentalis Common Buttonbush Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedCeratophyllum echinatum Prickly Hornwort Red Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedChenopodium rubrum Red Pigweed Red Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedCinna arundinacea Sweet Wood Reed Grass Red Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedCirriphyllum piliferum Hair-pointed Moss Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedClematis occidentalis Purple Clematis Red Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedClethra alnifolia Sweet Pepperbush Yellow Special Concern Special Concern VulnerableCoeloglossum viride var. virescens Long-bracted Frog Orchid Red Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedCollema nigrescens Blistered Tarpaper Lichen Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedConioselinum chinense Chinese Hemlock-parsley Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedConopholis americana American Cancer-root Red Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedCoreopsis rosea Pink Coreopsis Red Endangered Endangered Endangered

Table C1, Page 1 of 4


Scientific Name Common Name NSDNR Status COSEWIC Status SARA Status NSESA StatusCrassula aquatica Water Pygmyweed Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedCryptogramma stelleri Steller's Rockbrake Red Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedCuscuta cephalanthi Buttonbush Dodder Red Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedCynoglossum virginianum var. boreale Wild Comfrey Red Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedCypripedium parviflorum Yellow Lady's-slipper Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedCypripedium parviflorum var. makasin Yellow Lady's-slipper Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedCypripedium parviflorum var. pubescens Yellow Lady's-slipper Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedCypripedium reginae Showy Lady's-Slipper Red Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedCystopteris laurentiana Laurentian Bladder Fern Red Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedDecodon verticillatus Swamp Loosestrife Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedDesmodium canadense Canada Tick-trefoil Red Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedDesmodium glutinosum Large Tick-Trefoil Red Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedDichanthelium linearifolium Narrow-leaved Panic Grass Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedDichanthelium xanthophysum Slender Panic Grass Red Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedDicranoweisia crispula Mountain Thatch Moss Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedDraba arabisans Rock Whitlow-Grass Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedDraba glabella Rock Whitlow-Grass Red Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedDryopteris fragrans var. remotiuscula Fragrant Wood Fern Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed

Eleocharis flavescens Yellow Spikerush Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedEleocharis ovata Ovate Spikerush Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedEleocharis quinqueflora Few-flowered Spikerush Red Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedEleocharis tuberculosa Tubercled Spike-rush Red Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedElodea nuttallii Nuttall's Waterweed Red Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedElymus hystrix var. bigeloviana Spreading Wild Rye Red Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedEpilobium coloratum Purple-veined Willowherb Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedEpilobium hornemannii Hornemann's Willowherb Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedEpilobium strictum Downy Willowherb Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedEquisetum palustre Marsh Horsetail Red Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedEquisetum pratense Meadow Horsetail Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedErigeron hyssopifolius Hyssop-leaved Fleabane Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedErigeron philadelphicus Philadelphia Fleabane Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedErioderma mollissimum Graceful Felt Lichen Red Endangered No Status Not ListedErioderma pedicellatum (Atlantic pop.) Boreal Felt Lichen - Atlantic pop. Red Endangered Endangered EndangeredEriophorum gracile Slender Cottongrass Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedEupatorium dubium Coastal Plain Joe-pye-weed Red Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedEurhynchium hians Light Beaked Moss Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedFestuca subverticillata Nodding Fescue Red Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedFloerkea proserpinacoides False Mermaidweed Yellow Not at Risk Not Listed Not ListedFraxinus nigra Black Ash Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedFraxinus pennsylvanica Red Ash Red Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedFuscopannaria leucosticta Rimmed Shingles Lichen Red Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedGalium boreale Northern Bedstraw Red Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedGalium labradoricum Labrador Bedstraw Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedGalium obtusum Blunt-leaved Bedstraw Red Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedGentianella amarella ssp. acuta Northern Gentian Red Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedGeocaulon lividum Northern Comandra Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedGeum peckii Eastern Mountain Avens Red Endangered Endangered EndangeredGoodyera pubescens Downy Rattlesnake-Plantain Red Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedGoodyera repens Lesser Rattlesnake-plantain Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedGrimmia anodon Toothless Grimmia Moss Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedHedeoma pulegioides American False Pennyroyal Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedHelianthemum canadense Long-branched Frostweed Red Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedHepatica nobilis Round-lobed Hepatica Red Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedHepatica nobilis var. obtusa Round-lobed Hepatica Red Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedHeterodermia squamulosa Scaly Fringe Lichen Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedHieracium robinsonii Robinson's Hawkweed Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedHudsonia ericoides Pinebarren Golden Heather Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedHudsonia tomentosa Woolly Beach-heath Red Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedHydrocotyle umbellata Water-pennywort Red Threatened Threatened EndangeredHydrothyria venosa Mountain Waterfan Lichen Red Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedHygrohypnum bestii Best's Brook Moss Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedHypericum dissimulatum Disguised St John's-wort Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedHypericum majus Large St John's-wort Red Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedHypnum pratense Meadow Plait Moss Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedImpatiens pallida Pale Jewelweed Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed



Scientific Name Common Name NSDNR Status COSEWIC Status SARA Status NSESA StatusIris prismatica Slender Blue Flag Red Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedIsoetes acadiensis Acadian Quillwort Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedIsoetes prototypus Prototype Quillwort Yellow Special Concern Special Concern VulnerableIva frutescens Big-leaved Marsh-elder Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedIva frutescens ssp. oraria Big-leaved Marsh-elder Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedJuncus acuminatus Sharp-fruited Rush Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedJuncus dudleyi Dudley's Rush Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedJuncus greenei Greene's Rush Red Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedJuncus marginatus Grass-leaved Rush Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedJuncus secundus One-sided Rush Red Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedJuncus subcaudatus Woodland Rush Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedLachnanthes caroliniana Redroot Red Special Concern Special Concern ThreatenedLactuca hirsuta var. sanguinea Hairy Lettuce Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedLaportea canadensis Canada Wood Nettle Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedLeptogium corticola Blistered Jellyskin Lichen Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedLeptogium lichenoides Tattered Jellyskin Lichen Red Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedLeptogium milligranum Stretched Jellyskin Lichen Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedLeptogium subtile Appressed Jellyskin Lichen Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedLilaeopsis chinensis Eastern Lilaeopsis Yellow Special Concern Special Concern VulnerableLilium canadense Canada Lily Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedLimosella australis Southern Mudwort Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedListera australis Southern Twayblade Red Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedLobelia kalmii Brook Lobelia Red Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedLophiola aurea Goldencrest Red Special Concern Threatened ThreatenedMalaxis brachypoda White Adder's-Mouth Red Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedMegalodonta beckii Water Beggarticks Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedMinuartia groenlandica Greenland Stitchwort Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedMontia fontana Water Blinks Red Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedMyriophyllum farwellii Farwell's Water Milfoil Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedMyriophyllum verticillatum Whorled Water Milfoil Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedNajas gracillima Thread-Like Naiad Red Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedNephroma arcticum Arctic Kidney Lichen Red Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedNephroma bellum Naked Kidney Lichen Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedOphioglossum pusillum Northern Adder's-tongue Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedOsmorhiza depauperata Blunt Sweet Cicely Red Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedOsmorhiza longistylis Smooth Sweet Cicely Red Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedOxytropis campestris var. johannensis Field Locoweed Red Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedPanicum rigidulum var. pubescens Redtop Panic Grass Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedPanicum tuckermanii Tuckerman's Panic Grass Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedPannaria lurida Veined Shingle Lichen Red Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedPilea pumila Dwarf Clearweed Red Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedPiptatherum canadense Canada Rice Grass Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedPiptatherum pungens Slender Rice Grass Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedPlagiothecium latebricola Alder Silk Moss Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedPlatanthera flava Tubercled Orchid Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedPlatanthera flava var. flava Tubercled Orchid Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedPlatanthera flava var. herbiola Tubercled Orchid Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedPlatanthera macrophylla Large Round-Leaved Orchid Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedPoa glauca Glaucous Blue Grass Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedPodostemum ceratophyllum Horn-leaved Riverweed Red Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedPolychidium muscicola Eyed Mossthorns Woollybear Lichen Red Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedPolygala sanguinea Blood Milkwort Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedPolygonum arifolium Halberd-leaved Tearthumb Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedPolygonum scandens Climbing False Buckwheat Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedPotamogeton friesii Fries' Pondweed Red Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedPotamogeton obtusifolius Blunt-leaved Pondweed Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedPotamogeton praelongus White-stemmed Pondweed Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedPotamogeton pulcher Spotted Pondweed Red Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedPotamogeton richardsonii Richardson's Pondweed Red Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedPotamogeton zosteriformis Flat-stemmed Pondweed Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedPrenanthes racemosa Glaucous Rattlesnakeroot Red Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedPrimula mistassinica Mistassini Primrose Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedProserpinaca intermedia Intermediate Mermaidweed Red Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedProserpinaca pectinata Comb-leaved Mermaidweed Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedPseudevernia cladonia Ghost Antler Lichen Yellow Not at Risk No Status Not Listed



