environmental impact assessment report for bs vi motor spirit block ...

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

REPORT FOR BS VI MOTOR SPIRIT BLOCK PROJECT OF BPCL AT KOCHI, KERALA

BHARAT PETROLEUM CORPORATION LIMITED

REPORT NO. A870-EI-1742-1601

MAY 2016

Template No. 5-0000-0001-T2 Rev. 1 Copyrights EIL – All rights reserved

1

Document No. A870-EI-1742-1601

Rev. No. 0 EIA STUDY FOR PROPOSED STYRENE AND

ETHYLENE RECOVERY UNIT (SRU & ERU) PROJECTS AT IOCL PANIPAT

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT FOR BS VI MOTOR SPIRIT BLOCK PROJECT OF BPCL

AT KOCHI, KERALA

EIA REPORT

0 05.05.2016 ISSUED AS FINAL REPORT FOR SUBMISSION TO MOEFCC CP CP RSP

A 06.03.2016 ISSUED AS DRAFT REPORT FOR COMMENTS TO BPCL-KR CP CP RSP

Rev. No Date Purpose Prepared by Reviewed by Approved by


1 Document No.

A870-EI-1742-1601 Rev. No. 0


AT KOCHI, KERALA

CONTENTS OF EIA REPORT

SL.NO CONTENTS PAGE

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY………………………………………………………….…………..............I - VIII Section No.

Description Page No.

CHAPTER – 1 INTRODUCTION 1.0 INTRODUCTION 2 1.1 NEED FOR BS VI MS BLOCK PROJECT 2 1.2 SCOPE OF THE EIA STUDY 2 1.3 FRAME WORK OF ASSESSMENT 3 1.4 METHODOLOGY FOR ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 3 1.4.1 PROJECT SETTING AND DESCRIPTION 3 1.4.2 IDENTIFICATION OF IMPACTS 3 1.4.3 BASELINE DATA COLLECTION 3 1.4.4 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT PREDICTION & EVALUATION 3 1.4.5 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP) 4 1.5 CONTENTS OF THE EIA REPORT 4 1.6 PROJECT PROPONENT 5 1.7 MOEF APPROVED TERMS OF REFERENCE FOR EIA 5 1.8 EARLIER ENVIRONMENTAL CLEARANCE AND THEIR

COMPLIANCE 5

CHAPTER – 2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION 2.0 INTRODUCTION 8 2.1 PROJECT LOCATION 8 2.2 PROJECT CONFIGURATION – EXISTING REFINERY 11 2.3 PROCESS DESCRIPTION 13 2.4 RAW MATERIAL / PRODUCT STORAGE 17 2.5 UTILITIES CONSUMPTION 17 2.6 EMISSIONS FROM PROPOSED UNITS 20 2.6.1 AIR ENVIRONMENT 20 2.6.2 WATER ENVIRONMENT 22 2.6.3 SOLID AND HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT 23 2.6.4 NOISE EMISSION 24 2.7 ENVIRONMENT MEASURES 24 2.7.1 PROPOSED AIR POLLUTION CONTROL MEASURES 24 2.7.2 WATER POLLUTION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 25 2.7.3 NOISE POLLUTION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 26 2.7.4 LAND POLLUTION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 26 CHAPTER – 3 DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT 3.0 DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT 28 3.1 METEOROLOGICAL DATA 28 3. 2 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY DATA 31 3.2.1 SAMPLING METHODOLOGY 32 3.2.2 AAQ – PRIMARY DATA-1 34 3.2.3 PRIMARY DATA-2 37



Rev. No. 0

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT FOR BS VI MOTOR SPIRIT BLOCK PROJECT OF BPCL AT

KOCHI, KERALA

3.2.4 SUMMARY OF BASELINE AMBIENT AIR QUALITY 42 3.3 NOISE ENVIRONMENT 43 3.3.1 NOISE LEVELS 44 3.3.2 METHODOLOGY OF NOISE MEASUREMENT 45 3.3.3 NOISE DATA ANALYSIS 46 3.3.4 TRAFFIC 50 3.4 WATER ENVIRONMENT 55 3.4.1 SAMPLE COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS 55 3.4.2 DATA ANALYSIS 59 3.4.3 CONCLUSION 65 3.5 LAND ENVIRONMENT 66 3.5.1 METHODOLOGY OF SAMPLE COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS 66 3.5.2 SOIL DATA ANALYSIS 68 3.6 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT 71 3.6.1 OBJECTIVES OF ECOLOGICAL STUDIES 73 3.6.2 METHODOLOGY ADOPTED FOR THE SURVEY 73 3.6.3 HABITAT WISE REPRESENTATION 87 3.7 SOCIOECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT 97 3.7.1 SOCIOECONOMIC STRUCTURE 97 3.7.2 OCCUPATIONAL STRUCTURE 99 3.7.3 AMENITIES 102 3.7.4 SITE SPECIFIC STUDIES 105 CHAPTER – 4 ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES 4.0 IMPACT ASSESSMENT 108 4.1 METHODOLOGY 108 4.2 IDENTIFICATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS 111 4.3 AIR ENVIRONMENT 112 4.3.1 CONSTRUCTION PHASE 112 4.3.2 OPERATION PHASE 113 4.4 WATER ENVIRONMENT 117 4.4.1 CONSTRUCTION PHASE 117 4.5 NOISE ENVIRONMENT 120 4.5.1 CONSTRUCTION PHASE 120 4.5.2 OPERATION PHASE 121 4.6 LAND ENVIRONMENT 121 4.6.1 CONSTRUCTION PHASE 121 4.6.2 OPERATION PHASE 122 4.7 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT 123 4.7.1 CONSTRUCTION PHASE 123 4.7.2 OPERATION PHASE 124 4.8 SOCIO ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT 124 4.8.1 CONSTRUCTION PHASE 124 4.8.1.1 EMPLOYMENT GENERATION 124 4.8.1.2 EFFECT ON TRANSPORT 125 4.8.1.3 EFFECT ON OTHER LOCAL INFRASTRUCTURE 125 4.8.2 OPERATIONAL PHASE 126 4.9 SUMMARY OF IMPACTS 127 CHAPTER – 5 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAM 5.1 INTRODUCTION 129 5.2 OBJECTIVES OF MONITORING 129 5.3 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAM 129



Rev. No. 0


KOCHI, KERALA

5.4 SUBMISSION OF MONITORING REPORTS TO MOEFCC 130 CHAPTER – 6 ADDITIONAL STUDIES 6.1 PUBLIC HEARING 132 6.2 RAPID RISK ASSESSMENT REPORT 132 6.2.1 APPROACH METHODOLOGY 132 6.2.2 MAJOR OBSERVATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 132 6.3 EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT PLAN 133 CHAPTER – 7 PROJECT BENEFITS 7.1 CONTRIBUTION TO NATIONAL ENERGY SECURITY 135 7.2 INCREASED PRODUCTION OF BSVI GRADE MS 135 7.3 SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 135 CHAPTER – 8 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 8.1 ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT 137 8.2 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 137 8.2.1 AIR ENVIRONMENT 137 8.2.2 WATER ENVIRONMENT 137 8.2.3 LAND ENVIRONMENT 138 8.2.4 NOISE ENVIRONMENT 138 8.2.5 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT 139 8.2.6 SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT 139 8.3 MEASURES FOR IMPROVEMENT OF BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT 139 8.3.1 GREENBELT DEVELOPMENT 140 8.3.2 GUIDELINES FOR PLANTATION 140 8.3.3 SPECIES SELECTION 140 8.3.4 PHASE WISE GREENBELT DEVELOPMENT PLAN 144 8.4 ENVIRONMENT CELL 145 8.5 IMPLEMENTATION OF ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN 145 8.6 BUDGET OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 145 8.7 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH 146 8.7.1 HEALTH 146 8.8 STORM WATER MANAGEMENT 147 8.9 OILY SLUDGE MANAGEMENT PLAN 147 CHAPTER – 9 DISCLOSURE OF CONSULTANTS 9.1 GENERAL INFORMATION 149 9.2 ESTABLISHMENT 149 9.3 EIL’s Vision 149 9.4 EIL’s Mission 150 9.5 CORE VALUES OF EIL 150 9.6 QUALITY POLICY OF EIL 150 9.7 HSE POLICY OF EIL 150 9.8 ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF EIL 150 9.9 RISK MANAGEMENT POLICY OF EIL 151



Rev. No. 0


KOCHI, KERALA

LIST OF TABLES

SR. NO.

TABLE NO.

TABLE TITLE PAGE NO.

1. 1.1 PREVIOUS ENVIRONMENTAL CLEARANCES ISSUED TO KOCHI REFINERY FROM MOEF

6

2. 2.1 ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING OF THE PROJECT. 9 3. 2.2 MAJOR PROCESS UNITS POST IREP 12 4. 2.3 PROPOSED UNITS UNDER BS VI MS BLOCK PROJECT 12 5. 2.4 LIST OF PRODUCTS 12 6. 2.5 LIST OF NEW INTERMEDIATE TANKS 17 7. 2.6 LIST OF NEW INTERMEDIATE PUMPS 17 8. 2.7 NEW UTILITY SYSTEMS FOR BS VI PROJECT 17 9. 2.8 SULPHUR BALANCE FOR POST BS VI PROJECT 19 10. 2.9 TOTAL SOX EMISSION 21 11. 2.10 DETAILS OF AIR EMISSIONS 21 12. 2.11 SPECIFICATION FOR FLARE SYSTEM 22 13. 2.12 LIQUID EFFLUENTS FROM BS VI PROJECT 22 14. 2.13 HANDLING OF SOLID WASTE 23 15. 2.14 CATALYST SUMMARY FOR BS VI PROJECT 24 16. 2.15 STANDARDS FOR EMISSIONS FROM FURNACES AND

BOILERS* 25

17. 2.16 QUALITY OF DISPOSAL OF TREATED EFFLUENT 25 18. 3.1 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY - METHODOLOGY 32 19. 3.2 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING RESULTS (PM10) 34 20. 3.3 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING RESULTS (PM2.5) 35 21. 3.4 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING RESULTS (SO2) 35 22. 3.5 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING RESULTS (NOX) 36 23. 3.6 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING RESULTS (NH3) 36 24. 3.7 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING RESULTS (CO) 36 25. 3.8 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING RESULTS

(BENZENE) 37

26. 3.9 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING RESULTS (PM10) 37 27. 3.10 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING RESULTS (PM2.5) 38 28. 3.11 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING RESULTS (SO2) 38 29. 3.12 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING RESULTS (NOX) 39 30. 3.13 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING RESULTS (O3) 39

31. 3.14 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING RESULTS (NH3) 40 32. 3.15 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING RESULTS (CO) 40 33. 3.16 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING RESULTS

(HYDROCARBON) 41

34. 3.17 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING RESULTS (BENZENE)

41

35. 3.18 COMPARISON OF AMBIENT AIR QUALITY (98TH PERCENTILE)

43

36. 3.19 HOURLY NOISE DATA (DAY AND NIGHT TIMINGS IN LEQ DB (A))

47

37. 3.20 HOURLY NOISE DATA (DAY AND NIGHT TIMINGS IN LEQ DB(A))

48

38. 3.21 HOURLY NOISE DATA (DAY AND NIGHT TIMINGS IN LEQ DB(A))

49

39. 3.22 TRAFFIC DATA 51



Rev. No. 0


KOCHI, KERALA

40. 3.23 TRAFFIC DATA 53 41. 3.24 AVERAGE TRAFFIC DATA 55 42. 3.25 PARAMETERS & METHODOLOGIES ADOPTED IN

ASSESSING QUALITY OF WATER 56

43. 3.26 WATER QUALITY - PHYSICO-CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF SURFACE WATER

59

44. 3.27 WATER QUALITY - PHYSICO-CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF GROUND WATER

61

45. 3.28 WATER QUALITY - PHYSICO-CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF SURFACE WATER

62

46. 3.29 WATER QUALITY - PHYSICO-CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF GROUND WATER

64

47. 3.30 ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS WATER QUALITY CRITERIA

66

48. 3.31 PHYSICOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF THE SOIL 69 49. 3.32 PHYSICOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF THE SOIL 70 50. 3.33 CONCENTRATION LEVELS FOR SOIL 70 51. 3.34 DISTRIBUTION OF PLANTS IN THE STUDY AREA AND

ITS SURROUNDING 76

52. 3.35 FRUIT YIELDING PLANTS FROM THE STUDY AREA 88 53. 3.36 LIST OF BIRDS DOCUMENTED DURING THE STUDY

PERIOD 89

54. 3.37 LIST OF BUTTERFLIES IN AND AROUND THE STUDY AREA

92

55. 3.38 FAMILY WISE DISTRIBUTION OF BUTTERFLIES IN THE STUDY AREA LIST OF AMPHIBIANS RECORDED IN THE STUDY AREA

93 94

56. 3.39 MAMMALS RECORDED IN THE STUDY AREA 94

57. 3.40 POPULATION COMPOSITION 97

58. 3.41 OCCUPATIONAL STRUCTURE 100 59. 3.42 LITERACY LEVELS 101 60. 3.43 AMENITIES (EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES) 102 61. 3.44 AMENITIES MEDICAL FACILITIES 103 62. 3.45 AMENITIES (WATER, POST & TELEGRAPH,

COMMUNICATION, BANKING AND ELECTRICITY) 104

63. 3.46 AMENITIES (FOREST AND IRRIGATION LAND USE) 105 64. 3.47 POPULATION DEMOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION 106 65. 3.48 LIST OF INDUSTRIES 106 66. 4.1 MATRIX FOR EVALUATING SPATIAL CRITERIA 109 67. 4.2 MATRIX FOR EVALUATING TEMPORAL CRITERIA 110 68. 4.3 MATRIX FOR EVALUATING SIGNIFICANCE 110 69. 4.4 IMPACT IDENTIFICATION MATRIX 111 70. 4.5 IMPACT OF AIR EMISSIONS (CONSTRUCTION PHASE) 112 71. 4.6 SO2 AND NOX EMISSION DATA 113 72. 4.7 PREDICTED GLC VALUES 114 73. 4.8 IMPACT OF AIR EMISSIONS (OPERATION PHASE) 114 74. 4.9 IMPACT OF WATER CONSUMPTION (CONSTRUCTION

PHASE) 117

75. 4.10 IMPACT OF EFFLUENT GENERATION (CONSTRUCTION PHASE)

118

76. 4.11 IMPACT OF WATER CONSUMPTION (OPERATION PHASE)

119

77. 4.12 IMPACT OF EFFLUENT GENERATION (OPERATION 119



Rev. No. 0


KOCHI, KERALA

PHASE) 78. 4.13 SOUND PRESSURE (NOISE) LEVELS OF

CONSTRUCTION MACHINERY 120

79. 4.14 IMPACT ON AMBIENT NOISE (CONSTRUCTION PHASE) 120 80. 4.15 IMPACT ON AMBIENT NOISE (OPERATION PHASE) 121 81. 4.16 IMPACT ON LAND USE & TOPOGRAPHY

(CONSTRUCTION PHASE) 122

82. 4.17 IMPACT ON SOIL QUALITY (CONSTRUCTION PHASE) 122 83. 4.18 IMPACT ON SOIL QUALITY (OPERATION PHASE) 123 84. 4.19 IMPACT ON BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT

(CONSTRUCTION PHASE) 123

85. 4.20 IMPACT ON BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT (OPERATION PHASE)

124

86. 4.21 IMPACT ON SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT (CONSTRUCTION PHASE)

125

87. 4.22 IMPACT ON SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT (OPERATION PHASE)

126

88. 4.23 SUMMARY OF IMPACT EVALUATION IN TERMS OF SIGNIFICANCE VALUE

127

89. 5.1 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAM (CONSTRUCTION PHASE)

129

90. 5.2 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAM (OPERATION PHASE)

130

91. 8.1 LIST OF TREE SPECIES SUGGESTED FOR GREEN BELT DEVELOPMENT

141

92. 8.2 PROPOSED CAPITAL INVESTMENT FOR POLLUTION CONTROL MEASURES

146

93. 8.3 PROPOSED RECURRING COST FOR POLLUTION CONTROL MEASURES

146



Rev. No. 0


KOCHI, KERALA

LIST OF FIGURES

SR. NO.

FIGURE NO.

FIGURE TITLE PAGE NO.

1. 2.1 Project Location 8 2. 2.2 Project Location and its Boundaries – Google Map 9 3. 2.3 10 km radius of the proposed project 11 4. 2.4 Overall Plot Plan of BPCL-KR (BS VI Facilities) 16 5. 2.5 Water Balance for existing refinery 18 6. 2.6 Water Balance for Post IREP 19 7. 3.1 Primary Meteorological data –Wind Roses 29 8. 3.2 Primary Meteorological data –Wind Roses 30 9. 3.3 Map showing Ambient Air sampling Locations 32 10. 3.4 Air quality measuring instruments 34 11. 3.5 AAQ of Particulate matter (PM10 & PM2.5) 42 12. 3.6 AAQ of Gaseous Concentration (SO2, NO2 & O3) 42 13. 3.7 Measuring instrument (noise) 44 14. 3.8 Map Showing Noise Sampling Locations 45 15. 3.9 Map Showing Ground & Surface Water Sampling

Locations 58

16. 3.10 Map Showing Soil Sampling Locations 67 17. 3.11 Soil texture diagram of the study area 68 18. 3.12 Thick green cover (mixed plantation with orchards)

around BPCL Refinery 72

19. 3.13 Agricultural fields surrounding 10 km radius of the study area

72

20. 3.14 Habit wise representation of plants from the study area

88

21. 3.15 Fauna Plate 95 22. 3.16 Flora & landscape Photographs 96 23. 3.17 Population composition 98 24. 3.18 Occupational Status 99 25. 3.19 Literacy levels 101 26. 4.1 Predicted SO2 isopleth-24 hourly 115 27. 4.2 Predicted NOx isopleth-24 hourly 116 28. 9.1 EIL Accreditation Certificate by NABET 152



Rev. No. 0


KOCHI, KERALA

LIST OF ANNEXURES

Annexure No.

Annexure Title

I. MoEFCC APPROVED TOR II. COMPLIANCE TO ALL ECs III. RO CERTIFIED COPY IV. PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAMS V. DETAILS OF ETP VI. KEIL CERTIFICATE – HAZARD MANAGEMENT VII. METEOROLOGICAL DATA VIII. GIS MAPS IX. ORGANOGRAM & HSE POLICY X. RAPID RISK ASSESSMENT REPORT XI. ERDMP ORGANOGRAM XII. GREENBELT MARKED ON LAYOUT PLAN XIII. OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH PROGRAMME



Rev. No. 0


KOCHI, KERALA

ABBREVIATIONS

AAQ Ambient air quality APHA American Public Health Association ARU Amine Regeneration Unit ATF Aviation Turbine Fuel AWS Automated Weather Station BDL Below Detectable Limit BIS Bureau of Indian Standards BLEVE Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion BOD Biological Oxygen Demand BPCL Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited CCR Continuous Catalytic Reformer CCU Coke Calcination Unit CIC Chief Incident Controller CMD Chairman and Managing Director CO Carbon Monoxide COD Chemical Oxygen Demand CPCB Central Pollution Control Board CPP Captive Power Plant CRW Contaminated Rain Water CSR Corporate Social Responsibility DCU Delayed Cocker Unit DG Diesel Generator DHDT Diesel Hydrotreating Unit DHT Diesel Hydrotreater DO Dissolved Oxygen DQUP Diesel Quality Upgradation Project EC Environment Clearance EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EIL Engineers India Limited EMC Environmental Monitoring Cell EMP Environmental Management Plan EMP Environmental Monitoring Programme EPC Engineering, Procurement and Construction ERDMP Emergency Recovery and Disaster Management Plan ETP Effluent Treatment Plant FCC False Colour Composite GLC Ground Level Concentration GoI Government of India



Rev. No. 0


KOCHI, KERALA

GW Ground Water HAZAN Hazard Analysis HAZOP Hazard and Operability Study HC Hydro-carbon HGO Heavy Gas Oil HGU Hydrogen Generation Unit HMV Heavy Motor Vehicle HSD High Speed Diesel HSE Health, Safety and Environment IMD Indian Meteorological Data IRS Indian Remote Sensing IS Indian Standards ISCST Industrial Source Complex Short Term ISO International Organization for Standardization ISOM Isomerization Unit IWPA Indian Wildlife Protection Act KLD Kiloleter Per Day KPCB Kerala State Pollution Control Board KR Kochi Refinery KTPA Kilo Tons Per Annum LEL Lower Explosive Limit LISS Linear Imaging Self Scanner LMV Light Motor Vehicle LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas MBR Membrane Bio Reactor MINAS Minimal National Standards MLD Million Liters per Day MMTPA Million Metric Tonne Per Annum MoEFCC Ministry of Environment, Forests & Climate Change MS Motor Spirit NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NABET National Accreditation Board for Education and Training

NGO Non-Governmental Organisation NHT Naphtha Hydrotreating Unit

NOX Oxides of Nitrogen NRMT Numaligarh Refinery Marketing Terminal NSU Naphtha Splitter Unit OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Association PCU Passanger Car Unit PDPP Propylene Derivative Petrochemical Project PFR Pre-Feasibility report



Rev. No. 0


KOCHI, KERALA

PM Particulate Matter PMC Project Management Consultant PPM Parts Per Million QCI Quality Council of India RRA Rapid Risk Assessment RH Relative Humidity RO Reverse Osmosis SAR Sodium Adsorption Ratio SBR Sequential Batch Reactor SIA Social Impact Assessment SIC Site Incident Controller SOI Survey of India

SOx Sulphur dioxide SRR Satellite Rack Room SRU Sulfur Recovery Unit STG Steam Turbine Generator SWS Sour Water Stripper TDS Total Dissolved Solids TGTU Tail Gas Treating Unit TOR Terms of Reference TPD Tons Per Day TPH Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon TSDF Treatment, storage and disposal facility TSS Total Suspended Solids USEPA US Environmental Protection Agency VDU Vacuum Distillation Unit VES Visual Encounter Survey VOC Volatile Organic Compound


ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT FOR BS VI MOTOR SPIRIT BLOCK PROJECT

OF BPCL AT KOCHI, KERALA


Rev. No. 0 Page i of ix

TOR COMPLIANCE STATEMENT

SPECIFIC TOR Sl.No. Description Compliance 1. Complete process flow diagram describing each

unit, its capacity along-with material and energy balance.

Process description for Naphtha Hydrotreating Unit (NHT), Naphtha Splitter, Light Naphtha Isomerization unit, Continuous Catalytic Reformer Unit (CCR) is given in sections 2.3 of Chapter -2. Process flow diagrams are attached in Annexure– IV.

2. Details of intermediate product, their storages and final products to be manufactured.

Three new intermediate storage tanks are envisaged under the proposed project. Details of intermediate storage tanks are given in section 2.4 of Chapter-2.

3. Sulphur balance giving input from crude, refinery fuel (if used) and any other outside fuel and output in various products and emissions.

Sulphur balance for post BS VI project is given in section 2.5 of Chapter-2.

4. Details of proposed source-specific pollution control schemes and equipment to meet the national standards for petroleum refinery.

Emission from the proposed project in various components of environment namely air, water, solid are discussed separately in section 2.6 of Chapter-2. Various pollution control measures for each of the component is given in section 2.7 of Chapter-2.

5. Details of emissions from all the stacks including volumetric flow rate.

Details of emissions from all stacks due to proposed BS VI project are given in section 2.6.1 of Chapter-2.

6. Details on mode of transportation of crude and products.

No additional Crude transportation is envisaged. Existing infrastructure will be used for Product transportation.

7. Details of storage capacity of crude and products.

No New Crude and product storage facility has been envisaged under BS VI project. Three new intermediate storage tanks will be coming under the proposed project. Details of intermediate storage tanks are given in section 2.4 of Chapter-2.

8. Ambient air quality data should include hydrocarbon (methane and non-methane), VOC, Ni & V etc.

Ambient air quality data analysis is included in section 3.2 of Chapter-3.

9. Efforts to minimize water consumption, effluent discharge and to maintain quality of receiving water body.

Present disposal limit of 410 m3/hr will be maintained Post BS VI Project. Details of characteristics of disposal treated effluent are given in section 2.7.2 of Chapter-2. There will be no additional disposal of waste water.

10. Details of effluent treatment plant, inlet and treated water quality with specific efficiency of each treatment unit in reduction in respect of all concerned/regulated environmental parameters. Also, include treatment details such as primary (physicochemical), secondary (biological) and tertiary (activated carbon filters) treatment systems.

Details of proposed new integrated effluent treatment plant under IREP project is given in Annexure –V.





Rev. No. 0 Page ii of ix

11. Storm water management plan. Storm water management plan is given in Section 8.8 of Chapter-8.

12. Estimation SO2 and NOx emissions load. Details of emissions from all stacks due to proposed BS VI project are given in section 2.6.1 of Chapter-2.

13. Details on flaring system.

Details of flaring system are given in section 2.6.1 of Chapter-2.

14. Details of VOC recovery devices in the storage tanks.

Necessary VOC recovery system will be provided.

15. Arrangement for spill management. All oil spills in various units are washed on daily basis. Floor wash waste water is routed to ETP for removal of oil.

16. Oily sludge management plan. Details of oily sludge management are given in section 8.9 of Chapter-8.

17. Risk Assessment & Disaster Management Plan a. Identification of hazards b. Consequence Analysis C. Risk assessment should also include leakages and location near to refinery & proposed measures for risk reduction.

Rapid Risk Assessment is carried out for BS VI Project and attached in Annexure X. As per PNGRB Act 2010, ERDMP manual is in place which will be updated and e implemented for proposed project.

Additional TOR 18. Public hearing is exempted under section 7 (ii) of

EIA Notification, 2006. Noted.

19. A separate chapter on status of compliance of Environmental Conditions granted by State/Centre to be provided. As per circular dated 30th May, 2012 issued by MoEF, a certified report by RO, MoEF on status of compliance of conditions on existing unit to be provided in EIA-EMP report.

All environmental conditions issued by MOEF/KPCB are complied. Point wise compliance statement of various environmental conditions is tabulated and is given in Annexure –II. Certified report by RO, MOEF on status of compliance of conditions is attached in Annexure –III.

20. Water Audit to be conducted with recycling and reuse of wastewater.

Existing refinery Water balance is given in Figure 2.5 of Chapter-2. Under IREP, a new RODM plant is under construction, wherein maximum reuse of treated effluents is envisaged in the design of RO system. Post IREP Water balance given in section 2.5 of Chapter -2.





Rev. No. 0 Page iii of ix

GENERIC TOR

S. No. Statement Compliance 1. Executive summary of the project Included in EIA report 2. Introduction

i. Details of the EIA Consultant including NABET accreditation

ii. Information about the project proponent iii. Importance and benefits of the project

Details are given in section 1.6 of Chapter-1. Details are given in section 1.6 of Chapter-1. Details are given in section 1.1 of Chapter-1.

3. Project Description Cost of project and time of completion. Details of cost of project are given in section 2.2

of Chapter-2. It is envisaged that the construction of proposed facilities will be completed in 36 months.

Products with capacities for the proposed project.

Details of products including capacities are given in Table 2.4 of Chapter-2.

If expansion project, details of existing products with capacities and whether adequate land is available for expansion, reference of earlier EC if any.

Details of products including capacities are given in Table 2.4 of Chapter-2. No additional land acquisition is envisaged for this proposed project.

List of raw materials required and their source along with mode of transportation.

Details of raw materials are given in Table 2.4 of Chapter-2.

Other chemicals and materials required with quantities and storage capacities

There are no chemical storage facilities for BS VI project. Details of intermediate storage facilities are given in Table 2.5 of Chapter-2.

Details of Emission, effluents, hazardous waste generation and their management.

Details of Emission, effluents, hazardous waste generation and their management from the proposed project is given in section 2.6 of Chapter-2.

Requirement of water, power, with source of supply, status of approval, water balance diagram, man-power requirement (regular and contract).

Details of utilities consumption due to proposed project is given in section No. 2.5 of Chapter-2.

Process description along with major equipments and machineries, process flow sheet (quantities) from raw material to products to be provided.

Process flow diagram, process description and other details are given in Section 2.3 of Chapter – 2.

Hazard identification and details of proposed safety systems.

Summary of risk assessment for the proposed facilities is given in section no. 6.2 of Chapter-6. Complete details of risk assessment study are given in Annexure X.

Expansion/modernization proposals: Copy of all the Environmental Clearance(s) including Amendments thereto obtained for the project from MOEF/SEIAA shall be attached as an Annexure. A certified copy of the latest Monitoring Report of the Regional Office of the Ministry of Environment and Forests as per circular dated 30th May, 2012 on the status of compliance of conditions stipulated in all the existing environmental clearances including Amendments shall be provided.

All environmental clearances and its compliance statements are given in Annexure II. EC amendment copy is also attached. Certified copy of monitoring report from Regional office of MOEF is given in Annexure III. Consent to operate for all ongoing projects are given in Annexure-II.





Rev. No. 0 Page iv of ix

S. No. Statement Compliance In addition, status of compliance of Consent to Operate for the ongoing I existing operation of the project from SPCB shall be attached with the EIA-EMP report.

E In case the existing project has not obtained environmental clearance.

Not applicable

4. Site Details Location of the project site covering village,

Taluka/Tehsil, District and State. Details are given in section 2.1 of Chapter-2.

Justification for selecting the site, whether other sites were considered.

Not applicable

A toposheet of the study area of radius of 10km and site location on 1:50,000/1:25,000 scale on an A3/A2 sheet. (including all eco-sensitive areas and environmentally sensitive places).

All monitoring locations are marked on toposheet of 1:50000 scale and is shown in Annexure VIII.

Details w.r.t. option analysis for selection of site.

Not applicable

Co-ordinates (lat-long) of all four corners of the site.

Details are given in Figure 2.3 of Chapter-2.

Google map-Earth downloaded of the project site.

Perspective view of Kochi refinery and associated facilities is super imposed on Google earth map and is shown in Figure 2.1 of Chapter-2.

Layout maps indicating existing unit as well as proposed unit indicating storage area, plant area, greenbelt area, utilities etc. If located within an Industrial area/Estate/Complex, layout of Industrial Area indicating location of unit within the Industrial area/Estate.

Overall plot plan of complete refinery indicating the areas for proposed project is shown in Figure 2.4 of Chapter-2.

Photographs of the proposed and existing (if applicable) plant site. If existing, show photographs of plantation/greenbelt, in particular.

Existing green belt marked on overall plot plan is given in Annexure XII.

Landuse break-up of total land of the project site (identified and acquired), government/private - agricultural, forest, wasteland, water bodies, settlements, etc shall be included. (not required for industrial area).

Thematic land use map are given in Annexure-VIII.

A list of major industries with name and type within study area (10km radius) shall be incorporated. Land use details of the study area

List of industries are given in section 3.7.4.2 of Chapter-3.

Geological features and Geo-hydrological status of the study area shall be included.

Thematic map of geological features is given in Annexure-VIII.

Details of Drainage of the project upto 5km radius of study area. If the site is within 1km radius of any major river, peak and lean season river discharge as well as flood occurrence frequency based on peak rainfall data of the past 30 years.

Thematic map of drainage in study zone is given in Annexure-VIII.





Rev. No. 0 Page v of ix

S. No. Statement Compliance Details of Flood Level of the project site and maximum Flood Level of the river shall also be provided (mega green field projects).

Status of acquisition of land. If acquisition is not complete, stage of the acquisition process and expected time of complete possession of the land.

