Environmental Policies, Standards and Regulatory Aspects in Textile Industries

D.S. Kharat Sr. Environmental Engineer

Central Pollution Control Board

Delhi

February 28, 2013

Content of presentation

• Figures and Facts related to sector at national level

• Environmental issues

• Existing environmental standards, regulatory aspect and policies if any.

Textile Industry in India… • Installed capacity: 43.13 million spindles &

52,000 looms

• Woven cloth production: 88,745 lakhs meters

• Knitted cloth production: 3,40,100 tonnes

• Consumption of dyes : 6,01,225 tonnes (17 % in composite sector)

• Consumption of chemicals : 24,36,412 tonnes

& 13,20,643 KL

Source: Census of Textile Power Processing, Ministry of Textiles, Government of India,2001

Annual Report, Ministry of Textiles (2011-12)

Textile Industry in India

State/UT

Composite

mills

Semi composite/

processing units

Total

Andhra Pradesh 54 54

Assam 1 1 2

Bihar 4 4

Delhi 61 61

Gujarat 17 506 523

Haryana 1 74 75

Himachal Pradesh 4 4

Jammu & Kashmir 1 2 3

Karnataka 8 33 41

Kerala 3 11 14

Madhya Pradesh 3 9 12

Maharashtra 27 222 249

Orissa 1 1 2

Punjab 4 378 382

Rajasthan 2 30 32

Tamil Nadu 2 739 741

Uttar Pradesh 4 76 80

West Bengal 8 32 40

Puducherry 1 4 5

Total 83 2,241 2,324

Consumption of main chemicals

Dyes

( % of fabric)

NaCl

or

Na2SO4

( g/L)

Soda ash

( g/L)

Dye fixation

time

(Minutes)

≤ 0.10 10 10 30

0.11 – 0.30 20 10 30

3.1 - 0.50 30 10 45

0.51 – 1.00 45 15 45

1.01 – 2.00 60 15 45

2.01 – 4.00 30 20 60

> 4.00 90 20 60

Effluent Treatment Technology for Textile Industries

• Chemical treatment • Biological treatment (Anaerobic/Aerobic) • Activated carbon adsorption • Oxidation (Ozonation/Chlorination) • Concentration - Membrane filtration: UF/NF/RO - Evaporation: Multiple effect evaporation Mist evaporation Mechanical Vapour recompression • Crystallization

Issues relating to textile industry • Data base

- In case of small units, data at national level is inadequate.

• Process efficiency - Water and chemical consumption in industries

with old machinery may be high. • Trained manpower -Adequate training to manpower engaged in

operation of ETP/CETPs can improve efficiency of these treatment facilities.

Water pollution aspect

Input Operation/potential source

Cotton cultivation Water, Fertilizer Insecticides Pesticides

Effluent •High volume (100 l/kg) •Residual dyes •BOD/COD •Dissolved solids •Heavy meats

Water contamination

Spinning weaving

Effluent, BOD/COD

•Desizing •Scouring •Mercerising •Bleaching •Dyeing •Printing •Finishing

•Measures •ETP/CETP •Recovery of salt •Recovery of water •ZLD •Low salt dyes •Salt less dyeing

Cotton bales Water Sizing agents

Water Alkali Acid Bleaching agents Salt Dyes Surfactants etc.

Wet processing

Fugitive emission aspect

Operation/potential source

Sizing

Spinning/weaving

Finishing

Printing

Scouring

Singeing

Dyeing

VOC, formaldehyde vapors

Solvent, emission from curing

-

Exhaust gases

Scouring solvent, VOC

VOC

Lint

Solid waste aspect

• Solid waste from spinning mills

-Cotton mills: 2-4 % of raw fibre weight

-Woolen mills: 3-6 % of raw fire weight

Hazardous waste aspect

• Primary ETP Sludge

-Quantity of sludge (Cotton) = 0.60- 1.20 kg/m3 of effluent

-Quantity of sludge (Manmade fibre) = 0.4-0.6 kg/m3 of effluent

• Treatment & disposal of hazardous waste

- 28 Nos. of TSDF sites

- 13 Nos. of Incinerators

- Cement is kiln is also an option

Remediation of degraded soil/ground water

• Discharge of coloured and TDS bearing effluent without adequate treatment can degrade receiving environment such as river, ground water and soil.

