Environmental Management

Objective of this course...To understand the effects of the impacts of

the modern human society upon the environment we live in

Issues that effect the managers involvingNetworking or PoliticsBusiness itself, the projects, or the programsResources like natural resources, facilities,

money etcTo explore ways to reduce our

environmental footprint in day to day activities

What is Environmental ManagementIt is the management of

All the components of biological, physical and chemical in both biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living)

The interaction of social, cultural, and economic environment with the bio-physical environment.

Why do we need to study this course?We have just one planet which can sustain life and

not 9The resources are limited

Space on earthNon-renewable energyNatural resources

The environment is depreciating in life sustaining capabilities at an ever increasing pace.

At this rate, the day is not far when we reach a point of no return and face the wrath of global climatic change

We need to understand our responsibility towards the environment and adopt an environment friendly system of working

Hot, Flat and Crowded

CrowdedWorld population in

Year 1800 – 1 billionYear 1922 – 2 billionYear 2000 – 6 billionYear 2050 – 9 billion (estimated)

The population has & will increase due toHealth careDisease EradicationEconomic development

World population today is around 6.7 billion and will increase by 2.5 billion in 43 years – UN Population report dated 13 May 2007

CrowdedThe maximum growth will happen in the lesser

developed countries as their economies grow from 5.4 billion in 2007 to 7.9 billion in 2050

Developed countries population will remain more or less stable and shall hover around 1.2 billion

Some factsYear 1800 – London was the largest city with pop. 1

millionYear 1900 – 111 cities with pop. 1 millionYear 1995 – 300 cities with pop. 1 million5 cities with pop. over 10 million in 197514 cities with pop. over 10 million in 199526 cities with pop. over 10 million in 2015

(estimated) – UN pop. Fund statisticsMumbai has a pop. of over 19 million

What are the effects of CrowdingLoss of arable landOver fishingWater shortageAir & water pollutionStress on cities infrastructurePer capita decrease in facilities like health care

By 2030 number of cities dwellers expected to rise to 5 billion – Associated Press 27/06/2007

These increases will happen more in smaller cities than in the larger ones around 45% growth in pop.

Terrorism will no longer be a problem, demographics will

Population Growth

A Beach in China

Aamchi Mumbai...

FlatPersonal computer invented in around 1975.By 1977 PC were being mass producedPC enabled users to become authors of their

own contentThen came the Internet, WWW & Web browserSoftware and transmission protocols started

flattening the world by enabling outsourcingGeopolitical flatteners are the fall of Berlin Wall

on Oct 03, 1990 & collapse of communist Soviet Union

These factors made the world seamless making the world entirely flat.

Flat200 million people improved their economic

conditions in 1980’s and 1990’s in China and India, raising them from poverty

10 of millions added to the middle class

This created more demand for products like cell phones, computers, gas stoves, refrigerators etc

These products created demand for raw materials and led to increase of green houses gases (GHG) either during production, usage or upon discarding

Light Bulb ExampleIn the next 12 years we shall have another 1

billion peopleNow, if we give each of these people a 60 W

incandescent light bulbThe weight of individual light bulb is negligible,

but 1 billion light bulbs will weigh around 20000 metric tonnes

If we were to turn these light bulbs ON, all at one time for 4 hours a day, we would need 10000 MW of electricity which would need 20, 500 MW power plants. If these power plants are coal fired, imagine the amount of GHG emitted

HotThe global average temperatures have increased

by 0.8C vis-à-vis 1750sIt all started with the industrial revolution in late

1700s when we went from manual or horse power to machine power, from agricultural to manufacturing societies

Industrial revolution was the revolution of energySteam engine –converted the chemical energy of

coal/wood to mechanical energy of industrial machinery

Eventually coal was started being preferred for wood as it generated twice as much energy as the same weight of food.

This slowed down deforestation

Earth has a fever and needs help!

HotCoal was used for

Industrial processMetallurgyHeating buildingPower steam engines

Crude oil was commercially exploited in 1800s where is first replaced whale oil used for lighting lamps and then for heating, manufacturing and fuel for engines.

In short, man needed these sources of energy for LightHeatMotive power, orElectricity

The Industrial Revolution

Transportation RevolutionEarly 20th century saw a “Transportation

Revolution” - from the internal combustion engineThe first gasoline powered automobile was made

in 1885First mass produced automobile was the Old’s

Mobile in 1902 by Ransom E. Olds.It was Henry Ford in 1896 who started working on

an assembly line.The Ford’s T-Mobile which first rolled out in 1908

and by 1927 when it stopped production 18 millions cars had rolled out of the assembly line

HotThese cars, produced a lot of CO2

and required a lot of crude, iron steel & rubber which further emitted more GHG during their production.