Not applicable

R&R details in respect of land in line with state Government policy.

Not applicable

5. Forest and wildlife related issues (if applicable):

Not applicable

6. Environmental Status Determination of atmospheric inversion level

at the project site and site-specific micro-meteorological data using temperature, relative humidity, hourly wind speed and direction and rainfall.

Meteorological data was collected from Refinery during November 2015 to February 2016 as Primary Data-1 and March 2016 for Primary Data-2. Details are given in section 3.1 of Chapter-3.

AAQ data (except monsoon) at 8 locations for PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NOX, CO and other parameters relevant to the project shall be collected. The monitoring stations shall be based CPCB guidelines and take into account the pre-dominant wind direction, population zone and sensitive receptors including reserved forests.

Ambient air quality is measured for PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NOX, CO and other parameters were monitored at five locations during November 2015 to February 2016 (Primary Data-1). Ambient air quality is measured for PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NOx, CO, O3, NH3, Pb, C6H6, HC (Methane & Non-Methane), BaP, As, Ni, V were monitored at eight different locations during March 2016 (Primary Data-2). Details are given in section 3.2 of Chapter-3.

Raw data of all AAQ measurement for 12 weeks of all stations as per frequency given in the NAQQM Notification of Nov. 2009 along with – min., max., average and 98% values for each of the AAQ parameters from data of all AAQ stations should be provided as an annexure to the EIA Report.

Ambient air quality for Primary Data 1 & 2 is given in section 3.2 of Chapter-3.

Surface water quality of nearby River (100m upstream and downstream of discharge point) and other surface drains at eight locations as per CPCB/MoEFCC guidelines.

Surface water quality for Primary Data 2 is given in section 3.4 of Chapter-3.

Whether the site falls near to polluted stretch of river identified by the CPCB/MoEFCC, if yes give details.

Not applicable

Ground water monitoring at minimum at 8 locations shall be included.

Ground water quality for Primary Data 2 at 8 different locations in the study area is monitored and results of analysis are given in section 3.4.2 of Chapter-3.

Noise levels monitoring at 8 locations within the study area.

Noise levels at 8 locations Primary Data 2 is monitored and results of analysis is given in section 3.3.3 of Chapter-3.

Soil Characteristic as per CPCB guidelines. Soil quality at 8 locations Primary Data 2 is monitored and results of analysis is given in section 3.5.2.1 of Chapter-3.

Traffic study of the area, type of vehicles, Traffic study at 8 locations Primary Data 2 is





Rev. No. 0 Page vi of ix

S. No. Statement Compliance frequency of vehicles for transportation of materials, additional traffic due to proposed project, parking arrangement etc.

monitored and results of analysis are given in section 3.3.4 of Chapter-3.

Detailed description of flora and fauna (terrestrial and aquatic) existing in the study area shall be given with special reference to rare, endemic and endangered species. If Schedule-I fauna are found within the study area, a Wildlife Conservation Plan shall be prepared and furnished.

Detailed flora and fauna study is carried out and is given in section 3.9 of Chapter-3. No Schedule-I fauna is found within study area.

Socio-economic status of the study area. Detailed socio-economic status of the study area as per Census 2011 is given in section 3.7 of Chapter-3.

7. Impact and Environment Management Plan

Assessment of ground level concentration of pollutants from the stack emission based on site-specific meteorological features.

Modelling has been carried out using AERMOD and details of modelling are given in section 4.3.2 of Chapter-4.

In case the project is located on a hilly terrain, the AQIP Modelling shall be done using inputs of the specific terrain characteristics for determining the potential impacts of the project on the AAQ.

Not applicable

Cumulative impact of all sources of emissions (including transportation) on the AAQ of the area shall be assessed.

Modelling has been carried out using AERMOD considering cumulative impact of all sources. Details of modelling are given in section 4.3.2 of Chapter-4.

Details of the model used and the input data used for modelling shall also be provided.

Details of modelling are given in section 4.3.2 of Chapter-4.

The air quality contours shall be plotted on a location map showing the location of project site, habitation nearby, sensitive receptors, if any.

Details of modelling are given in section 4.3.2 of Chapter-4.

Water Quality modelling – in case of discharge in water body.

Not applicable

Impact of the transport of the raw materials and end products on the surrounding environment shall be assessed and provided.

No new transport of raw materials/end products is envisaged under proposed project.

A note on treatment of wastewater from different plant operations, extent recycled and reused for different purposes shall be included.

5 m3/hr of effluent will be generated from BS VI unit area which will be routed to ETP.

Spent caustic effluent of 0.6 m3/hr will be routed to spent caustic treatment facility

All blow downs will be collected and recycled. Complete scheme of effluent treatment. Complete scheme of existing effluent treatment

plant is given in Annexure-V. Characteristics of untreated and treated

effluent to meet the prescribed standards of discharge under E(P) Rules.

Details of quality of untreated and treated effluent are given in Annexure-V.





Rev. No. 0 Page vii of ix

S. No. Statement Compliance Details of stack emission and action plan for

control of emissions to meet standards. The total SO2 emissions pre and post BS VI projects are summarised as below:

Existing Refinery, IREP & PDPP (Pre BS VI): 1562 kg/hr

Post BS VI Project: 17 kg/hr

Total SO2 emissions will be 1579 kg/hr post BS VI project which is within the available limit.

Measures for fugitive emission control. No additional fugitive emissions envisaged. Details of hazardous waste generation and

their storage, utilization and management. Copies of MOU regarding utilization of solid and hazardous waste in cement plant shall also be included. EMP shall include the concept of waste-minimization, recycle/reuse/recover techniques, Energy conservation, and natural resource conservation.

Details of various types of waste generation from proposed project is given in section 2.6.3 of Chapter-2. - Considered.

Proper utilization of fly ash shall be ensured as per Fly Ash Notification, 2009. A detailed plan of action shall be provided.

Not applicable.

Action plan for the green belt development plan in 33 % area i.e. land with not less than 1,500 trees per ha. Giving details of species, width of plantation, planning schedule etc. shall be included. The green belt shall be around the project boundary and a scheme for greening of the roads used for the project shall also be incorporated.

Total area required for the proposed BS VI project shall be 7 Acres. Total area of existing refinery is 1265 acres approximately and the plant area is about 633 acres. Presently about 40 acres of greenbelt is developed within the refinery. In addition it is proposed to acquire about 168 acre of additional land from FACT which is presently full of lush greenbelt.

Action plan for rainwater harvesting measures at plant site shall be submitted to harvest rainwater from the roof tops and storm water drains to recharge the ground water and also to use for the various activities at the project site to conserve fresh water and reduce the water requirement from other sources.

Kochi refinery is having 1,75,000 m3 of rain water harvesting pond inside the refinery complex. Another 25000 m3 of rain water harvesting pond is presently in our shore tank farm. Apart from the above, roof top rain water harvesting pits are in place to capture rain water from roof area of 5000 m2, which is used for cooling water make-up.

Total capital cost and recurring cost/annum for environmental pollution control measures shall be included.

Break up of capital and recurring cost/annum for environmental pollution control measures is given in section No. 8.6 of Chapter-8.

Action plan for post-project environmental monitoring shall be submitted.

A detailed post-project environmental monitoring plan for both construction and operational phases are identified and are given in section Nos.5.3 & 5.4 of Chapter-5.

Onsite and Offsite Disaster (natural and Man-made) Preparedness and Emergency Management Plan including Risk Assessment and damage control. Disaster management plan should be linked with District Disaster Management Plan.

Summary of risk assessment for the proposed facilities is given in section No. 6.2 of Chapter-6. Complete details are given in Annexure X.





Rev. No. 0 Page viii of ix

S. No. Statement Compliance

8. Occupational health Plan and fund allocation to ensure the

occupational health & safety of all contract and casual workers.

Existing occupational health management system will be continued and is given in section 8.7 of Chapter-8.

Details of exposure specific health status evaluation of worker. If the workers’ health is being evaluated by pre designed format, chest x rays, Audiometry, Spirometry, Vision testing (Far & Near vision, colour vision and any other ocular defect) ECG, during pre placement and periodical examinations give the details of the same. Details regarding last month analyzed data of above mentioned parameters as per age, sex, duration of exposure and department wise.


Details of existing Occupational & Safety Hazards. What are the exposure levels of hazards and whether they are within Permissible Exposure level (PEL). If these are not within PEL, what measures the company has adopted to keep them within PEL so that health of the workers can be preserved,


Annual report of heath status of workers with special reference to Occupational Health and Safety.


1. Corporate Environment Policy Does the company have a well laid down

environment Policy approved by its Board of Directors? If so, it may be detailed in the EIA report.

Yes, HSE policy of the company is given in Annexure IX.

Does the Environment Policy prescribe for standard operating process / procedures to bring into focus any infringement / deviation / violation of the environmental or forest norms / conditions? If so, it may be detailed in the EIA.

Yes, Details of existing environmental management reporting procedures is given in Annexure IX.

What is the hierarchical system or Administrative order of the company to deal with the environmental issues and for ensuring compliance with the environmental clearance conditions? Details of this system may be given.

HSE organogram structure is given in Annexure IX.

Does the company have system of reporting of non compliances / violations of environmental norms to the Board of Directors of the company and / or shareholders or stakeholders at large? This reporting mechanism shall be detailed in the EIA report.

Details of existing environmental management reporting procedures are given in Annexure IX.

2. Details regarding infrastructure facilities such as sanitation, fuel, restroom etc. to be

No labour camps are envisaged during construction phase of the proposed project.





Rev. No. 0 Page ix of ix

S. No. Statement Compliance provided to the labour force during construction as well as to the casual workers including truck drivers during operation phase.

3. Enterprise Social Commitment (ESC) Adequate funds (at least 2.5 % of the project

cost) shall be earmarked towards the Enterprise Social Commitment based on Public Hearing issues and item-wise details along with time bound action plan shall be included. Socio-economic development activities need to be elaborated upon

As per prevailing corporate social policy adequate funds shall be earmarked for social well being.

4. Any litigation pending against the project and/or any direction/order passed by any Court of Law against the project, if so, details thereof shall also be included. Has the unit received any notice under the Section 5 of Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 or relevant Sections of Air and Water Acts? If so, details thereof and compliance/ATR to the notice(s) and present status of the case.

Not applicable

Additional TORs 1 Public hearing is exempted under section 7

(ii) of EIA Notification, 2006 as public hearing was conducted on 14th July, 2011 and as increase in pollution load is insignificant.

Noted.

A separate chapter on status of compliance of Environmental Conditions granted by State/Centre to be provided. As per circular dated 30 th May, 2012 issued by MoEF, a certified report by RO, MoEF on status of compliance of conditions on existing unit to be provided in EIA/ EMP report.

Certified copy of monitoring report from Regional office of MOEF is given in Annexure III.


I


Rev. No. 0 Page I of VIII

EIA STUDY FOR DEBOTTLENECKING OF REFINERY FACILITIES OF M/S BHARAT

OMAN REFINERIES LIMITED

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT FOR BS VI MOTOR SPIRIT BLOCK

PROJECT OF BPCL AT KOCHI, KERALA

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY



Rev. No. 0 Page II of VIII



1.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The Executive Summary covers the following topics in brief: Project Description Existing Environmental Status Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation measures Environmental Monitoring Program Additional studies Project Benefits

1.1 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

As per Auto Fuel Policy 2025, The Ministry of Petroleum and Natural gas has laid down a roadmap for complete transition to BS VI auto fuels by the 1 April 2020 in the entire country. Though, in post IREP scenario, BPCL Kochi Refinery will be able to produce BS IV quality MS and Diesel along with partial production of BS V products, it will require additional facilities to achieve BS-VI quality specifications for MS. BS-VI quality specification for HSD can be achieved post IREP through blending. In view of the above, BPCL intends to maximize and upgrade MS processing capabilities to meet BSVI fuel specifications by year 1st April 2020. BPCL entrusted the task of preparation of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and Risk Analysis/Assessment (RRA) studies to M/s Engineers India Limited (EIL) for obtaining Environmental Clearance. EIL is an accredited consultant for carrying out EIA studies by Quality Council of India in petroleum refining industry.

1.2 EXISTING ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS 1.2.1 AIR ENVIRONMENT

For collection of baseline status for various components of environment both secondary and primary data have been used. Considering the critical conditions of winter season primary data collected by BPCL-KR (hereafter reffered as Primary Data-1) during December 2015 to February 2016 is used. Further, M/s Mantec Consultants, New Delhi (hereafter reffered as Primary Data-2) was entrusted to establish primary data for March 2016, after receipt of MoM from MoEFCC. A comparison of baseline ambient air quality is made between data collected for PDPP (March to May 2013) and current monitoring for the period March 2016. The summary is given in Table 1.1. From the table it can be noted that all parameters were found within permissible limits during 2013 – 2016. There is slight increase in values from 2013 – 2016 except for Ozone, CO, NH3.

Table 1.1: Comparison of Ambient Air Quality (98th Percentile)

Month

SO2 g/m3

NOX g/m3

PM10 g/m3

PM2.5 g/m3

O3 g/m3

MHC ppm

CO mg/m3

NH3 g/m3

C6H6 g/m3

PDPP (Mar-May 2013)

9.2-11.9

16.8-23.9

60.4-75.1

35.6-44.2

40.0-48.3

0.28-0.36

0.57-0.94

26.8-35.3

0.99-2.74

BS VI (Mar 2016)

13.6-22.0

22.0-33.7

61.4-84.8

30.2-48.8

25.3-42.3

0.23-0.29

0.8-1.0

26.0-38.6

BDL-4.36

NAAQS LIMIT

80

80 100 60 100 1.0 2.0 400 5.0



Rev. No. 0 Page III of VIII



1.2.2 WATER ENVIRONMENT Water samples were collected at 16 locations, out of which 8 samples from ground water

sources and 8 samples from surface sources. All the samples were analyzed for parameters such as hardness, alkalinity, salts, conductivity, inorganic substance, heavy metals, coli forms (for Surface Water samplers) etc. Parameters like pH, conductivity, temperature and DO were analyzed at the time during collection. A summary of the same is given below:

Ground water

Ground water samples are compared with the ‘Water Criteria Limits’ (CPCB). All the ground water samples are falling under the ‘C’ category (Drinking water source after conventional treatment and disinfection). Surface water The surface samples collected from Chitrapura River Upstream & downstream, raw water from Periyar River are falling under the C category where as sample collected at Chambakara River is found to be saline in nature.

1.2.3 NOISE ENVIRONMENT A total of eight (8) locations within an area of 10 km radius around the project site have

been selected for measurement of ambient noise levels.

The average traffic levels over the study period (March to April) at all the 8 stations are

calculated in terms of PCU. It has been observed from that the overall movements of Heavy motor vehicles are higher at Refinery, Low motor vehicles at NH 47 at Vytilla and two wheelers are higher at NH 47 at Vytilla followed by Puthencruz and Hill Palace. The total traffic volume is found to be highest at Refinery site followed by NH 47 at Vytilla and Hill Palace.

1.2.4 SOIL ENVIRONMENT

The physico-chemical properties, nutrient content and infiltration characteristics of soils within the study area have been analyzed at five different locations during the study to establish the soil characteristics. 1. The texture of the soil is mostly sandy loam. 2. The bulk density of the soil is varied from 1.2 to 1.4 g/cc. 3. The pH of the soils is varied from 6.72 to 7.91shows alkaline in nature. 4. The electrical conductivity levels are average and not harmful to germination. 5. The nitrogen levels found to be slightly low as it ranges 152-218 kg/ha, desirable is

100 kg/ha.

Out of all the 8 locations measured for noise levels, the sound levels recorded at Ambalmugal-Fact Junction is found to be on higher side 88.8 dBA followed by Irumpanam with 73.8 dBA.



Rev. No. 0 Page IV of VIII



1.2.5 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT The area falling under the 10 km radial distance is surrounded by both aquatic and

terrestrial ecosystems. A total of 375 species of plants (including wild, ornamental and cultivated plants), were

documented and identified in the 10 km radial distance from the proposed project sites of the study area.

A total of 78 species of birds, 7 species of amphibians, 12 mammals, 27 butterflies are

recorded during the present survey in the 10 km radial distance from the proposed project site.

Total area required for the proposed BS VI project shall be 7 Acres. Total area of existing

refinery is 1265 acres approximately and the plant area is about 633 acres. Presently about 40 acres of greenbelt is developed within the refinery. In addition it is proposed to acquire about 168 acre of additional land from FACT which is presently full of lush greenbelt.

1.2.6 SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT

Population breakup within 10 km radius of the plant as per 2001 census is 2204880 male and 2247499 female which makes up a Total population about 4452379 respectively, with 9.0 % of SC and 0.3 % of ST Population.

1.3 ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS The environmental impacts associated with the proposed project during construction and

operational phases of the project on various environmental components have been identified and are given in Table 1.2.

Table 1.2: Impact Identification Matrix

Physical Biological Socio-economic

Activities

Am

bien

t air

qual

ity

Gro

und

/ sur

face

w

ater

(qua

ntity

/ qu

ality

)

Am

bien

t noi

se

Land

(lan

d us

e,

topo

grap

hy &

dr

aina

ge, s

oil)

Flor

a

Faun

a

Live

lihoo

d &

oc

cupa

tion

Infr

astr

uctu

re

CONSTRUCTION PHASE Site grading works * * * * * * Civil works such as earth moving and building of structures

* * * *

Heavy equipment operations * OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE PHASE

Process units, utilities and offsites

* *

Emission management- air, liquid and solid waste/

* *

Use of upgraded quality products

*



Rev. No. 0 Page V of VIII



Impacts have been assessed considering spatial, temporal, intensity and vulnerability scales and its overall significance value is given in Table 1.3.

Table 1.3: Impact Assessment Summary

Environmental component Construction Operation Air Low Medium Water Consumption of Raw Water Low Low

Generation of Effluent Low Low Land Land use & Topography Low -

Soil Quality Low Low Noise Low Medium Biological Low Low Socio-Economic Low Low

1.4 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND MITIGATION MEASURES 1.4.1 AIR ENVIRONMENT

Construction Phase Construction phase (Impact significance: Low)

Implementing dust control activities such as water sprinkling on unpaved sites. Controlled vehicle speed on site

Operation Phase Impacts (Significance - Medium) The total SO2 emissions pre and post BS VI projects are summarised as below:

Existing Refinery, IREP & PDPP (Pre BS VI): 1562 kg/hr Post BS VI Project : 17 kg/hr

Total SO2 emissions will be 1579 kg/hr post BS VI project which is within the available limit. Considering the above inputs modeling was carried out using ISCST 3 Air quality model using AERMOD Software. Meteorology for the period December – February 2016 was used. Summary of the results of GLCs are given in Table 1.4.

Table 1.4: Predicted GLC values Resultant Maximum GLC from proposed BS VI project

(considering all stacks of IREP & PDPP) (24 hourly maximum) Pollutant

Maximum GLC g/m3

Maximum GLC From Centre of Refinery (0,0)

Co-ordinates (m)

Location from the

plant Centre (Km)

Maximum 98 Percentile Baseline Value (within 10 km

radius) g/m3

Resultant 98

Percentile Value g/m3

Standard Value g/m3

SO2 22.6 -2000, 1000 1Km, West 22.0 42.6 80 NOx 22.4 -2000, 1000 1Km, West 33.7 56.1 80

From the above table it can be noted the resultant SO2 and NOx concentrations are well within prescribed limits. It can be noted that the integration of proposed facilities within existing refinery has no impact. Mitigation measures

Developing peripheral green belt. Monitoring of air polluting concentrations



Rev. No. 0 Page VI of VIII



1.4.2 WATER ENVIRONMENT Construction Phase

Impacts (Significance – Low) Mitigation Measures Monitoring water usage at work sites to prevent wastage.

Operation Phase Impacts (Significance – Low) The water requirements of various projects are given below:

Present IREP PDPP BS VI Available Limit

Water Requirement, MLD 28 33 9.6 3.4 74

5 m3/hr of effluent will be generated from BS VI unit area which will be routed to ETP. Spent caustic effluent of 0.6 m3/hr will be routed to spent caustic treatment facility All blow downs will be collected and recycled. Mitigation Measures

Tracking of consumption and installing water meter from BPCL Refinery. Installation of rainwater harvesting structures to collect and use rainwater.

1.4.3 NOISE ENVIRONMENT Construction Phase

Impacts (Significance – Low) Noise generation due to operation of heavy equipment and machinery, movement of

heavy vehicles in site preparation and civil works. Mitigation Measures Ensuring preventive maintenance of equipments and vehicles. Ensuring DG sets are provided with acoustic enclosures and exhaust mufflers. Operation Phase Impacts (Significance – Low) Only one new unit area will be developed under this project. The major noise generating equipment include pumps and compressors. There will be minimal impact due to the same. Mitigation Measures Avoiding continuous (more than 8 hrs) exposure of workers to high noise areas. Provision of ear muffs at the high noise areas

1.4.4 LAND ENVIRONMENT Construction Phase

Impacts (Significance – Low) Generation of debris/construction material, but being the modifications limited to

existing area, the generation of such waste shall be minimal.

Mitigation Measures Restricting all construction activities inside the project boundary.



Rev. No. 0 Page VII of VIII



Operation Phase Impacts (Significance – Low) Spent Catalyst from NHT-ISOM and CCR after every 5-10 years will be generated.

The same shall be sent back to manufacturer. Mitigation Measures Logging the details of waste sent back to manufacturer.

1.4.5 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT

Construction Phase Impacts (Significance –Medium) The impact of construction activities on fauna will be insignificant due to proposed

construction activities are within existing refinery complex. Mitigation Measures: Closing of trenches as soon as possible of construction. Prevent littering of work sites with wastes, especially plastic and hazardous waste.

Operation Phase Impacts (Significance – Low) The impacts due to proposed project activities during operation phase shall be

insignificant due to minimum additional air emissions and resultant GLCs within NAAQS limits.

Mitigation measures

Maintain the greenbelt already developed Plant additional trees during operation phase as per greenbelt development plan


Construction Phase Impacts (Significance – Low) Generation of temporary employment of very substantial number of personnel. It can

be observed that the number of personnel needed for the proposed project during the construction phase will be peak of about 1500-2000 people per day.

Transport requirements will arise during the construction phase due to the movement of both the personnel and materials.

Mitigation measures Training contractors on company safety policy requirements Monitoring speed and route of project-related vehicles within the project area Operation Phase Impacts (Significance – Low) Employment generation, effects on transport and other basic infrastructure. Transport requirements will arise due to the movement of both the personnel and

materials. Mitigation measures Extending reach of CSR Program. Monitoring speed and route of project-related vehicles.



Rev. No. 0 Page VIII of VIII



1.5 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAM

Presently comprehensive environmental monitoring program including ambient air quality, meteorology, water consumption, water quality, noise levels, soil quality, occupational health data, waste water generation, disposal measurements etc are carried out. The same will be continued.

1.6 ADDITIONAL STUDIES

1.6.1 RISK ASSESSMENT STUDY

Risk assessment has been carried out and it is observed that individual risk to general public residing outside the refinery compound wall is well within acceptable zone as per risk criteria. General recommendations and mitigating measures are given below. General Recommendations Provide sufficient number of hydrocarbon detectors within the ISOM/CCR unit for

early leak detection and develop procedures for stopping of rotating equipments and quicker inventory isolation.

The CCR separator and De-butanizer and reformate may preferably be located to the western side of the piperack to maintain as much distance as possible from compound wall.

As the Quality Control lab may be affected by the toxic concentration of Toluene, suitable no. of breathing apparatus may be provided to be used in case of emergency based on detection or emergency guidelines.

Locate the new pumps atleast 40m away from the Tankage so as avoid direct flame impingement. Review the suitability of active fire protection system of Tank YT-903 for protection from 32KW/m2 radiation intensity.

The active fire protection system provided for storage tanks (YT-903/905) are to be regularly checked for prompt action.

As the control room may not be exposed to LFL, but may be partially subjected to blast overpressures, based on the prevailing site conditions and presence of ignition sources, ensure suitable mitigation by early leak detection and automated inventory isolation.

The detailed Rapid Risk Assessment study was attached along with this report.

1.7 PROJECT BENEFITS

The project benefits are envisaged on account: MS and HSD complying with BS VI specification which are environmental friendly

fuels, will be produced. Generate direct and indirect employment. The Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) program will be extended.


1 Document No.

A870-EI-1742-1601 Rev. No. 0

Page 1 of 152



CHAPTER – 1

INTRODUCTION



Rev. No. 0 Page 2 of 152



1.0 INTRODUCTION The Kochi Refinery of Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited (BPCL-KR) located at Ambalamugal, in Ernakulum District (Kerala), India was established in 1966 and has been expanded to current capacity of 9.5 Million Metric tons per Annum (MMTPA) through successive revamps / addition of new facilities. It currently has two Crude Distillation Units CDUI and II), secondary processing facilities viz VGO-HDS, FCCU, DHDS, Aromatic Recovery Unit, NHT CCR with associated facilities and offsites. .

Currently, the refinery is implementing the Integrated Refinery Expansion Project (IREP) which will enhance refinery capacity to 15.5 MMTPA by processing of 100% high sulphur crudes and also upgrade auto fuels quality to BS –IV, part BS-V specifications. IREP includes implementation of a Crude/ Vacuum Distillation Unit (CDU-1 will be dismantled post IREP), a Naphtha Hydrotreater/ Isomerization unit, a Diesel Hydrotreater unit for Hydrotreating Diesel, VGO Hydrotreater unit to hydro treat feed for Fluidized Catalytic Cracking Unit, a Fluidized Catalytic Cracking Unit to maximize Propylene production, and a Delayed Coker Unit for the Residue Up gradation.

BPCL intends to maximize and upgrade MS and diesel processing capabilities to meet BSVI fuel specifications by 1st April 2020. BPCL entrusted the task of preparation of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and Risk Analysis/Assessment (RRA) studies to M/s Engineers India Limited (EIL) for obtaining Environmental Clearance. EIL is an accredited consultant for carrying out EIA studies by Quality Council of India in Petroleum Refining Industry.

1.1 NEED FOR BS VI MS BLOCK PROJECT

As per Auto Fuel Policy 2025, The Ministry of Petroleum and Natural gas has laid down a roadmap for complete transition to BS VI auto fuels by the 1st April 2020 in the entire country. Though, in post IREP scenario, BPCL Kochi Refinery will be able to produce BS IV quality MS and Diesel along with partial production of BS V products, it will require additional facilities to achieve BS-VI quality specifications for MS. BS-VI quality specification for HSD can be achieved post IREP through blending.

In view of the above, BPCL intends to maximize and upgrade MS processing capabilities to meet BSVI fuel specifications by year 1st April 2020.

1.2 SCOPE OF THE EIA STUDY

The study covers an area of 10 km radius circle from the refinery. The scope of study broadly includes: To establish environmental setting of the project in terms of site details, project

description, products/chemicals its storage, safety measures and precautions taken during storage and transportation, pollution control devices/measures, emission summary, hazardous waste/chemicals management etc.

Document existing environmental status for the period of 3 months (winter season) and

validate with additional one month data for meteorology, air quality, water quality, noise, soil, ecology and Socio-economic aspects.

Prediction and evaluation of the environmental impacts that may result from project development.

Outline the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) to mitigate the negative impacts, if any.






Risk assessment for storage for chemicals/solvents. Action plan for handling & safety system.

1.3 FRAME WORK OF ASSESSMENT

Based on the scope of work, guidelines generally followed for EIA studies and past experience of EIL on such industrial projects, a corridor encompassing of area within 10 km radius of existing Kochi Refinery is considered as spatial frame for the impact assessment. Temporal frame of assessment has been chosen to reflect the impacts in two distinct phases of the project as:

a) Construction phase b) Operation Phase

Time frame and the type of impacts will be different for these phases of the project.

1.4 METHODOLOGY FOR ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

The methodology adopted for carrying out the Environmental Impact Assessment for the proposed project has been based on the Guidelines issued by Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) and EIL's past experience of similar jobs. An effective environmental assessment calls for establishing sufficient background data on various environmental components through reconnaissance survey, sampling and available literature survey etc. The methodology adopted in preparing this EIA report is outlined in the following sections:

1.4.1 PROJECT SETTING AND DESCRIPTION In this section, project site details, process description and other facilities are defined. The

description also gives details of effluents (gaseous/liquid/solid/noise) and its generation sources. Coverage on environmental setting of the proposed MS Block project in terms of site details, project description, products/chemicals and its storage and transportation facilities, pollution control measures, emission summary are described. This gives an overview of the proposed MS Block project development within the existing refinery and management.

1.4.2 IDENTIFICATION OF IMPACTS

In order to identify the impacts comprehensively, all the activities associated with the proposed project during the construction as well as operational phase are identified and listed.

1.4.3 BASELINE DATA COLLECTION

The environmental data collected from the existing monitoring network within refinery for the period December 2015 – February 2016 was utilized for the study. Further data has been established for one month during March-April 2016, for air, water, noise, and land. Ecology & biodiversity and socioeconomic component of environment are studied by in-house accredited Functional Area Experts (FAEs). Data thus collected has been utilized here for prediction and assessment of impacts quantitatively/qualitatively of various environmental parameters.

1.4.4 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT PREDICTION & EVALUATION

In this part of the report, evaluation of pollution caused due to various emissions (Gaseous, Liquid, Solid, Noise) from the proposed activities is detailed. These identified impacts are assessed for arriving significance value in terms of high/ medium/low. In order to assess the






overall significance, impacts are scrutinised in terms of its spatial, temporal, vulnerability & Intensity. Each of these parameters separately scaled and the same are summed up through a matrix form.

1.4.5 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP)

In order to mitigate or minimise the negative impacts of the proposed project, an effective EMP is called for. Therefore, in the final part of the report the planning and implementation of various pollution abatement strategies including the proposed monitoring/surveillance network has been described. Detailed Environment management Plan (EMP) with specific reference to details of air pollution control system, water & wastewater management, monitoring frequency, responsibility and time bound implementation plan for mitigation measure is formulated.

1.5 CONTENTS OF THE EIA REPORT

The report has been divided into the following chapters: Chapter-1: Introduction This chapter provides the brief description and objectives of the project, scope of the study, need for BS VI MS Block project. Chapter-2: Project Description This chapter presents the details of the proposed project with description of the resources required and emissions, waste and wastewater anticipated to be generated. Chapter-3: Description of Environment This chapter describes the existing baseline status of environment components collected in a pre-defined study area based on primary and secondary data collection. Chapter-4: Anticipated environment impacts and mitigation measures This chapter describes the potential impacts of the proposed project and evaluates their significance based on parameters such as Intensity (I), Spatial extension (Sp), Temporal duration (T) and Environmental Vulnerability (V). Wherever applicable, mathematical models were used to quantify the intensity and spatial extension of the impacts. Impact avoidance and mitigation measures are delineated. Chapter-5: Environment monitoring programme This chapter describes the details of the monitoring schedule to be implemented for checking the effectiveness of mitigation measures. It covers the parameters, frequency and location of monitoring. If existing monitoring schedule is sufficient to cover the proposed development, the same has been clearly mentioned. Chapter-6: Additional Studies This chapter assesses the issues related to public consultation and the potential risks involved in the construction and operation of proposed facilities. This chapter also includes Rapid Risk Analysis (RRA). Chapter-7: Project Benefits This chapter presents the details of direct and indirect benefits due to proposed project.






Chapter-8: Environment Management Plan This chapter describes the organizational structure and resources planned for implementing the mitigation measures and monitoring schedule. Chapter-9: Disclosure of Consultants This chapter contains the list of various experts engaged in preparing the EIA report along with brief introduction of the consultancy to which they belong.

