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Transcript of Environmental pollution.ppt compatibility mode
8/21/2007
1
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION from
PROCESS INDUSTRIES
Lecture Lecture -- 11 11
In this lecture
� Pollution and Pollutants
� Types of Pollution
� Effects of Pollution� Managing Pollution
Pollution -
Introduction by man, waste matter or surplusenergy into the environment, which directly orindirectly causes damage to man and hisenvironment
id16469109 pdfMachine by Broadgun Software - a great PDF writer! - a great PDF creator! - http://www.pdfmachine.com http://www.broadgun.com
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Pollutant - A substance or effect whichadversely alters the environment by changingthe growth rate of species, interferes with thefood chain, is toxic, or interferes with health,comfort amenities or property values of people
The Issue
� We use Resources extensively
and then are NOTNOT responsible for
� The ConsequencesConsequences !!!
Aral SeaAral Sea
Man made environmental Man made environmental disasterdisaster
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EFFECTS ON BIOSPHERE
1. Damage to human health by specificchemical substances present in the air, food,water and radioactive material
2.2. DamageDamage toto naturalnatural environmentenvironment affectingvegetation, animals, crops, soil and water
3. Damage to visual quality by smoke, fumes,dust, noise and waste
4. Damage by carcinogens, radioactivematerials and excessive noise
Pollution and effects
Minamata Disease
(Jinzu river, Japan)
Learning from the Past � Japan
� Fueling consumerism �. Doubling income �� three basic consumer items �..
Bioaccumulation
waterzooplankton
0.04 ppmsmall fish0.5 ppm
large fish2 ppm
birds25 ppm
e.g DDT
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Storyof Bold eagleIn USA
from Paracelsus ....
Anything and Everything is toxic if the dose is made so !!
Paracelsus (1493-1541)
Toxicity is Quantity related ..
Drinking water and death ! ..
� Woman dies after water-drinking contest
SACRAMENTO, Calif. �
A woman who competed in a radio station�s contest to see how much how much water she could drink without going water she could drink without going to the bathroomto the bathroom died of water intoxication, the coroner�s office said Saturday.
2007 !
Waste takes many formsWaste takes many forms
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TYPES OF POLLUTION
� Water Pollution� Air Pollution� Land Pollution� Noise Pollution� Thermal Pollution� Electro Pollution� Visual Pollution
Water Pollution
Water Pollution Water Pollution �� with what?with what?
� Water ( about 99%)� Solids� Carbohydrates� Proteins� Fats � Nutrients (Nitrogen and Phosphorus)� Microorganisms.
(On average there are about 10 million per ml of wastewater. Many are pathogens)
These are referred to as �organic material�
Water Pollution
Inorganic materials - alkalis, acids, inorganic salts, ammonia, phosphates, etc.
Heavy metals - chromium, mercury, nickel, copper,cadmium etc.
Disinfection byproducts - trihalomethanesOther harmful substances - organochlorides etc.Physical factors - turbidity, colour, temperature etc.
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Organic PollutantsOrganic Pollutants
Inorganic PollutantsInorganic Pollutants
Heavy metal PollutantsHeavy metal Pollutants
Pathogenic PollutantsPathogenic Pollutants
Industrial Sources Responsible for Organic Pollution
Distillery
Canningorganic Depletion of DO
Sugar matter
Cheese Making
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Dissolved Oxygen
Industrial Sources Responsible for Inorganic
Pollution
Fertilizer algal bloomsreduced light
Soap and detergent penetrationammonia and
Rubber and latex re-aerationphosphates (eutrophication)
Agricultural farms
Sources Effluent Problems
Fertiliser ApplicationEutrophication
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Industrial Sources Responsible for Heavy Metal Pollution
Paper and pulp Mercury - Minamata diseaseChromium toxic to aquatic life
Tanneries Iron and self purifyingNickel organisms
Textile LeadZinc Toxic to humans
Coke-oven ArsenicCadmium - Itai-itai disease
Metal plating Copper Bio accumulateSilver
Sources Effluent Problems
Sources Discharging Pathogenic Organisms
Sewage Cholera, typhoid,Bacteria dysentery,
Farm slurry gastroenteritisdiarrhea, salmonellosis
Hospital waste Viruses polio, hepatitis,Protozoa Diarrhea, dysentery,
Medical laboratory (Giardia, amebiasis Cryptosporidium)
Food processing Helminths Roundworm infestation, pinworm, beef tapeworm,pork tapeworm
Sources Organism Diseases
b) Air Pollution
Air is considered safe when it contains no
harmful dust and gases.