Scientific Name Common Name NSDNR Status COSEWIC Status SARA Status NSESA StatusPyrola minor Lesser Pyrola Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedRamalina thrausta Angelhair Ramalina Lichen Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedRanunculus sceleratus Cursed Buttercup Red Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedRhamnus alnifolia Alder-leaved Buckthorn Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedRhynchospora macrostachya Tall Beakrush Red Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedRhytidium rugosum Wrinkle-leaved Moss Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedRudbeckia laciniata var. gaspereauensis Cut-Leaved Coneflower Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedRumex persicarioides Peach-leaved Dock Red Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedRumex salicifolius var. mexicanus Triangular-valve Dock Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedSabatia kennedyana Plymouth Gentian Red Threatened Threatened EndangeredSalix pedicellaris Bog Willow Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedSalix sericea Silky Willow Red Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedSamolus valerandi ssp. parviflorus Seaside Brookweed Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedSanicula odorata Clustered Sanicle Red Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedSaxifraga paniculata ssp. neogaea White Mountain Saxifrage Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedSchoenoplectus torreyi Torrey's Bulrush Red Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedScirpus longii Long's Bulrush Yellow Special Concern Special Concern VulnerableScorpidium scorpioides Hooked Scorpion Moss Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedSelaginella rupestris Rock Spikemoss Red Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedSelaginella selaginoides Low Spikemoss Red Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedSenecio pseudoarnica Seabeach Ragwort Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedSilene antirrhina Sleepy Catchfly Red Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedSisyrinchium fuscatum Coastal Plain Blue-eyed-grass Red Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedSolidago hispida Hairy Goldenrod Red Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedSolorina saccata Woodland Owl Lichen Red Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedSphagnum wulfianum Wulf's Peat Moss Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedSpiranthes casei Case's Ladies'-Tresses Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedSpiranthes casei var. casei Case's Ladies'-Tresses Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedSpiranthes casei var. novaescotiae Case's Ladies'-Tresses Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedSpiranthes lucida Shining Ladies'-Tresses Red Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedSpiranthes ochroleuca Yellow Ladies'-tresses Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedStellaria humifusa Saltmarsh Starwort Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedStellaria longifolia Long-leaved Starwort Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedSticta fuliginosa Peppered Moon Lichen Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedSticta limbata Powdered Moon Lichen Red Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedSymphyotrichum boreale Boreal Aster Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedSymphyotrichum ciliolatum Fringed Blue Aster Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedSymphyotrichum undulatum Wavy-leaved Aster Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedTetraplodon angustatus Toothed-leaved Nitrogen Moss Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedTeucrium canadense Canada Germander Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedThuja occidentalis Eastern White Cedar Red Not Listed Not Listed VulnerableTiarella cordifolia Heart-leaved Foamflower Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedTortula mucronifolia Mucronate Screw Moss Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedToxicodendron vernix Poison Sumac Red Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedTriantha glutinosa Sticky False Asphodel Red Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedTrisetum melicoides Purple False Oats Red Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedUtricularia resupinata Inverted Bladderwort Red Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedVaccinium boreale Northern Blueberry Red Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedVaccinium caespitosum Dwarf Bilberry Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedVaccinium uliginosum Alpine Bilberry Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedViola nephrophylla Northern Bog Violet Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedWoodsia alpina Alpine Cliff Fern Red Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedWoodsia glabella Smooth Cliff Fern Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedWoodwardia areolata Netted Chain Fern Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed


Table C2: Plant Species Observed during 2012 Field Surveys, Parker Mountain Wind Energy Project Project # 12-4471

Scientific Name Common Name NSDNR Status COSEWIC Status SARA Status NSESA StatusAbies balsamea Balsam Fir Green Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed

Acer rubrum Red Maple Green Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedAcer spicatum Mountain Maple Green Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed

Achillea millefolium Common Yarrow Green Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedAgrostis perennans Perennial Bentgrass Green Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed

Alnus incana Speckled Alder Green Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedAlnus viridis Green Alder Green Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed

Amelanchier sp. Serviceberry N/A N/A N/A N/AAnaphalis margaritacea Pearly Everlasting Green Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed

Aralia nudicaulis Wild Sarsaparilla Green Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedBetula alleghaniensis Yellow Birch Green Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed

Betula papyrifera Paper Birch Green Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedBetula populifolia Gray Birch Green Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed

Brachyelytrum septentrionale Bearded Short-Husk Green Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedBromus ciliatus Fringed Brome Green Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed

Carex crinita Fringed Sedge Green Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedCarex echinata Little Prickly Sedge Green Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed

Carex flava Yellow Sedge Green Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedCarex folliculata Long Sedge Green Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedCarex gracillima Graceful Sedge Green Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed

Carex intumescens Bladder Sedge Green Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedCarex lurida Shallow Sedge Green Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed

Carex pseudocyperus Cyperus-Like Sedge Green Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedCarex stricta Tussock Sedge Green Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed

Carex trisperma Three-Seed Sedge Green Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedCentaurea nigra Black Starthistle Exotic Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed

Chrysosplenium americanum American Golden-Saxifrage Green Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedCirsium arvense Creeping Thistle Exotic Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed

Cladium mariscoides Twig Rush Green Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedClintonia borealis Clinton Lily Green Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed

Coptis trifolia Goldthread Green Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedCornus canadensis Dwarf Dogwood Green Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedCypripedium acaule Pink Lady's-Slipper Green Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed

Danthonia compressa Flattened Oatgrass Green Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedDanthonia spicata Poverty Oat-Grass Green Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedDaphne mezereum February Daphne Exotic Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed

Daucus carota Wild Carrot Exotic Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedDennstaedtia punctilobula Eastern Hay-Scented Fern Green Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed

Diervilla lonicera Northern Bush-Honeysuckle Green Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedDoellingeria umbellata Parasol White-Top Green Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed

Dryopteris campyloptera Mountain Wood-Fern Green Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedDryopteris cristata Crested Shield-Fern Green Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedEpigaea repens Trailing Arbutus Green Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed

Epipactis helleborine Eastern Helleborine Exotic Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedEquisetum arvense Field Horsetail Green Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedEquisetum hyemale Rough Horsetail Green Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed

Eriocaulon aquaticum Seven-Angled Pipewort Green Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedEupatorium perfoliatum Common Boneset Green Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedEuphrasia nemorosa Common Eyebright Green Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedEuthamia graminifolia Flat-Top Fragrant-Golden-Rod Green Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed

Fagus grandifolia American Beech Green Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedFragaria virginiana Virginia Strawberry Green Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedFraxinus americana White Ash Green Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed

Galium palustre Marsh Bedstraw Green Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedGalium tinctorium Stiff Marsh Bedstraw Green Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed

Gaultheria hispidula Creeping Snowberry Green Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedGaultheria procumbens Teaberry Green Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed

Glyceria canadensis Canada Manna-Grass Green Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedGlyceria striata Fowl Manna-Grass Green Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed

Gymnocarpium dryopteris Northern Oak Fern Green Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedHamamelis virginiana American Witch-Hazel Green Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedHieracium scabrum Rough Hawkweed Green Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed

Hydrocotyle americana American Water-Pennywort Green Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedHypericum boreale Northern St. John's-Wort Green Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed

Hypericum perforatum A St. John's-Wort Exotic Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed



Scientific Name Common Name NSDNR Status COSEWIC Status SARA Status NSESA StatusIlex verticillata Black Holly Green Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed

Impatiens capensis Spotted Jewel-Weed Green Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedJuncus canadensis Canada Rush Green Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed

Juncus effusus Soft Rush Green Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedJuncus pelocarpus Brown-Fruited Rush Green Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed

Juniperus communis Ground Juniper Green Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedLarix laricina American Larch Green Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed

Leontodon autumnalis Autumn Hawkbit Exotic Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedLeucanthemum vulgare Oxeye Daisy Exotic Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed

Lobelia inflata Indian-Tobacco Green Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedLonicera canadensis American Fly-Honeysuckle Green Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedLupinus polyphyllus Large-Leaved Lupine Exotic Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed

Lycopodium annotinum Stiff Clubmoss Green Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedLycopus uniflorus Northern Bugleweed Green Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed

Lysimachia terrestris Swamp Loosestrife Green Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedMaianthemum canadense Wild Lily-of-The-Valley Green Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed

Malus pumila Domestic Apple Exotic Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedMedeola virginiana Indian Cucumber-Root Green Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed

Mimulus ringens Square-Stem Monkeyflower Green Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedMitchella repens Partridge-Berry Green Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed

Myrica pensylvanica Northern Bayberry Green Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedOclemena acuminata Whorled Aster Green Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed

Oenothera biennis Common Evening-Primrose Green Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedOnoclea sensibilis Sensitive Fern Green Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed

Osmunda cinnamomea Cinnamon Fern Green Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedOsmunda claytoniana Interrupted Fern Green Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed

Osmunda regalis Royal Fern Green Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedOxalis montana White Wood-Sorrel Green Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed

Phalaris arundinacea Reed Canary Grass Green Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedPhegopteris connectilis Northern Beech Fern Green Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed

Phleum pratense Meadow Timothy Exotic Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedPicea glauca White Spruce Green Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedPicea rubens Red Spruce Green Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedPinus strobus Eastern White Pine Green Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed

Plantago major Nipple-Seed Plantain Exotic Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedPlatanthera psycodes Small Purple-Fringe Orchis Green Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed

Poa pratensis Kentucky Bluegrass Green Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedPolygonum persicaria Lady's Thumb Exotic Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedPolygonum sagittatum Arrow-Leaved Tearthumb Green Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed

Polystichum acrostichoides Christmas Fern Green Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedPotentilla simplex Old-Field Cinquefoil Green Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed

Prenanthes trifoliolata Three-Leaved Rattlesnake-root Green Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedPrunella vulgaris Self-Heal Green Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed

Prunus pensylvanica Fire Cherry Green Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedPteridium aquilinum Bracken Fern Green Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedRanunculus repens Creeping Butter-Cup Exotic Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedRhamnus frangula Glossy Buckthorn Green Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed

Rubus allegheniensis Allegheny Blackberry Green Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedRubus hispidus Bristly Dewberry Green Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedRubus idaeus Red Raspberry Green Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed

Rubus pubescens Dwarf Red Raspberry Green Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedRudbeckia hirta Black-Eyed Susan Exotic Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedSalix discolor Pussy Willow Green Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed

Salix sp. Willow N/A N/A N/A N/AScirpus cyperinus Cottongrass Bulrush Green Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed

Scirpus microcarpus Small-Fruit Bulrush Green Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedScutellaria lateriflora Mad Dog Skullcap Green Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed

Sisyrinchium montanum Strict Blue-Eyed-Grass Green Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedSolanum dulcamara Climbing Nightshade Exotic Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedSolidago canadensis Canada Goldenrod Green Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedSolidago flexicaulis Broad-Leaved Goldenrod Green Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed

Solidago rugosa Rough-Leaf Goldenrod Green Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedSparganium americanum American Bur-Reed Green Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed

Spiraea alba Narrow-Leaved Meadow-Sweet Green Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedSymphyotrichum lateriflorum Farewell-Summer Green Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed



Scientific Name Common Name NSDNR Status COSEWIC Status SARA Status NSESA StatusThelypteris noveboracensis New York Fern Green Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed

Trientalis borealis Northern Starflower Green Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedTrifolium aureum Yellow Clover Exotic Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedTrifolium pratense Red Clover Exotic Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedTrillium undulatum Painted Trillium Green Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedTsuga canadensis Eastern Hemlock Green Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedTussilago farfara Colt's Foot Exotic Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed

Typha latifolia Broad-Leaf Cattail Green Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedVeronica officinalis Gypsy-Weed Exotic Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedViburnum nudum Possum-Haw Viburnum Green Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed

Vicia cracca Tufted Vetch Exotic Not Listed Not Listed Not ListedViola sp. Violet N/A N/A N/A N/A


APPENDIX D BIRD SURVEY METHODOLOGY AND RESULTS

BIRD MONITORING PROTOCOL PRE-CONSTRUCTION SURVEYS

Pre-construction (baseline) avian field surveys were completed to complement desktop information and to characterize the pre-construction (baseline) bird community at the Project site throughout the year. These surveys were carried out by an expert birder and were designed with the purpose of collecting data on species presence, abundance, and habitat usage at the Project site during the months coinciding with fall migration and the winter season. All field surveys were designed to conform to protocols outlined in the document “Recommended Protocols for Monitoring Impacts of Wind Turbines on Birds” (CWS 2007). Surveys were completed in September and October 2012, and January 2013. The following information was recorded at each survey location:

Weather conditions (temperature, wind speed, cloud cover, and presence of precipitation); Date and time of day; Habitat description; and GPS coordinates of the point location.

All surveys involved point count methodology which included the following elements:

• surveys were four hours in duration, commencing as close to sunrise as possible; • species presence and abundance were recorded based on visual and acoustic observations; • approximate distance to each bird was recorded using a scale of 0-50 m, 50-100 m and

further than 100 m; • behavioural patterns were noted to determine whether birds flying over the site would be

within the future blade-swept area of a turbine; and • point counts were separated by a minimum distance of 300 m, to account for all present

habitat types throughout the Project site.

REFERENCES CWS (Canadian Wildlife Service). 2007. Recommended Protocols for Monitoring Impacts of Wind Turbines on Birds. 33 pp.

Table D1: Detailed Fall Bird Survey Results, Parker Mountain Wind Energy Project

Wind Speed and Direction

Temperature °C Sky Precipitation

Sep. 4/2012 PM01303336E

4961885N

Late successional

beech 15 km/h 14

Cloudy with some

fog None 7:10 AM Blue Jay 2 0-50Blue Jay 1 50-100Blue Jay 1 100+

Common Raven 1 100+Ovenbird 1 100+

Red-eyed Vireo 1 50-100

PM023030313E 4961933N

Young deciduous 15 km/h 14

Cloudy with some

fog None 7:33 AM Black-capped Chickadee 2 50-100Black-throated Green Warbler 2 0-50

Magnolia Warbler 1 0-50Northern Parula 1 0-50

PM03302923E

4962222NRoad next to

tower 15 km/h 14

Cloudy with some

fog None 7:52 AM Black-capped Chickadee 2 0-50Black-throated Green Warbler 2 0-50

Dark-eyed Junco 3 0-50Magnolia Warbler 3 0-50Mourning Dove 1 0-50Northern Flicker 1 100+

Red-breasted Nuthatch 1 50-100Song Sparrow 1 0-50

Wilson's Warbler 1 0-50Yellow-rumped Warbler 1 0-50

PM04302776E

4962509N Deciduous 15 km/h 14

Cloudy with some

fog None 8:16 AM American Goldfinch 1 50-100Black-and-white Warbler 1 50-100

Black-throated Blue Warbler 2 50-100Black-throated Green Warbler 2 50-100

Hairy Woodpecker 1 50-100Magnolia Warbler 1 0-50Magnolia Warbler 1 50-100Nashville Warbler 1 50-100Northern Flicker 1 50-100