1.6 PROJECT PROPONENT

ADDRESS OF THE PROJECT PROPONENT

The correspondence address of the project proponent is:

Mr. Mohan S Menon Chief Manager (Project-Technical) BPCL- Kochi refinery Post Bag 2 Ambalamugal- 682304 E-mail: [email protected] Tel: 0484-2823802 Fax: 0484-2706408 PARTICULARS OF EIA CONSULTANT: The EIA consultant is Engineers India Limited. The complete address for correspondence is given below. Mr. R.B.Bhutda Head, Environment Division Engineers India Limited Research & Development Complex, Sector-16, On NH-8 Gurgaon – 122001, Haryana Email: [email protected] Telephone number: 0124-3802034 Fax number: 0124-2391413 Website: www.engineersindia.com

1.7 MoEF APPROVED TERMS OF REFERENCE FOR EIA

The 5th Expert Appraisal Committee (Industry-2) appraised the proposed projects such as installation of a new MS block comprising of NHT, NSU, LNISM, CCR and associated facilities for approval of TOR during its meeting held on 25th February, 2016. Based on the review of the documents submitted and the presentation made by the project proponent, the Committee recommended the following Terms of Reference (TOR) vide letter no. J-11011/43/2016-IA-II (I) dated 19th April 2016 for incorporating the same in the EIA report. The MoEFCC approved TOR is attached as Annexure-I.

1.8 EARLIER ENVIRONMENTAL CLEARANCE AND THEIR COMPLIANCE

There are six environmental clearances issued to Kochi Refinery. Kochi Refinery is regularly submitting its compliance report to regional office of MoEF at Bangalore. All

mailto:[email protected]

http://www.engineersindia.com/






environment clearances accorded from MoEF are given in brief in below mentioned Table 1.1 and compliance to all environmental clearances is attached as Annexure-II.

Table 1.1 Previous Environmental Clearances issued to Kochi Refinery from MoEF Sl No

Projects/ Units

Environment Clearance document

Date Compliance

1 3 MMTPA capacity expansion

J/11011/32/90 – IA.II 20/08/1991 Complied

2 DHDS J/11011/78/96 – IA (II) 05/03/1997 Complied 3 CEMP Phase I J/11011/58/2003 – IA II (I) 19/05/2003 Complied 4 CEMP Phase II J/11011/369/2005 –IA II (I) 02/02/2006 Complied 5 Bottom Residue

Upgradation J/11011/238/2008 –IA II (I) 18/02/2009 Complied

6 Kochi Refinery Expansion project

J/11011/341/2011 –IA II (I) 22/11/2012 Complied

7 Kochi Refinery Expansion project

J/11011/341/2011 –IA II (I) 23/05/2014 Complied

All compliance report to environment clearances are attached in Annexure II. A certified copy of the latest monitoring report from Regional Office, MoEFCC (Bangalore) on the status of compliance of conditions stipulated in all environmental clearances is attached in Annexure III.






CHAPTER – 2

PROJECT DESCRIPTION






2.0 INTRODUCTION

This chapter describes the details of proposed project configuration, process description, environmental setting of the project, utilities, waste and waste water generation etc.

2.1 PROJECT LOCATION

BPCL – Kochi Refinery (BPCL-KR) is located at Ambalamugal, Puthencruz/Thiruvaniyoor Village, Ernakulam District, Kerala. The project site is located at 4 km from NH-49, 5-km from Thripunithura railway station and 15 km from Ernakulam Major Railway station. Also the project site falls at Seismic Zone – III (as per IS-1893, Part III: 2002). Project location is shown in Figures 2.1 & 2.2.

Figure 2.1: Project Location

PROJECT LOCATION






Figure 2.2: Project Location and its Boundaries – Google Map

A summary of environmental setting of the project is given in Table 2.1.

Table 2.1: Environmental setting of the project.

Sr. No. Particulars Details

1 Plant Location Ambalamugal, Ernakulam District, Kerala

2 Plant site co-ordinates Latitude : 9057’36” N to 9058’57” N Longitude: 76021’56” E to 76024’12”E

3 Climatic Conditions (IMD, Kochi )

a)

b) c) d)

Temperature Maximum Minimum Annual Rainfall Relative Humidity Predominant wind directions

33.0 oC (May) 21.10C (December) 3200 mm Maximum-89.0 % ; Minimum-66.0% Annual: 08.30:E 17.30: W

4

a) b)

Climatic conditions at Site Temperature Predominant wind directions

Maximum: 36 oC ; Minimum: 26 oC E and SE

5 Plant site Elevation above MSL

2 m to 32 m above MSL

6 Plant site Topography Generally plain

7 Present Land use at the site

Industrial






8 Nearest Highway NH-49 (4.0 km)

9 Nearest Railway station Thripunithura (5.0 Km, NE)

10 Nearest Airport Kochi (23 km, NW)

11 Nearest major water bodies

Chitrapuzha River (1.0 km, SW )

12 Nearest town/City Thripunithura, (5.0 Km, NE)

13 Archaeologically important places

Hill Palace Museum at Thripunithura

14 Protected areas as per Wildlife Protection Act,1972 (Tiger reserve, Elephant reserve, Biospheres, National parks, Wildlife sanctuaries, community reserves and conservation reserves)

None in 10 km radius as per Wildlife Protection Act 1972

15 Seismicity Seismic Zone-III as per IS 1893 (Part I): 2002

16 Defence Installations None in 10-km radius area Map showing study area encompassing 10 km radius of the proposed project is shown in figure 2.3. The 10 km study circle around the existing BPCL-KR and comprises parts of Paravur and Kanayannur talukas in Ernakulam District.

Ernakulam, Fort Cochin, Willingdon Island on the west and Puthencruz, Vadayampady, Kolancheri on the east are the major boundaries of the proposed site. Cochin port, one of the major ports in the country is situated on Willingdon Island. Some of the major towns and villages within the study area are Nettur Eroor, kolancheri, Nalakkam, Karimukal, Chottanikkara, Brahmapuram, Irumpanam, Hill Palace, Puthencruz, Vytilla, Maradu etc. Several rivers discharge large quantities of fresh water and sediments into the backwaters. The most important river is Periyar with other smaller rivers being Muvattupuzha, Karunnanur, Mennachil, Chalakudy and Pamba. A unique feature of the area is the fishing using Chinese Fishing nets. As regards the road network in the study area, Cochin is connected to other states through National Highways (NH) No.47, 17 and 49. This NH 47 runs inland from Kanyakumari and joins at Salem. The NH 47 also connects at Trichur with NH 17, which runs northwards along the coast to Mumbai. No additional land acquisition is required for the BS VI project.






Figure 2.3: 10 km radius of the proposed project Cochin has direct access in broad-gauge to the southern and national rail network including the recent Konkan Rail line facilitating connections to all major industrial towns and population centers.. The nearest railway station is located at Tripunithura at about 4 km in the eastern direction from the project site. Other major railway stations within the vicinity of the project site are Ernakulam Junction and Ernakulam Town and there is railway siding at Irumpanam.

2.2 PROJECT CONFIGURATION – EXISTING & PRPOSED FACILITIES

Kochi Refinery, a unit of Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited (BPCL-KR), is a 9.5 MMTPA Refinery located at Ambalamugal in Ernakulam District (Kerala), India. The Refinery was commissioned in 1966 with crude oil processing capacity of 2.5 Million Metric Tons Per Annum (MMTPA). Through progressive revamps and addition of process units, the refining capacity has been augmented to present level of 9.5 MMTPA, incorporating advanced refining technologies. During 2008-09, the refinery set out on a Bottoms Upgradation project and Environmental clearance obtained for the project in February 2009. Subsequently, in view of the high demand of petroleum products projected in the coming years in the country and also to retain its profitability and competitiveness in the long run, BPCL-KR decided to






enhance the refining capacity from 9.5 MMTPA to 15.5 MMTPA. In addition to the expansion, quality upgradation of autofuels to BS -IV/ V norms and upgradation of refinery residue to value added products are envisaged as part of the project. The capacity expansion by 6.0 MMTPA will be facilitated by installing a new state of the art Crude Distillation Unit of 10.5 MMTPA so as to replace the existing old 4.5 MMTPA CDU-1 which is not energy efficient. Associated process units like Delayed Coker Unit, FCCU, VGO HT, DHT Sulfur Recovery Unit (SRU), Hydrogen Generation Unit (HGU), Sour Water Stripper etc are included in the project. Matching Utilities and Off-site facilities are also envisaged as part of the project. Major process units proposed under the selected configuration are given in Table 2.2. Major products and their quantities are given in Table 2.3. Over all Lay out Plan and the Block Flow diagram showing all the units is shown in Figure 2.4 and Figure-2.5 respectively.

Table-2.2: Major Process Units Post IREP

Sr. No. Units Capacity, MMTPA 1 Crude Distillation Unit 10.5 2 Delayed Coker Unit 3.84 3 VGO-HT 3.0 4 DHDT 4.30 5 NHT/ISOM 0.36 6 PFCC 2.2 7 Hydrogen Unit 131.2 KTPA 8 Sulphur Recovery Unit 2 X 340 Tonnes/Day

Proposed BS VI MS Block Project consists of the following units:

Table 2.3: Proposed units under BS VI MS Block Project

A. Main Processing Unit Units Capacity

1 Naphtha Hydrotreater Unit. MMTPA 1.5

2 Light Naphtha Isomerization Unit MMTPA 0.7 3 Continuous Catalytic Reformer Unit

MMTPA 0.8

List of feed/ Products for Pre and Post BS VI Project are given in Table 2.4.

Table 2.4 List of Products

Stream

Pre BS VI Project

Post BS VI Project

FEED (KTPA) Arab Light 3500 6387.5 Arab Heavy 12000 10162.5 RLNG 162.2 202.23 Imported LSFO 370 470.30 Mumbai VR 400 400 Hydrogen from BOO

116.4

91.83 PRODUCTS (KTPA) Propylene 309.6 310






LPG 972.5 1083.8 Naphtha 550 96.84 Benzene 65 65 Toulene 45 45 Gasoline BS IV 0 0 Gasoline BS VI 2217 3151.6 ATF 600 600 Kerosene 667 120 Hydrotreated Kerosene

-

120 MTO 30 30 HSD BS IV 4233.9 0 HSD BS VI 3612.8 8661.5 Bitumen 250 250 Coke 1440.4 1418 Sulphur 306 314 Hydrogen Rich Gases 15.7 17.32 Fuel And Loss 1233.7 1431.2

Existing utility systems of Raw Water, Nitrogen, DM water, Condensate, BFW, Steam & Plant Air are capable to meet the requirement of BS VI facilities. Construction activities are anticipated to take place over a period of at least three years. Overall plot plan showing the process facilitates required for manufacturing the above products is given in figure 2.4. Total area required for the proposed BS VI project shall be 7 Acres. Total area of existing refinery is 1265 acres approximately and the plant area is about 633 acres. Presently about 40 acres of greenbelt is developed within the refinery. In addition it is proposed to acquire about 168 acre of additional land from FACT which is presently full of lush greenbelt. The total project cost for the proposed BS VI facilities is Rs. 3313.06 Crores.

2.3 PROCESS DESCRIPTION

A brief process description along with a flow schematic for each of the process unit as part of

the proposed facilities is provided in this section.

Naphtha Hydrotreating Unit (NHT) Light Naphtha Isomerization Unit (ISOM) Continuous Catalytic Reformer Unit (CCR)

Schematic Flow Diagrams for all the above process units are attached in Annexure-IV.

Naphtha Hydrotreating Unit The typical scheme for NHT unit is shown in schematic flow diagram no A775-79-41-00-101-A in Annexure IV. Naphtha feed to NHT passes through a surge drum and a charge pump. It is then combined with a H2-rich gas stream from the recycle gas compressor. The combined feed enters the reactor feed/effluent exchanger, where the feed is heated. The heated feed is brought up to






the reaction temperature in a feed charge heater. The hot feed down-flows through a fixed-bed reactor where the catalyst reacts with the feed to remove sulphur as H2S, in presence of H2.The reactor effluent is cooled first in the reactor feed/effluent exchanger and then in the product air cooler. Wash water is injected into the reactor effluent upstream of the product air cooler so that any salt build up in the condenser may be washed out. Reactor effluent flows out of the condenser at a low temperature to ensure complete recovery of naphtha and enters the separator The separator is provided with a mesh coalescer to ensure complete separation of vapor, hydrocarbon liquid and sour water. Sour water is sent to SWSU, H2-rich vapor is recycled back to the reactor through recycle gas compressor. A H2-rich makeup stream is fed into the recycle stream through a makeup gas compressor. Liquid hydrocarbon from separator is heated by heat exchange with stripper bottoms in stripper feed/bottom exchanger and enters the stripper near its top. A steam reboiler provides stripper heat duty. Overhead vapor from the stripper pass onto the stripper trim cooler partly condenses and separates into three phases in the stripper receiver.

Net overhead gas from the stripper receiver is passed onto the refinery fuel gas system after amine treatment to remove all H2S. Sour water from the receiver is sent to SWSU. Hydrocarbon liquid from the receiver is sent back to the stripper as total reflux. Hydrotreated sweet naphtha from stripper bottom is cooled in stripper feed/bottom exchanger and then sent to naphtha/gasoline pool.

Naphtha splitter The Hydro treated Naphtha from Naphtha Hydro treating unit passes through a surge drum and a charge pump. The feed enters the splitter column and is fractionated. The heat to the fractionator is provided by a Reboiler. The Overhead vapors are condensed in the overhead cooler into a Reflux drum. The overhead Light Naphtha is partially pumped as reflux to the column and partially taken as Light Naphtha Product. The Heavy Naphtha from the bottom of the splitter column is taken as Heavy naphtha Product. The Light Naphtha becomes feed for Isomerization Unit while as Heavy naphtha becomes feed to CCR Unit.

Light Naphtha Isomerisation Unit The typical scheme for Light Naphtha Isomerization unit is shown in schematic flow diagram no A775-79-41-00-102-A in Annexure IV. The fresh C5 /C6 feed is combined with make-up and re-cycle hydrogen which is directed to a charge heater , where the reactants are heated to reaction temperature .The heated combined feed is then sent to the reactor. Either one or two reactors can be used in series, depending on the specific application. The reactor effluent is cooled and sent to a product separator where the recycle hydrogen is separated from the other products .Recovered recycle hydrogen is directed to the recycle compressor and back to the reactor section. Liquid product is sent to a stabilizer column where light ends and any dissolved hydrogen are removed. The stabilized Isomerate product can be sent directly to gasoline blending.






Continuous Catalytic Reformer Unit The typical scheme for CCR unit is shown in schematic flow diagram no A775-79-41-00-103-A in Annexure IV. The Catalytic Reforming Unit processes the heavy naphtha stream to make it more suitable for the production of motor gasoline. The reforming process involves chemically rearranging the hydrocarbon molecules to produce higher-octane materials. The octane number is a key measure of motor gasoline performance. Hydrogen gas is produced as a byproduct of reforming, and is used as feed to the Naphtha Hydrotreater Unit, Distillate Hydrotreater Unit. The heavy naphtha feed streams are mixed with recycle hydrogen, preheated by exchange with reactor effluent, heated to reaction temperature in the charge heater and sent to the first of a series of three to four reactors. Each reactor is preceded by a gas-fired feed heater to maintain a constant inlet temperature profile for the individual reactors (as reforming reactions that take place in the reactors are predominantly endothermic). Effluent from the last reactor is heat exchanged with the combined feed, condensed in the product trim cooler and sent to the separator. The reformed naphtha product (reformate) is separated from the by-product hydrogen. A portion of the hydrogen is compressed and recycled to be mixed with heavy naphtha feed material. The remaining hydrogen is compressed for use in other refinery processing units. The reformate product is fractionated in the debutanizer for separation of light ends. The reformate liquid product is sent to storage, for use in motor gasoline blending. The Catalytic Reforming Unit reactor catalyst is continuously regenerated in the Catalytic Reforming Unit Catalyst Regenerator. The regeneration section of the reformer provides a continual stream of clean coke-free active catalyst that is returned back to the reactors. Continuous circulation of regenerated catalyst helps maintain optimum catalyst performance at high severity conditions for long on-stream periods of reforming operation. Catalyst regeneration takes place in dedicated equipment and uses nitrogen, air, and perchloroethylene as regenerating agents. The Catalyst Regenerator performs two principal functions - solid catalyst regeneration and circulation. Spent catalyst from the final Catalytic Reforming Unit reactor vessel is conveyed to the Catalyst Regenerator, where it is regenerated in four steps:

Coke burning with oxygen, Oxychlorination with oxygen and chloride, Catalyst drying with air/nitrogen, and Reduction of catalyst metals to "reduced" oxidation states.

Exiting the Catalyst Regenerator, the regenerated catalyst is conveyed back into the first Catalytic Reforming Unit reactor. Small quantities of hydrochloric acid and chlorine are generated in the Catalyst Regenerator. The vent gas from the Catalyst Regenerator is scrubbed in two stages with caustic solution and water in the Vent Gas Wash Tower for removal of acid gases, in particular hydrochloric acid. From the Wash Tower, the cleaned vent gas is discharged to the atmosphere. The sulphur balance for pre and post BS VI project is given below.



Rev. 0 Page 16 of 152

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT FOR BS VI MOTOR SPIRIT BLOCK PROJECT OF BPCL AT KOCHI, KERALA

Figure 2.4 Overall Plot Plan of BPCL-KR (BS VI Facilities)






2.4 RAW MATERIAL / PRODUCT STORAGE

No New Crude and product storage facility has been envisaged under BS VI project. Following offsite facilities shall be augmented by adding only new intermediate storage tanks and pumps in DHDS & IREP area and are given in Table 2.5 & Table 2.6.

Table 2.5: List of new Intermediate tanks

Sl. No.

Service No. of Tanks

Type Liquid Stored Capacity of Each

Tank (m3) 1. NHT Feed tank 1 Doom Roof 10900

2. Isomerate Feed Tank 1 Doom Roof 3060

3. Reformate Feed tank 1 Doom Roof 3060

In addition to the above new tanks, service change of some of the existing tanks is identified.

Table 2.6 : List of new intermediate pumps

Sl. No.

Service No. of pumps

Flow (m3/hr)

TYPE

1. NHT Feed Pump 2W+1S 130 Centrifugal 2. Isomerate Feed Pump 1W+1S 65 Centrifugal 3. Reformate Feed Pump 1W+1S 65 Centrifugal

2.5 UTILITIES CONSUMPTION

Following new Utility systems are considered for BS VI project and are given in Table 2.7.

Table-2.7: New Utility Systems for BS VI project

UTILITY SYSTEM BS VI project Recirculating Cooling Water System

Cooling Tower Cells

CT-1 : Capacity : 3000 m3/hr Number : 2w+1s

Recirculating Cooling Water Pumps Capacity : 3000 m3/hr Number : 2w+1s

Cooling Water Make up Pumps Capacity : 240 m3/hr Number : 1w+1s

Instrument Air System Instrument Air Dryer

Capacity : 3000 Nm3/hr Type : Dual Bed Number : 1

Air Compressor

Capacity : 3000 NM3/hr Number : 1w+1s Type : Reciprocating






LP Air Receiver

Number : 1 Diameter : 4 m Height : 1.6 m

Power Plant Configuration

Power Unit

New GTG: 1 Power : 34.5 MW Type : Frame VI HRSG : 1 X 110 TPH Grid Power Import : 3MW

Flare System

Flare System

New hydrocarbon flare

The additional raw water quantity required for the proposed BS VI project is 140 m3/hr approximately. Water Balance The water balance for existing refinery and Post IREP is given in Figures 2.5 & 2.6.

Fig 2.5 Water Balance for existing refinery






Fig. 2.6 Water Balance for Post IREP

Existing utility systems of Raw Water, Nitrogen, DM water, Condensate, BFW, Steam & Plant Air are capable to meet the requirement of BS VI facilities. Sulphur Balance The sulphur balance for post BS VI project is given in Table 2.8.

Table 2.8: Sulphur balance for Post BS VI Project

Feed TPD S (wt %) S (TPD) Arab Light (CDU-II) 10500 1.83 192.2 Arab Heavy (CDU-II) 4500 2.83 127.4 Arab Heavy (CDU-III) 25987.5 2.83 735.4 Arab Light (CDU-III) 8662.5 1.83 158.5 Mumbai Refinery VR 1090.92 4.5 49.1 Cutter Stock 109.08 0.267 0.3 Total Feed Sulphur

1262.9

Products TPD S (wt %) S (TPD) Propylene 930 0 0 LPG 3251.4 0.0026 0.08 Benzene 195 0 0 Toulene 135 0 0 Naphtha 290.52 0.011 0.03 Gasoline BS VI 9455 0.0008 0.08 ATF 1800 0.0307 0.55 Kerosene 360 0.1242 0.45 Hydrotreated Kerosene 360 0.0008 0.003






Sulfur Balance (in TPD) Total Sulphur in Feed 1262.9 Total Sulphur in Products & fuel 317.2 SRU Capacity Required 945.7 Total Installed SRU capacity: (old+ IREP) 904 (224+680) Additional SRU capacity required 41.7(6.1% of IREP SRU)

Note: The additional SRU capacity required is minimal and can be accommodated in the design margin of IREP SRU.

2.6 EMISSIONS FROM PROPOSED UNITS

The emissions in terms of air, wastewater, solid & hazardous wastes are estimated to be generated from proposed project is given in succeeding sections.

2.6.1 AIR

The total Sulphur Dioxide emissions from the refinery complex after development of proposed additional units and capacity expansion will not exceed 1580 kg/hr. Break -up of Sulphur Dioxide emission, both process and emission due to fuel use, from the refinery complex are given below.

The total SO2 emissions pre and post BS VI projects are summarised as below:

Existing Refinery, IREP & PDPP (Pre BS VI): 1562 kg/hr Post BS VI Project : 17 kg/hr

Total SO2 emissions will be 1579 kg/hr post BS VI project which is within the available limit.

MTO 90 0.0563 0.05 HSD BS IV 0 - 0 HSD BS VI 25984.7 0.0008 0.21 Bitumen 750 5.48 41.15 Coke from Coker 4253.9 6.45 274.38 Coke burnt from FCCU 180 0.04 0.07 Coke burnt from FCC PC 283.2 0.05 0.14 Total Sulphur in products 317.2






Details of SO2 emissions Pre BS VI project as mentioned above are listed in Table 2.9.

Table 2.9 Total SOx emission

Units SO2 Load (Kg/ hr) CDU 100.5 VDU 51.4 DCU 3.19 VGO HDT 37.75 DHDT 0.78 NHT 0.5 ISOM - FCC-PC 0.18 SRU 56.6 GTG / HRSG / Hydrogen

19.84

Boilers & CO Boiler

454.8

Existing Load 792.00 PDPP 43.4 Total SO2 Load 1561

One new stack for the proposed new GT in power block and one new stack for NHT/CCR units each will be coming up as a part of BS VI project. Air emissions released from the same is tabulated in below Table 2.10.

Table 2.10 Details of air emissions

New Stack

Stack dia (m)

Stack Height

(m)

Exit Velocity

(m/s)

Flue gas flow

(Nm3/hr)

Exit Temperature

(c)

SO2 (kg/hr)

NOx (Kg/hr)

HRSG 3.5 35 20.0 45000 150 2.0 85.3 NHT 2.37 50 6.1 49989 238 6.0 12.4 CCR 3.04 60 5.5 76563 227 9.0 19.0

Flare System

The flare system will be provided for safe disposal of combustible, toxic gases, which are relieved from process plants and offsite during start-up, shutdown, and normal operation or in case of an emergency such as:

• Cooling water failure; • Power failure; • Combined cooling water and power failure; • External fire; and • Any other operational failure

- Blocked outlet - Reflux failure - Local power failure - Tube rupture

The BS VI configuration shall have one new Hydrocarbon flare. Broad specification for flare system is given in Table 2.11.






Table 2.11: SPECIFICATION FOR FLARE SYSTEM

Sr.No Description Specification Remarks

HC Flare System A OSBL Flare

header Diameter = 76” MOC= KCS

B Flare KOD Diameter= 4.5 m Length= 22m

MOC= KCS+3mm CA

C Flare stack Diameter= 56” Height = 144.5m

MOC= CS; Flare tip MOC = Incoloy 825

2.6.2 WASTE WATER

Minimal quantity of effluent from unit area of 5 m3/hr will be routed to ETP. Spent caustic effluent of 0.6 m3/hr will be routed to spent caustic treatment facility. All blow downs will be collected and recycled. The summary of effluent generated from BS VI project is shown in below Table 2.12.

Table 2.12: Liquid Effluents from BS VI Project

Source Quantity Quality Destination Spent Caustic Streams

Naphtha Isomerisation Unit

0.6 m3/hr NaCl : 10.7 wt% NaOH : 2 wt% HC: Saturated

Spent caustic treatment facility

Blow down streams

CCR 19m3/hr

Phosphate : 50mg/l Recycling

Cooling water

25m3/hr

PH ; 7.5 – 8.5 Suspended solids, mg/lit : 50 NTU Dissolved solids, mg/lit : 5000

Recycling

Flare 5m3/hr

pH : 7.0 – 8.0 Oil: 50-100mg/l HC: 100 mg/l

OWS-ETP

Washes & Cleanings

Unit 5 m3/hr Oil content, mg/lit. : 1000 Suspended Solids, mg/lit : 200 BOD, mg/lit. : 200 COD, mg/lit. : 600 Sulphides, mg/lit. : 5 Phenolic Compounds, mg/lit. : 2 Cyanides, mg/lit. : 2

ETP

Tanks As per requirement; 6 hrs per day, for 10-12 days, once in 3 years

Same as above ETP






The various process streams shall be brought to WWTP battery limit separately.

SL.N0 STREAM TYPE 1 Oily Stream From Process Units 2 Spent Caustic 3 Cooling Water Blow Down 4 Contaminated Rain Water 5 Sanitary Waste

Oily Effluent Streams Intermittent liquid effluent if any from the various new facilities envisaged in this study will be collected & routed to existing Process Waste water Treatment plant Post IREP. Spent Caustic Streams Various spent caustic streams from new units envisaged in this study shall be routed to Spent Caustic Treatment plant post IREP for the treatment of its high sulphide concentration & other contaminants before feeding to WWTP at controlled rate. Cooling Tower Blow Down Cooling tower blow down shall be collected at the WWTP Battery Limit and shall be considered under combined flow to be adopted for Reuse and recycle option Sanitary Effluents Sanitary waste from the new units envisaged in this study shall be routed to existing sanitary effluent treatment package unit. The discharge limit of 410 m3/hr will be maintained after BS VI Project. Details of proposed new integrated effluent treatment plant under IREP project is given in Annexure V.

2.6.3 SOLID AND HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT

The solid waste generated in the BSVI facilities is described in Table 2.13. Some quantities of solid waste are expected to be generated during the construction phase. These wastes shall be disposed as per statutory requirements. Solid waste generated will sold to metal recyclers or will be sent to authorized vendors which will comply with all statutory requirements. An agreement has been made between BPCL-KR and M/s Kerala Enviro Infrastructure Limited for safe disposal of hazardous waste. The agreement is attached in Annexure VI.

Table-2.13 Handling of Solid waste

Process Suggested treatment methods Naphtha Hydrotreating Unit The operation of these units are likely to

generate various spent catalysts and the spent catalyst will be send back to original manufacturer for reprocessing/recovery of noble metals or disposed off by sale to registered recyclers.

Naphtha Isomerisation Unit Continuous Catalytic Reformer Unit






Approximate quantities of spent catalysts/adsorbents/molecular sieves generated from BS VI Project are given in below Table 2.14.

Table 2.14 Catalyst Summary for BS VI Project

Catalyst Name Approximate

Quantity (m3) Replacement

Naphtha Hydrotreating Unit Guard Bed 2.45 Once in 3-5 years NHT Catalyst 24.3 Once in 3-5 years Naphtha Isomerisation Unit

Molecular Sieves 78.54 Once in 3 years Adsorbents 26.62 Once in a year Isomerisation Catalyst 136.93 Once in 10-15 years Continuous Catalytic Reformer Unit

Adsorbent-1 31.6 Once in 280 days Adsorbent-2 3.4 Once in 6 months Catalyst 51.73 Once in 4-9 years

2.6.4 NOISE EMISSION

The overall noise levels in and around the existing BPCL-KR after implementation of BS VI Project shall be kept well within the standards by providing noise control measures including acoustic hoods, silencers, enclosures etc. on all sources of noise generation. The ambient noise levels conform to the standards prescribed under Environmental (Protection) Act, 1986 Rules, and 1989.

2.7 ENVIRONMENT MEASURES

2.7.1 PROPOSED AIR POLLUTION CONTROL MEASURES

In order to minimize the impact of the proposed project on the environment, due attention is given for implementing effective pollution control measures. Emissions from the new units of BS VI project will be as per statutory norms.

To control fugitive emissions following measures will be taken:

Minimum number of flanges, valves etc. Usage of state-of-art low leakage valves preferably with bellow seals. Usage of pumps with mechanical seals. Provision of double seal in some storage tanks.

On-line emission analyzers shall be installed on all stacks.

The emission from the new facilities will be conforming to the standards stipulated by Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) vide their notification GSR 186(E) dated 18th March 2008 and is given in Table 2.15.






Table 2.15: Standards for Emissions from Furnaces and Boilers*

*As per MoEF notification dated March 18, 2008 vide circular no G.S.R 186(E) for Oil Refinery Industry.

2.7.2 WATER POLLUTION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM Quality of water disposed from IREP ETP is given in Table 2.16.

Table No. 2.16: Quality of disposal of treated effluent

Sl. No. Parameters Value

1 Temperature Ambient 2 pH 6.0 – 8.5 3 Oil & Grease, mg/l 5 4 BOD3 days, 27 deg C, mg/l 15 5 COD, mg/l 125 6 Total Suspended Solids (TSS), mg/l 20 7 Sulphides, mg/l 0.5 8 Phenol, mg/l 0.35 9 Ammonia as N, mg/L 15 10 TKN, mg/L 40 11 Total Dissolved Solids, mg/l ~5000 (Normal) /~7000 (Design)

Sl. No.

Parameter Limiting concentration in mg/Nm3, unless stated

Existing refineries

New refineries/ furnaces/ boilers

1 Sulphur Dioxide (SO2)

Gas firing 50 50 Liquid firing 1700 850

2 Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx)


3 Particulate Matter (PM)


4 Carbon Monoxide (CO)


5 Nickel + Vanadium (Ni+V)

Liquid firing 5 5

6 Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S) in fuel gas Liquid / gas firing 150 150

7 Sulphur content in liquid fuel, weight %

Liquid / gas firing 1.0 0.5






2.7.3 NOISE POLLUTION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

Noise Abatement Measures in Plant Area:

The overall noise levels in and around the existing BPCL-KR after BS VI Project shall be kept well within the standards by providing noise control measures including acoustic hoods, silencers, enclosures etc. on all sources of noise generation. The ambient noise levels conform to the standards prescribed under Environmental (Protection) Act, 1986 Rules, and 1989.

2.7.4 LAND POLLUTION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

For the protection of the land environment, BPCL-KR will adopt environmentally sound solid waste management practices based on the philosophy of minimization of generation of solid waste and safe disposal of residual waste.

Groundwater monitoring: The quality of ground water shall be periodically monitored to ensure that there is no adverse impact of complex operations on the groundwater quality.