Polluted air affects:
Humans
Animals
Vegetation
Materials
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Effects from Air Pollution
� Global warming
� Ozone depletion(Ozone hole)
� Acid Rain
� Various respiratory illnesses
Air PollutionAir PollutionhashasNoNo
Boundaries Boundaries
Metal foundry refining in early industrial Germany, 1870sMetal foundry refining in early industrial Germany, 1870sPollution of air
Particulate Matter PM10 (<10ìm)
- Dust (e.g. cement dust, bagasse, foundry dust and wind blown solid dust)
- Mist
- Smoke
- Carbon black
- Aerosols
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TheProblemofDUST
SPMPM 10PM 2.5etc.
Radioactivenucleids
Air Pollution and Health
Some Polluting Process Industries
Sulfuric Acid PlantsThermal Power Stations
Nitric Acid Plants
Cement PlantsFoundariesPlastic Industries
TRANSPORTATION
Three modes of transport� Air ( airplanes etc.)
� Sea (ships, boats etc.)� Land (automotive & locomotive)
Products of combustion of fuels are CO, CO2, NOx, hydrocarbons, particulate matter and traces of SO2, formaldehyde and Pb.
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c) Land PollutionUrbanization and Concentration of Population
Municipal Solid Waste
Industrial Waste and Hazardous Waste
Uncontrolled �Land Treatment�
Burning open dumps and forest fires
Deforestation
Mining and Erosion
This is within our university
d) Noise Pollution
Exposure to prolong noise affects speech,hearing, general health and behaviour.
Noise Levels � dBIntensity frequencyperiods of exposure and duration
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Human hearing and Frequency
0 16 Hz 20 kHz 5 MHz
Intensity (Loudness)
� Measure of acoustic energy of the sound vibrations
� Expressed in terms of sound pressure
� Decibels (dB) are the unit of measurement on the Loudness scale
Physical Characteristics of Sound
� Measurement and human perception of Sound involves three basic physical characteristics:
� Intensity
� Frequency
� Duration
How sound is measured
�Pressure, P, usually Pascals
�Frequency, f, usually Hertz
�Intensity, I, usually W/m2
�Bels, L�, derived from logarithmic ratio
�Decibels, L, derived from bels
P = 1/f
I = W/A
L� = log (Q/Qo)
L = 10*log (Q/Qo)
E.g. Implications of the decibel scale: doubling sound levelwould mean that the sound will increase by 10*log2 = +3dBTen times the sound level = 10*log10 = +10dB
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Adding decibelsComparative Noise Levels (dB)
Walkman (1/2 volume) 94
Telephone Dial tone 80
Talking at Three Feet 65
Quiet Urban Daytime 50
Quiet Urban Nighttime 40
Quiet Rural Nighttime 25
Industrial Noise Sources�Metal fabrication (pressing, grinding, chipping etc.)�High pressure burners in furnaces� Turbines� Compressors� Pumps�Welding machines� Cranes and other vehicles� Pipe lines carrying high velocity fluids and solids�Vibrating and grinding equipment
Electropollution !
- a growing problem
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Power Lines and Leukemia
� �..children living in proximity to high voltage powerlines are at increased risk of childhood leukaemia, but in finding effects up to 600 metres away, they invoke electric field corona ion effects as a possible causal mechanism.
Prof. Denis Henshaw, Professor of Human Radiation Effects at the University of Bristol
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/3967073.stm
http://www.electric-fields.bris.ac.uk/
Pollution Management
Pollution can be controlled by Pollution can be controlled by proper choice of preventive proper choice of preventive
and remedial measuresand remedial measures
Techniques are changing �Techniques are changing �
Dispersion
Pollution Control
Recycling
Pollution Prevention
Sustainable Development
1960 1980 1990
Complexity of Environmental Issue
Cleaner Production
Wastewater Treatment
Volume reduction Strength reduction
Preventive
Physical Chemical Biological
Curative
Waste water treatment
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Typical Wastewater Processing
PrimaryTreatment
SecondaryTreatment
TertiaryTreatment
WastewaterWastewater
Primary sludge Secondary Sludge Tertiary Sludge
Air emissions
Water
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Physical Methods
Objective
Remove solid or liquid pollutants based on density difference or other physical property (eg. SS or floating solids)
� Solvent extraction
� Evaporation
� Distillation
� Filtration
� Reverse Osmosis
� Electrodialysis
� Adsorption
Biological waste water treatment
Aerobic treatmentAnaerobic treatment
The organic load is defined by the Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD).