This triggered industrialisation and which resulted in urbanisation and suburbanisation

We had now been sucked into a vicious cycle of energy dependency which produced lot of emissions and caused a lot of harm to the environment

“We build an inefficient system with great efficiency”

Soon the entire world copied America and Europe and followed the path of self destruction

Fuels Fuels from Hell

Coal Oil Natural gas

Fuels from Heaven WindHydroSolarTidalBiomass

The Green House Effect

The Green House EffectWithout GHG the earth’s average temperature is

estimated to be 15C cooler. A 5-6 C drop in temperature brings in an Ice-age

Composition of Earth’s atmosphere has remained more or less constant for over 20 million years

But in the last 100-200 years, things have changedConcentration of CO2 for 10000 years have been

280 ppm as evident from polar ice core samplesSince, 1950’s this has increased2007 CO2 concentration was 384ppm and climbing

2 ppm per yearAverage global temperatures have increased 0.8 C

Concentration of GHGs

Green House Gases

Green House GasesGlobal green house gases emissions due to

human activities have grown since pre-industrial time, with an increase of 70% between 1970 & 2004

CO2 sourcesFossil fuels, deforestation, forest fires,

agriculture, large scale cattle grazingCH4 sources

Solid waste land fills, animal defecation, coal minng, rice farming, cattle belching

CH4 is 21 times more potent in trapping heat than CO2

CO2 & CH4

When Hot meets Flat and Crowded

Convergence of Global Warming, Over population and Global

Flattening

s

Convergence of Hot, Flat and CrowdedEnergy demand and supplyPetro-dictatorshipClimate changeEnergy poverty Biodiversity loss

Energy Demand and SupplyFuels from Hell are expensive, dirty, and not really

abundantThe demand for fossil fuels grew by 5% per year

between 1951-1970 in the developed nationsDeveloping nations, the demand is growing almost

close to their rate of economic growthGlobal consumption of energy will double between

now and 2050In 2004 – the first demand let energy shortage

occurred, causing price hikes Price increase in 1973, 1980 & 1990 were mainly due

to the wars and revolution in the eastBut by 2004, with countries like China & India

creating surplus demands for oil, ahead of supply, pushed demand to 3 million barrels per day from the estimated 1.5 million barrels per day

Petro-Dictatorship

Petro-dictatorship“As price of oil goes up, pace of freedom

goes down”Hence, you will observe cash rich/oil rich

countries mostly have dictators ruling In 2006, Russian President (now Prime

Minister) Vladimir Putin, turned off gas supply to Ukraine, because the newly elected Ukrainian President was pro-western

Petro-dictatorship is best seen in the Middle-East, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela

Climate ChangeAnthropogenic GHG like CO2 are long lived and

stay in the atmosphere for over 1000 yearsAverage global temperatures have risen by 0.8C

than in 1750s11 of the last 12 warmest years (1995-2006) since

1850sA 2C rise in temperature may kill 10 million people5C rise in temperature may kill 100 million peopleFrequent hurricanes in the US like Katrina, floods

in Bihar, droughts in sub-Saharan Africa are few examples

Energy PovertyThe lack of the access to the basic energy, like

electricity, requirements in certain parts of the world especially in the less developed nations

Between 2003 and 2007 South Africa’s grid started to deteriorate and the early 2007 saw frequent blackouts

SA imported 44590 generators in 2007 vis-`a-vis 790 in 2003

Businesses sufferedEnergy poverty is one of the main factors of

over-crowding of urban areas in LDCs

Global Energy Poverty

Global Energy Poverty

Biodiversity LossDisrupting ecosystemsHalf of the world’s tropical & temperate forests are

goneRate of deforestation is about an acre/second in

tropicsHalf of wetlands are gone1/3rd of Mangroves are gone90% of predator fish are gone20% of coral are gone & 20% are threatenedSpecies are disappearing 1000 times faster than

beforeIn 2006, we lost a close relative, the Yangtze River

freshwater dolphinIt is not the loss of a species but the loss of a genus

“We are running an uncontrolled experiment on the only home we have”

All these problems were increasing till we reached a tipping point after the year 2000

Thank You

The Kyoto ProtocolInternational agreement linked to the

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

Binding targets for 37 industrialised nations and EU for reducing GHGs

Protocol has 3 mechanismsEmissions tradingClean development mechanismJoint Implementation