Ovenbird 1 0-50Ovenbird 2 50-100

Purple Finch 1 50-100Red-eyed Vireo 1 50-100Song Sparrow 1 50-100

PM05302661E

4962790NRegen/young

deciduous15 with gusts to

20 km/hr 15 Clearing None 8:36 AM American Goldfinch 1 100+American Goldfinch 3 50-100

Black-capped Chickadee 4 50-100Blue Jay 2 0-50

Chestnut-sided Warbler 1 50-100Common Yellowthroat 1 50-100

Magnolia Warbler 3 50-100Red-eyed Vireo 2 50-100

Wilson's Warbler 1 50-100

PM06302547E

4963079NRegen/young

deciduous 15 km/h 16 Clearing None 8:59 AM Black-throated Blue Warbler 1 0-50Blue Jay 1 0-50Blue Jay 2 100+

Cedar Waxwing 5 F/O SouthPurple Finch 1 0-50

Sharp-shinned Hawk 1 0-50

Project # 12-4471

Common NameNumber

ObservedDistance to

Observer (m)Date LocationCoordinates

(UTM NAD83) Habitat

Conditions

Time

Table D1, Page 1 of 3




Project # 12-4471

Common NameNumber

ObservedDistance to


(UTM NAD83) Habitat

Conditions

Time

PM07302265E

4963185N Brook 15 km/h 16 Sunny None 9:20 AM American Goldfinch 2 F/O SouthBlack-throated Green Warbler 1 50-100

Blue Jay 1 F/O EastEastern Wood-pewee 1 50-100

Magnolia Warbler 1 50-100

PM08302682E

4963359NLate

Successional 15 km/h 16 Sunny None 9:50 AM No birds observed - -

PM09304094E

4960005N Old Pasture 15 km/h 17 Sunny None 10:43 AM Black-capped Chickadee 2 50-100Black-throated Green Warbler 1 0-50

Blue Jay 1 100+White-breasted Nuthatch 1 00-50

PM10303796E

4960131N Old Orchard 15 km/h 17 Sunny None 11:04 AM Black-capped Chickadee 2 0-50Black-throated Green Warbler 1 0-50

Blue Jay 1 50-100Common Raven 1 0-50

Magnolia Warbler 1 0-50Ruffed Grouse 1 50-100

Yellow-rumped Warbler 1 0-50

Oct. 4/2012 PM03302923E


tower Calm 9Partical Cloud None 7:25 AM American Robin 4 50-100

Black-capped Chickadee 3 0-50Black-throated Green Warbler 1 0-50

Chipping Sparrow 2 0-50Dark-eyed Junco 3 0-50

Golden-crowned Kinglet 3 0-50Hairy Woodpecker 1 50-100

Pine Siskin 8 0-50Red-breasted Nuthatch 1 0-50Ruby-crowned Kinglet 1 50-100

Yellow-rumped Warbler 2 0-50

PM023030313E 4961933N

Young deciduous Calm 9

Partical Cloud None

7:45 AMAmerican Goldfinch 2 100+

American Crow 1 100+Black-capped Chickadee 2 0-50

Northern Flicker 1 100+Ruby-crowned Kinglet 1 0-50

Yellow-rumped Warbler 2 0-50Yellow-rumped Warbler 3 50-100

PM01303336E

4961885N

Late successional

beech Calm 10Partical Cloud None 8:14 AM Purple Finch 1 100+

Black-capped Chickadee 2 0-50Blue Jay 2 50-100

Hermit Thrush 3 100+Red-breasted Nuthatch 1 50-100White-throated Sparrow 1 50-100Yellow-rumped Warbler 1 50-100

PM04302776E

4962509N Deciduous Calm 10 Overcast None 9:14 AM American Crow 3 100+American Robin 2 100+

Black-capped Chickadee 3 0-50Black-throated Green Warbler 2 0--50

Blue Jay 2 100+Blue-headed Vireo 1 0-50Chipping Sparrow 1 100+Common Raven 1 100+Dark-eyed Junco 2 0-50

Golden-crowned Kinglet 3 0-50Magnolia Warbler 1 50-100





Project # 12-4471

Common NameNumber

ObservedDistance to


(UTM NAD83) Habitat

Conditions

TimePurple Finch 3 50-100Purple Finch 1 100+

Ruby-crowned Kinglet 2 0-50Song Sparrow 1 0-50

Swainson's Thrush 1 100+Swamp Sparrow 1 0-50


PM05302661E

4962790NRegen/young

deciduous Calm 10 Overcast None 9:39 AM American Crow 1 100+American Goldfinch 2 100+American Goldfinch 2 50-100

American Robin 1 50-100Barred Owl 1 100+

Black-capped Chickadee 5 50-100Blackpoll Warbler 1 100+

Blue Jay 2 100+Brown Creeper 1 50-100

Dark-eyed Junco 1 100+Purple Finch 1 100+

Ruby-crowned Kinglet 1 50-100Swamp Sparrow 1 50-100

Yellow-rumped Warbler 1 100+Yellow-rumped Warbler 1 50-100

PM06302547E

4963079NRegen/young

deciduous Calm 12 Overcast None 9:57 AM Black-throated Green Warbler 2 50-100Blue Jay 1 50-100Blue Jay 1 100+

Common Raven 1 100+Dark-eyed Junco 2 0-50Dark-eyed Junco 1 50-100

Golden-crowned Kinglet 1 0--50Golden-crowned Kinglet 1 50-100Pileated Woodpecker 1 100+


PM07302265E

4963185N Brook Calm 16 Overcast None 10:19 AM American Robin 1 100+Black-capped Chickadee 13 0-50

Common Raven 1 100+Evening Grosbeak 3 50-100

Purple Finch 1 50-100Red-tailed Hawk 1 50-100

Ruby-crowned Kinglet 1 50-100

PM110303998E 4960108N Apple Orchard Calm 19

Partly Cloudy None 11:15 AM American Crow 2 100+

American Goldfinch 2 50-100Black-capped Chickadee 1 100+Black-capped Chickadee 3 0-50

Black-throated Green Warbler 1 0-50Blue Jay 1 100+

Cedar Waxwing 1 50-100Golden-crowned Kinglet 3 0-50

Northern Cardinal 2 100+Palm Warbler 1 0-50

Pine Siskin 2 50-100Purple Finch 2 100+Purple Finch 1 50-100

Ruby-crowned Kinglet 2 0-50Song Sparrow 2 100+

White-breasted Nuthatch 1 0-50Yellow-rumped Warbler 2 50-100Yellow-rumped Warbler 1 0-50


Project # 12-4471

Common Name Scientific Name NSDNR Status

COSEWIC Status

SARA Status

NSESA Status

Number of Times

Observed

Number of Individuals Observed

American Crow Corvus brachyrhynchos Green Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed 4 7American Goldfinch Spinus tristis Green Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed 8 15

American Robin Turdus migratorius Green Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed 4 8Barred Owl Strix varia Green Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed 1 1

Black-and-white Warbler Mniotilta varia Green Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed 1 1Black-capped Chickadee Poecile atricapillus Green Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed 13 44

Blackpoll Warbler Dendroica striata Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed 1 1Black-throated Blue Warbler Dendroica caerulescens Green Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed 2 3

Black-throated Green Warbler Dendroica virens Green Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed 10 15Blue Jay Cyanocitta cristata Green Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed 15 21

Blue-headed Vireo Vireo solitarius Green Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed 1 1Brown Creeper Certhia americana Green Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed 1 1Cedar Waxwing Bombycilla cedrorum Green Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed 2 6

Chestnut-sided Warbler Dendroica pensylvanica Green Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed 1 1Chipping Sparrow Spizella passerina Green Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed 2 3Common Raven Corvus corax Green Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed 5 5

Common Yellowthroat Geothlypis trichas Green Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed 1 1Dark-eyed Junco Junco hyemalis Green Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed 6 12

Eastern Wood-pewee Contopus virens Yellow Special Concern Not Listed Not Listed 1 1Evening Grosbeak Coccothraustes vespertinus Green Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed 1 3