CHAPTER-3 DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT






3.0 DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT For collection of baseline status for various components of environment both secondary and primary data have been used. Considering the critical conditions of winter season primary data collected by BPCL-KR (hereafter reffered as Primary Data-1) during December 2015 to February 2016 is used. Further, M/s Mantec Consultants, New Delhi (hereafter reffered as Primary Data-2) was entrusted to establish primary data for March 2016, after receipt of MoM from MoEFCC.

3.1 METEOROLOGICAL DATA

Micro-meteorological data within the project area during the air quality survey period is an indispensable part of air pollution study. The meteorological data recorded during survey period is very useful for proper interpretation of the baseline information as well as for input to predictive models for air quality impacts.

Meteorological data

Primary data-1 collected at BPCL Refinery (December 2015 to February 2016) and Primary Data-2 at site (1 month) Parameters like Wind speed, wind direction, Temperature, Humidity and Rainfall collected and computed to hourly results using Automatic Weather Station installed at >10 m height. Secondary data Available last 1 year (IMD Thiruvananthapuram)

Primary Data-1

Presently an automatic weather station is under operation within the refinery complex for recording hourly observations for the parameters like Maximum and Minimum Temperatures (ºC), Relative Humidity (%), Wind Speed (km/hr), Wind direction, Solar radiation (Watt/m2) and Rainfall (mm).

The hourly-recorded observations (wind velocity and wind directions) during December 2015 to February 2016 is used in computing percentage frequencies (0-7 morning, 8-15 noon, 16-23 evening & 0-23 hrs) and are depicted in the form of ‘wind roses’ in Fig 3.1. The predominant wind direction is from SW with an average wind speed 9 kmph. Maximum and minimum temperature is 34 OC and 20 OC during the study period.






Fig 3.1 Primary Meteorological data –Wind Roses

Period: December 2015 - February 2016

Primary Data-2

An automatic weather station was installed near the plant site for one month (March - April 2016) and recorded hourly observations for the parameters like Maximum and Minimum Temperatures (ºC), Relative Humidity (%), Wind Speed (km/hr), Wind direction, Solar radiation (Watt/m2) and Rainfall (mm).

The hourly-recorded observations (wind velocity and wind directions) during 4 weeks study period are used in computing percentage frequencies (0-7 morning, 8-15 noon, 16-23 evening & 0-23 hrs) and are depicted in the form of ‘wind roses’ in Fig 3.2. The predominant wind direction is E followed by W with an average wind speed 9.4 kmph. Maximum and minimum temperature is 36 OC and 26 OC during the study period. Complete micro-meteorogical data is given in Annexure-VII.






Fig 3.2 Primary Meteorological data –Wind Roses

Period: March - April 2016






Secondary Data from IMD: As per the one year historical data of IMD at Naval Air station at Kochi (April 2012 to March 2013), the maximum mean wind speed was recorded as 12.3 km/hr in the month of May and the minimum mean wind speed as 7.8 km/hr in the month of June.

3.2 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY DATA Primary Data-1

Presently five automatic ambient air quality monitoring stations are operated within refinery and at BPCL Colony. The locations within the refinery include ACTP Area, DHDS Area, Wagon Loading Area, NHT-CCR Area. Primary Data-2 A network of Eight (8) ambient air-sampling locations has been selected for assessment of the existing status of air environment within the study zone (Fig 3.3). The heights of the sampling stations were kept between 4 to 6 m from ground level. After reconnaissance of the area and observing the topographical features and review of the available meteorological data and local conditions the sampling sites were chosen which will be the representative of the local areas under study.

Code Locations Distance

(KM) Direction Code Locations Distance

(KM) Direction

w.r.t Project w.r.t Project A1 Ambalamedu 0.9 NNE A5 Puthencruz 2.5 E A2 Karimugal 2.1 ENE A6 Tripunthara 2.5 E A3 Irumpanam 0.1 E A7 Thriuvaniyur 4.0 SE A4 Eroor 1.0 W A8 Manpilli 0.8 ESE






Fig 3.3 Map showing Ambient Air sampling Locations 3.2.1 SAMPLING METHODOLOGY

Pollutants like PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NOx, CO, O3, NH4, C6H6, HC and Non Methane Hydrocarbons were selected and analyzed. The methodology of sampling and analysis in detail are given in Table 3.1.

Table 3.1: Ambient Air Quality - Methodology

Sl. No Parameters Units of

Measurements Prescribed

Limits Protocol

1. Sulphur Di-oxide, SO2 24 Hourly g/ m3 80

(24 Hours) IS: 5182 Part-II, 2001

2. Nitrogen Di-oxide, NO2 24 Hourly g/ m3 80

(24 Hours) IS: 5182 Part-VI, 2006

3. Particulate Matter, PM10 24 Hourly g/m3 100

(24 Hours) IS: 5182 Part-XXIII, 2006






4. Particulate Matter, PM2.5

24 Hourly g/ m3 60 (24 Hours) EPA, 40 CFR Part-50

5. Ozone, O3 8 Hourly g/ m3 100

(08 Hours) IS: 5182 Part-IX,

Chemical Method, 2009

6. Lead, Pb 24 Hourly g /m3 0.50

(Annual) IS:5182 (P-22) 2004 (ICP-OES)

7. Corbon Monoxide,CO 8 Hourly mg/m3 2000

(08 Hours) IS: 5182 Part-X,

NDIR spectroscopy

8. Ammonia, NH3 24 Hourly g/ m3 400

(24 Hours) Indophenol Blue Method

(CPCB Guideline)

9. Benzene, C6H6 24 Hourly g/ m3 05

(Annual) IS:5182 (P-11) 2006

(Gas Chromatograph) 10. Benzopyrene, B[a]P

24 Hourly ng/ m3 01 (Annual)

IS:5182 (P-12) 2004 (Gas Chromatograph)

11. Arsenic, As 24 Hourly ng/ m3 06

(Annual) CPCB Guidelines, Vol-1 (May 2011) (ICP-OES)

12. Nickel, Ni 24 Hourly ng/ m3 20

(Annual) CPCB Guidelines, Vol-1 (May 2011) (ICP-OES)

13. Volatile Organic Compound,

VOC 24 Hourly

g/ m3 - TO17-USEPA

14. Vanadium, V 24 Hourly g/ m3 - CPCB Guidelines, Vol-1

(May 2011) (ICP-OES)

15. Total Hydrocarbon, THC 8 Hourly PPM - IS:5182 Part-XVII

(Gas Chromatograph)

Installation

Install at a place where representative results anticipated of the area and away from local activities.

At least 15 m distance from local sources Sampling height: 4-6 m (free from obstructions).

Rota meter flow: 0.2 LPM

Impinger: Capacity 35 ml, 22 cm in length and 2.6 cm wide, impinging end of the tube 1 mm bore

size.

Manometer: Average >1.1 cu.m/minute

Sampling duration

24 hr sampling for SPM, PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NOx, HC & Non methane Hydrocarbons. 8 hr sampling for O3, CO.

During 1 month monitoring period each week 2 samples will be collected at each site during 4 week survey period.

Samples will be collected in such a way that all days in a week (Monday to Saturday) will be covered.






Fig 3.4 Air quality measuring instruments 3.2.2 AAQ – PRIMARY DATA-1

PM10 (Particulate Matter)

During the monitoring period, it has been observed that the 98th percentile value of PM10 for all the monitoring stations ranging from 63.7 to 96.7 µg/m3 (Table 3.2). The lowest and highest values were observed 22.7 µg/m3 and 98.5 µg/m3 at ACTP area. From the Table 3.2, it can be observed that the 98th percentile values of all locations are well within the prescribed limits of 100 µg/m3.

Table 3.2 Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Results (PM10)

All the following results are expressed in µg/m3

Minimum Maximum 98 percentile ACTP Area 22.7 98.5 96.7 BPCL COLONY 29.9 76.3 72.5 DHDS Area 27.8 65.8 63.7 Wagon Loading Area 52.4 85.6 82.4 NHT-CCR Area 41.0 82.0 80.1






PM2.5 (Particulate Matter)

During the monitoring period, it has been observed that the 98th percentile values of PM2.5 for all the monitoring stations ranging from 38.3 to 59.7 µg/m3 (Table 3.3). The lowest value was observed as 10.5 µg/m3 at NHT CCR area and the highest value was observed as 62.6 µg/m3 at DHDS area. The prime sources of PM2.5 contribution are nearby industries as well as local domestic activities associated with residential areas, traffic or local construction. It can be observed that the 98th percentile values of all locations were found within the standard value of 60 µg/m3 for residential/rural areas of National Ambient Air Quality standards given in Table 3.3.

Table 3.3 Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Results (PM2.5)


Minimum Maximum 98 percentile ACTP Area 12.5 43.9 43.6 BPCL Colony 24.2 58.0 57.5 DHDS Area 15.2 62.6 59.7 Wagon Loading Area 22.6 59.7 59.2 NHT-CCR Area 10.5 39.0 38.3

Sulphur Dioxide (SO2)

During the monitoring period, the 98th percentile concentration of SO2 is ranging from 3.5 to 40.2 µg/m3 (Table 3.4). The lowest value recorded was 1.3 µg/m3 at BPCL Colony area and the highest value was 41.1 µg/m3 at Wagon loading area. The 98th percentile values were found within the standard of 80 µg/m3 for residential/rural areas given in Table 3.4.

Table 3.4 Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Results (SO2)


Minimum Maximum 98 percentile ACTP AREA 12.2 36.2 33.0 COLONY AREA 1.3 3.8 3.5 DHDS AREA 8.6 38.7 37.7 Wagon Loading Area 33.5 41.1 40.2 NHT-CCR Area 6.1 21.6 18.9

Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx)

The daily variations of ambient air quality in terms of NOx at various monitoring stations are given in Table 3.5. During the monitoring period, the 98th percentile NOx concentration was within the ranging from 7.7 to 56.4 µg/m3. The lowest value was observed as 7.7 µg/m3 at DHDS area and the highest value was observed as 56.4 µg/m3 at ACTP area. The 98th percentile values at various stations were found within the prescribed limits of 80 µg/m3 given in Table 3.5.






Table 3.5 Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Results (NOx) All the following results are expressed in µg/m3


Ammonia

The daily variations of ambient air quality in terms of Ammonia at various monitoring stations are given in Table 3.6. During the monitoring period, the 98th percentile NH3 concentration was within the range of 8.8 to 36.9 µg/m3. The lowest value was observed as 0.1 µg/m3 at DHDS area and the highest value was observed as 38.0 µg/m3 at BPCL colony area. The 98th percentile values at various stations were found within the prescribed limits of 400 µg/m3 given in Table 3.6.

Table 3.6 Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Results (NH3)



Carbon Monoxide

The 98th percentile concentration of CO ranging from 0.7 to 1.6 mg/m3 (Table 3.7). Off the concentrations for the 5 stations showed, the highest concentration with 1.6 mg/m3 is at DHDS area. However these concentrations are well within the prescribed standards of 2 mg/m3 as given in Table 3.7.

Table 3.7 Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Results (CO)


Minimum Maximum 98 percentile ACTP AREA 0.2 0.9 0.7 COLONY AREA 0.6 1.4 1.3 DHDS AREA 0.1 1.7 1.6 Wagon Loading Area 0.8 1.3 1.1 NHT-CCR Area <0.1 <0.1 <0.1






Benzene

The daily variations of ambient air quality in terms of benzene at various monitoring stations are given in Table 3.8. During the monitoring period, the 98th percentile benzene concentration was within the range of 0.9 to 4.4 µg/m3.

Table 3.8 Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Results (Benzene)


Minimum Maximum 98 percentile ACTP AREA BDL 0.9 0.9 COLONY AREA BDL 17.3 1.7 DHDS AREA BDL BDL BDL Wagon Loading Area 0.1 4.6 4.4 NHT-CCR Area BDL BDL BDL

3.2.3 PRIMARY DATA-2

PM10 (Particulate Matter)

During the monitoring period, it has been observed that the average values of PM10 for all the monitoring stations ranging from 56.3 to 80.7 µg/m3 (Table 3.9). The lowest value was observed as 51.0 µg/m3 at Irumpanam and the highest value was observed as 85 µg/m3 at Thripunitura. From the Table 3.9, it can be observed that the 98th percentile values of all locations are within the prescribed limits of 100 µg/m3.

Table 3.9 Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Results Name of the pollutant: Particulate Matter (PM10) All the following results are expressed in µg/m3

No Location Min. Percentile Max. AM SD GM 35th 50th 85th 98th 1 Ambalamedu 78.0 79.8 81 82.8 83.8 84.0 80.7 2.1 80.6

2 Karimugal 56.0 67.85 75.5 80.0 82.6 83.0 71.1 10.7 70.4

3 Irumpanam 51.0 55.45 56.5 58.0 61.4 62.0 56.3 3.4 56.2

4 Eroor 57.0 60.5 62 78.3 79.9 80.0 65.5 9.0 65.0

5 Puthen Cruz 62.0 66.3 67.5 68.5 69.8 70.0 66.5 2.9 66.4

6 Thripunitura 74.0 77.8 79.0 83.2 84.8 85.0 79.4 4.3 79.3

7 Thriuvaniyur 54.0 57.6 60.0 63.2 64.8 65.0 59.4 4.4 59.3

8 Manpilli 53.0 56.4 56.4 57.0 61.4 64.5 65.0 58.0 4.5

PM2.5 (Particulate Matter)

During the monitoring period, it has been observed that the average values of PM2.5 for all the monitoring stations ranging from 28.4 to 45.4 µg/m3 (Table 3.10). The lowest value was observed as 22 at Irumpanam and the highest value was observed as 49 µg/m3 Tripunithura. The prime sources of PM2.5 contribution are nearby industries as well as local domestic activities associated with residential areas, traffic or local construction. It can be






observed that the 98th percentile values of all locations were found well below the standard value of 60 µg/m3 for residential/rural areas of National Ambient Air Quality standards given in Table 3.10.

Table 3.10 Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Results Name of the pollutant: Particulate Matter (PM2.5) All the following results are expressed in µg/m3

No. Location Min. Percentile Max. AM SD GM 35th 50th 85th 98th 1 Ambalamedu 40.0 42.8 44.0 45.8 46.0 46.0 43.6 2.0 43.5

2 Karimugal 28.0 37.7 41.5 45.9 47.7 48.0 39.4 7.0 38.8

3 Irumpanam 22.0 27.5 28.0 31.9 34.6 35.0 28.4 4.0 28.1

4 Eroor 26.0 32.45 33.5 39.8 41.72 42 34.25 5.1 33.9

5 Puthen Cruz 28.0 37.0 38.5 40.3 40.9 41 36.7 4.9 36.4

6 Thripunitura 43.0 44.4 45.0 47.2 48.8 49.0 45.4 2.3 45.4

7 Thriuvaniyur 29.0 31.6 34.0 36.8 37.8 38.0 33.4 3.8 33.2

8 Manpilli 25.0 27.4 27.4 28.0 30.2 31.76 32.0 28.2 2.6

Sulphur Dioxide

During the monitoring period, the average concentration of SO2 is ranging from 11.0 to 19.1 µg/m3 (Table 3.11). The lowest value recorded was 8 µg/m3 at Thriuvaniyur/ Thripunitura/ Irumpanam and the highest value was 22 µg/m3 at Ambalamedu. The 98th percentile values were found well below the standard of 80 µg/m3 for residential/rural areas given in Table 3.11.

Table 3.11 Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Results Name of the pollutant: (SO2)



2 Karimugal 12.0 16.0 17.0 20.0 20.9 21.0 17.0 3.1 16.7

3 Irumpanam 8.0 11.0 11.5 14.0 15.7 16.0 11.8 2.6 11.5

4 Eroor 11.0 13.5 15.0 19.9 20.0 20.0 15.5 3.5 15.1

5 Puthen Cruz 8.0 10.0 10.5 13.5 14.8 15.0 11.2 2.5 10.9

6 Thripunitura 9.0 17.4 18.0 20.4 20.9 21.0 17.0 4.7 16.3

7 Thriuvaniyur 8.0 9.8 11.0 13.4 13.9 14.0 11.0 2.5 10.8

8 Manpilli 9.0 10.4 10.4 11.0 13.6 15.7 16.0 11.6 2.7

Nitrogen Dioxide

The daily variations of ambient air quality in terms of NO2 at various monitoring stations are given in Table 3.12. During the monitoring period, the average NO2 concentration was within the ranging from 20.3 to 28.4 µg/m3. The lowest value was observed as 18 µg/m3 at Puthencruz/Irumpanam and the highest value was observed as 34 µg/m3 at Ambalamedu, which indicate the local fluctuations in the vicinity and the industries at the site. The 98th






percentile values at various stations were found within the prescribed limits of 80 µg/m3

given in Table 3.12.

Table 3.12 Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Results Name of the pollutant: Nitrogen Dioxides (NO2) All the following results are expressed in µg/m3


2 Karimugal 22.0 24.0 24.5 26.0 27.7 28.0 24.5 2.0 24.4

3 Irumpanam 18.0 20.9 22.5 25.0 25.0 25.0 21.9 2.9 21.7

4 Eroor 21.0 24.0 24.0 27.9 28.0 28.0 24.9 2.4 24.8

5 Puthen Cruz 18.0 19.8 20.5 21.5 22.8 23.0 20.3 1.8 20.3

6 Thripunitura 19.0 26.4 27.0 29.0 29.0 29.0 26.0 4.1 25.7

7 Thriuvaniyur 18.0 21.8 23.0 24.0 24.0 24.0 22.0 2.5 21.9

8 Manpilli 16.0 17.4 17.4 18.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 19.0 2.8

Ozone

The daily variations of ambient air quality in terms of O3 at various monitoring stations are given in Table 3.13. During the monitoring period, the average O3 concentration was within the range of 25.1 to 39.3 µg/m3. The lowest values were observed 21.7 µg/m3 at Manpilli and highest values 42.3 µg/m3 at Ambalamedu. The 98th percentile values at various stations were found within the prescribed limits of 100 µg/m3 given in Table 3.13.

Table 3.13 Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Results Name of the pollutant: Ozone (O3)


No. Location Min. Percentile Max. AM SD GM 35th 50th 85th 98th 1 Ambalamedu 34 38.3 40.3 42.3 42.3 42.3 39.3 3.1 39.2

2 Karimugal 30.7 31.3 31.5 33.6 35.1 35.3 32.2 1.6 32.2

3 Irumpanam 30.7 32.7 33.0 35.3 37.9 38.3 33.5 2.5 33.4

4 Eroor 22.0 32.2 34.2 39.2 39.6 39.7 33.3 5.7 32.8

5 Puthen Cruz 30.7 30.9 31.8 32.8 33.3 33.3 31.8 1.2 31.8

6 Thripunitura 22.7 24.6 25.0 27.9 29.4 29.7 25.7 2.7 25.6

7 Thriuvaniyur 23.0 23.7 23.7 27.3 29.3 29.7 25.1 2.7 25.0

8 Manpilli 21.7 23.4 23.4 24.0 25.3 25.6 25.7 23.9 1.6

Ammonia

The daily variations of ambient air quality in terms of Ammonia at various monitoring stations are given in Table 3.14. During the monitoring period, the average NH3 concentration was within the range of 24.2 to 31.6 µg/m3. The lowest value was observed as 18 µg/m3 at Thripunitura/ Ambalamedu/ Manpilli and the highest value was observed as






39 µg/m3 at Karimugal. The 98th percentile values at various stations were found within the prescribed limits of 400 µg/m3 given in Table 3.14.

Table 3.14 Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Results Name of the pollutant: Ammonia (NH3)



2 Karimugal 24.0 28.9 31.0 36.0 38.6 39.0 31.6 5.1 31.3

3 Irumpanam 19.0 22.9 24.0 29.9 35.2 36.0 25.4 5.7 24.9

4 Eroor 20.0 24.9 27.0 30.0 31.7 32.0 26.4 4.4 26.0

5 Puthen Cruz 19.0 23.5 24.0 26.0 31.2 32.0 24.2 4.3 23.9

6 Thripunitura 18.0 22.4 26.0 28.4 31.5 32.0 24.4 5.5 23.9

7 Thriuvaniyur 24.0 27.4 28.0 31.4 31.9 32.0 28.4 3.2 28.3

8 Manpilli 18.0 22.8 22.8 24.0 26.0 26.0 26.0 23.2 3.3

Carbon Monoxide

The average concentrations of CO ranging from 0.56 to 0.93 mg/m3 (Table 3.15). The lowest value was observed as 0.45 mg/m3 at Karimugal and the highest value was observed as 1.01 mg/m3 at Thripunitura. However these concentrations are still well within the prescribed standards of 2.0 mg/m3 as given in Table 3.15.

Table 3.15 Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Results Name of the pollutant: Carbon Monoxide (CO)

All the following results are expressed in mg/m3


2 Karimugal 0.45 0.67 0.77 0.86 0.89 0.90 0.71 0.17 0.69

3 Irumpanam 0.44 0.52 0.54 0.60 0.80 0.84 0.56 0.12 0.55

4 Eroor 0.59 0.74 0.76 0.80 0.86 0.87 0.74 0.09 0.74

5 Puthen Cruz 0.60 0.76 0.83 0.90 0.96 0.97 0.79 0.15 0.78

6 Thripunitura 0.63 0.71 0.79 0.92 1.00 1.01 0.79 0.16 0.78

7 Thriuvaniyur 0.46 0.71 0.79 0.81 0.82 0.82 0.70 0.15 0.69

8 Manpilli 0.48 0.71 0.71 0.76 0.85 0.92 0.93 0.73 0.17

Hydrocarbons

Methane Hydrocarbons average concentrations values ranging from 0.20 to 0.22. Averaging the concentrations for the 8 stations showed, the lowest and highest average (AM) concentration are 0.14 ppm at Error and 0.29 ppm given in Table 3.16.






Table 3.16 Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Results Name of the pollutant: Methane Hydrocarbons

All the following results are expressed in ppm


2 Karimugal 0.15 0.20 0.22 0.25 0.26 0.26 0.22 0.04 0.21

3 Irumpanam 0.18 0.20 0.22 0.24 0.26 0.27 0.22 0.03 0.22

4 Eroor 0.14 0.19 0.20 0.22 0.28 0.29 0.20 0.05 0.20

5 Puthen Cruz 0.15 0.18 0.20 0.22 0.23 0.23 0.20 0.03 0.19

6 Thripunitura 0.14 0.18 0.18 0.26 0.27 0.27 0.20 0.06 0.20

7 Thriuvaniyur 0.17 0.19 0.20 0.25 0.29 0.29 0.21 0.05 0.21

8 Manpilli 0.13 0.19 0.19 0.20 0.26 0.27 0.27 0.21 0.06

Benzene

The daily variations of ambient air quality in terms of Benzene at various monitoring stations ranges between 2.20 µg/m3 to 3.84 µg/m3 are given in Table 3.17.

Table 3.17 Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Results

Name of the pollutant: Benzene All the following results are expressed in µg/m3


2 Karimugal 3.56 3.76 3.84 4.04 4.11 4.12 3.84 3.75 3.83

3 Irumpanam 3.56 3.76 3.84 4.04 4.11 4.12 3.84 0.40 3.83

4 Eroor 3.20 3.34 3.40 3.54 3.59 3.60 3.40 0.28 3.39

5 Puthen Cruz 2.20 2.20 2.20 2.20 2.20 2.20 2.20 2.20 2.20

6 Thripunitura BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL

7 Thriuvaniyur BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL

8 Manpilli BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL






Fig 3.5 AAQ of Particulate matter (PM10 & PM2.5) Period: March – April-2016

Fig 3.6 AAQ of Gaseous Concentration (SO2, NO2 & O3)

Period: March – April-2016 3.2.4 SUMMARY OF BASELINE AMBIENT AIR QUALITY

A comparison of baseline ambient air quality is made between data collected for PDPP (March to May 2013) and current monitoring for the period March 2016. The summary is given in Table 3.18.

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 A10 Limits

PM10 PM2.5

98th

per

cent

iles

Locations

PM10 & PM2.5

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 A10

SO2 NOx O3

98th

per

cent

iles

Locations

SO2, NOx & O3






From the table it can be noted that all parameters were found within permissible limits during 2013 – 2016. There is slight increase in values from 2013 – 2016 except for Ozone, CO, NH3.

Table 3.18 Comparison of Ambient Air Quality (98th Percentile)

Month

SO2 g/m3

NOX g/m3

PM10 g/m3

PM2.5 g/m3

O3 g/m3

MHC ppm

CO mg/m3

NH3 g/m3

C6H6 g/m3

PDPP (Mar-May 2013)

9.2-11.9 16.8-23.9 60.4-75.1

35.6-44.2

40.0-48.3

0.28-0.36

0.57-0.94

26.8-35.3 0.99-2.74

BS VI (Mar 2016)

13.6-22.0 22.0-33.7 61.4-84.8

30.2-48.8

25.3-42.3

0.23-0.29

0.8-1.0

26.0-38.6 BDL-4.36

NAAQS LIMIT

80

80 100 60 100 1.0 2.0 400 5.0

3.3 NOISE ENVIRONMENT

The word noise arose from the Latin word ‘nauseas’, it is a loud outcry or commotion that is unpleasant, unexpected, or undesired with various frequencies over the audible range due to the regular activities of the mankind primarily Noise pollution (or environmental noise) is displeasing human, animal or machine-created sound that disrupts the activity or balance of humans or animals life. The source of most outdoor noise worldwide is mainly evolved from Industries, constructions and transportation systems, including motor vehicle noise, aircraft noise and rail noise, poor urban planning may give rise to noise pollution.

Industrial Noise resulting to noise pollution has many reasons such as industries being close to human habitats which prevent the noise from decaying before it reaches human ear.

A determination is made of the micro scale impact by predicting anticipated noise levels for each alternative during both construction and operational phases. Predicted noise levels are compared with applicable standards or criteria in order to assess the impact.

The physical description of sound concerns its loudness as a function of frequency. Noise in general sound which comprises of many frequency components with different variations in loudness over the audible frequency range.

Various noise scales have been introduced to describe, a single number, the response of an average human to a complex sound made up of various frequencies at different loud levels, the response of the human ear to sound is dependent on the frequency of the sound and this has led to the concept of weighting scales. In the "A-weighting" scale, the sound pressure levels for the lower frequencies and higher frequencies are reduced by certain amounts before they are being combined together to give one single sound pressure level value. This value is designated as dB (A). The dB (A) is often used as it reflects more accurately the frequency response of the human ear. A perceived loud noise has a high dB or dB (A) value and a soft noise has a low one. The human ear has peak response around 2,500 to 3,000 Hz and has a relatively low response at low frequencies.






Fig 3.7 Measuring instrument (noise)

3.3.1 NOISE LEVELS

Noise levels have been monitored at different points within the study zone and on the spot measurement device used is “Cygnet 2001”, manufactured by Baseline Technologies USA. Keeping in view of various local activities such as residential, commercial and Industrial activities 8 noise level measurement locations were identified and the sites are depicted in the Fig 3.8.






Fig 3.8 Map Showing Noise Sampling Locations

Code Location Name Code Location Name N1 Puthencruz N5 Irrupanam N2 Tripunithura N6 Ambalmugal New Temple

N3 Thiruvanimyur N7 Kuzikkad N4 Puthemanur N8 Ambalmugal Fact Junction

3.3.2 METHODOLOGY OF NOISE MEASUREMENT

For Noise levels measured over a given period of time interval, it is possible to describe important features of noise using statistical quantities. This is calculated using the percent of the time as certain noise levels are exceeding the time interval. The notations for the statistical quantities of noise level are given below:

L10 is the noise level exceeded 10% of the time.






L50 is the noise level exceeded 50% of the time and L90 is the noise level exceeded 90% of the time Equivalent Sound Pressure Level (Leq)

The Leq is the equivalent continuous sound level, which is equivalent to the same sound energy as the actual fluctuating sound measured in the same period. This is necessary because sound from noise source often fluctuates widely during a given period of time. This is calculated from the following equation

Leq=L50+ (L10–L90)2/60

Lday is defined as the equivalent noise level measured over a period of time during day (6 am to 10 pm). Lnight is defined as the equivalent noise level measured over a period of time during night (10 pm to 6 am).

A noise rating developed by Environment Protection Agency, USEPA for specification of community noise from all the sources is Day-Night Sound Level, (Ldn). Hourly noise recorded data and Lday values (16 hours) Lnight (8 hours) and Ldn (24 hours) are computed and tabulated.

Day–Night Sound levels (Ldn):

The noise rating developed for community noise from all sources is the Day-Night Sound Level, (Ldn). It is similar to a 24 hr equivalent sound level except that during night time period (10 pm to 6 am). A 10 dB (A) weighting penalty is added to the instantaneous sound level before computing the 24 hr average.

This is time penalty is added to account for the fact that noise during night when people usually sleep is judged as more annoying than the same noise during the daytime.

The Ldn for a given location in a community may be calculated from the hourly Leq’S, by the following equation.

Ldn = 10 log {1/24 [16(10 Ld/10) + 9 (10 (8Ln + 10)/10) ] }

Where Ld is the equivalent sound level during the day time (6 am to 10 pm) and Ln is the equivalent sound level during the night time (10 pm to 6 am). The statistical analysis is done for measured noise levels at 8 locations.

3.3.3 NOISE DATA ANALYSIS

The recorded sound levels for the months of March- April are given in Table 3.19 to 3.21. Out of all the 8 locations measured for noise levels, the sound levels recorded at Ambalmugal-Fact Junction is found to be on higher side 88.8 dBA followed by Irumpanam with 73.8 dBA.