• Pali Rajasthan: Discharge of textile industry effluents in Bandi River at Pali, Rajasthan affected about 10,000 ha of land (1993).

• Tirupur, Tamil Nadu: Ground water quality in Noyyal River basin near Tirupur, Tamil Nadu is contaminated due to the discharge of effluents by textile dyeing industries located at Tirupur (2006).

• Remediation of ground water/soil has not taken place.

Effluent Discharge Standards notified under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986

Parameter Concentration not to exceed mg/l, except pH

pH 5.5-9.0

Total suspended solids 100

Boi-chemical oxygen demand (BOD) 30

Chemical oxygen demand (COD) 250

Total residual chlorine 1

Oil an d grease 10

Total chromium as Cr 2

Sulphide as S 2

Phenolic compounds as C6H5OH 1

Note: 1. Where the treated effluent is discharged into municipal sewer leading to treminal treatment plant, the BOD

may be relax to 100 mg/l and COD to 400 mg/l. 2. The quantity of effluent (liter per kilogram of product) shall not exceed 100, 250 and 80 in composite cotton

textile industry, composite woolen textile industry and textile processing industry, respectively

Hazardous waste disposal standards

Class/Limit Contaminants

Class A/ Concentration limit: 50 mg/kg Arsenic and arsenic compounds

Cadmium and cadmium compounds

Chromium (VI) compounds

Mercury and Mercury compounds

Inorganic cyanide compounds

Class B/ Concentration limit: 5, 000mg/kg Chromium (III) compounds

Cobalt compounds

Copper compounds

Lead and Lead compounds

Nickel compounds

Class C / Concentration limit: 20, 000 mg/kg Sulphides

Zinc compounds

Acid amides

Class D/ Concentration limit: 50, 000 mg/kg Total Sulphur

Inorganic acids

Nitrides

Eco-mark Standards, IS:15651 (2006) S No. Parameter Requirement mg/kg (ppm), Max

Baby Clothing Close to Skin Outer Wear

i) Free and releasable formaldehyde 20 75 300

ii) Extractable heavy metals by artificial acidic sweat: a) Antimony (Sb) b) Arsnic (As) c) Lead (Pb) d) Cadmium (Cd) e) Mercury (Hg) f) Chromium Total g) Cobalt (Co) h) Copper (Cu) i) Nickel (Ni)

5 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.02 0.1 1.0 25.0 1.0

10 1.0 1.0 0.1 0.02 2.0 4.0 50.0 4.0

10 1.0 1.0 0.1 0.02 2.0 4.0 50.0 4.0

iii) Pentachlorophenol (PCP) 0.05 0.5 0.5

(iv) 2,3,5,6 Tetra-cholorophenol (TeCP) 0.05 0.5 0.5

v) Orthophenyl phenol (OPP) 0.5 1.0 1.0

vi) Organo-tin compounds a) Tributyltin (TBT) b) Dibutyltin (DBT)

0.5 1.0

1.0 1.0

1.0 1.0

vii a) Pesticides (Sum parameter) 0.5 1.0 1.0

viii Banned Pesticide Nil Nil Nil

Ix x

Banned aryl amines from azo days pH of aqueous extract

30.0 4.0-7.5

30.0 4.0-7.5

30.0 4.0-7.5

CETP Scheme • Common Effluent Treatment Plant (CETP) scheme is operated

by the Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India for financial and technical support to SSI industries located in clusters.

• Under the scheme assistance up to 25 % of total cost of the CETP is provided as a grant to the CETP society on the condition following condition:

- The State Government will give a matching contribution (up to 25 %)

- The remaining 50 % of cost is to be met by equity contribution by the industries and loan from financial institution.

• Under the scheme 90 CETPs have been constructed. (682.57 MLD installed capacity)

Thanks