Golden-crowned Kinglet Regulus satrapa Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed 5 11Hairy Woodpecker Picoides villosus Green Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed 2 2

Hermit Thrush Catharus guttatus Green Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed 1 3Magnolia Warbler Dendroica magnolia Green Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed 8 12

Mourning Dove Zenaida macroura Green Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed 1 1Nashville Warbler Vermivora ruficapilla Green Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed 1 1Northern Cardinal Cardinalis cardinalis Green Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed 1 2Northern Flicker Colaptes auratus Green Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed 3 3Northern Parula Parula americana Green Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed 1 1

Ovenbird Seiurus aurocapilla Green Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed 3 4Palm Warbler Dendroica palmarum Green Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed 1 1

Pileated Woodpecker Dryocopus pileatus Green Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed 1 1Pine Siskin Spinus pinus Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed 2 10

Purple Finch Carpodacus purpureus Green Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed 9 12Red-breasted Nuthatch Sitta canadensis Green Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed 3 3

Red-eyed Vireo Vireo olivaceus Green Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed 3 4Red-tailed Hawk Buteo jamaicensis Green Not at Risk Not Listed Not Listed 1 1

Ruby-crowned Kinglet Regulus calendula Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed 6 8Ruffed Grouse Bonasa umbellus Green Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed 1 1

Sharp-shinned Hawk Accipiter striatus Green Not at Risk Not Listed Not Listed 1 1Song Sparrow Melospiza melodia Green Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed 4 5

Swainson's Thrush Catharus ustulatus Green Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed 1 1Swamp Sparrow Melospiza georgiana Green Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed 2 2

White-breasted Nuthatch Sitta carolinensis Green Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed 2 2White-throated Sparrow Zonotrichia albicollis Green Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed 1 1

Wilson's Warbler Wilsonia pusilla Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed 2 2Yellow-rumped Warbler Dendroica coronata Green Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed 14 24

Table D2: Fall Bird Survey Results Summary, Parker Mountain Wind Energy Project

Table D3: Detailed Winter Bird Survey Results, Parker Mountain Energy Project



Jan. 16/2013 PM07302265E

4963185N Brook 5 km/h E -5 Cloudy None 7:54 AM Bohemian Waxwing 1 0-50Common Redpoll 1 100+

Hairy Woodpecker 1 0-50

PM08302682E

4963359NLate

Successional 5 km/h E -5 Cloudy None 8:13 AM Hairy Woodpecker 1 0-50

PM06302547E

4963079NRegen/young

deciduous 5 km/h E -5 Cloudy None 8:30 AM American Crow 1 0-50Common Redpoll 4 0-50

Downy Woodpecker 1 0-50

PM05302661E

4962790NRegen/young

deciduous 5 km/h E -5 Cloudy None 8:44 AM Common Redpoll 6 0-50Ruffed Grouse 1 0-50

PM04302776E

4962509N Deciduous 5 km/h E -5 Cloudy None 8:59 AM Black-capped Chickadee 3 0-50Golden-crowned Kinglet 1 0-50

Pileated Woodpecker 1 100+

PM03302923E


tower 5 km/h E -5 Cloudy None 9:14 AM Common Redpoll 4 0-50

PM023030313E 4961933N

Young deciduous 5 km/h E -5 Cloudy None 9:33 AM Common Raven 1 100+

PM01303336E

4961885N

Late successional

beech 5 km/h E -5 Cloudy None 9:56 AM Common Raven 2 100+Hairy Woodpecker 1 0-50

Pileated Woodpecker 1 100+

PM09304094E

4960005N Old Pasture 5 km/h E -3 Cloudy None 11:01 AM American Crow 3 100+American Goldfinch 2 50-100

Black-capped Chickadee 2 100+Common Redpoll 3 0-50

Rock Pigeon 2 50-100

PM110303998E 4960108N Apple Orchard 5 km/h E -3 Cloudy Light flurries 11:13 AM American Goldfinch 1 100+

Common Redpoll 2 0-50

PM10303796E

4960131N Old Orchard 5 km/h E -3 Cloudy Flurries 11:27 AM American Crow 1 100+Black-capped Chickadee 1 50-100

Common Redpoll 6 0-50

Project # 12-4471

Common NameNumber

ObservedDistance to


(UTM NAD83) Habitat

Conditions

Time

Project # 12-4471

Common Name Scientific Name NSDNR Status

COSEWIC Status

SARA Status

NSESA Status

Number of Times

Observed

Number of Individuals Observed

American Crow Corvus brachyrhynchos Green Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed 3 5American Goldfinch Spinus tristis Green Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed 2 3

Black-capped Chickadee Poecile atricapillus Green Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed 3 6Bohemian Waxwing Bombycilla garrulus Green Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed 1 1

Common Raven Corvus corax Green Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed 2 3Common Redpoll Acanthis flammea Green Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed 7 26

Downy Woodpecker Picoides pubescens Green Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed 1 1Golden-crowned Kinglet Regulus satrapa Yellow Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed 1 1

Hairy Woodpecker Picoides villosus Green Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed 3 3Pileated Woodpecker Dryocopus pileatus Green Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed 2 2

Rock Pigeon Columba livia Exotic Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed 1 2Ruffed Grouse Bonasa umbellus Green Not Listed Not Listed Not Listed 1 1

Table D4: Winter Bird Survey Results Summary, Parker Mountain Wind Energy

APPENDIX E ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCE IMPACT ASSESSMENT

DAVIS MACINTYRE & ASSOCIATES LIMITED 109 John Stewart Drive, Dartmouth, NS B2W 4J7

PARKER&MOUTNAIN&WIND&TURBINE:&ARCHAEOLOGICAL&RESOURCE&IMPACT&ASSESSMENT&

&Heritage&Research&Permit&A2012NS132&

September&2012&

PARKER&MOUNTAIN&WIND&TURBINE:&ARCHAEOLOGICAL&RESOURCE&IMPACT&ASSESSMENT&

&Heritage&Research&Permit&A2012NS132&

Category&C&&&&

Davis&MacIntyre&&&Associates&Limited&Project&No.:&12L059.1&

&Report&Compiled&by:&Laura&de&Boer&

&&

Submitted&to:&&&

Strum&Environmental&&1355&Bedford&Highway&&Bedford,&NS&&B4A&1C5&

&LandL&&

Coordinator,&Special&Places&Communities,&Culture&and&Heritage&

1747&Summer&Street&Halifax,&NS&&B3H&3A6&

&&

Cover:&A&short&stone&wall&located&north&of&the&study&area,&looking&east.

Davis MacIntyre & Associates Limited Parker Mountain Wind Turbine

i

TABLE&OF&CONTENTS&

1.0& INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................................................1&2.0& STUDY&AREA .................................................................................................................................1&3.0& METHODOLOGY ...........................................................................................................................4&3.1& MARITIME&ARCHAEOLOGICAL&RESOURCE&INVENTORY .......................................................................... 4&3.2& HISTORICAL&BACKGROUND.......................................................................................................................... 5&3.2.1& The(Precontact(Period.........................................................................................................................5&3.2.2& European(Settlement ...........................................................................................................................7&

3.3& FIELD&RECONNAISSANCE.............................................................................................................................. 9&4.0& RESULTS&AND&DISCUSSION ................................................................................................... 10&5.0& RECOMMENDATIONS&AND&CONCLUSIONS ....................................................................... 11&6.0& REFERENCES&CITED ................................................................................................................. 11&PLATES ................................................................................................................................................... 12&&


ii

LIST&OF&FIGURES&&

Figure&2.0L1:&A&map&showing&the&study&area. ................................................................................ 3&

Figure&2.0L2:&Natural&Theme&Regions&of&Nova&Scotia,&showing&region&720&

(highlighted)&–Basalt&Ridge. ........................................................................................................ 4&

Figure&3.2L1:&Map&of&the&Mi’kmaq&districts..................................................................................... 6&