Table 3.19 Hourly Noise data (Day and Night timings in Leq dB (A)) Sampling Period: 25.03.2016 to 29.03.2016

Site code N-1 N-2 N-3 N-4 Hours

06:00 - 07:00 62.1 61.8 59.8 61.7

07:00 - 08:00 61.1 60.4 59.0 60.2

08:00 - 09:00 59.3 57.5 56.9 60.1

09:00 - 10:00 58.0 57.2 56.4 59.3

10:00 - 11:00 53.2 57.2 56.0 57.8

11:00 - 12:00 49.7 57.0 54.3 57.2

12:00 - 13:00 49.5 56.7 53.1 57.1

13:00 - 14:00 49.3 56.6 51.0 56.9

14:00 - 15:00 48.5 56.2 50.7 56.7

15:00 - 16:00 48.5 55.1 50.3 56.2

16:00 - 17:00 47.9 54.7 50.0 56.0

17:00 - 18:00 47.4 54.3 49.7 55.2

18:00 - 19:00 47.3 53.8 49.3 55.2

19:00 - 20:00 46.9 53.0 49.2 55.2

20:00 - 21:00 45.0 51.7 49.0 51.2

21:00 - 22:00 44.6 50.6 48.6 50.5

Minimum 44.6 50.6 48.6 50.5 Maximum 62.1 61.8 59.8 61.7 Day eq. 52.6 57.5 52.6 57.3

Day Limits 55 65 55 55 22:00 - 23:00 56.9 53.7 49.0 54.5

23:00 - 24:00 48.7 50.3 50.4 53.2

24:00 - 01:00 46.8 47.4 48.7 52.9

01:00 - 02:00 44.7 47.7 41.9 52.0

02:00 - 03:00 41.3 49.6 38.8 49.3

03:00 - 04:00 41.3 50.7 40.4 48.6

04:00 - 05:00 40.8 48.6 44.8 47.8

05:00 - 06:00 40.1 49.0 48.4 45.5

Minimum 40.1 47.4 38.8 45.5 Maximum 56.9 53.7 50.4 54.5 Night eq. 48.9 48.2 42.2 52.8

Limits 45 55 45 45 D/n eq 47.5 46.7 40.7 51.3

Area type Residential Commercial Residential Residential Sampling

Date 25.03.2016 26.03.2016 28.03.2016 29.03.2016

Codes Location Name

N1 Puthencruz N2 Tripunithura N3 Thiruvanimyur N4 Puthemanur






Table 3.20 Hourly Noise data (Day and Night timings in Leq dB(A))

Sampling Period: 30.03.2016 to 02.04.2016


06:00 - 07:00 70.6 73.4 67.9 71.5

07:00 - 08:00 69.9 72.4 67.4 71.2

08:00 - 09:00 69.0 70.4 67.1 70.5

09:00 - 10:00 68.7 66.9 66.4 69.7

10:00 - 11:00 67.7 64.5 66.2 69.6

11:00 - 12:00 67.2 63.7 66.0 64.6

12:00 - 13:00 67.0 63.3 65.6 63.5

13:00 - 14:00 66.7 63.0 65.1 62.1

14:00 - 15:00 63.3 62.3 64.7 61.9

15:00 - 16:00 62.2 61.5 64.6 61.3

16:00 - 17:00 55.2 61.3 62.4 61.3

17:00 - 18:00 54.1 61.3 57.0 61.2

18:00 - 19:00 50.2 60.8 56.9 60.7

19:00 - 20:00 49.3 60.6 56.7 60.5

20:00 - 21:00 48.5 60.6 55.4 60.2

21:00 - 22:00 50.7 59.7 55.4 49.3


Day Limits 55 75 65 75 22:00 - 23:00 65.4 69.4 56.3 55.8

23:00 - 24:00 64.4 67.5 55.6 49.8

24:00 - 01:00 63.9 64.6 55.6 46.9

01:00 - 02:00 63.5 59.9 55.5 44.9

02:00 - 03:00 53.1 59.9 55.4 44.7

03:00 - 04:00 48.8 58.5 55.4 43.7

04:00 - 05:00 47.9 58.1 55.4 42.3

05:00 - 06:00 44.8 55.3 55.3 41.9


Limits 45 70 55 70 D/n eq 67.1 60.6 54.0 46.5

Area type Residential Industrial Commercial Industrial Sampling

Date 30.03.2016 31.03.2016 01.04.2016 02.04.2016

Codes Location Name

N5 Irumpanam

N6 Ambalmugal New Temple N7 Kuzikkad

N8 Ambalmugal Fact Junction






Table 3.21 Hourly Noise data (Day and Night timings in Leq dB(A))

Sampling Period: 07.04.2016 to 10.04.2016


06:00 - 07:00 46.1 48.3 59.6 42.0

07:00 - 08:00 50.5 50.4 61.8 45.7

08:00 - 09:00 52.6 62.8 58.4 53.1

09:00 - 10:00 64.6 63.9 61.3 57.2

10:00 - 11:00 64.3 65.1 60.2 42.8

11:00 - 12:00 44.1 49.9 64.6 42.2

12:00 - 13:00 46.0 46.5 63.2 41.3

13:00 - 14:00 42.4 47.7 60.3 41.6

14:00 - 15:00 42.4 47.8 62.1 39.7

15:00 - 16:00 42.3 47.0 66.3 44.5

16:00 - 17:00 42.6 56.5 75.9 48.5

17:00 - 18:00 63.7 65.1 81.1 54.9

18:00 - 19:00 64.6 64.3 64.4 53.1

19:00 - 20:00 64.6 58.1 61.9 45.2

20:00 - 21:00 53.6 62.0 66.9 45.6

21:00 - 22:00 63.7 64.1 69.8 42.7


Day Limits 55 65 75 55 22:00 - 23:00 60.3 56.4 58.6 45.5

23:00 - 24:00 54.1 46.8 60.2 43.2

24:00 - 01:00 45.2 46.5 63.1 37.8

01:00 - 02:00 44.0 47.3 59.7 38.6

02:00 - 03:00 38.4 41.8 57.8 37.6

03:00 - 04:00 41.7 46.9 59.7 39.2

04:00 - 05:00 41.7 47.2 57.0 39.3

05:00 - 06:00 41.7 47.5 58.2 38.4


Limits 45 55 70 45 D/n eq 48.3 47.3 58.3 37.8

Area type Residential Commercial Industrial Residential Sampling

Date 07.04.2016 08.04.2016 09.04.2016 10.04.2016

Codes Location Name N1 Puthemanur N2 Tripunithura N3 Ambalmugal New Temple N4 Puthencruz






3.3.4 Traffic

To study the traffic levels eight monitoring stations were selected. The average traffic levels over the study period (March to April) at all the 8 stations are calculated in terms of PCU and are given in Tables 3.22 to 3.24. It has been observed from that the overall movements of Heavy motor vehicles are higher at Refinery, Low motor vehicles at NH 47 at Vytilla and two wheelers are higher at NH 47 at Vytilla followed by Puthencruz and Hill Palace. The total traffic volume is found to be highest at Refinery site followed by NH 47 at Vytilla and Hill Palace.


ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT FOR BS VI MOTOR SPIRIT BLOCK PROJECT OF

BPCL AT KOCHI, KERALA



Table 3.22 Traffic data

Sampling Period: March

Locations

Puttumanur Ambalmughal FACT Junction Thriuvaniyur Kuzhikked

Dates 04.04.2016 05.04.2016 06.04.2016 07.04.2016

Time (Hrs)

PCU PCU PCU PCU

HMV

LMV

Two Wheeler

Total HMV

LMV

Two Wheel

er Total

HMV

LMV

Two Wheel

er Total

HMV

LMV

Two Wheel

er Tota

l

07:00-08:00 664 127 48 839 684 68 28 780 484 65 29 578 832 96 42.35 970

08:00-09:00 785 137 57 979 758 74 33 864 512 74 35 621

105

3 126 47.74 1227

09:00-10:00 887 65 41 993 693 95 37 825 398 80 44 522 804 119 41.58 965

10:00-11:00

105

3 74 42 1169 758 102 44 903 583 88 48 719 859 134 50.05 1043

11:00-12:00

115

5 81 43 1279 721 112 48 880 462 96 51 610 758 104 48.125 910

12:00-13:00 979 75 48 1103 813 117 51 981 427 109 52 589 721 109 44.275 874

13:00-14:00 998 85 51 1133 887 120 48

105

5 384 104 55 543 887 120 49.28 1056

14:00-15:00

101

6 95 53 1165 776 114 45 936 413 95 57 565 979 104 52.36 1136

15:00-16:00

100

7 100 48 1155 721 122 49 892 455 111 59 625 942 127 54.67 1124

16:00-17:00

105

3 122 42 1217 758 109 52 919 512 105 55 672 878 109 48.51 1036

17:00-18:00 979 125 49 1153 832 104 55 990 541 99 51 690

101

6 120 44.275 1181

18:00-19:00 887 96 37 1020 767 92 52 911 512 90 48 650 804 135 40.81 979

19:00-20:00 360 56 10 426 684 82 49 814 569 83 45 697 721 114 40.04 875

20:00- 240 48 6 294 601 73 45 719 591 79 41 710 887 127 30.03 1044






21:00 21:00-22:00 176 39 7 222 536 65 48 649 455 73 33 561 628 82 36.96 747

22:00-23:00 100 22 0 122 480 60 44 584 384 57 25 467 684 65 32.34 782

23:00-24:00 40 0 0 40 434 50 40 524 285 45 20 349 517 49 21.56 588

24:00-01:00 388 28 15 432 388 42 32 462 270 36 17 323 323 45 12.32 380

01:00-02:00 323 27 15 365 444 25 25 493 178 27 12 216 407 37 15.4 459

02:00-03:00 277 23 9 310 434 23 16 474 142 25 10 177 277 25 9.625 311

03:00-04:00 296 22 8 326 370 26 12 408 228 32 5 265 231 15 8.47 255

04:00-05:00 351 28 10 389 416 29 8 453 270 37 8 315 444 25 12.32 480

05:00-06:00 370 35 15 419 480 34 15 529 299 40 12 351 499 36 15.4 551

06:00-07:00 416 40 28 484 573 50 22 645 320 46 19 386 601 45 26.18 671

Total

1480

2

1550

681

1703

4

1500

6

1787

899

1769

2

9676

1696

830

1220

2

1675

2

2069

798

1964

6






Table 3.23 Traffic data

Sampling Period: March

Locations

Thripunitura Irumpanam (Highway) Ambalmughal Temple Puthen Cruz

Dates 08.04.2016 09.04.2016 11.04.2016 12.04.2016

Time (Hrs)

PCU PCU PCU PCU

HMV LMV Two

Wheeler Tota

l HMV

LMV

Two Wheel

er

Total

HMV

LMV

Two Wheel

er

Total

HMV

LMV

Two Wheel

er

Total

07:00-08:00 600 66 29 695

100

8 117 48 1173 692 58 32 781 592 63 29 684

08:00-09:00 665 75 40 781

124

2 126 54 1422 795 74 37 905 721 75 32 829

09:00-10:00 813 95 44 953

147

5 96 45 1616 878 83 44

100

5 776 86 37 899

10:00-11:00 887 104 48 1039

161

7 102 48 1767 961 96 49

110

6 693 95 44 833

11:00-12:00 961 108 51 1120

139

7 90 50 1537 758 102 52 911 758 100 48 906

12:00-13:00 998 99 45 1142

160

4 92 48 1744 832 99 54 984 813 96 51 960

13:00-14:00 832 109 48 989

168

2 96 45 1823 776 109 57 942 675 109 53 837

14:00-15:00

106

3 120 50 1233

148

8 91 41 1619 721 105 59 885 702 106 56 864

15:00-16:00

110

9 127 48 1284

155

2 95 49 1697 878 109 52

103

9 739 102 51 892

16:00-17:00 989 131 46 1166

135

8 145 39 1542

105

3 112 48

121

4 785 105 49 940

17:00-18:00 942 111 41 1095

147

5 117 44 1636 942 117 51

111

0 702 112 55 869

18:00-19:00 795 99 39 932

135

8 73 40 1471 850 114 55

101

9 628 108 52 788

19:00-20:00 693 89 37 818

108

7 57 33 1176 721 122 56 898 582 99 48 729

20:00-21:00 776 95 32 904

106

1 50 27 1138 601 112 48 761 536 88 44 668






21:00-22:00 721 86 29 836

124

2 54 22 1318 536 83 39 658 499 83 42 624

22:00-23:00 601 83 25 709 970 46 16 1033 480 74 33 587 444 75 39 558

23:00-24:00 499 79 18 596 828 42 13 883 416 58 21 494 480 59 32 571

24:00-01:00 480 74 16 571 673 33 12 717 444 49 18 511 360 45 21 426

01:00-02:00 434 63 13 511 621 27 11 659 480 45 13 539 342 36 13 392

02:00-03:00 407 42 8 457 517 18 8 544 416 36 11 463 296 34 8 337

03:00-04:00 416 27 7 450 543 23 7 573 388 35 9 432 259 29 6 294

04:00-05:00 444 29 12 484 582 29 11 622 444 40 11 494 314 19 8 342

05:00-06:00 480 35 18 533 647 35 15 697 480 45 16 541 379 32 14 425

06:00-07:00 989 50 22 1061 673 58 25 755 499 48 21 568 480 49 22 552

Total

1759

2

1996

768

2035

6

2669

9

1713

751

2916

3

1604

0

1925

884

1884

9

1355

6

1807

854

1621

7






Table 3.24 Average Traffic data Sampling Period: April 2016

Locations HMV LMV 2-Wheeler Total Puttumanur 14802 1550 681 17034 Ambalmughal FACT Junction 15006 1787 899 17692 Thriuvaniyur 9676 1696 830 12202 Kuzhikked 16752 2069 798 19646 Thripunitura 17592 1996 768 20356 Irumpanam (Highway) 26699 1713 751 29163 Ambalmughal Temple 16040 1925 884 18849 Puthen Cruz 13556 1807 854 16217

3.4 WATER ENVIRONMENT

Studies on Water Environment aspects of ecosystem is important for Environmental Impact Assessment to identify sensitive issues and take appropriate action by maintaining ‘ecological homeostasis’ in the early stages of development of the project. The objective of this report is to define the present environment in which the proposed action is to occur, to evaluate all possible eventualities, to ensure that all negative impacts are minimized, and to demonstrate that proposed project has been appropriately announced to all interested parties so that their concerns can be considered. Water quality studies have been carried out in the study area to understand the availability of water resources, possibility of water contamination and existing water quality.

Water Quality

Water of high quality is essential to human life, and water of acceptable quality is essential for agricultural, industrial, domestic and commercial uses; in addition, most recreation is water based; therefore, major activities having potential effects on surface water are certain to be of appreciable concern to the consumers. The present study is carried out to understand water quality of the area, so as to understand the impacts, prediction and evaluation.

3.4.1 SAMPLE COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

The water resource in the study area may be classified into two major categories. viz., surface and ground water sources. Water samples were collected at 16 locations, out of which 8 samples from ground water sources and 8 samples from surface sources. All the samples were analyzed for parameters such as hardness, alkalinity, salts, conductivity, inorganic substance, heavy metals, coli forms (for Surface Water samplers) etc. Parameters like pH, conductivity, temperature and DO were analyzed at the time during collection. These parameters were analyzed as per the procedures specified in ‘Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater’ published by American Public Health Association (APHA). Ground water samples results were compared with IS: 10500 specification and surface water samples results were compared with IS: 2296 and both ground and surface water samples were compared with Water Quality Criteria, published by CPCB for its suitability






to drinking, outdoor bathing, drinking water after treatment, propagation of wild life, fisheries and irrigation purpose.

Method of Water Sampling

The following procedures were used while sampling

Washing the bottles/cans with distilled water prior to the sampling Before collection of water the bottles/cans are again washed 2-3 times with the

same water For surface water, Bottles were lowered to a minimum depth of 30 cm below

water surface At each point Different sets of water samples were collected so as to cover all the

parameters Meticulous attention is taken in proper numbering at the site Sterilized bottles were used for the samples that are to be analyzed for bacteria Civil supply water pipeline taps are sterilized before collection for bacteriological

analysis Parameters like pH, conductivity and temperature were analyzed in the field

conditions by using. There are specific instruments for measuring EC and pH in the field. These are portable. These instruments will be calibrated at laboratory before use. The results were reconfirmed after getting to the laboratory. DO is fixed and titrated in the field itself.

Appropriate preservatives are added, depending upon the elements to be analyzed and marked accordingly (IS: 3025 (part I) 1987)

All the water samples collected in the ice box, were immediately transported to the laboratory and free zed at <5oC analysis

Field observations were noted in the field notebook As far as possible photographs were taken in almost all sampling points

All the parameters have been analyzed as per APHA, 20th edition & IS: 3025 (Table 3.25).

Table 3.25 Parameters & Methodologies Adopted in Assessing Quality of Water

Quality Parameters Detection limit Instrument Method Instruments used IS Method

Physico-chemical

pH 0.5 pH meter pH electrode IS 3025 (part-11)

Electrical conductivity 1 µmhos/cm Field Method

Laboratory method Tracer Conductivity meter

IS 3025 (part-14)

Colour Hazen Visual Method -- IS 3025 (part- 04)

Odor -- Manual Method -- IS 3025 (part- 05)

Taste -- Taste Threshold Test -- IS 3025 (Part 8)

Temperature 10C Tracer Thermometer APHA, page 25-26

Turbidity 1NTU Nephelometric method Turbiditymeter IS 3025 (part-10)






Salinity g/l Electrical Conductivity Method Conductivity meter APHA,

page 99 Total Suspended Solids

0.1 mg/l Filtration & Evaporation method Balance IS 3025

(part-19)

Total Dissolved Solids

0.1 mg/l Evaporation method Balance IS 3025 (part-16)

Total Alkalinity 1mg/l Titration Method Burettes IS 3025

(part-23) Total Hardness 1mg/l EDTA Titrimetric

method Burettes IS 3025 (part-21)

Ca Hardness 1mg/l EDTA Titrimetric method Burettes IS 3025

(part-21)

Mg Hardness 1mg/l EDTA Titrimetric method Burettes IS 3025

(part-21)

Chlorides 2mg/l Argentometric method Burettes IS 3025 (part-32)

Sulphates 1mg/l Nephlometric method Turbiditymeter IS 3025 (part-24)

Sodium 1mg/l Flame photometric method Flamephotometer IS 3025

(part-45)

Potassium 1mg/l Flame photometric method Flamephotometer IS 3025

(part-45)

Copper 0.02mg/l

Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer

method

AAS

IS 3025 (part-42)

Manganese 0.02mg/l APHA, AAS

Mercury 0.001mg/l IS 3025 (part-48)

Selenium 0.01mg/l APHA, AAS

Arsenic 0.005mg/l IS 3025 (part-37)

Lead 0.05mg/l IS 3025 (part-47)

Zinc 0.01mg/l IS 3025 (part-49)

Chromium 0.1mg/l APHA

Nitrates 0.05 mg/l U.V.Spectrophotometric method

Spectrophotometer IS 3025 (part-34)

Total Phosphates 0.1 mg/l Spectrophotometer IS 3025

(part-31)

Total Nitrogen 1mg/l Kjeldhal Method Kjeldhal apparatus IS 3025 (part-34)

Total Phosphorus 0.01 mg/l U.V.Spectrophotometric

method Spectrophotometer IS 3025 (part-31)

Pesticides 0.05 mg/l GC-MS GC-MS APHA Anionic Detergents 0.5 mg/l Spectroscopic Method Spectrophotometer APHA

Dissolved Oxygen 0.1mg/l Winkler's method Burettes IS 3025

(part-38)






COD 4 mgO2/l Open reflux method COD digester APHA

BOD5, mg/l 1mgO2/l Dilution & DO by Winkler's method

BOD bottles and burette

IS 3025 (part-44)

Biological Phytoplankton 1No/ml Plankton net followed

by Microscopic Observation

Microscope APHA:1002

Zooplankton 1No/ml Microscope APHA:1002

Bacteriological Coliforms 3MPN/100ml MPN method Microscope APHA

Reference: Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater by APHA Methods (American Public Health Association).

Fig 3.9 Map Showing Ground & Surface Water Sampling Locations






Codes Locations Codes Locations GW1 Puthencruz SW1 BPCL KR Colony (Pond)

GW2 Ambalamugal SW2 Chitrapuzha River (Upstream-Near Ambalmugal)

GW3 Brahmapuram SW3 Chitrapuzha River (Downstream-Near Irumpanam)

GW4 Thiruvanmiyur SW4 Thiruvanmiyur (Nala) GW5 Irumpanam SW5 Periyar River (Near Aluba Bridge)

GW6 Tripunithura SW6 Peechingachira Lake (Peechingachira-Near CR Colony)

GW7 Sasthamugal SW7 Tripunithura (Poorna River) GW8 Palikara SW8 Chambakera River (Near Nettur)

3.4.2 DATA ANALYSIS

The Ground and surface water wate samples were analyzed for physico-chemical and biological characteristics and the results are presented in Table 3.26 to 3.29.

Table 3.26 Water Quality - Physico-chemical Analysis of Surface Water

Sampling Date: March – April 2016

No. Parameters Units Sample Code SW1 SW2 SW3 SW4 SW5 SW6 SW7 SW8

1 pH - 7.02 8.5 6.59 7.43 7.12 6.93 6.9 7.31 2 Colour Hazen Units <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 3 Odour - Agree Agree Agree Agree Agree Agree Agree Agree 4 Temperature OC 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25

5 Turbidity NTU 3.2 2.1 3.7 2.8 1.6 2.7 3.3 1.9

6 Total

Suspended Solids

mg/l 22 18 12 25 16 19 23 14

7 Total Dissolved Solids

mg/l 78 120 1490 68 69 72 9553 13720

8 Total Hardness as CaCO3

mg/l 41 45 272 25 16 33 1833 2678

9 Alkalinity as CaCO3

mg/l 33 58 47 33 40 29 22 264

10 Calcium as CaCO3

mg/l 21 21 74 Nil Nil 8 443 556

11 Magnesium as CaCO3

mg/l 20 24 198 25 16 25 1390 2122

12 Chloride as Cl mg/l 25 18 748 12 10 16 5552 8928

13 Sulphate as SO4

mg/l 0.40 3.5 53.2 0.83 2.03 8.4 85.9 155.6

14 Fluoride as F mg/l 0.52 0.67 0.98 0.55 0.70 0.73 1.32 1.38 15 Sodium as Na mg/l 9.0 15 360 8.0 14 13 2500 4500






16 Potassium as K mg/l 1.0 2.0 33 1.0 2.0 2.0 210 420

17 Nitrate as NO3 mg/l 0.29 0.84 0.59 1.47 1.22 1.63 1.41 0.35

18 Total

Phosphorus as P

mg/l 0.39 0.08 0.18 0.23 ND ND 0.23 0.09

19 Salinity ppt 0.05 0.03 1.35 0.02 0.02 0.03 10.03 16.13

20 Total Nitrogen mg/l 0.42 0.97 0.64 1.92 1.67 2.1 1.86 0.75

21 Pesticides mg/l ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND

22 Copper as Cu mg/l 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 ND ND ND

23 Manganese as Mn

mg/l 0.14 0.06 0.04 0.05 0.02 0.03 0.07 0.01

24 Zinc as Zn mg/l 0.13 0.14 0.06 0.10 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.03

25 Iron as Fe mg/l 0.02 0.03 0.07 0.08 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06

26 Aluminum as Al

mg/l 3.24 4.66 3.74 3.97 3.72 3.04 4.18 2.51

27 Lead as Pb mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.09 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

28 Total Arsenic as As

mg/l <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 0.02 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05

29 Nickel as Ni mg/l <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02

30 Mercury as Hg mg/l <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001

31 Cadmium as Cd

mg/l <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001

32 Phelonic Compound as C6H6OH

mg/l <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001

33 Total Chromium

mg/l 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 ND ND

34 Mineral Oil mg/l ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND

35 Dissolved Oxygen

mg/l 7.3 7.5 6.2 7.0 5.8 6.0 5.2 4.8

36 Chemical Oxygen Demand

mg/l 28 19 47 28 84 66 225 384

37 Biological Oxygen Demand

mg/l 9.2 6 15 9.0 27 21 74 125

38 Total Coliform MPN/100ml 560 380 940 560 1680 1320 4500 7680

39 Faecal Coliform

MPN/100ml 392 266 658 392 1176 924 3150 5376

40 Phytoplankton Unit/ml 14 6.0 8.0 6.0 8.0 10 6.0 8.0

41 Zooplankton No/ml 10 4.0 12 8.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 6.0 Agree. : Agreeable; ND: Not detectable






Table 3.27 Water Quality - Physico-chemical Analysis of Ground Water

Sampling Date:

No. Parameters Units Sample Code GW1 GW2 GW3 GW4 GW5 GW6 GW7 GW8

1 pH - 7.21 6.56 6.83 6.92 6.54 7.42 6.74 6.67

2 Colour Hazen Units <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5

3 Odour - Agree Agree Agree Agree Agree Agree Agree Agree

4 Temperature OC 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25

5 Turbidity NTU 2.5 2.9 3.4 3.8 3.2 3.6 4.2 3.7

6 Total

Suspended Solids

mg/l 17 21 18 22 25 17 15 12


mg/l 167 134 105 140 117 325 146 95


mg/l 58 21 21 21 37 45 17 25


mg/l 62 26 36 47 44 182 69 33

10 Calcium as CaCO3

mg/l 8.0 Nil Nil Nil 12 132 Nil Nil


mg/l 50 21 21 21 37 45 17 25


13 Sulphate as SO4

mg/l 0.30 8.8 14 1.2 21.2 9.5 7.3 11.7

14 Fluoride as F mg/l 0.52 0.87 0.94 0.59 0.79 0.81 0.75 0.93

15 Sodium as Na mg/l 7.0 34 22 32 24 46 33 16 16 Potassium as K mg/l 1.0 4.0 2.0 3.0 2.0 5 3.0 2.0

17 Nitrate as NO3 mg/l 2.77 12.7 0.98 8.38 0.08 3.93 0.56 0.85

18 Total

Phosphorus as P

mg/l 0.08 0.08 0.09 0.04 0.08 0.16 0.04 0.08

19 Salinity ppt 0.03 0.08 0.03 0.06 0.06 0.14 0.03 0.03



22 Copper as Cu mg/l 0.01 0.01 0.01 ND 0.01 ND 0.01 0.01

23 Manganese as Mn

mg/l 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.07 0.10 0.10 0.05 0.07

24 Zinc as Zn mg/l 0.51 0.04 0.09 0.12 0.07 0.02 0.07 0.02 25 Iron as Fe mg/l 0.15 0.12 0.11 0.13 0.11 0.18 0.14 0.10

26 Aluminum as Al

mg/l 2.71 2.44 2.76 2.49 2.65 2.53 3.59 2.39

27 Lead as Pb mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01







mg/l <0.05 1.94 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05

29 Nickel as Ni mg/l <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02

30 Mercury as Hg mg/l <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001

31 Cadmium as Cd

mg/l <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001


mg/l <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001

33 Total Chromium

mg/l 0.01 ND 0.01 0.01 0.01 ND ND ND


35 Dissolved Oxygen

mg/l NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA





38 Total Coliform MPN/100ml Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent

39 Faecal Coliform

MPN/100ml Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent

40 Phytoplankton Unit/ml Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent 41 Zooplankton No/ml Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent

Agree. : Agreeable; ND: Not detectable

Table 3.28 Water Quality - Physico-chemical Analysis of Surface Water Sampling Date: March – April 2016

No. Parameters Units Sample Code SW1 SW2 SW3 SW4 SW5 SW6 SW7 SW8

1 pH - 6.81 6.52 6.46 7.12 6.74 6.68 6.75 6.84



4 Temperature OC 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25

5 Turbidity NTU 2.9 1.8 3.4 2.5 1.4 2.4 3.1 1.7

6 Total

Suspended Solids

mg/l 20 16 10 23 14 17 21 12


mg/l 105 74 1053 61 63 58 8177 13950


mg/l 49 25 243 21 12 25 3245 3636


mg/l 55 25 47 29 33 22 84 73






10 Calcium as CaCO3

mg/l 12 Nil 70 Nil Nil Nil 628 577


mg/l 37 25 173 21 12 25 2617 3059


13 Sulphate as SO4

mg/l 18.7 10.3 52.2 2.6 1.85 9.42 217 20.6

14 Fluoride as F mg/l 0.58 0.72 0.89 0.61 0.64 0.69 1.5 1.47

15 Sodium as Na mg/l 17 14 310 11 16 10 4750 4600

16 Potassium as K mg/l 2.0 2.0 28 2.0 2.0 1.0 430 410

17 Nitrate as NO3 mg/l 0.35 1.2 0.8 1.33 1.1 1.57 1.73 0.53

18 Total

Phosphorus as P

mg/l ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND

19 Salinity ppt 0.04 0.04 1.20 0.03 0.20 0.03 19.55 18.99



22 Copper as Cu mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

23 Manganese as Mn

mg/l 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.04 0.02

24 Zinc as Zn mg/l 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.02 0.01 0.04 0.01 <0.01

25 Iron as Fe mg/l 0.05 0.06 0.09 0.04 0.08 0.07 0.11 0.14

26 Aluminum as Al

mg/l 0.06 0.05 0.13 3.15 0.02 0.05 3.43 2.88

27 Lead as Pb mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01


mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

29 Nickel as Ni mg/l <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02

30 Mercury as Hg mg/l <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001

31 Cadmium as Cd

mg/l <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001


mg/l <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001

33 Total Chromium

mg/l <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05


35 Dissolved Oxygen

mg/l 7.0 6.8 7.2 6.0 5.4 5.2 5.8 4.1


mg/l 19 28 19 37 66 253 47 403


mg/l 6.2 9.2 6 12 21 85 15 135

38 Total Coliform MPN/100ml 380 560 380 740 1320 5060 940 8060






39 Faecal Coliform

MPN/100ml 266 392 266 518 924 3542 658 5642

40 Phytoplankton Unit/ml 6.0 8.0 10 4.0 10 12 4.0 6.0

41 Zooplankton No/ml 12 6.0 16 8.0 0 6.0 10 8.0

Table 3.29 Water Quality - Physico-chemical Analysis of Ground Water Sampling Date:

No. Parameters Units Sample Code GW1 GW2 GW3 GW4 GW5 GW6 GW7 GW8

1 pH - 6.62 6.59 7.06 7.12 6.63 7.38 6.89 6.71



4 Temperature OC 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25

5 Turbidity NTU 2.3 2.7 3.2 3.6 3.0 3.2 4.0 3.5

6 Total

Suspended Solids

mg/l 15 19 16 20 23 15 13 10


mg/l 64 107 57 55 96 372 87 78


mg/l 16 41 12 16 25 198 33 21


mg/l 15 47 18 25 29 135 40 25

10 Calcium as CaCO3

mg/l Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil 124 Nil Nil


mg/l 16 41 12 16 25 74 33 21


13 Sulphate as SO4

mg/l 13.95 2.03 5.36 0.74 15.1 38.7 11.9 16.4

14 Fluoride as F mg/l 0.56 0.81 0.85 0.52 0.75 0.88 0.68 0.54

15 Sodium as Na mg/l 16 27 13 12 23 62 17 19

16 Potassium as K mg/l 1.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 2.0 5.0 2.0 2.0

17 Nitrate as NO3 mg/l 3.1 10.8 0.82 7.8 0.22 4.48 0.69 1.1

18 Total

Phosphorus as P

mg/l ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND

19 Salinity ppt 0.03 0.08 0.04 0.02 0.05 0.09 0.03 0.04



22 Copper as Cu mg/l 0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01

23 Manganese as Mn

mg/l 0.03 0.13 0.03 0.02 0.16 0.02 0.05 0.01






24 Zinc as Zn mg/l 0.09 <0.01 0.07 0.06 0.03 0.05 0.03 0.09

25 Iron as Fe mg/l 0.15 0.19 0.13 0.11 0.18 0.21 0.14 0.16

26 Aluminum as Al

mg/l 4.29 3.65 3.44 2.99 2.53 3.15 4.0 3.14

27 Lead as Pb mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01


mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

29 Nickel as Ni mg/l <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02

30 Mercury as Hg mg/l <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001

31 Cadmium as Cd

mg/l <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001


mg/l <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001

33 Total Chromium

mg/l <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05


35 Dissolved Oxygen






38 Total Coliform MPN/100ml Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent

39 Faecal Coliform

MPN/100ml Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent

40 Phytoplankton Unit/ml Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent

41 Zooplankton No/ml Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent

Agree. : Agreeable; ND: Not detectable 3.4.3 CONCLUSION

Ground water

Ground water samples are compared with the ‘Water Criteria Limits’ (CPCB) (Table 3.30). All the ground water samples are falling under the ‘C’ category (Drinking water source after conventional treatment and disinfection). Surface water The surface samples collected from Chitrapura River Upstream & downstream, raw water from Periyar River are falling under the C category where as sample collected at Chambakara River is found to be saline in nature.