In aerobic systems the water is aerated with compressed air (in some cases oxygen).
Anaerobic systems run under oxygen free conditions � biogas is a useful product.
� Metabolism:
Organic Nitrogen NH3
NH3 + O2 NO2- + Energy
NO2- + O2 NO3
- + Energy
Bacterial decomposition and
hydrolysis
Nitrification
Activated Sludge SystemActivated Sludge System
Anaerobic Zone Aerobic Zone
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Chemical Wastewater Treatment
� Neutralization - NaOH, Ca(OH)2, HCl, H2SO4
� Coagulation and
Flocculation - Alum, FeSO4,
� Oxidation - Sodium hypochlorite
� Disinfection - Cl2, O3, NaOCl
OzonationOzonation�...�...
Dye Solutionssubjected to ozonation
Air Pollution Control� Use tall stacks
� Source reduction by process and raw material changes (eg. Improved furnace design and low S fuel)
� Recover valuable material (eg. Hg)
� Bag filters, scrubbers, ESP, cyclone separators
� Absorption, adsorption, combustion and catalytic reaction
Air Pollution and Control
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Blue Skies over PuttalamBlue Skies over Puttalam 80% of the air pollution load is 80% of the air pollution load is contributed by the transport sectorcontributed by the transport sector
Land Pollution Control
� Integrated Solid Waste Management� Good agricultural practices� Remediation of polluted soils� Prevention of erosion and silting� Containment of hazardous waste and
waste water treatment using land treatment techniques
3R Principle
�Reduce�Reuse�Recycle
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CompostProduction
Paper
Deaf and Blind School
Abans Env Services / Paper collection
Glass Factory
Glass ( 3 types)
Plastics (all types)
Different plastic recyclers
University Colour Code University Colour Code �� Solid WasteSolid Waste
Blue � waste paperOrange � Plastics (milk cartons , cups)Green � Food waste
Noise Pollution Control
� Control noise at source by proper choice of equipment, design modification, mounting and proper layout
� Isolation or use of baffles
� Use of ear protection devices
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Desiccated Coconut IndustryDC industry
Sri Lanka
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Some additional slides for information Materials,
Energy,
Water,
Labour,
Capital
Products,By-Products
Solid Waste Waste Energy, Wastewater
Air Emissions
Waste takes many formsWaste takes many forms
fertiliserssewage
(liquid domesticand industrial waste)
mineralsesp. nitrates
mineralsesp. phosphates
eutrophication
algal bloom
competitionfor light
consumers can't consume fast enough
dead plants dead algae
detritus
organic material
Th
e p
ro
ce
ss o
f
Eu
tro
ph
ica
tio
n
Harmful Substances
Disinfection byproducts trihelomethanes carcinogenic
Agricultural organochlorides persistentPesticides (DDT) bio accumulate
Acids and alkalis inorganic minerals affect biologicallife, affect toxicity of CN-, S-
Plastic, lubricant, PCB persistent, lethalrubber, paper even at low level
Pharmaceutical, Phenols toxic to fish,MO &Petrochemical aquatic life
Sources Substances Problems
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Physical Effects
Suspended Solids china clay, peroxide, settlement, turbiditymetal salts reduce light, photosynthesisorganic solids reduce DO
Temperature Cooling water from lower DO, speed up organicpower plants matter degradation
Oil and grease Refineries, terminals Prevents O2 exchange, storage tanks lethal to birds
Colour pigments, dyes aesthetics, toxic, reduce lightpenetration
Foaming anionic detergents, aesthetics, carry SS &surfactants pathogens, affects aeration
Physical Parameter Causative Problem
Occupational Health & Safety
Occupational safety and health is the discipline concerned with protecting the safety, health and welfare of employees of the industry and the general public.
Safety in process design can be considered under the following broad headings.
1. Identification and assessment of the hazard2. Control of hazards3. Control of the process4. Limitation of the loss.