Figure&3.2L2:&Detail&of&a&1757&map&showing&Annapolis&Royal&(marked&“Town”)&and&

the&surrounding&Acadian&villages.&The&nearest&to&the&study&area&is&that&of&

Mathew&Doucette,&shown&in&red.&The&study&area&would&have&been&located&off&

the&edge&of&this&map&to&the&north&or&top. ............................................................................... 8&

Figure&3.2L3:&Ambrose&Church’s&1876&map&of&Annapolis&County,&showing&the&study&

area&overlaid&in&blue. ...................................................................................................................... 8&

Figure&3.2L4:&A&1930&Geological&Survey&of&Canada&map,&showing&the&study&area&

overlaid&in&blue. ................................................................................................................................ 9&

&

&&

LIST&OF&PLATES&&Plate&1:&Archaeologist&Stephen&Davis&stands&at&the&western&end&of&the&small&stone&

wall.&Looking&north. ..................................................................................................................... 13&

Plate&2:&The&small&stone&wall,&looking&east. ................................................................................. 13&

Plate&3:&The&data&collector&and&its&cleared&surroundings&under&heavy&fog.&Looking&

northwest. ........................................................................................................................................ 14&

Plate&4:The&proposed&turbine&site&marked&with&flagging&tape&and&spray&paint,&

showing&soils&exposed&by&data&collector&installation.&Looking&northeast,&data&

collector&positioned&behind&the&photographer. ............................................................... 14&

Plate&5:&An&ATV&road&running&from&the&cleared&area&towards&the&eastern&end&of&the&

study&area.&Looking&southeast................................................................................................. 15&

&

&


iii

EXECUTIVE&SUMMARY&&In#August#2012,#Davis#MacIntyre#&#Associates#Ltd.#was#contracted#by#Strum#Environmental#to#conduct#an#archaeological#resource#impact#assessment#of#the#proposed#Parker#Mountain#Wind#Turbine.##Both#a#desktop#study#and#a#field#reconnaissance#have#indicated#that#very#little#activity#has#occurred#in#the#vicinity#of#the#study#area.#A#short#section#of#historic#stone#wall#was#identified#along#a#woods#road#just#north#of#the#proposed#access#road,#but#it#does#not#appear#to#be#endangered#by#current#development#plans.#&Current#development#plans#indicate#that#no#significant#archaeological#material#will#be#disturbed#during#construction#of#the#wind#farm.#As#such,#no#recommendations#regarding#active#mitigation#have#been#made.##Should#development#plans#change,#it#is#recommended#that#an#archaeologist#be#contracted#to#review#the#changes.##


1

1.0 INTRODUCTION&&In#August#2012,#Davis#MacIntyre#&#Associates#Ltd.#was#contracted#by#Strum#Environmental#to#conduct#an#archaeological#resource#impact#assessment#of#the#proposed#Parker#Mountain#Wind#Turbine#between#Granville#Ferry#and#Parker’s#Cove,#Annapolis#County.#The#purpose#of#the#archaeological#assessment#is#to#determine#the#potential#for#archaeological#resources#within#the#study#area#and#to#provide#recommendations#for#mitigation,#if#necessary.##The#assessment#was#conducted#under#Heritage#Research#Permit#A2012NS__.#This#report#conforms#to#the#standards#required#by#the#Department#of#Communities,#Culture#and#Heritage#as#specified#under#the#guidelines#of#the#Special#Places#Protection#Act#(R.S.,%c.%438,%s.%1.).%&&&

2.0 STUDY&AREA&&The#proposed#project#is#a#singleTturbine#wind#project#on#Parker#Mountain,#part#of#the#North#Mountain#range#above#the#Annapolis#Valley.#The#turbine#is#located#east#of#Parker#Mountain#Road,#accessed#via#an#existing#gravel#road#(Figure#2.0T1).##The#study#area#is#located#in#the#Basalt#Ridge#region#(Natural#Theme#Region##720),#which#extends#from#Cape#Split#along#the#southern#shore#of#the#Bay#of#Fundy#to#Gulliver’s#Cove#(Figure#2.0T2).#This#region#is#a#ridge#of#basalt#formed#from#several#lava#flows,#rising#above#the#current#sea#level#by#up#to#225m.#The#ridge#slopes#steeply#on#its#southern#side#leading#up#from#the#Annapolis#Valley,#possibly#representing#a#fault#line,#before#dropping#more#gently#into#the#Bay#of#Fundy#on#the#north#side.#The#shoreline#is#smooth#and#rocky,#with#little#sediment.#Erosion#is#gradually#narrowing#the#basalt#ridge#from#the#Bay#of#Fundy#side,#through#the#formation#of#waveTcut#platforms#helps#to#slow#this#process.###Soils#in#this#region#tend#to#be#shallow#where#they#have#developed#from#the#basalt#lying#below.#Much#of#this#type#of#soil#is#Rossway,#which#is#a#wellTdrained#silt#loam.#On#the#plateau#at#the#crest#of#the#central#ridge#there#is#also#a#fine#sandy#loam#known#as#Glenmont,#which#incorporates#both#basalt#and#the#redder#Wolfville#Till.#Between#Mount#Hanley#and#Arlington#West#is#a#large#area#of#Middleton#soil,#a#moderately#wellTdrained#sandy#clay#loam.#This#same#area#also#features#patches#of#Kingsport#and#Nictaux#soils,#formed#from#waterTdeposited#sands#and#gravels.#The#unusually#high#action#of#earthworms#has#caused#their#surface#“mull”#to#be#incorporated#into#the#mineralTbased#soil#throughout#the#region.###


2

The#higher#elevations#of#this#region,#less#prone#to#the#cold#air#travelling#off#the#Bay#of#Fundy,#feature#forests#of#shadeTtolerant#hardwoods.#Red#and#White#Spruce#are#found#here,#the#latter#often#growing#over#abandoned#fields.#The#higher#elevations#set#farther#back#from#the#coast#also#host#Sugar#Maple,#Yellow#Birch,#and#American#Beech,#while#the#lower#elevations#are#home#to#a#more#typical#mix#of#spruce,#fir,#pine,#maple,#and#birch.1####

&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&1 Davis and Browne 1996:176-178.

!


3

!Figure'2.0+1:'A'map'showing'the'study'area.

!


4

!

!

Figure!2.0+2:!Natural!Theme!Regions!of!Nova!Scotia,!showing!region!720!(highlighted)!

–Basalt!Ridge.!

!!

3.0 METHODOLOGY-!A"historic"background"study"was"conducted"by"Davis"MacIntyre"&"Associates"Limited"in"September"2012.""Historical"maps"and"manuscripts"and"published"literature"were"consulted"at"Nova"Scotia"Archives"in"Halifax."The"Maritime"Archaeological"Resource"Inventory,"held"at"the"Department"of"Communities,"Culture"and"Heritage,"was"searched"to"understand"prior"archaeological"research"and"known"archaeological"resources"neighboring"the"study"area."A"field"reconnaissance"of"the"proposed"impact"areas"was"conducted."!!3.1 Maritime-Archaeological-Resource-Inventory-!The"Maritime"Archaeological"Resource"Inventory,"managed"by"the"Nova"Scotia"Heritage"Division,"was"consulted"in"September"2012"to"determine"if"known"archaeological"resources"exist"within"or"near"the"study"area."The"following"sites"are"found"within"a"15km"radius"of"the"study"area."It"is"noteworthy"that"none"of"these"sites"exist"on"top"of"the"north"mountain"range;"all"are"located"either"on"the"Annapolis"Valley"floor"or"on"the"Bay"of"Fundy"shore"at"the"base"of"the"mountain."