Table 3.30 Environmental Standards water quality criteria

Designated-Best-Use

Class

of water

Criteria

Drinking Water Source without conventional

treatment but after disinfection

A

Total Coliforms Organism MPN/100ml shall be 50 or less pH between 6.5 and 8.5 Dissolved Oxygen 6mg/l or more Biochemical Oxygen Demand 5 days at 20°C 2mg/l or less

Outdoor bathing (Organised) B

Total Coliforms Organism MPN/100ml shall be 500 or less pH between 6.5 and 8.5 Dissolved Oxygen 5mg/l or more Biochemical Oxygen Demand 5 days at 20°C 3mg/l or less

Drinking water source after conventional

treatment and disinfection

C

Total Coliforms Organism MPN/100ml shall be 5000 or less pH between 6 to 9 Dissolved Oxygen 4mg/l or more Biochemical Oxygen Demand 5 days at 20°C 3mg/l or less

Propagation of Wild life and Fisheries D

pH between 6.5 to 8.5 Dissolved Oxygen 4mg/l or more Free Ammonia (as N) 1.2 mg/l or less

Irrigation, Industrial Cooling, Controlled

Waste disposal E

pH between 6.0 to 8.5 Electrical Conductivity at 25°C micro mhos/cm Max.2250 Sodium absorption Ratio Max. 26 Boron Max. 2mg/l

3.5 LAND ENVIRONMENT

The various Land use /Land class cover classes in the area have been grouped into Agricultural, Built Up, Industrial, Waste lands, Water bodies and others. The remote sensing thematic maps for land use, road network, waterbody and drainage are given in Annexure-VIII.

3.5.1 METHODOLOGY OF SAMPLE COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

For land Environmental studies 4 sampling sites were selected to understand physico-chemical and biological status of the soil. This will establish the baseline characteristics and will facilitate identifying the contamination if any due to the proposed project. Meticulous was paid to collect adequate amount of composite soil samples for analysis. The samples were packed in dependable, waterproof containers and marking specified accurately and distinctly and brought to the laboratory for testing. All the chemical parameters were analyzed as per ‘Soil analyses’ by Jackson, 1994 and ISO Standards Compendium ‘Environmental Soil Quality’.






Fig 3.10 Map Showing Soil Sampling Locations

Code Station Name S1 Puthen Cruz S2 Thiruvanmiyur S3 Along with Chitrapuzha River S4 Tripunithura S5 Irumpanam S6 Karimugal S7 Brahmapuram S8 BPCL KR Colony






3.5.2 SOIL DATA ANALYSIS

Soil samples analyzed for all the eight sampling sites were given in chapter 3.1 (Fig 3.1.4) and the general standard soil classification is given.

3.5.2.1 Soil

The texture of the soil is mostly Sandy Loam. Soil particle size directly involves in deciding soil texture, porosity and infiltration capacity (Figure 3.11).

Soil separate fraction name Size Coarse Sand 1.0 to 0.5 mm; Medium sand 0.5 to 0.25 mm;

Fine sand 0.25 to 0.10 mm; Very fine sand 0.10 to 0.05 mm;

Silt 0.05 to 0.002 mm; Clay <0.002 mm.

Fig 3.11 Soil texture diagram of the study area

Based on particle sizes of the samples collected from the site, they are mostly falling in Sandy loam and Loam category.

pH: The pH of the soil extract varied from 6.72 to 7.91. In terms of soil pH the characteristic of the soil is very low pH and acidic in nature.






E.C: The EC varied from 255 to 986 µS/cm. The electrical conductivity is found to be average for all the samples. Macronutrients: Nitrogen values ranged between 152 kg/ha to 218 kg/ha. Nitrogen in the soil is found better. The Phosphorus levels ranged between 6.9 to 12.9 kg/ha. Soil potassium varied from 124 to 174 kg/ha shows the samples have medium level of concentrations. The lower concentrations of nutrients at other places are due to the waste land coverage. The principle cash crops like coconut, banana and rubber trees constitute the agricultural sectors at refinery own land and refinery acquired land. Although there is a few crops growing in the study area, the soil quality have no significant nutrient value. The physio-chemical parameters of soil and the concentration levels are given in Tables 3.31 to 3.33.

Table 3.31 Physicochemical Parameters of the soil

Sampling Period: April 2016

No Parameters Units S1 S2 S3 S4 1 pH - 6.82 7.23 7.91 6.86

2 Texture

- Sandy Loam

Sandy Loam

Sandy Loam

Sandy Loam

3 Sand % 72 69 68 67

4 Clay % 9 10 10 16

5 Silt % 19 21 22 17

6 Organic Matter % 2.14 3.16 2.23 6.08

7 SAR - 9.18 7.95 14.7 14.2

8 Conductivity micro µhos/cm 291 374 597 325

9 Specific Gravity gm/cm3 1.88 2.08 2.24 1.96

10 Bulk Density gm/cm3 1.4 1.34 1.48 1.2

11 Porosity % 47.2 49.4 44.1 54.7

12 Nitrogen Kg/ha. 151.8 173.6 165.8 209.7

13 Potassium Kg/ha. 124 135 158 168

14 Phosphorous Kg/ha. 7.98 11.9 10.9 10.8 Note: SAR: Sodium Adsorption Ratio






Table 3.32 Physicochemical Parameters of the soil Sampling Period: April 2016

No Parameters Units S5 S6 S7 S8 1 pH - 6.95 6.72 7.74 7.72

2 Texture - Sandy Loam

Sandy Loam

Sandy Loam

Sandy Loam

3 Sand % 66 71 64 69

4 Clay % 12 11 17 14

5 Silt % 22 18 19 17

6 Organic Matter % 5.41 4.62 7.76 5.48

7 SAR - 4.7 11.5 6.3 10.7

8 Conductivity micro µhos/cm 986 256 536 485

9 Specific Gravity gm/cm3 2.46 1.78 2.18 2.86

10 Bulk Density gm/cm3 1.3 1.46 1.42 1.36

11 Porosity % 50.9 44.9 46.4 48.7

12 Nitrogen Kg/ha. 193.8 187.8 217.8 201.8

13 Potassium Kg/ha. 148 161 156 174

14 Phosphorous Kg/ha. 9.9 8.9 12.9 6.9 Note: SAR: Sodium Adsorption Ratio

Table 3.33 Concentration levels for Soil

Parameter Units Concentration Level

Electrical conductivity (uS/cm) Up to 1.00 Average 1.00-2.00 Harmful to germination 2.01-3.00 Harmful to Crops

Salinity Electrical conductivity (mmhos/cm) (1mmho/cm = 640 ppm)

Upto 1.00 Average 1.00 – 2.00 Harmful to germination

2.01 – 3.00 Harmful to Crops (Sensitive to salts)

pH --

<4.5 Very low 4.5 – 6.0 Low (Acidic) 6.0 – 7.0 Moderate (Normal) 7.0 – 8.3 High (Weakly alkaline) >8.3 Very High (Alkaline)

Nitrogen (N) (kg/ha) <100 Low >100-150 Good >150-300 Better

Phosphorus (P2O5) (kg/ha) 00-20 Low >20-50 Medium >50-80 High

Potassium (K2O) (kg/ha) 00-150 Low 151-300 Medium >300 High

Organic Carbon (%) <0.4 Low






0.4-0.5 Medium 0.51-0.8 Average 2 Preferred

Ca:Mg ratio (meq/100g) 3 Preferred 3.6 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT Introduction

Coastal areas are the site of complex natural systems where intense interactions occur between land, sea and atmosphere. They comprise a variety of highly productive ecosystems that differ in nature, magnitude and importance from one another and from one coast line to the other. The estuaries are integral part of coastal ecosystem, biologically diverse and productive habitats. It receives enormous quantities of nutrients because of their location near terrestrial sources of sediments inhabited by its own characteristic fauna and flora and on top of that these doorway acts as a nursery ground for the larvae and juveniles of prawns and fish. In addition, they provide a suitable habitat for plankton, crabs and molluscs and a variety of plants. These wetlands support diverse ecosystems from which the inhabitants of coastal areas and beyond derive their livelihood. Considering the rich bio-diversity of organisms and their role in productivity and their importance in human livelihood, it is but natural and vital to protect and safeguard these dynamic fragile ecosystems from any kind of damage or degradation.

But the present estuarine scenario is quite different all over the world. Human impacts on coastal ecosystems are wide spread. Habitats are changed or lost by the urbanization, development of tourist facilities and industrial installations, land reclamation and conversion, dredging and mining operations. Land based and upstream activities alter the sediments and freshwater inputs in downstream estuaries and coastal biotopes. Contamination from domestic and industrial sewage disposal and from agricultural run-off is also rapidly increasing and leading to eutrophication and chemical pollution. Disposal of solid wastes not only causes a litter problem but also widespread mortality of a variety of organisms. Indiscriminate exploitation of living resources may damage habitats and alter food webs. Human activities have dramatically increased the intensity, pace and types of environmental changes with an impact upon the coastal habitats and the resources they sustain. These changes may lead to the drastic decline of coastal fisheries or loss of biodiversity. The root cause which drives these human activities lies in the exponential growth rate of human population, economic policies that fail to value the ecological services of the environment and its resources, insufficient knowledge and weakness in institutional and legal systems.






Figure 3.12 Thick green cover (mixed plantation with orchards) around BPCL Refinery

Figure 3.13 Agricultural fields surrounding 10 km radius of the study area






3.6.1 OBJECTIVES OF ECOLOGICAL STUDIES

The objective of the present study was undertaken with a view to understand the present ecosystem on the following lines:

To assess the distribution of vegetation in and around the proposed plant;

To assess the distribution of animal life in the proposed plant areas as well as surrounding areas;

To assess the biodiversity and to understand the resource potential; and

To understand the nature of pollution and the impact of pollution on the ecosystem. 3.6.2 METHODOLOGY ADOPTED FOR THE SURVEY

To achieve above objectives a detailed study of the area was undertaken in 10-km radius area with the proposed project site as its centre. The different methods adopted were as follows:

Compilation of secondary data with respect to the study area from published literature and Government agencies;

Generation of first hand data by undertaking systematic ecological studies in the area;

Interviews with local people so as to elicit information for local plants, animals and their uses

The present report gives the review of published secondary data and the results of field sampling conducted during pre-monsoon season 2013.

Forest General

There are no forests within 10-km radius study area.

However, Ernakulam district has 695 sq.km of area under forest which accounts to 28.8% of the total area of the district (SFR, 2011). The forest wealth of the district is comparatively low as compared to other districts in the state. The forest of this district falls under Malayattur, Munnar and Chalakudy divisions.

Secondary data from Gazetteer of Kerala Terrestrial Ecology

Like other districts of Kerala, the flora of Ernakulam is characteristically tropical. Heavy rainfall combined with moderate temperature and fertile soil support luxuriant vegetation in the district. Physiographically, the district may be divided into three regions:

Lowland (Coastal Region)

This coastal region consists of estuarine and strand vegetation. Some of the constituent species of estuarine vegetation are: Acanthus ilicifolius, Avicennia officinalis, Cerebera odollam, Clereodendrom inerme, Cyperus javanicus, Derris trifoliata, Exoecaria






agallocha, Scaevola sericea, Sphenoclea zeylanica, Xyris indica, Launea sermentosa, Ipomea prescarpe, Portulacca oleraceae, Hydrocotyle, Spinifex littoreus, etc. The Acrostrichum aureum, a member of polydicea is abundant along the bank of the backwater areas. Eichhornia officinalis and Macaranga indica are observed in backwaters of Chitrapuzha river.

Midland Region (Plain Land)

This is the most densely populated area and due to this, most of the natural vegetation has been replaced by plantations and paddy fields. It covers more or less, the major part of the area presenting an undulating topography. The natural flora of this area is that of the Artocarpus hirsutus, Areca indica, Anacardium occidentale, Albizia odoratissima and several varieties of annuals and perennials. Ageratum conyzoides, Anesomeles indica, Cleredendrum serratum, Crotalaria pallida, Desmodium tridlorium, Jatropha curcas, Leucas indica, Mimosa pudica, Naragamia alata, Rungia parviflora. Climbers and epiphyses are few. Calycopteris floribunda, Panthus scandens, and Smilax zeylanica are some of the climbers found in mixed deciduous forests. Dendrobium nahum and Vanda testatea and fern Drynaria circutously are common epiphytes in this region.

Highland (Mountainous) Region

The lower slopes are under Tectona grandis and Hevia brasiliensis cultivation, fodder grass and essential oil yielding grasses, a variety of bamboos are commonly grown plants.

The major cereals and pulses like Arachis sativa, Eleuisine coracona, Cajanus cajan, Cicer arietinum and Vigna mungo are grown in the study area. The chief vegetables and fruits grown are Amorphophallus paeoniifolius, Anacardium occidentale, Citrus lanatus, Colocasia esculenta, Lablab purpueus, Mangifera indica, Manihot esculenta, Musa paradisica and Artocarpus heterophyllus are cultivated in the region. The plantation crops such as Hevea brasiliensis, Piper nigrum and Zingiber officinale and economically important plants like Areca catechu, Cocos nucefera and Sachhanarum officinarum are also grown in the study area.

Crytogamic Vegetation

The study area shows many algae, fungi, bryophytes and pteridophytes. Algal members are present in all types of environment such as fresh water, estuarine water and marine water. Fungi, particularly visible ascomycetes and basidiomycetes are located on ground and epiphytically. Presence of a variety of crustose, foliose and fruticose lichen types indicate that the area is rich in oxygen content in atmosphere due to the presence of good natural vegetation.

Bryophytes include Riccia spp., Targionia hypophylla, Asterrela angustata, Plagiochorsma spp., Anthocerros and large number of mosses such as Funaria, Pogonatum spp., Polytrichum spp., Bryum, Tortella etc, are also observed in valley area of Bhramapuram and surrounding Hevia brazilenses gardens, Fern flora of the study area is Lycopodium, Lygodium, Athyrinum, Adiantum caudatum, Marselia quadrifolia, Pleopeltis membranacea, Peopeltis punctata and Cheilianthus farinosa in valley and shady area in the study area which also in rural and island area and some patches of Ernakulam rural environment.






Mangrove Forest

Mangroves are group of salt tolerant plant species which occur in the tropical and sub-tropical intertidal estuarine regions, sheltered coastline and creeks and are dominated by partly submerged sclerophyllous plant species which are from different origins. Mangroves constitute a dynamic ecosystem with a complex association of species both of flora and fauna of terrestrial and aquatic systems and vegetation presenting an evergreen type with varied life-forms. Salt tolerant plant associated or halophytes commonly growing on a relief that is situated above the tidal level and mostly remains dry in the mangrove ecosystem are usually seen in the families of Chenopodiaceae and Acanthaceae members. As a result of this convergent evolution due to habitat stress and they have similar physiology and structural adaptations.

Mangroves play a major role in soil formation by trapping debris. They serve as a sieve for rich organic soil washed down through river systems into sea to provide appropriate ecosystem and refuge for fish, marine invertebrates, molluscans and birds and contribute detritus enhancing the productivity of the ecosystem.

Mangroves, besides acting as stabilizers of wind and sea wave action along the coastal belts also help to dissipate the wave energy. The large portion of open sea fronts wherein mangroves could establish are converted into close placid-sea river interphases. Mangroves in the estuarine interphase buffer high salinity, regulates rich organic laden water flows, stabilize the alluvial silt brought from the river systems, and fix the sediments of the sea with detritus, thus producing one of the richest productive ecosystems. Mangroves also act as a buffer against the oil slicks washed down from the sea.

Mangrove trees have significant role in production of food for fishes on the coastal waters. It has been established that mangrove tree produce about 8 metric tonnes of dry organic matter per hectare per year in the form of biomass. The biomass in the form of decayed organic matter forms a food for small fishes and other small organisms which in turn form food for large fishes in food chain. The shallow water is protected by the inter-twining prop roots of the mangrove trees form an ideal nursery ground for young fish.

Destruction of mangrove forests will lead to reduction of fish production. The mangrove forest could be seen in Chitrapuzha river mouth near Maradu, Udayamperoor Cheppanam, Khaltapuzha Khayal, Amada Madayan near islands near Port Kochi, Mangalvanam in the study area. Methodology

Floral diversity The study was aimed at enumeration of the available plant resources and obtaining a broad representation of the existing floristic variations in and around the proposed project site. The site was surveyed through random sampling during February –March 2016 and the floristic diversity was enumerated. All floral elements encountered in the field were photographed. All the species encountered were identified with the help of local authenticate published flora.

Faunal diversity Random walk and opportunistic observations were used for documenting the birds. With the aid of a pair of binoculars the bird sampling were carried out during morning (06:00 to 10:00 hrs) and evening (17:00 to 19:00 hrs) hours. Point count methods were used for






enumerating the avifauna in mudflat areas. Birds were monitored by road transects up to 200 metres distance to obtain information on population. Data on fishes were collected from secondary sources and interview with fisher folk of the area. During the present study period, both direct and indirect methods (tracks & signs and visual encounter survey) were used to document the mammals occurring in the area. Visual Encounter Survey (VES) method was followed for the survey of the herpetofauna (amphibians and reptiles) in the study area during the present study. VES is a method one in which field personnel walk through an area or habitat for a prescribed time period systematically searching for animals.

Floral diversity The area falling under the 10 km radial distance is surrounded by both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Diverse systems such as dense and open forest, cultivated lands, sand dune vegetation, wetlands and human habitation were present in the study area that supported diverse floral species.

A total of 375 species of plants (including wild, ornamental and cultivated plants) belonging 82 plant families were documented and identified in the 10 km radial distance from the proposed project sites of the study area. The identified plant species with scientific name, family, habit, habitat and type are given in Table 3.34.

Table 3.34 Distribution of plants in the study area and its surrounding

Sl. No.

Plant Name Family Habit Habitat Type

1 Abrus precatorius L. Fabaceae Straggler Terrestrial Wild 2 Abutilon hirtum (Lam.) Sweet Malvaceae Shrub Terrestrial Wild 3 Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet Malvaceae Shrub Terrestrial Wild 4 Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn

ex Benth. Fabaceae Tree Terrestrial Exotic

5 Acacia caesia (L.) Willd. Fabaceae Straggler Terrestrial Wild 6 Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd. Fabaceae Tree Terrestrial Exotic 7 Acacia leucophloea (Roxb.)

Willd. Fabaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild

8 Acacia torta (Roxb.) Craib Fabaceae Straggler Terrestrial Wild 9 Acalypha indica L. Euphorbiaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 10 Acanthospermum hispidum

DC. Asteraceae Herb Terrestrial Wild

11 Achras sapota Linn. Sapotaceae Tree Terrestrial Cultivated 12 Achyranthes aspera L. Amaranthaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 13 Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa Rutaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 14 Aeluropus lagopoides (Linn.)

Trin. ex Thw. Poaceae Grass Semi-

aquatic Wild

15 Ailanthus excelsa Roxb. Simaroubaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 16 Alangium salviifolium (L.f.)

Wang. Alangiaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild

17 Albizia lebbeck (L.) Willd. Fabaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 18 Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f. Aloeaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild






Sl. No.


19 Alstonia scholaris (L.) R.Br. Apocynaceae Tree Terrestrial Cultivated 20 Alternanthera paronychioides

A. St.-Hilaire Amaranthaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild

21 Alternanthera pungens Kunth Amaranthaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 22 Alternanthera sessilis (L.)

R.Br. ex DC. Amaranthaceae Herb Aquatic Wild

23 Alternanthera tenella Colla. Amaranthaceae Herb Semi-aquatic

Wild

24 Alysicarpus monilifer (L.) DC. Fabaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 25 Alysicarpus rugosus DC. Fabaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 26 Amaranthus spinosus L. Amaranthaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 27 Amaranthus viridis L. Amaranthaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 28 Ammannia baccifera Linn. Lythraceae Herb Semi-

aquatic Wild

29 Anacardium occidentale L. Anacardiaceae Tree Terrestrial Planted 30 Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. Bromeliaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 31 Andropogon pumilus Roxb. Poaceae Grass Terrestrial Wild 32 Anisomeles indica (L.)

Kuntze Lamiaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild

33 Anisomeles malabarica (L.) R. Br. ex Sims.

Lamiaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild

34 Annona reticulata L. Annonaceae Shrub Terrestrial Wild 35 Annona squamosa L. Annonaceae Shrub Terrestrial Cultivated 36 Anthocephalus cadamba

(Roxb.) Miq. Rubiaceae Tree Terrestrial Cultivated

37 Arachis hypogaea Linn. Fabaceae Herb Terrestrial Cultivated 38 Argemone mexicana L. Papaveraceae Herb Terrestrial Exotic 39 Aristida adscensionis L. Poaceae Grass Terrestrial Wild 40 Aristida funiculata Trin &

Rupr. Poaceae Grass Terrestrial Wild

41 Aristida hystrix L. Poaceae Grass Terrestrial Wild 42 Aristida setacea Retz. Poaceae Grass Terrestrial Wild 43 Aristolochia indica L. Aristolochiaceae Climber Terrestrial Wild 44 Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson)

Fosberg Moraceae Tree Terrestrial Wild

45 Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. Moraceae

Tree Terrestrial Wild

46 Artocarpus hirsutus Lam. Moraceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 47 Asparagus racemosus Willd. Asparagaceae Straggler Terrestrial Wild 48 Averrhoa carambola L. Oxalidaceae Shrub Terrestrial Cultivated 49 Avicennia marina (Forsk.)

Vierh. Acanthaceae Tree Semi-

aquatic Wild

50 Azadirachta indica A. Juss. Meliaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 51 Azima tetracantha Lam. Salvadoraceae Shrub Terrestrial Wild






Sl. No.


52 Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Del. Balanitaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 53 Bambusa arundinacea

(Retz.) Willd. Poaceae Grass Terrestrial Wild

54 Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. ex Wendl.

Poaceae Grass Terrestrial Ornamental

55 Barleria buxifolia L. Acanthaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 56 Barleria prionitis L. Acanthaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 57 Bassia latifolia Roxb. Sapotaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 58 Bauhinia purpurea L. Fabaceae Tree Terrestrial Cultivated 59 Bauhinia racemosa Lam. Fabaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 60 Bidens pilosa L. Asteraceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 61 Biophytum reinwardtii

(Zucc.) Klotzsch. Oxalidaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild

62 Bixa orellana L. Bixaceae Tree Terrestrial Ornamental 63 Blainvillea acmella (L.)

Philipson Asteraceae Herb Terrestrial Wild

64 Blepharis maderaspatensis (L.) Heyne ex Roth

Acanthaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild

65 Blepharis repens (Vahl) Roth Acanthaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 66 Blumea lacera (Burm.f) DC. Asteraceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 67 Blumea mollis (D.Don) Merr. Asteraceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 68 Boerhavia diffusa L. Nyctaginaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 69 Boerhavia erecta L. Nyctaginaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 70 Bombax ceiba L. Bombacaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 71 Borassus flabellifer L. Arecaceae Shrub Terrestrial Wild 72 Bothriochloa pertusa (L.) A.

Camus Poaceae Grass Terrestrial Wild

73 Bougainvillea spectabilis Comm. ex. Juss.

Nyctaginaceae Straggler Terrestrial Ornamental

74 Breynia retusa (Dennst.) Alston

Euphorbiaceae Shrub Terrestrial Wild

75 Buchanania lanzan Spreng. Anacardiaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 76 Bulbostylis barbata (Rottb.)

C.B. Clarke Cyperaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild

77 Callophyllum inophyllum L. Clusiaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 78 Calotropis procera (Ait.) R.Br. Apocynaceae Shrub Terrestrial Wild 79 Canavalia cathartica Thouars Fabaceae Straggler Terrestrial Wild 80 Capparis sepiaria L. Capparidaceae Straggler Terrestrial Wild 81 Capparis zeylanica L. Capparidaceae Straggler Terrestrial Wild 82 Capsicum annum L. Solanaceae Shrub Terrestrial Cultivated 83 Cardiospermum halicacabum

L. Sapindaceae Climber Terrestrial Wild

84 Careya arborea Roxb. Barringtoniaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 85 Carica papaya L. Caricaceae Shrub Terrestrial Cultivated






Sl. No.


86 Caryota urens L. Arecaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 87 Casearia rubescens Dalz. Flacourtiaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 88 Cassia fistula L. Fabaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 89 Cassia siamea Lam. Fabaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 90 Casuarina equisetifolia L. Casurinaceae Tree Terrestrial Planted 91 Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn. Bombacaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 92 Celosia argentea L. Amaranthaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 93 Cenchrus ciliaris L. Poaceae Grass Terrestrial Wild 94 Chloris barbata Sw. Poaceae Grass Terrestrial Wild 95 Chloris dolichostachya

Lagasca Poaceae Grass Terrestrial Wild

96 Chloris tenella Koen. ex Roxb.

Poaceae Grass Terrestrial Wild

97 Chromolaena odorata (L.) King & Robinson

Asteraceae Shrub Terrestrial Exotic

98 Cissampelos pareira L. Menispermaceae Climber Terrestrial Wild 99 Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f. Rutaceae Shrub Terrestrial Wild

100 Cleome aspera Koen ex. DC. Capparidaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 101 Cleome monophylla L. Capparidaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 102 Cleome viscosa L. Capparidaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 103 Clitoria ternatea L. Fabaceae Climber Terrestrial Wild 104 Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt Cucurbitaceae Climber Terrestrial Wild 105 Cocculus hirsutus (L.) Diels Menispermaceae Climber Terrestrial Wild 106 Cocculus pendulus (Forst.)

Diels Menispermaceae Straggler Terrestrial Wild

107 Cocos nucifera L. Arecaceae Tree Terrestrial Cultivated 108 Combretum albidum G.Don Combretaceae Climber Terrestrial Wild 109 Commelina benghalensis L. Commelinaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 110 Commelina clavata Clarke Commelinaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 111 Commelina longifolia Lam. Commelinaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 112 Convolvulus arvensis L. Convolvulaceae Climber Terrestrial Wild 113 Corchorus aestuans L. Tiliaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 114 Corchorus tridens L. Tiliaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 115 Corchorus trilocularis L. Tiliaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 116 Cordia dichotoma G. Forst. Boraginaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 117 Cordia myxa L. Boraginaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 118 Cordia sebestena L. Boraginaceae Tree Terrestrial Ornamental 119 Crotalaria pallida Dryand.

var. pallida(G.Don) Polhill Fabaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild

120 Croton bonplandianum Baill. Euphorbiaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 121 Cryptolepis buchananii

Roem. & Schult. Asclepiadaceae Straggler Terrestrial Wild






Sl. No.


122 Cucumis melo L. Cucurbitaceae Climber Terrestrial Wild 123 Cuminum cyminum L. Apiaceae Shrub Terrestrial Cultivated 124 Curcuma longa Zingiberaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 125 Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. Convolvulaceae Climber Terrestrial Wild 126 Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. Poaceae Grass Terrestrial Wild 127 Cynoglossum zeylanicum

(Vahl ex Hornem.) Thunb. ex Lehm.

Boraginaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild

128 Cyperus articulatus L. Cyperaceae Herb Aquatic Wild 129 Cyperus difformis L. Cyperaceae Herb Semi-

aquatic Wild

130 Cyperus exaltatus Retz. Cyperaceae Herb Aquatic Wild 131 Cyperus iria L. Cyperaceae Herb Semi-

aquatic Wild

132 Cyperus rotundus L. Cyperaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 133 Dactyloctenium aegyptium

(L.) Willd. Poaceae Grass Terrestrial Wild

134 Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. Fabaceae Tree Terrestrial Planted 135 Datura metal L. Solanaceae Shrub Terrestrial Wild 136 Delonix elata (L.) Gamble Fabaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 137 Delonix regia (Boj. ex Hook)

Rafin. Fabaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild

138 Derris scandens (Roxb.) Benth.

Fabaceae Climber Semi-aquatic

Wild

139 Derris trifoliata Lour. Fabaceae Climber Semi-aquatic

Wild

140 Desmodium laxiflorum DC. Fabaceae Shrub Terrestrial Wild 141 Dichrostachys cinerea (L.)

Wight & Arn. Fabaceae Shrub Terrestrial Wild

142 Dicoma tomentosa Cass. Asteraceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 143 Digera muricata (L.) Mart. Amaranthaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 144 Dillenia pentagyna Roxb. Dilleniaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 145 Diospyros montana Roxb. Ebenaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 146 Diplocyclos palmatus (L.)

Jeffrey Cucurbitaceae Climber Terrestrial Wild

147 Dolichandrone spathacea (L.f.) K.Schum.

Bignoniaceae Tree Terrestrial Planted

148 Echinochloa colona (L.) Link Poaceae Grass Semi-aquatic

Wild

149 Echinops echinatus Roxb. Asteraceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 150 Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. Asteraceae Herb Semi-

aquatic Wild

151 Elaeocarpus serratus L. Tiliaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 152 Embllia ribes Burm.f. Mysinaceae Shrub Terrestrial Wild 153 Emilia sonchifolia (L.) DC. Asteraceae Herb Terrestrial Wild






Sl. No.


154 Eragrostis nutans (Retz.) Nees ex Steud.


155 Eragrostis pilosa P. Beauv Poaceae Grass Terrestrial Wild 156 Eragrostis unioloides (Retz.)

Nees ex Steud. Poaceae Grass Terrestrial Wild

157 Eragrostis viscosa (Retz.) Trin.


158 Erythrina stricta Roxb. Fabaceae Tree Terrestrial Planted 159 Eucalyptus teriticornis Myrtaceae Tree Terrestrial Planted 160 Euphorbia geniculata Ortega Euphorbiaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 161 Euphorbia hirta L. Euphorbiaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 162 Euphorbia nivulia L. Euphorbiaceae Shrub Terrestrial Wild 163 Euphorbia rosea Retz. Euphorbiaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 164 Euphorbia thymifolia L. Euphorbiaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 165 Euphorbia tirucalli L. Euphorbiaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 166 Evolvulus alsinoides (L.) L. Convolvulaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 167 Evolvulus nummularius (L.) L. Convolvulaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 168 Ficus arnottiana Miq. Moraceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 169 Ficus benghalensis L. Moraceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 170 Ficus microcarpa var.

microcarpa L.f. Moraceae Tree Terrestrial Wild

171 Ficus racemosa L. Moraceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 172 Ficus religiosa L. Moraceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 173 Filicium decipiens (Wight &

Arn.) Thw. Sapindaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild

174 Fimbristylis aestivalis (Retz.) Vahl.

Cyperaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild

175 Fimbristylis argentea (Rottb.) Vahl.

Cyperaceae Herb Aquatic Wild

176 Fimbristylis dichotoma (L.) Vahl.

Cyperaceae Herb Semi-aquatic

Wild

177 Fimbristylis ovata (Burm. F.) Kern.

Cyperaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild

178 Flacourtia indica (Burm.f.) Merr.

Flacourtiaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild

179 Garcinia gummi-gutta (L.) Robs. Clusiaceae


180 Glinus lotoides Linnaeus Aizoaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 181 Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.)

Kunth ex Walp. Fabaceae Tree Terrestrial Exotic

182 Gloriosa superba L. Colchicaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 183 Gmelina arborea Roxb. Verbenaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 184 Gomphrena serrata L. Amaranthaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 185 Goniogyna hirta (Willd.) Ali Fabaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild






Sl. No.


186 Grewia tiliifolia Vahl. Tiliaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 187 Grewia villosa Willd. Tiliaceae Shrub Terrestrial Wild 188 Gymnema sylvestre (Retz.)

R.Br. ex Schult. Asclepiadaceae Climber Terrestrial Wild

189 Haldinia cordifolia (Roxb.) Ridsd.

Rubiaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild

190 Hedyotis biflora (L.) Lam. Rubiaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 191 Hedyotis corymbosa (L.)

Lam. Rubiaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild

192 Helicteres isora L. Sterculiaceae Shrub Terrestrial Wild 193 Heliotropium curasavicum L. Boraginaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 194 Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R.

Br. Asclepiadaceae Climber Terrestrial Wild

195 Heteropogon contortus (L.) P.Beauv


196 Hibiscus tiliaceus L. Malvaceae Tree Terrestrial Planted 197 Hibiscus vitifolius L. Malvaceae Shrub Terrestrial Wild 198 Holarrhena pubescens

(Buch.-Ham.) Wall. ex G.Don Apocynaceae Shrub Terrestrial Wild

199 Holigarna arnottiana Hook.f. Anacardiaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 200 Holoptelea integrifolia (Roxb.)

Planch. Ulmaceae Tree Terrestrial Planted

201 Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. Lamiaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 202 Ichnocarpus frutescens (L.)

R.Br. Asclepiadaceae Climber Terrestrial Wild

203 Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv.


204 Indigofera caerulea Roxb. Fabaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 205 Indigofera linifolia (L.f.) Retz. Fabaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 206 Indigofera linnaei Ali Fabaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 207 Indoneesiella echioides (L)

Nees. Acanthaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild

208 Ipomoea alba L. Convolvulaceae Climber Terrestrial Wild 209 Ipomoea aquatica Forssk. Convolvulaceae Climber Aquatic Wild 210 Ipomoea carnea Jacq. Convolvulaceae Shrub Aquatic Wild 211 Ipomoea hederifolia L. Convolvulaceae Climber Terrestrial Wild 212 Ipomoea pes-tigridis L. Convolvulaceae Climber Terrestrial Wild 213 Ipomoea pres-caprae Convolvulaceae Climber Terrestrial Wild 214 Ipomoea quamoclit L. Convolvulaceae Climber Terrestrial Ornamental 215 Ipomoea staphylina Roem. &

Schultes Convolvulaceae Climber Terrestrial Wild

216 Ischaemum indicum (Houtt.) Merr.


217 Ixora arborea Roxb. ex Sm. Rubiaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild






Sl. No.


218 Ixora coccinea Rubiaceae Shrub Terrestrial Wild 219 Jasminum scandens Vahl Oleaceae Climber Terrestrial Wild 220 Jatropha curcas L. Euphorbiaceae Shrub Terrestrial Planted 221 Jatropha gossypifolia L. Euphorbiaceae Shrub Terrestrial Wild 222 Justicia adhatoda L. Acanthaceae Shrub Terrestrial Ornamental 223 Justicia betonica Linn. Acanthaceae Shrub Terrestrial Wild 224 Lagascea mollis Cav. Asteraceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 225 Lagerstroemia microcarpa

Hance Lythraceae Tree Terrestrial Wild

226 Lagerstroemia reginae Roxb. Lythraceae Tree Terrestrial Ornamental 227 Lannea coromandelica

(Houtt.) Merr. Anacardiaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild

228 Lantana camara L. Verbenaceae Shrub Terrestrial Exotic 229 Launaea sarmentosa (Willd.)

Schultz-Bip.ex Kuntze Asteraceae Climber Terrestrial Wild

230 Lawsonia inermis L. Lythraceae Shrub Terrestrial Planted 231 Leea indica (Burm.f) Merr. Vitaceae Shrub Terrestrial Wild 232 Leptadenia reticulata Wight &

Arn. Asclepiadaceae Climber Terrestrial Wild

233 Leucaena leucocephala (L.) Gills

Fabaceae Tree Terrestrial Exotic

234 Leucas aspera (Willd.) Link Lamiaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 235 Ludwigia perennis L. Onagraceae Herb Semi-

aquatic Wild

236 Ludwigia peruviana (L.) Hara Onagraceae Herb Semi-aquatic

Wild

237 Lycopersicum esculentum Mill. Solanaceae

Herb Terrestrial Cultivated

238 Macaranga peltata (Roxb.) Muell.-Arg.

Euphorbiaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild

239 Malvastrum coromandelianum (L.) Garcke

Malvaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild

240 Mangifera indica L. Anacardiaceae Tree Terrestrial Cultivated 241 Manilkara zapota (L.)

P.Royen Sapotaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild

242 Maytenus emarginata (Willd.) Ding Hou

Celastraceae Shrub Terrestrial Wild

243 Memecylon talbotianum Brandis

Melastomaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild

244 Memycylon umbellatum Melastomaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 245 Merremia tridentata (L.)

Hall.f. Convolvulaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild

246 Millingtonia hortensis L.f. Bignoniaceae Tree Terrestrial Ornamental 247 Mimosa hamata Willd. Fabaceae Shrub Terrestrial Wild






Sl. No.


248 Mimusops elengi L. Sapotaceae Tree Terrestrial Ornamental 249 Mitragyna parvifolia (Roxb.)

Korth. Rubiaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild

250 Momordica dioica Roxb. ex. Willd.

Cucurbitaceae Climber Terrestrial Wild

251 Morinda pubescens J.E. Smith.

Rubiaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild

252 Moringa oleifera Lam. Moringaceae Tree Terrestrial Cultivated 253 Morus alba L. Moraceae Shrub Terrestrial Cultivated 254 Moullava spicata (Dalzell)

Nicolson Fabaceae Climber Terrestrial Wild

255 Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. Fabaceae Shrub Terrestrial Wild 256 Mukia maderaspatana (L.) M.

Roem. Cucurbitaceae Climber Terrestrial Wild

257 Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng. Rutaceae Tree Terrestrial Planted 258 Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack Rutaceae Shrub Terrestrial Ornamental 259 Musa paradisiaca L. Musaceae Shrub Terrestrial Cultivated 260 Musa paradisiaca L. Musaceae Shrub Terrestrial Cultivated 261 Myristica fragrans Myristicaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 262 Nothapodytes foetida (Wight)

Sleumer Icacinaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild

263 Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L. Oleaceae Tree Terrestrial Ornamental 264 Ocimum canum Sims. Lamiaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 265 Oldenlandia umbellata L. Rubiaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 266 Opuntia stricta (Haw.) Haw. Cactaceae Shrub Terrestrial Wild 267 Parkinsonia aculeata L. Fabaceae Tree Semi-

aquatic Wild

268 Parthenium hysterophorus L. Asteraceae Herb Terrestrial Exotic 269 Pavonia odorata Willd. Malvaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 270 Pavonia procumbens (Wall

ex Wight & Arn.) Walp. Malvaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild

271 Pavonia zeylanica (L.) Cav. Malvaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 272 Pedalium murex L. Pedaliaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 273 Peltophorum pterocarpum

(DC.) Fabaceae Tree Terrestrial Planted

274 Pentatropis microphylla L. Asclepiadaceae Climber Terrestrial Wild 275 Pergularia daemia (Forrsk.)

Chiov. Asclepiadaceae Climber Terrestrial Wild

276 Peristrophe bicalyculata (Forssk.) Brummitt.

Acanthaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild

277 Persea macrantha (Nees) Kosterm

Lauraceae Tree Terrestrial Wild

278 Phoenix loureirii Kunth. Arecaceae Shrub Terrestrial Wild 279 Phoenix sylvestris (L.) Roxb. Arecaceae Tree Terrestrial Planted






Sl. No.


280 Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels Euphorbiaceae


281 Phyllanthus emblica L. Euphorbiaceae Tree Terrestrial Planted 282 Phyllanthus emblica L. Euphorbiaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 283 Phyllanthus maderaspatensis

L. Euphorbiaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild

284 Phyllanthus reticulatus Poir. Euphorbiaceae Shrub Terrestrial Wild 285 Phyllanthus urinaria L. Euphorbiaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 286 Physalis minima Linn. Solanaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 287 Piper nigrum L. Piperaceae Climber Terrestrial Wild 288 Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.)

Benth. Fabaceae Tree Terrestrial Planted

289 Plumeria alba L. Apocynaceae Tree Terrestrial Ornamental 290 Plumeria rubra L. Apocynaceae Tree Terrestrial Ornamental 291 Polyalthia longifolia (Sonner.)

Thw. Annonaceae Tree Terrestrial Ornamental

292 Polycarpaea corymbosa (L.) Lam.

Caryophyllaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild

293 Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre Fabaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 294 Portulaca oleracea L. Portulacaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 295 Portulaca quadrifida L. Portulacaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 296 Psidium guajava L. Myrtaceae Tree Terrestrial Planted 297 Psidium guajava L. Myrtaceae Tree Terrestrial Cultivated 298 Pterolobium hexapetalum

(Roth.) Sant. & Wagh Fabaceae Straggler Terrestrial Wild

299 Punica granatum L. Punicaceae Shrub Terrestrial Cultivated 300 Pupalia lappacea (L.) Juss. Amaranthaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 301 Quisqualis indica L. Combretaceae Climber Terrestrial Ornamental 302 Rauvolfia serpentina (L.)

Benth. ex kurz Apocynaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild

303 Ruellia tuberosa L. Acanthaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 304 Saccharum spontaneum L. Poaceae Grass Semi-

aquatic Wild

305 Salicornia brachiata Miq. Chenopodiaceae Shrub Semi-aquatic

Wild

306 Sapindus emarginatus Vahl. Sapindaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 307 Sapium insigne (Royle)

Benth. Euphorbiaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild

308 Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Oken

Sapindaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild

309 Scoparia dulcis L. Scrophulariaceae Herb Semi-aquatic

Wild

310 Sebastiania chamaelea (L.) Muell.-Arg.

Euphorbiaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild

311 Senna alata (L.) Roxb. Fabaceae Shrub Terrestrial Ornamental






Sl. No.


312 Senna auriculata (L.) Roxb. Fabaceae Shrub Terrestrial Wild 313 Senna occidentalis (L.) Link Fabaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 314 Senna tora (L.) Roxb. Fabaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 315 Sesamum indicum L. Pedaliaceae Shrub Terrestrial Cultivated 316 Sesbania sesban (Jacq.)

W.Wight Fabaceae Tree Terrestrial Planted

317 Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv Poaceae Grass Terrestrial Wild 318 Sida acuta Burm.f. Malvaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 319 Sida cordata (Burm. f.) Borss. Malvaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 320 Sida cordifolia L. Malvaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 321 Sida rhombifolia L. var.

rhombifolia Malvaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild

322 Smilax zeylanica L. Smilacaceae Climber Terrestrial Wild 323 Solanum surattense Burm. f. Solanaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 324 Sonchus oleraceus L. Asteraceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 325 Spermacoce hispida L. Rubiaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 326 Spermacoce ocymoides

Burm.f. Rubiaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild

327 Spinifex littoreus (Burm.f.) Merr.

Poaceae Climber Terrestrial Wild

328 Sterculia foetida Linn. Sterculiaceae Tree Terrestrial Ornamental 329 Sterculia urens Roxb. Sterculiaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 330 Streblus asper Lour. Moraceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 331 Striga asiatica (L.) Kuntze Scrophulariaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 332 Strychnos nux-vomica L. Strychnaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 333 Suaeda nudiflora (Willd) Moq. Chenopodiaceae Herb Semi-

aquatic Wild

334 Synadenium grantii Hook.f. Euphorbiaceae Shrub Terrestrial Planted 335 Synedrella nodiflora (L.)

Gaertn. Asteraceae Herb Terrestrial Wild

336 Syzigium caryophyllatum L. Myrtaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 337 Syzygium aromaticum Myrtaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 338 Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels Myrtaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 339 Tamarindus indica L. Fabaceae Tree Terrestrial Planted 340 Tecoma stans (L.) Kunth Bignoniaceae Tree Terrestrial Ornamental 341 Tectona grandis L.f. Verbenaceae Tree Terrestrial Planted 342 Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Pers. Fabaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 343 Tephrosia villosa (L.) Pers. Fabaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 344 Terminalia alata Heyne ex

Roth Combretaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild

345 Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.) Wight & Arn.

Myrtaceae Tree Terrestrial Planted

346 Terminalia bellerica (Gaertn.) Roxb.

Combretaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild






Sl. No.


347 Terminalia catappa L. Myrtaceae Tree Terrestrial Ornamental 348 Terminalia chebula Retz. Combretaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 349 Terminalia paniculata Roxb. Combretaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 350 Theobroma cacao L. Sterculiaceae Tree Terrestrial Planted 351 Thespesia populnea (L.)

Soland ex Correa Malvaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild

352 Thevetia peruviana K.Schum Apocynaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 353 Thunbergia grandiflora Roxb. Acanthaceae Straggler Terrestrial Ornamental 354 Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.)

Miers ex Hook. f. & Thoms. Menispermaceae Climber Terrestrial Wild

355 Trewia nudiflora L. Euphorbiaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 356 Tribulus terrestris L. Zygophyllaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 357 Trichodesma indicum (L.) R.

Br. Boraginaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild

358 Tridax procumbens L. Asteraceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 359 Trigonella foenum-graecum

L. Fabaceae Herb Terrestrial Cultivated

360 Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq. Tiliaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 361 Typha angustifolia L. Poaceae Grass Aquatic Wild 362 Urena lobata L. subsp. lobata Malvaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 363 Vernonia cinerea (L.) Less. Asteraceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 364 Vigna mungo (L.) Wilczek Fabaceae Herb Terrestrial Cultivated 365 Vigna radiata (L.) Verdc. Fabaceae Herb Terrestrial Cultivated 366 Vigna trilobata (L.) Verdc. Fabaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 367 Vitex altissima Linn.f. Verbenaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 368 Waltheria indica L. Sterculiaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 369 Xanthium indicum Koen. Asteraceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 370 Xylia xylocarpa (Roxb.) Taub. Fabaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 371 Zingiber officinale Zingiberaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 372 Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. Rhamnaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 373 Ziziphus nummularia

(Burm.f.) Wight & Arn. Rhamnaceae Shrub Terrestrial Wild

374 Ziziphus oenoplia (L.) Mill. Rhamnaceae Straggler Terrestrial Wild 375 Zornia gibbosa Span. Fabaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild

3.6.3 HABITAT WISE REPRESENTATION

Based on habit types, among the 360 plant species, herbaceous plants were dominant in the study area and was represented with 130 species, followed by trees (121 species), shrubs (49 species) grasses (26 species) and climbers/stragglers with 49 species (Figure 3.14).






Figure 3.14 Habit wise representation of plants from the study area Fruit yielding plants

Most of the backyard gardens of Kochi having a number of fruit yielding plants. Some of the noticed plants are given in Table 3.35.

Table 3.35 Fruit yielding plants from the study area

Species Name Vernacular name English name Family

Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa Koolakam Wood Apple Rutaceae Anacardium occidentale L. Kasumavu Cashew Anacardiaceae Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. Annarachakka Pineapple Bromeliaceae Annona reticulata L. Manilanilam Custard apple Annonaceae Annona squamosa L. Aathi Custard apple Annonaceae Artocarpus altilis Kadaplavu Bread fruit Moraceae Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. Plavu Jack Fruit Moraceae Artocarpus hirsutus Lam. Anjili Wild Jack Moraceae Averrhoa carambola L. Annapulinchi Carambola apple Oxalidaceae Borassus flabellifer L. Ampana Palmyra palm Arecaceae Carica Papaya L. Omaikka Papaya Caricaceae Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f. Cherunaregam Lemon Rutaceae Cocos nucifera L. Thenga Coconut Arecaceae Garcinia gummi-gutta (L.) Robs. Korakkapuli

Malabar Gamboge Clusiaceae

Lycopersicum esculentum Mill. Thakkali Tomato Solanaceae Mangifera indica L. Mavu Mango Anacardiaceae Manilkara zapota (L.) P.Royen Manilakkara Sapodilla Sapotaceae

Climber10% Grass

7%

Herb35%

Shrub13%

Straggler3%

Tree32%

Climber

Grass

Herb

Shrub

Straggler

Tree






Musa paradisiaca L. Kadalivazha Banana Musaceae Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels Sheema nelli Star gooseberry Euphorbiaceae

Phyllanthus emblica L. Nelli Indian Gooseberry Euphorbiaceae

Psidium guajava L. Pera Guava Myrtaceae Punica granatum L. Atthazhachakka Pomogranate Punicaceae Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels Perinnaral Black Plum Myrtaceae Tamarindus indica L. Puli Tamarind Fabaceae Theobroma cacao L. Kokko Cocoa Tree Sterculiaceae

Endangered plants

Floristic studies were conducted during February-March 2016 to know the presence of any endangered/threatened/endemic plant species in and around proposed plant area and surrounding 10 km radius. The study area did not record the presence of any critically threatened species.

National Park/Sanctuary

As per Ministry of Environment & Forests Notifications and local forest notifications, there are no wildlife/bird sanctuaries/national parks/ biospheres in 10-km radius from plant site. However, Mangalavanam bird sanctuary is situated in the heart of Ernakulam city, which is about 11-km from plant on WNW direction.

Avifauna

A total of 78 species of birds were observed during the present survey in the 10 km radial distance from the proposed project sites. The habitat types of the area include agricultural land, scrub jungle, dense forest, plantation, coastal area, wetlands, marshlands and fallow grasslands. The common wetland or wetland associated species of the area include Little Cormorant (Phalacrocorax niger), Oriental White Ibis (Threskiornis melanocephalus), Common Sandpiper (Charadrius dubius), Purple Heron (Ardea purpurea), and Grey Heron (Ardea cinerea). The common terrestrial species of the area include Indian Robin (Saxicoloides fulicata), Black Kite (Milvus migrans), Green Bee-eater (Merops orientalis), Indian Roller (Coracias benghalensis) and Red vented Bulbul (Pycnonotus cafer). The list of avifauna is presented in the following Table 3.36.

Table 3.36 List of birds documented during the study period

S.No Common Name Scientific Name Family Migratory

Status 1 Asian Koel Eudynamys

scolopacea Cuculidae R

2 Asian Openbill-Stork

Anastomus oscitans Ciconiidae R

3 Asian Paradise-Flycatcher

Terpsiphone paradisi Muscicapidae R

4 Asian Pied Starling

Gracupica contra Sturnidae R

5 Bank Myna Acridotheres Sturnidae R






S.No Common Name Scientific Name Family Migratory Status

ginginianus 6 Baya Weaver Ploceus philippinus Ploceinae R 7 Black Drongo Dicrurus

macrocercus Dicruridae R

8 Black Kite Milvus migrans Accipitridae R 9 Black-shouldered

Kite Elanus caeruleus Accipitridae R

10 Black-winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus

Recurvirostridae M

11 Blue Rock Pigeon Columba livia Columbidae R 12 Brahminy Kite Haliastur indus Accipitridae R 13 Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis Ardeidae R 14 Common Hoopoe Upupa epops Upupidae R 15 Common Myna Acridotheres tristis Sturnidae R 16 Common

Sandpiper Charadrius dubius Scolopacidae M

17 Common Swallow

Hirundo rustica Hirundinidae M

18 Darter Anhinga melanogaster

Anhingidae R

19 Domestic Chicken

Gallus gallus domesticus

Phasianidae R

20 Eurasian Collared Dove

Streptopelia decaocto Columbidae O

21 Golden Fronted Leafbird

Chloropsis aurifrons Chloropseidae R

22 Greater Coucal Centropus sinensis Cuculidae R 23 Green Bee-eater Merops orientalis Meropidae R 24 Grey Heron Ardea cinerea Ardeidae M 25 House Crow Corvus splendens Corvidae R 26 House Sparrow Passer domesticus Passeridae R 27 Indian Cuckoo Cuculus micropterus Cuculidae R 28 Indian Pond-

Heron Ardeola grayii Ardeidae R

29 Indian Robin Saxicoloides fulicata Muscicapidae R 30 Indian Roller Coracias

benghalensis Coraciidae R

31 Intermediate Egret

Mesophoyx intermedia

Ardeidae R

32 Jungle Crow Corvus macrorhynchos

Corvidae R

33 Little Cormorant Phalacrocorax niger Phalacrocoracidae R 34 Little Egret Egretta Garzetta Ardeidae R 35 Oriental Magpie-

Robin Copsychus saularis Muscicapidae R







36 Oriental White Ibis

Threskiornis melanocephalus

Threskiornithidae R

37 Pied Crested Cuckoo

Clamator jacobinus Cuculidae M

38 Plain Prinia Prinia inornata Muscicapidae R 39 Purple Heron Ardea purpurea Ardeidae R 40 Purple Sunbird Nectarinia asiatica Nectariniidae R 41 Purple-rumped

Sunbird Nectarinia zeylonica Nectariniidae R

42 Red Whiskered Bulbul

Pycnonotus jacosus Pycnonotidae R

43 Red-rumped Swallow

Hirundo daurica Hirundinidae R

44 Red-vented Bulbul

Pycnonotus cafer Pycnonotidae R

45 Red-wattled Lapwing

Vanellus indicus Charadriidae R

46 Rose-ringed Parakeet

Psittacula krameri Psittacidae R

47 Small Blue Kingfisher

Alcedo atthis Alcedinidae R

48 Spotted Dove Streptopelia chinensis

Columbidae R

49 White Wagtail Motacilla alba Motacillidae R 50 White-breasted

Kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis Alcedinidae R

51 White-breasted Water hen

Amaurornis phoenicurus

Rallidae R

52 Yellow Wattled Lapwing

Venellus malabaricus Charadriidae R

53 Watercock Gallicrex cinerea Rallidae R 54 Common Red

Shank Tringa totanus Scolopacidae M

55 Marsh Sandpiper Tringa stagnatilis Scolopacidae R 56 Common Green

Shank Tringa nebularia Scolopacidae M

57 Wood Sandpiper Tringa glareola Scolopacidae R 58 White-cheeked

Barbet Megalaima viridis) Megalaimidae O

59 Lesser Golden-backed Woodpecker

Dinopium benghalense

Picidae O

60 Common Iora Aegithina tiphia Aegithinidae R 61 White-headed

Babbler Turdoides leucocephala

Timaliidae R

62 Blyth's Reed- Acrocephalus Acrocephalidae R







Warbler dumetorum 63 Common

Tailorbird Orthotomus sutorius Cisticolidae R

64 Green Warbler Phylloscopus nitidus Phylloscopidae R 65 Loten's Sunbird Cinnyris lotenius Nectariniidae R 66 Ashy Drongo Dicrurus leucophaeus Dicruridae R 67 Greater Racket-

tailed Drongo Dicrurus paradiseus Dicruridae O

68 Indian Shag Phalacrocorax fuscicollis

Phalacrocoracidae O

69 Chestnut Bittern Ixobrychus cinnamomeus

Ardeidae O

70 Black Bittern Ixobrychus flavicollis Ardeidae O 71 Little Ringed

Plover Charadrius dubius Charadriidae R

72 Whiskered Tern Chlidonias hybrida Sternidae R 73 Brown Fish Owl Bubo zeylonensis Strigidae R 74 Mottled Wood

Owl Strix ocellata Strigidae R

75 House Swift Apus nipalensis Apodidae R 76 Pied Kingfisher Ceryle rudis Cerylidae R 77 Large Pied

Wagtail Motacilla maderaspatensis

Motacillidae R

78 Yellow Wagtail Motacilla flava Motacillidae R Note: R-Resident; M-migratory, O-Occasional

Butterflies A total of 27 butterfly species belonging to 6 families were recorded during the present study period (Table 3.37). At family level, the family Nymphalidae is the dominant one with 16 species followed by Pieridae with 4 species, Lycaenidae with 3 species and Papilionidae with 2 species. The family wise distribution of butterflies is given in Table 3.5.5. Species such as Chocolate Pansy, Common Jezebel, Plain Tiger, Common Crow, and Common Grass Yellow were commonly seen in and around the proposed project site. Crimson Rose, Danaid Eggfly and Common Pierrot are protected under schedule-I of Indian Wildlife Protection Act 1972. Blue Mormon and Crimson Rose are endemic species found occurring in the present study area, the distributions of which are restricted to the Peninsular India and Srilanka (Kunte, 2000).

Table 3.37 List of butterflies in and around the study area

S.No Common Name Scienticfic Name Family 1 Blue Pansy Junonia orithya Nymphalidae 2 Blue Tiger Tirumala limniace Nymphalidae 3 Chocolate Pansy Junonia iphita Nymphalidae 4 Common Baron Euthalia garuda Nymphalidae






S.No Common Name Scienticfic Name Family 5 Common Cerulean Jamides celeno Lycaenidae 6 Common Emigrant Catopsilia pomona Pieridae

7 Common Grass Yellow Eurema hecabe Pieridae

8 Common Indian Crow Euploea core Nymphalidae

9 Common Jezebel Delias eucharis Pieridae 10 Common Leopard Phalanta phalanta Nymphalidae 11 Common Mormon Papilio polytes Papilionidae 12 Common Pierrot Castalius rosimon Lycaenidae 13 Common Sailor Neptis hylas Nymphalidae 14 Crimson Rose Pachliopta hector Papilionidae

15 Danaid Egg fly Hypolimnas misippus Nymphalidae

16 Glassy Tiger Parantica algea Nymphalidae 17 Gram Blue Euchrysops cnejus Lycaenidae 18 Great Egg fly Hypolimnas bolina Nymphalidae 19 Grey Pansy Junonia atlites Nymphalidae 20 Indian Skipper Spialia galba Hesperiidae 21 Lemon Pansy Junonia lemonias Nymphalidae 22 Peacock Pansy Junonia almana Nymphalidae 23 Pioneer Anaphaeis aurota Pieridae 24 Plain Tiger Danaus chrysippus Nymphalidae 25 Plum Judy Abisara echerius Riodinidae 26 Striped Tiger Danaus genutia Nymphalidae 27 Yellow Pansy Junonia hierta Nymphalidae

Table 3.38 Family wise distribution of butterflies in the study area

Family No of Species

Nymphalidae 16

Pieridae 4

Lycaenidae 3

Papilionidae 2

Hesperiidae 1

Riodinidae 1

Grand Total 27






Amphibians Based on field observations and the available secondary information, a total of 7 species of amphibians could be recorded from the study area as given in the following Table 3.38.

Table 3.38 List of amphibians recorded in the study area

Sl No Common Name Scientific Name Family 1 Asian Common Toad Bufo melanostictus Bufonidae 2 Beddome's Leaping Frog Indirana beddomii Ranidae 3 Common Tree Frog Polypedates maculatus Rhacophoridae

4 Indian Skipper Frog Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis Ranidae

5 Indus Valley Toad Duttaphrynus stomaticus Bufonidae

6 Ornate Narrow-mouthed Frog microhyla ornate Microhylidae

7 Paddyfield Frog Fejervarya limnocharis Dicroglossidae Mammals

There are no major wild animals in the study area of 10 km radius and other minor wild life present in study area is presented in Table-3.39.

Table-3.39 Mammals recorded in the study area

Sr. No. Common Name Zoological Name 1 Rat Rattus sp. 2 Hare Lepus nigricollis 3 Jackal Canis auries 4 Squirrel Funambulus palmarum 5 Field mouse Rattus norvegicus 6 House rat Rattus rattus 7 Bat Rhinolopus spp. 8 Bat Hipposiderus spp. 9 Common mongoose Herpestes edwardii 10 Bandicoot rat Bandicota indica 11 Bandicoot Bandicota bengalensis 12 Porcuppine Hystrix indica






Little Cormorant Pond Heron

, White-browed Wagtail Grey Heron

Figure 3.15 Fauna Plate






Annas comosus Piper nigrum

Myristica fragans Havea brasiliensis

Quarry site filled with water Chitrapuzha river

Figure 3.16 Flora & landscape Photographs






3.7 SOCIOECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT 3.7.1 SOCIOECONOMIC STRUCTURE

The baseline data for socio-economic shall include the following: Demographic profile (Population, human settlements, male/female ratio, literacy,

occupational pattern (Main Workers, Marginal workers and Non workers). Infrastructure resource base (medical, education, water resource, power supply etc.). Economic resource (Agriculture, industry, forest etc.). Cultural and Aesthetic attributes. Village/town wise Population, Households, Occupation and Literacy status, Forest land and Irrigated land distribution have been collected based on Census, 2001 in the following pattern.

1. Total population 07. Total worker males (main + marginal) 2. Population (0-6 years) 08. Total worker females (main + marginal) 3. Literacy rate (Persons) 09. Main workers (Persons) 4. Literacy rate (Males) 10. Marginal workers (Persons) 5. Literacy rate (Females) 11. Main workers (Persons) 6. Total worker persons (main +

marginal) 12. Non workers (Persons)

Population and households Population breakup within 10 km radius of the plant as per 2001 census is 2204880 male and 2247499 female which makes up a Total population about 4452379 respectively, with 9.0 % of SC and 0.3 % of ST Population. The summarized population data is given in Table 3.6.1.

Table 3.40 Population Composition

Name No. HH

Population( Total)

SC Population

ST Population

tTotal

MMale

FFemale

tTotal

MMale

FFemale

tTotal

MMale

FFemale

Edathala (CT) 14420

67754

33604

34150

6827

3353

3474

156

77

79

Kizhakkambalam 4

702

2

2222

1

0740

1

1482

1

991

1

005

9

86

7

5

3

3

4

2

Thekkumbhagom 2390

11026

5560

5466

1225

599

626

7 7 0

Pattimattom 4

145

1

9711

9

537

1

0174

2

055

1

042

1

013 0 0 0

Aikaranad North 4395

18940

9413

9527

3036

1521

1515

56

29

27

Aikaranad South 4

651

1

9950

1

0009

9

941

2

414

1

200

1

214

1

24

7

0

5

4

Vadavukode 5

29

2

287

1

143

1

144

2

87

1

44

1

43 0 0 0

Ramamangalam 2

390

9

999

5

070

4

929

1

166

5

59

6

07 7 4 3

Thiruvaniyoor 5

570

2

4158

1

2033

1

2125

2

869

1

387

1

482 7 5 2

Maneed 3

825

1

6456

8

196

8

260

2

994

1

486

1

508 1 0 1

Kanayannur 1

80530

7

90212

3

90875

3

99337

6

3963

3

1423

3

2540

1

929

9

89

9

40

Mulamthuruthy 5 2 1 1 2 1 1 4 1 2






550 3615 1667 1948 764 333 431 5 9 6

Kureekkad (CT) 2

309

9

725

4

772

4

953

1

298

6

25

6

73

1

7 7

1

0

Amballur 2

688

1

1757

5

763

5

994

1

180

5

70

6

10 2 1 1

Thiruvankulam (CT)

5

217

2

1717

1

0774

1

0943

3

987

1

954

2

033

6

3

3

0

3

3

Kumaramputhur 2

815

1

5346

7

442

7

904

2

942

1

418

1

524 0 0 0

Elappully-II 4

633

2

1826

1

0756

1

1070

3

976

1

994

1

982

2

4 8

1

6

Elappully-I 3

431

1

5929

7

837

8

092

2

382

1

182

1

200 0 0 0

Brahmakulam (CT)

2

782

1

3027

6

108

6

919

1

287

6

33

6

54 0 0 0

Chittanda 1

413

6

649

3

157

3

492

1

242

6

05

6

37 0 0 0

Pariyaram 7

560

3

1615

1

5663

1

5952

4

831

2

336

2

495

1

049

5

20

5

29

Panangad 3

164

1

4527

6

866

7

661

1

761

8

52

9

09 0 0 0

Ernakulam 6

93161

3

105798

1

538397

1

567401

2

63518

1

29706

1

33812

1

0046

5

079

4

967

Irapuram 4

138

1

8139

9

104

9

035

2

168

1

085

1

083

4

5

2

2

2

3

Eloor (CT) 6

994

3

0094

1

5080

1

5014

3

043

1

519

1

524

2

57

1

27

1

30

Thrikkakara (N)(Part)

117

420

197

223

8 4 4 0 0 0

Kalamassery (M) 1

4206

6

3116

3

1919

3

1197

5

309

2

664

2

645

2

85

1

63

1

22

Kakkanad (OG) 5

088

2

2486

1

1172

1

1314

4

299

2

116

2

183

3

2

1

7

1

5

Puthencruz 5

649

2

3878

1

2026

1

1852

4

577

2

276

2

301

1

23

4

9

7

4

Total 998462

4452379

2204880

2247499

399399

196591

202808

14350

7256

7094

*As per 2001 census

HH- Households

CT- Census Town

OG- Out Growth

Fig 3.17 Population composition

0

10,00,000

20,00,000

30,00,000

40,00,000

50,00,000

Others SC ST

Nu

mb

er

Category

Population Status

Total

Male

Female






3.7.2 OCCUPATIONAL STRUCTURE

Occupational structure is divided in to 3 categories viz., Main workers, Marginal workers and other workers. The criteria of dividing type of workers are as follows: Main workers: Those workers who had worked for the major part of the reference period (i.e. 6 months or more) are termed as Main Workers. There are 1321793 total main workers in this area. Marginal workers: Those workers who have not worked for the major point of the reference period (i.e. less than 6 months) are termed as marginal workers. The total marginal workers are 274868. The summarized occupation data is in Table 3.41. Non workers: All workers, i.e., those who have been engaged in some economic activity during the last one-year, but are not cultivators or agricultural laborers or in Household Industry, are 'Other Workers (OW)'. The type of workers that come under this category of 'OW' include all government servants, municipal employees, teachers, factory workers, plantation workers, those engaged in trade, commerce, business, transport banking, mining, construction, political or social work, priests, entertainment artists, etc. In effect, all those workers other than cultivators or agricultural laborers or household industry workers are other workers.