D a v i s M a c I n t y r e & A s s o c i a t e s L i m i t e d H a m p t o n M o u n t a i n W i n d F a r m

3

Soils in this region tend to be shallow where they have developed from the basalt lying

below. Much of this type of soil is Rossway, which is a well-drained silt loam. On the

plateau at the crest of the central ridge there is also a fine sandy loam known as

Glenmont, which incorporates both basalt and the redder Wolfville Till. Between Mount

Hanley and Arlington West is a large area of Middleton soil, a moderately well-drained

sandy clay loam. This same area also features patches of Kingsport and Nictaux soils,

formed from water-deposited sands and gravels. The unusually high action of

earthworms has caused their surface “mull” to be incorporated into the mineral-based

soil throughout the region.

The higher elevations of this region, less prone to the cold air travelling off the Bay of

Fundy, feature forests of shade-tolerant hardwoods. Red and White Spruce are found

here, the latter often growing over abandoned fields. The higher elevations set farther

back from the coast also host Sugar Maple, Yellow Birch, and American Beech, while

the lower elevations are home to a more typical mix of spruce, fir, pine, maple, and

birch.

Figure 2.0-2: Natural Theme Regions of Nova Scotia, showing region #710 (highlighted) - Basalt Headland.

!


5

!The"Acadian"settlements"of"Dugas"Village"(BeDjQ03),"Melanson"Village"(BeDjQ04),"and"Village"Bourg"(BeDjQ26"and"BeDjQ27)"are"wellQknown"through"both"historical"documentation"and"archaeological"investigations."An"eroded"Acadian"dyke"can"be"found"at"the"edge"of"the"Queen"Anne"Marsh"near"Granville"Beach"(BeDjQ24)."An"AcadianQperiod"house,"the"deGannesQCrosby"house,"is"situated"within"the"town"limits"of"Annapolis"Royal"(BeDjQ25).""A"historic"settlement"site"is"known"on"the"Dunromin"Campground"property,"where"two"cellar"features"are"visible"on"the"surface"(BeDjQ01)."The"remains"of"a"rectangular"structure"located"near"the"present"reconstruction"of"the"Habitation"at"Port"Royal"is"also"known"(BeDjQ02)."More"structural"sites"are"known"near"Granville"Beach,"in"the"form"of"probable"early"eighteenth"century"cellar"depressions"(BeDjQ05,"BeDjQ06,"BeDjQ07,"BeDjQ11,"BeDjQ12,"BeDjQ28,"BeDjQ29,"BeDjQ30).""The"site"of"the"Habitation"reconstruction"at"Port"Royal"is"also"the"source"of"a"collection"of"First"Nations"artifacts"thought"to"originate"in"the"Ceramic"(Kejikawek(L’nu’k)"period"(BeDjQ10)."""The"ruins"of"a"large"Planter"home"are"also"known"at"Granville"Beach"(BeDjQ08)."An"unidentified"circular"feature"and"the"remains"of"an"old"garden"have"also"been"identified"in"this"community"(BeDjQ09)."A"nineteenthQcentury"house"foundation"is"also"known"here"(BeDjQ13).""A"nineteenth"century"pottery"manufacturing"site"is"known"in"the"community"of"Granville"Beach"(BeDjQ14).""Finally,"a"series"of"sites"representing"a"significant"Black"Loyalist"settlement"is"known"at"Delaps"Cove"(BeDjQ16"through"BeDjQ23)."!!3.2- Historical-Background-!3.2.1- The-Precontact-Period-!

The"history"of"human"occupation"in"Nova"Scotia"has"been"traced"back"approximately"11,000"years"ago,"to"the"PalaeoQIndian"period"or(Sa’qewe’k(L’nu’k"(11,000"–"9,000"years"BP).""The"only"significant"archaeological"evidence"of"PalaeoQIndian"settlement"in"the"province"exists"at"Debert/Belmont"in"Colchester"County."""The"Saqiwe’k(Lnu’k"period"was"followed"by"the"Mu(Awsami(Kejikawe’k(L’nu’k"(Archaic"period)"(9,000"–"2,500"years"BP)"which"included"several"traditions"of"subsistence"

!


6

strategy.""The"Maritime"Archaic"people"exploited"mainly"marine"resources"while"the"Shield"Archaic"concentrated"on"interior"resources"such"as"caribou"and"salmon.""The"Laurentian"Archaic"is"generally"considered"to"be"a"more"diverse"hunting"and"gathering"population."""The"Archaic"period"was"succeeded"by"the"Woodland/Ceramic"period"or"Kejikawek(L’nu’k"(2,500"–"500"years"BP).""Much"of"the"Archaic"way"of"subsistence"remained"although"it"was"during"this"period"that"the"first"exploitation"of"marine"molluscs"is"seen"in"the"archaeological"record.""It"was"also"during"this"time"that"ceramic"technology"was"first"introduced."""The"Woodland"period"ended"with"the"arrival"of"Europeans"and"the"beginning"of"recorded"history.""The"initial"phase"of"contact"between"First"Nations"people"and"Europeans,"known"as"the"Protohistoric"period,"was"met"with"various"alliances"particularly"between"the"Mi’kmaq"and"French."""The"Mi’kmaq"inhabited"the"territory"known"as"Mi’kma’ki"or"Megumaage,"which"included"all"of"Nova"Scotia"including"Cape"Breton,"Prince"Edward"Island,"New"Brunswick"(north"of"the"Saint"John"River),"the"Gaspé"region"of"Quebec,"part"of"Maine"and"southwestern"Newfoundland"(Figure"3.2Q1).""""

"

Figure!3.2+1:!Map!of!the!Mi’kmaq!districts.2!

"

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!2 Confederacy of Mainland Mi’kmaq, 2007:11.

!


7

3.2.2- European-Settlement-!The"Annapolis"Valley"is"perhaps"best"known"historically"as"the"heartland"of"Acadie,"or"Acadia."Early"French"settlers"known"as"the"Acadians"arrived"at"Port"Royal"(now"Annapolis"Royal)"around"1640"and"began"expanding"their"settlements"further"and"further"upriver"as"their"population"grew."They"constructed"dykes"along"the"Annapolis"River"to"hold"back"the"muddy"tides"that"swept"upstream"twice"a"day,"and"used"the"reclaimed"marshland"as"extremely"fertile"farmland."""Historic"maps"and"accounts"of"the"Annapolis"Valley"reveal"that"little"Acadian"activity"took"place"high"above"the"tidal"marshes,"which"supplied"most"of"the"land"and"local"materials"that"these"settlers"needed."A"1757"map"of"the"valley"shows"settlements"along"the"river,"but"no"detail"of"either"North"of"South"Mountain,"which"were"relatively"untouched"at"this"time"(Figure"3.2Q2).""After"the"deportation"of"the"Acadians"beginning"in"1755,"a"new"wave"of"settlers"from"New"England"known"as"the"New"England"Planters"was"brought"to"the"Annapolis"Valley."They"arrived"in"the"1760s"and"shortly"thereafter,"establishing"settlements"and"receiving"land"grants"extending"from"the"Annapolis"Valley"up"into"North"and"South"Mountains."These"grants"were"laid"out"in"the"form"of"long"narrow"rectangles,"allowing"access"to"water"for"all"grantees"by"extending"from"the"Annapolis"River"or"the"Bay"of"Fundy"up"into"North"Mountain."This"first"generation"of"new"settlers"established"themselves"mostly"on"the"valley"floor"like"the"Acadians,"and"it"was"“not"they"but"their"sons"and"grandsons"who"were"the"pioneers"of"the"Mountain"settlements.”3""By"the"second"half"of"the"nineteenth"century,"Parker"Mountain"Road"is"home"to"a"few"houses"at"this"high"elevation"(Figure"3.2Q3)."However,"a"homestead"on"the"opposite"side"of"the"road"appears"to"be"the"nearest"permanent"cultural"feature"at"this"time."By"1930,"the"road"looks"much"the"same,"but"a"dotted"line"indicates"that"the"proposed"access"road"is"already"partially"in"place"(Figure"3.2Q4)."In"the"absence"of"any"structures"indicated"on"either"map"suggests"that"this"is"more"likely"a"logging"road"than"access"to"a"settlement,"and"a"short"section"of"road"farther"east"along"the"study"area"simply"connects"two"watercourses,"supporting"this"conjecture"as"the"rivers"often"served"as"highways"for"log"driving.""""

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!3 Dexter 1983:5.

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8

!Figure!3.2+2:!Detail!of!a!1757!map!showing!Annapolis!Royal!(marked!“Town”)!and!the!

surrounding!Acadian!villages.4

!The!nearest!to!the!study!area!is!that!of!Mathew!

Doucette,!shown!in!red.!The!study!area!would!have!been!located!off!the!edge!of!this!

map!to!the!north!or!top.!

!

!Figure!3.2+3:!Ambrose!Church’s!1876!map!of!Annapolis!County,!showing!the!study!area!

overlaid!in!blue.!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!4 Library of Congress 1757.

!


9

!

!Figure!3.2+4:!A!1930!Geological!Survey!of!Canada!map,!showing!the!study!area!

overlaid!in!blue.5

!

!!!3.3 Field-Reconnaissance-!A"field"reconnaissance"was"conducted"on"13"September"2012"by"Stephen"Davis"and"Laura"de"Boer."The"reconnaissance"was"aided"by"a"handQheld"GPS"unit,"which"indicated"the"proposed"access"road,"and"proposed"turbine"site.""With"the"exception"of"a"minor"road"straightening"near"the"halfway"point,"the"entirety"of"the"proposed"access"road"was"found"to"be"positioned"on"an"existing"and"wellQmaintained"woods"road,"presumably"leading"to"a"tower"located"farther"to"the"southeast."""

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!5 Boyd et al. 1930.

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10

The"gravel"road"will"likely"require"widening,"and"as"such"the"team"paid"careful"attention"to"either"side"of"the"road"during"the"drive"to"the"turbine"site."Whenever"a"smaller"trail"or"logging"road"was"encountered,"the"team"left"the"field"vehicle"and"investigated"for"a"short"distance.""Only"one"such"logging"road"revealed"any"evidence"of"archaeological"resources."A"broad"woods"road"branched"north"from"the"main"access"road,"and"when"followed"this"road"led"to"a"forest"with"a"more"level"floor"than"the"surrounding"landscape,"suggesting"it"had"been"used"as"pasture"land."A"rough"stone"wall"was"located,"running"roughly"eastQwest"on"the"north"side"of"the"road"(20"T"301483"4963521"NAD83;"eastern"extent."Indicated"on"Figure"2.0Q2)"(Plate"1"and"Plate"2)."The"surviving"structure"is"very"short,"being"only"about"15m"in"length,"less"than"a"metre"wide,"and"less"than"50cm"tall."""The"team"searched"the"surrounding"woods"in"an"effort"to"locate"any"associated"features,"but"none"could"be"found."The"feature"appears"to"be"located"in"a"fairly"isolated"pocket"of"possible"cultural"activity,"as"no"other"areas"of"forest"was"leveled"in"this"fashion"except"in"cases"where"modern"heavy"equipment"appeared"to"have"been"used.""The"remainder"of"the"access"road"corridor"is"unremarkable."It"is"mostly"mixed"woods,"including"chiefly"spruce"and"maple"along"with"a"mixture"of"other"immature"hardwoods."There"is"evidence"of"smallQscale"logging"throughout,"including"small"logging"roads"and"small"staging"areas"with"stacks"of"chopped"and"split"firewood."Bedrock"outcroppings"were"frequent,"and"watercourses"were"limited"to"small"seasonal"streams.""Approximately"30%"of"the"100m"circle"surrounding"the"proposed"turbine"site"was"found"to"be"cleared"of"trees"for"the"placement"of"a"data"collector"tower"(Plate"3)."Exposed"soils"were"examined,"but"no"signs"of"archaeological"material"were"encountered"(Plate"4)."The"cleared"area"included"blackberry"or"raspberry"bushes"regrowing"in"the"open"area,"and"the"stumps"from"the"felled"trees"were"of"mixed"sizes."The"presence"of"some"rotten"stumps"indicated"where"mature"maples"had"been"harvested"for"firewood"in"past"years."""The"team"also"explored"a"neighbouring"ATV"trail"leading"east"to"the"edge"of"the"study"area"(Plate"5)."The"forest"was"found"to"be"relatively"young"with"a"few"scattered"mature"maples."This"was"very"consistent"with"the"forest"lining"the"access"road."The"proposed"turbine"location"appears"to"contain"no"signs"of"significant"archaeological"resources."!

4.0 RESULTS-AND-DISCUSSION-!Both"the"desktop"study"and"field"reconnaissance"indicate"that"although"historic"and"First"Nations"activity"has"taken"place"at"lower"elevations"to"the"north"and"south"of"the"study"area,"very"little"activity"has"occurred"in"the"vicinity"of"the"study"area."Although"a"historic"stone"wall"was"identified,"it"appears"to"be"approximately"30m"or"more"north"of"the"

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11

proposed"access"road,"and"thus"is"not"endangered"by"the"development."It"is"not"anticipated"that"construction"of"this"wind"project"will"impact"any"significant"archaeological"resources."!

5.0 RECOMMENDATIONS-AND-CONCLUSIONS-!Current"development"plans"indicate"that"no"significant"archaeological"material"will"be"disturbed"during"construction"of"the"wind"farm."As"such,"no"recommendations"regarding"active"mitigation"have"been"made.""In"the"unlikely"event"that"any"archaeological"resources"are"encountered"during"ground"disturbance"activities,"all"activity"should"cease"and"the"Coordinator"of"Special"Places,"Laura"Bennett"(902Q424Q6475)"should"be"contacted"immediately"to"determine"a"suitable"method"of"mitigation."""Should"development"plans"change,"it"is"recommended"that"an"archaeologist"be"contracted"to"review"the"changes."!

6.0 REFERENCES-CITED-!Boyd,"W"H,"Chipman,"K"G,"Butterworth,"J"V,"Faribault,"E"R,"and"Mclean,"S"C."1930."Geological"Survey"of"Canada,""A""Series"Map"253A:"Bridgetown"Sheet."""Church,"Ambrose"F."1876."Topographical"Township"Map"of"Annapolis"County."Bedford:"A."F."Church"&"Co.""Confederacy"of"Mainland"Mi’kmaq.""2007.""Kekina’muek:"Learning"about"the"Mi’kmaq"of"Nova"Scotia.""Truro:"Eastern"Woodland"Publishing."""Davis,"Derek"and"Sue"Browne.""1996.""Natural"History"of"Nova"Scotia,"Volume"II:"Theme"Regions.""Halifax:"Nimbus"Publishing"and"Nova"Scotia"Museum.""Dexter,"Janetta"M."1983."Pioneers"of"the"Mountain,"Vol."1."HandQtyped"manuscript"on"file,"NSARM."MG4"Vol."293"#1Q3.""Library"of"Congress."“Plan"of"the"River"of"Annapolis"Royal"in"Nova"Scotia,”"1757."G3422.A5"1757".P5.""

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!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

PLATES-!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

!


13

!Plate!1:!Archaeologist!Stephen!Davis!stands!at!the!western!end!of!the!small!stone!

wall.!Looking!north.!

!!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

Plate!2:!The!small!stone!wall,!looking!

east.!

!!!!!!!!!!!

!


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!Plate!3:!The!data!collector!and!its!cleared!surroundings!under!heavy!fog.!Looking!

northwest.!

!

!Plate!4:The!proposed!turbine!site!marked!with!flagging!tape!and!spray!paint,!showing!

soils!exposed!by!data!collector!installation.!Looking!northeast,!data!collector!

positioned!behind!the!photographer.!

!

!


15

!Plate!5:!An!ATV!road!running!from!the!cleared!area!towards!the!eastern!end!of!the!

study!area.!Looking!southeast.

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