Fig 3.18 Occupational Status

0

500000

1000000

1500000

2000000

2500000

3000000

Total Main Marginal Non

Nu

mb

er

Category

Occupational Details

Total

Male

Female






Table 3.41 Occupational Structure

Name Workers Main Workers Marginal Workers Non Worker T M F T M F T M F

Edathala (CT) 22301 17684 4617 19142 15577 3565 3159 2107 1052 45453

Kizhakkambalam 8876 6200 2676 7772 5599 2173 1104 601 503 13346

Thekkumbhagom 4209 3228 981 3352 2662 690 857 566 291 6817

Pattimattom 7883 5411 2472 6335 4553 1782 1548 858 690 11828

Aikaranad North 7673 5327 2346 6121 4522 1599 1552 805 747 11267

Aikaranad South 8141 5637 2504 6264 4798 1466 1877 839 1038 11809

Vadavukode 808 567 241 699 512 187 109 55 54 1479

Ramamangalam 4300 2962 1338 3270 2437 833 1030 525 505 5699

Thiruvaniyoor 8679 6630 2049 6718 5305 1413 1961 1325 636 15479

Maneed 6521 4621 1900 4339 3482 857 2182 1139 1043 9935

Kanayannur 276715 212283 64432 239450 187241 52209 37265 25042 12223 513497

Mulamthuruthy 8398 6300 2098 6363 4964 1399 2035 1336 699 15217

Kureekkad (CT) 3403 2576 827 2703 2107 596 700 469 231 6322

Amballur 3942 2983 959 3144 2449 695 798 534 264 7815

Thiruvankulam (CT) 7750 5856 1894 6432 4902 1530 1318 954 364 13967

Kumaramputhur 4233 3477 756 3553 3020 533 680 457 223 11113

Elappully-II 9808 6219 3589 7474 5053 2421 2334 1166 1168 12018

Elappully-I 7257 4706 2551 6646 4469 2177 611 237 374 8672

Brahmakulam (CT) 3666 2856 810 3048 2391 657 618 465 153 9361

Chittanda 2153 1592 561 1792 1383 409 361 209 152 4496

Pariyaram 12777 8879 3898 10361 7511 2850 2416 1368 1048 18838

Panangad 4803 3378 1425 4013 2903 1110 790 475 315 9724

Ernakulam 1117091 847818 269273 915756 726400 189356 201335 121418 79917 1988707

Irapuram 7299 5184 2115 6412 4797 1615 887 387 500 10840

Eloor (CT) 10133 8237 1896 8472 7053 1419 1661 1184 477 19961

Thrikkakara (N) (Part) 131 90 41 126 88 38 5 2 3 289

Kalamassery (M) 21366 16710 4656 18562 14768 3794 2804 1942 862 41750

Kakkanad (OG) 8283 6035 2248 6410 4791 1619 1873 1244 629 14203

Puthencruz 8062 6571 1491 7064 5832 1232 998 739 259 15816

Total

1596

661

1210

017

3866

44

1321

793

1041

569

2802

24

2748

68

1684

48

1064

20

2855

718

Literacy A person aged 7 years and above who can both read and write with understanding any language has been taken as literate. It is not necessary for a person to have received any formal education or passed any minimum educational standard for being treated as literate. People who were blind and could read in Braille are treated to be literates. A person, who can only read but cannot write, is treated as illiterate. All children of age 6 years or less, even if going to school and have picked up reading and writing, are treated as illiterates. The number and the percentage of literates within the study area is as mentioned in Table 3.42, which is 83.1 % for the total study area as the Total literate population is 3701823 among the Total population 4452379 and the Total population of illiterates is 750556.






Table 3.42 Literacy Levels

Name Literates Illiterates Total Male Female Total Male Female

Edathala (CT) 54025 27775 26250 13729 5829 7900

Kizhakkambalam 18151 8981 9170 4071 1759 2312

Thekkumbhagom 8768 4560 4208 2258 1000 1258

Pattimattom 15890 7971 7919 3821 1566 2255

Aikaranad North 15655 7992 7663 3285 1421 1864

Aikaranad South 16373 8447 7926 3577 1562 2015

Vadavukode 1920 989 931 367 154 213

Ramamangalam 8257 4311 3946 1742 759 983

Thiruvaniyoor 20105 10304 9801 4053 1729 2324

Maneed 13462 6914 6548 2994 1282 1712

Kanayannur 672242 339001 333241 117970 51874 66096

Mulamthuruthy 19918 10108 9810 3697 1559 2138

Kureekkad (CT) 8305 4152 4153 1420 620 800

Amballur 9752 4918 4834 2005 845 1160

Thiruvankulam (CT) 18562 9411 9151 3155 1363 1792

Kumaramputhur 11668 5819 5849 3678 1623 2055

Elappully-II 14454 7867 6587 7372 2889 4483

Elappully-I 11467 6134 5333 4462 1703 2759

Brahmakulam (CT) 10872 5202 5670 2155 906 1249

Chittanda 5256 2576 2680 1393 581 812

Pariyaram 24732 12765 11967 6883 2898 3985

Panangad 12082 5880 6202 2445 986 1459

Ernakulam 2578813 1307846 1270967 526985 230551 296434

Irapuram 15099 7751 7348 3040 1353 1687

Eloor (CT) 25394 13032 12362 4700 2048 2652

Thrikkakara North (Part) 382 176 206 38 21 17

Kalamassery (M) 52607 27332 25275 10509 4587 5922

Kakkanad (OG) 17978 9227 8751 4508 1945 2563

Puthencruz 19634 10233 9401 4244 1793 2451

Total 3701823 1877674 1824149 750556 327206 423350 *As per 2001 census

Fig 3.6.3 Literacy levels

0 2000000 4000000

Literates

Illiterates

Number

Cat

ego

ry

Literacy status

Female

Male

Total






3.7.3 AMENITIES

Education, Medical, Water availability, Post & Telegraph, Communication, Banking facilities and Power supply, Forest land distribution, Irrigation area are considered for the study. List of amenities are given in table 3.43 to 3.46 (as per 2001 Census).

Table 3.43 Amenities (Educational facilities)

Name E.Fac P.Sc M.Sch S.Sch S.S.Sch C I.S T.S ADLT.Lit

.C O Kizhakkambalam 1 8 5 2 0 0 0 0 0 0

Vadavukode 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0

Thekkumbhagom 1 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Kodanad 1 7 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

Irapuram 1 5 4 2 0 1 1 0 0 0

Pattimattom 1 5 2 1 0 0 0 0 6 0

Puthencruz 1 8 6 4 2 0 0 1 0 0

Thiruvaniyoor 1 5 5 4 0 0 0 0 1 0

Thrikkakara North 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Kumbalam 1 7 4 2 0 1 0 0 0 0

Kanayannur 1 2 1 1 1 0 1 0 2 0

Mulamthuruthy 1 10 6 4 0 0 1 0 4 0

Amballur 1 7 3 1 1 0 0 0 0 0

Marady (PART) 1 5 5 1 1 0 0 0 3 0

Ramamangalam 1 3 2 2 0 0 0 0 1 0

Maneed 1 7 3 1 1 0 0 0 0 0

Aikaranad North 1 7 4 2 1 0 0 0 1 0

Aikaranad South 1 9 5 2 1 1 0 1 0 0

Marampilly 1 3 1 2 1 1 0 0 0 0

Chittanda 1 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Pariyaram 1 10 6 3 1 0 0 0 0 0

Padiyam 1 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Karikkad 1 9 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0

Thirumukkulam 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Kodannur 1 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0

Pallippuram 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Panangad 1 4 1 2 1 0 0 1 0 0

Elappally 1 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Kudayathoor 1 6 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0

Karikkode (part) 1 2 3 1 0 0 1 0 0 0

Muttom 1 5 3 2 1 0 2 0 3 0

Arakkulam 1 4 5 4 0 1 0 0 0 0

E.Fac Educational Facilities S.S.Sc Senior Secondary School

P.Sc Primary School C College

M.sch Middle School I.S Industrial School

S.Sc Secondary School T.S Training School

ADLT.Lit .C Adult Literacy Class/Center O Other Education Facilities




Document No. A870-EI-1742-1601 Rev. No. 0 Page 103 of 152

Table 3.44 Amenities Medical facilities

Village Name

A.H

AY.

H

U.H

H.H

A.D

A.Y

.D

U.D

H.D

M.C

M.H

C.W

H.C

P.H

.C

P.H

.S

F.W

.C

TB.C

N.H

RM

P

SMP

CH

W

O.M

Kizhakkambalam 0 0 0 2 1 2 0 0 2 2 4 1 1 0 1 0 1 2 0 2 0 Vadavukode 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Thekkumbhagom 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 0 4 0 Kodanad 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Irapuram 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 Pattimattom 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 2 0 0 15 0 20 0 Puthencruz 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 5 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 4 0 2 0 Thiruvaniyoor 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 3 0 0 6 1 3 0 Thrikkakara North 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 3 1 0 Kumbalam 2 0 0 0 2 1 0 5 2 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 Kanayannur 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 1 1 1 0 Mulamthuruthy 3 0 0 0 4 3 0 6 1 1 1 0 1 0 3 0 0 7 0 10 0 Amballur 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 3 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 Marady (Part) 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 Ramamangalam 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 2 1 0 0 0 1 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 Maneed 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Aikaranad North 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 2 2 0 1 1 0 0 2 1 1 2 1 Aikaranad South 1 1 0 0 2 2 0 4 1 1 1 3 1 1 3 0 0 8 0 3 0 Marampilly 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Chittanda 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 1 0 Pariyaram 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 11 0 0 3 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Padiyam 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 1 0 Karikkad 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 1 0 Thirumukkulam 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Kodannur 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 Pallippuram 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Panangad 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 Elappally 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Kudayathoor 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Karikkode (Part) 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 8 0 1 0 0 0 0 15 0 0 0 Muttom 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 10 0 12 0

Arakkulam 3 0 0 0 7 3 0 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0

Medical Facilities

A.H Allopathic Hospital H.C Health Centre Ay.H Ayurvedic Hospital P.H.C Primary Health Centre U.H Unani Hospital P.H.S Primary Health Sub Centre H.H Homeopathic Hospital F.W.C Family Welfare Centre A.D Allopathic Dispensary TB.C T.B. Clinic AY.D Ayurvedic Dispensary N.H Nursing Home U.D Unani Dispensary RMP Registered Private Medical Practitioners H.D Homeopathic Dispensary SMP Subsidised Medical Practitioners M.C Maternity and Child Welfare Center CHW Community Health Workers M.H Maternity Home O.M Other Medical Facilities C.w Child Welfare Center




Document No. A870-EI-1742-1601 Rev. No. 0 Page 104 of 152

Table 3.45 Amenities (Water, Post & Telegraph, Communication, Banking and Electricity) Village Name DWF T W T.K T.W H.P R C L S O PO TO P&T PH D Ag O.P A.P BS RS NWW B.F.A C.B Ag.c.s No.AC OCS Kizhakkambalam 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 3 1 1 680 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 3 2 0 0

Vadavukode 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 55 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1

Thekkumbhagom 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 750 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0

Kodanad 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 2 0 0 500 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0

Irapuram 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 2 0 0 895 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 10 1

Pattimattom 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 522 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 0

Puthencruz 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 6 0 1 999 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 4 0 1 1

Thiruvaniyoor 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 4 0 0 710 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0

Thrikkakara North 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 60 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0

Kumbalam 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 900 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1

Kanayannur 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1050 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0

Mulamthuruthy 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 5 2 2 1000 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 6 1 2 1

Amballur 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1 950 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 2 0 0

Marady (PART) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 2 0 0 415 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0

Ramamangalam 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 3 1 1 1123 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0

Maneed 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 4 0 0 975 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 3

Aikaranad North 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 4 3 3 822 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 3 1 1 1

Aikaranad South 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 6 1 1 1126 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 2 1 2 1

Marampilly 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 2 0 0 696 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 2 0 0 0

Chittanda 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 2 0 0 150 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 0

Pariyaram 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 9 1 1 1200 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 4 3 0 0

Padiyam 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 150 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1

Karikkad 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 486 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0

Thirumukkulam 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 364 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 2 2 0

Kodannur 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 235 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0

Pallippuram 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 313 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 2 0 0 0 0

Panangad 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 697 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0

Elappally 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 3 0 0 75 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 0

Kudayathoor 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 4 0 1 260 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0

Karikkode (PART) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 2 0 0 964 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 0

Muttom 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 3 0 1 961 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 2 2 1 1

Arakkulam 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 4 1 2 954 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0

*As per 2001 census

Water Facilities Post and Telegraph Communication DWF Drinking water Facility

T Tap Water PO Post Office BS Bus Services

W Well Water TO Telegraph Office RS Railway Services

T.K Tank Water P&T Post and Telegraph NWW Navigable Water Way

T.W Tube Well Water PH Telephone Connections B.F.A Banking Facilities H.P Hand Pump Electricity C.B Commercial Bank

R River Water D Domestic Use Ag.C.S Agricultural Credit Societies

C Canal Water Ag. Agricultural Use No.A.C Non Agricultural Credit Societies

L Lake Water O.P Other Purposes OCS Other Credit Societies

S Spring Water A.P All Purposes

O Other Drinking Water Resources






Table 3.46 Amenities (Forest and Irrigation land use)

Name T.Area I.Forest T.Irrig. Un.Irr. Cu.waste Anac

Kizhakkambalam 2281.00 0.00 450.00 1614.70 0.00 216.30

Vadavukode 250.00 0.00 220.17 0.00 0.00 29.83

Thekkumbhagom 613.00 0.00 255.98 211.34 0.00 145.68

Kodanad 1941.00 63.00 1021.00 0.00 0.00 857.00

Irapuram 2428.00 0.00 1070.00 1358.00 0.00 0.00

Pattimattom 2135.00 0.00 602.00 1310.00 0.00 223.00

Puthencruz 2810.00 0.00 776.34 717.34 0.00 1316.32

Thiruvaniyoor 2677.00 0.00 570.00 1950.00 0.00 157.00

Thrikkakara North 582.00 0.00 501.60 0.00 80.40 0.00

Kumbalam 2079.00 0.00 1980.26 1.38 48.58 48.78

Kanayannur 738.00 0.00 0.00 705.19 0.00 32.81

Mulamthuruthy 2148.00 0.00 102.01 2043.22 0.56 2.21

Amballur 1082.00 0.00 541.22 460.00 0.00 80.78

Marady (part) 1793.00 0.00 418.43 0.00 1374.57 0.00

Ramamangalam 1408.00 0.00 488.95 815.00 2.05 102.00

Maneed 2620.00 0.00 459.87 56.65 155.42 1948.06

Aikaranad North 2404.00 0.00 185.30 2011.37 28.00 179.33

Aikaranad South 2254.00 0.00 654.03 1599.97 0.00 0.00

Marampilly 924.00 0.00 786.60 137.40 0.00 0.00

Chittanda 587.00 0.00 442.26 76.74 38.00 30.00

Pariyaram 35867.00 32634.59 1705.13 1508.60 0.00 18.68

Padiyam 551.00 0.00 202.34 210.98 40.47 97.21

Karikkad 666.00 0.00 314.99 238.03 61.55 51.43

Thirumukkulam 1055.00 0.00 676.14 175.10 24.50 179.26

Kodannur 503.00 0.00 273.72 200.06 3.61 25.61

Pallippuram 627.00 0.00 28.00 150.00 0.00 449.00

Panangad 768.00 0.00 462.60 305.40 0.00 0.00

Elappally 2687.00 0.00 60.20 2220.61 0.00 406.19

Kudayathoor 2093.00 0.00 0.00 1350.00 0.00 743.00

Karikkode (part) 1852.00 8.30 16.08 1667.62 0.00 160.00

Muttom 2544.00 15.70 404.90 1597.73 0.00 525.67

Arakkulam 4135.00 1214.05 6.07 2308.83 0.00 606.05

*As per 2001 census

T.Area Area of the village (in Hactares) I.Forest Irrigated Forest land

T.Irrig. Total Irrigated land Un Irrig. UnIrrigated land

Cu.waste Cultivable waste land Anac Area not available for cultivation

3.7.4 Site Specific Studies

The following site specific features have been given with respect to the socio economic impacts linked to economic, environmental and health.






3.7.4.1 Population Demographic Details

The population composition with in the vicinity of the project site is mentioned in the Table 3.47.

Table 3.47 Population Demographic distribution

No. Name of the village Population Total Male Female 1 Thekkumbhagom 5560 5466 11026 2 Aikaranad South 10009 9941 19950 3 Vadavukode 1143 1144 2287 4 Kureekkad (CT) 4772 4953 9725 5 Thiruvankulam (CT) 10774 10943 21717 6 Brahmakulam (CT) 6108 6919 13027 7 Pariyaram 15663 15952 31615 8 Ernakulam 1538397 1567401 3105798 9 Eloor (CT) 15080 15014 30094 10 Puthencruz 12026 11852 23878

11 Kakkanad (OG) - Ward No.70 11172 11314 22486

12 Thekkumbhagom 5560 5466 11026

3.7.4.2 Industries

Availability of facilities like electricity, water, Kochi and Kodungalloor backwaters, banking, Kochi port, presence of Kochi harbour terminal, International Airport are some of the factors which accelerated the industrial growth in the district. In addition to this an export- processing zone is situated at Kakkanad. The industries of various sectors are given in Table 3.48.

Table 3.48 List of Industries

Sr. No. Industry Name 1 Info Park, Kakkanad 2 Track Cables 3 Hindustan Organics

Limited,Ambalamugal 4 FACT Cochin division 5 Carbon & Chemicals 6 Apollo Tyres Kalamassery 7 HMT, Kalamassery

3.7.4.3 Diseases in the area

There is a better health indicators and maintenance of records in terms of death rate, Infant mortality and life of birth. The data derived from the working group on Medical and Public Health states that the risk factors are due to the communicable disease and life style disease (such as high blood pressure, diabetes and cancer) in the state.






CHAPTER – 4

ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

& MITIGATION MEASURES






4.0 IMPACT ASSESSMENT Project activities and their impact on various environmental parameters have been identified in this chapter. The impacts could be positive (beneficial) or negative (detrimental) and may be for a short or long term. For example, most of the impacts during the construction phase will be short term and reversible in nature whereas the impacts due to the residual process emissions may last till the operational life of the plant. In this chapter the likely impacts have been assessed and evaluated. This chapter assesses the impact on the identified parameters taking into consideration the various steps envisaged by the project for their mitigation.

4.1 METHODOLOGY

The methodology adopted for assessing the potential positive and negative environmental impacts from the proposed project is described below. Step1: Identification of environmental impacts All potential releases (emissions to air, generation of noise, effluent discharge, etc.) from the construction & operation phases of the proposed project are identified. The potential positive and negative environmental impacts from these releases and other activities of the project have been identified. Step2: Environmental impact assessment The Significance (S) of the Environmental Impacts is identified and assessed by the following characteristics:

Intensity (I) of the environmental impact; Spatial extension (Sp) of the environmental impact; Temporal duration (T) of the environmental impact;& Environmental Vulnerability (V) of the impacted area.

Determination of Impact Intensity (I) Impact Intensity has been assessed based on the following criteria: H (High):

- Emissions/generation of highly pollutant substances, emissions/generation of

high quantity of pollutant substances and/or high noise emission - High consumption of resources (such as energy, water, land, fuel, chemicals) - Felling of large of trees or death of fauna

M (Medium):

- Emissions/generation of moderately pollutant substances, emissions/generation of moderate quantity of pollutant substances and/or moderately high noise emission

- Moderate consumption of resources (such as energy, water, land, fuel, chemicals)

- Felling of few trees or physical damage of fauna






L (Low):

- Emissions/generation of low pollutant substances, emissions/generation of low quantity of pollutant substances and/or low noise emission

- Low consumption of resources (such as energy, water, land, fuel, chemicals) - Damage to few trees or disturbance/ disorientation of fauna

N (Negligible):

- Emissions/generation of very low pollutant substances, emissions/generation of very low quantity of pollutant substances and/or very low noise emission

- Very low consumption of resources (such as energy, water, land, fuel, chemicals)

- No measurable damage to flora/fauna Determination of Impact Spatial extension (Sp) and Spatial Criteria (Is) Impact Spatial extension has been assessed based on the following criteria:

H (High): the impact extends in a wide area outside the site (about 10 km or more)

M (Medium): the impact extends in a restricted area outside the site (< 10 km)

L (Low): the impact extends inside the site. N (Negligible): the impact extends in a restricted area inside the site.

The product of Impact Intensity and Impact Spatial extension gives the impact evaluation as per Spatial criteria (Is).

Table 4.1: Matrix for Evaluating Spatial criteria

Determination of Impact Temporal duration (T) and Temporal Criteria (It) Impact Temporal Duration has been assessed based on the following criteria:

H (Very High): the impact has an important long-term effect (> 5 years) H (High): the impact has an important long-term effect (1-5 years) M (Medium): the impact has a medium-term effect (1 week – 1 year) L (Low): the impact has a temporary and short-term effect (1 day – 1 week) N (Negligible): the impact has an immediate effect and it is solved in a very

short time.

HIGH MEDIUM LOW NEGLIGIBLE

HIGH H H H H

MEDIUM H M M M

LOW M L L L

NEGLIGIBLE N N N N

Impact Spatial extension (Sp)

Impa

ct Int

ensit

y (I)

Impact evaluation as per SPATIAL CRITERIA (Is)






The product of Impact Temporal duration and Spatial criteria gives the impact evaluations as per Temporal Criteria (It).

Table 4.2: Matrix for Evaluating Temporal criteria

Determination of Environmental Vulnerability (V) and Significance (S) Environmental Vulnerability has been assessed based on the following criteria: H (High): Particular interesting area from the environmental, historical, social

point of view. Parks, natural reserves and / or special areas of conservation. Contaminated areas in which a further impact may generate non-compliance with local environmental limits.

M (Medium): Interesting area from the environmental, historical, social point of views. Residential areas with low population density. Agricultural areas, forests, public parks.

L (Low): Industrial and commercial areas. The product of Vulnerability and Temporal criteria gives the Significance of the impact.

Table 4.3: Matrix for Evaluating Significance

The Impact Significance (S) levels obtained from the above-matrix are defined as follow: H (High): Causes severe and acute effects to receptors, severe and irreversible

deterioration of the quality of environment, and irreversible modification of landscape or of ecological equilibrium.

VERY HIGH HIGH MEDIUM LOW NEGLIGIBLE

HIGH H H H H H

MEDIUM H M M M L

LOW M M L L L

NEGLIGIBLE N N N N N

Impact evaluation as per TEMPORAL CRITERIA (It)

Impa

ct Is

Impact Temporal duration (T)

HIGH MEDIUM LOW

HIGH H H M

MEDIUM H M M

LOW M M L

NEGLIGIBLE L N N

Impact evaluation as per VULNERABILITY

CRITERIA (SIGNIFICANCE S)

VULNERABILITY (V)

Impa

ct It






M (Medium): Causes moderate effects to receptors, reversible deterioration of the quality of environment, and reversible modifications of landscape or ecological equilibrium.

L (Low): Causes limited effects to receptors, quickly reversible deterioration of the quality of environment, and slight and reversible modification of landscape or ecological equilibrium.

N (Negligible): Causes negligible or no effects to receptors, slight and reversible deterioration of quality of the environment, no measurable changes at landscape or ecological level.

The assessment has been carried out for each of the potential environmental impacts during both construction and operation, and has been discussed in this chapter.

4.2 IDENTIFICATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS The environmental impacts associated with the proposed project on various environmental components such as air, water, noise, soil, flora, fauna, land, socioeconomic, etc. has been identified using Impact Identification Matrix (Table 4.4).

Table 4.4 Impact Identification Matrix

Physical Biological Socio-

economic

Activities

Am

bien

t air

qual

ity

Gro

und

/ sur

face

w

ater

(qua

ntity

/ qu

ality

)

Am

bien

t noi

se

Land

(lan

d us

e,

topo

grap

hy &

dr

aina

ge, s

oil)

Flor

a

Faun

a

Live

lihoo

d &

oc

cupa

tion

Infr

astr

uctu

re

CONSTRUCTION PHASE Site grading works * * * * * * Civil works such as earth moving and building of structures

* * * *

Heavy equipment operations

*

OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE PHASE Process units, utilities and offsites

* *

Emission management- air, liquid and solid waste/

* *

Use of upgraded quality products

*






4.3 AIR ENVIRONMENT 4.3.1 CONSTRUCTION PHASE

Construction activities are anticipated to take place over a period of at least three years. Following mechanical completion, Commissioning and production ramp-up leading to 100% capacity utilization will be achieved in the third year.

The construction phase will include the following steps, in chronological order (with likely overlaps between different steps throughout the construction phase):

Site grading activities, mechanical works and civil works limited to few unit

areas within the refinery complex. Finalizing the construction of operational and service buildings, landscape area,

prior to site commissioning. Potential emissions sources during construction phase include the following:

Operation of construction equipment and machinery for earth-moving, grading and civil works.

Storage and handling of construction material (e,g. sand, cement). Operation of temporary Diesel Generator (DG) sets Movement of vehicles carrying equipment, construction material and project-

related personnel The impacts are described below:

Dust will be generated from earth-moving, grading and civil works, and movement of vehicles on unpaved roads.

PM, CO, NOx, & SO2 will be generated from operation of diesel sets and diesel engines of machineries and vehicles.

The significance of the impacts of air emissions on ambient air quality during construction phase is summarized in Table 4.5.

Table 4.5: Impact of air emissions (construction phase)

Factors of

assessment Value of

assessment Justification

Intensity Low Emissions of low quantity/Low consumption of power

Spatial Low Impact extends inside the site Temporal Low The impact has a temporary and short term

effect Vulnerability Low Open area Evaluation of factors Impact(Is) Low By combining intensity and spatial factors

as per methodology given in Section 4.1 Impact(It) Low By combining Is and temporal factors as

per methodology given in Section 4.1 Overall Significance Value of Impact (S)

Low By combining It and Vulnerability factors as per methodology given in Section 4.1






Mitigation Measures

Preventive maintenance of vehicles and equipment. Vehicles with valid Pollution under Control certificates to be used. Unnecessary engine operations to be minimized. Implementing dust control activities such as water sprinkling on unpaved

sites. Controlled vehicle speed on site vehicle to be covered during transportation of material Providing dust collection equipment at all possible points

4.3.2 OPERATION PHASE

As is clear from Chapter-2, there shall be emission from GT and NHT units from the proposed BS VI Project. Emissions have been worked out with low sulphur fuel oil and fuel gas combination firing. Presently, IREP and PDPP projects are under construction stage and accordingly the resultant GLCs for SO2 and NOX are also considered for assessing cumulative impact due to proposed additional emissions. The emission summary from new stacks of BS VI, IREP and PDPP projects are considered for modeling is given below in Table 4.6.

Table 4.6: SO2 and NOx emission data

Unit Stack height

(m)

Exit velocity

(m/s)

Stack Diameter

(m)

Exit gas Temperature

(ºC)

Pollutant concentration SO2 (g/s)

NOx (g/s)

BS VI Project HRSG 35 20.0 3.5 150 0.5 23.7 NHT 50 6.1 2.37 238 1.67 3.44 CCR 60 5.5 3.04 227 2.5 5.28 IREP Project CDU 85 6.3 4.6 150 27.92 14.2 VDU 85 6.3 4.6 150 14.28 7.33 FCC 46 5.9 1.6 320 0.05 0.58 DHDT 62 3.0 2.8 150 0.22 2.5 VGO HDT 60 4.24 2.6 150 10.49 5.17 DCU 1 66 7.6 5.2 165 0.88 10.28 DCU 2 66 7.6 5.2 165 SRU 1 85 20 1.4 300 15.72 6.39 SRU 2 85 20 1.4 300 Boiler 1 85 20 3.2 170 126.33 58.06 Boiler 2 85 20 3.2 170 HRSG 1 35 20 3.5 150 5.51 97.92 HRSG 2 35 20 3.5 150 HRSG 3 35 20 3.5 150 NHT 28.5 2.6 1.44 150 0.14 0.28 ISOM 30 2.7 1.75 150 0 0 PDPP Unit

Incinerator-1 (Acrylic acid)

30 8-10 1.650 150 0.65 2.61

Incinerator-2 (OSBL)

30 8-10 1.650 150 0.65 2.61






Considering the above inputs and the meteorological data collected during the period, modeling was carried out using ISCST 3 Air quality model using AERMOD Software. The isopleths showing the max. 24 hour Ground Level concentrations (GLC) for SO2 and NOX are given in Figures 4.1 and 4.2. The predicted GLC values for SO2 and NOx are given in Table 4.7.

Table 4.7 – Predicted GLC values

Resultant Maximum GLC from proposed BS VI project (considering all stacks of IREP & PDPP)

(24 hourly maximum) Maximum

GLC g/m3

Maximum GLC From Centre of

Refinery (0,0) Co-ordinates

(m)

Location from the

plant Centre (Km)

Maximum 98 Percentile Baseline

Value (within 10 km radius)

g/m3

Resultant 98

Percentile

Value g/m3

SO2 22.6 -2000, 1000 1Km, West

22.0 42.6

NOx 22.4 -2000, 1000 1Km, West

33.7 56.1

From the above table it can be noted the resultant SO2 and NOx concentrations are well within prescribed limits. It can be noted that the integration of proposed facilities within existing refinery has no impact. The significance of the impacts of air emissions on ambient air quality during operation phase is summarized in Table 4.8.

Table 4.8: Impact of air emissions (operation phase)

Factors of assessment

Value of assessment

Justification

Intensity Low Emissions from three new stacks. Resultant baseline concentrations for SO2 & NOx are found well within prescribed National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS).

Spatial Low

Dispersion of these emissions leading to Ground level concentration (GLC) lies inside the site.

Temporal High

the impact has an important long-term effect (1-5 years)

Vulnerability Low Open area Evaluation of factors Impact(Is) Low By combining intensity and spatial factors as per methodology

given in Section 4.1. Impact(It) Medium

By combining Is and temporal factors as per methodology given in Section 4.1.

Overall Significance Value of Impact(S)

Medium

By combining It and Vulnerability factors as per methodology given in Section 4.1.






Figure 4.1 Predicted SO2 isopleth-24 hourly






Figure 4.2 Predicted NOx isopleth-24 hourly






Mitigation measures

Developing peripheral green belt. Ensuring preventive maintenance of equipment. Monitoring of air polluting concentrations

4.4 WATER ENVIRONMENT

4.4.1 CONSTRUCTION PHASE

During construction phase, raw water will be required for the following purposes:

Civil works ( such as cement preparation, curing) Hydro testing ( of tanks and associated piping and pipeline) Domestic use (such as bathing, washing, laundry etc.) Water sprinkling on site for dust abatement

Raw water required for the above mentioned uses will be sourced from existing refinery sources. All potable water requirements will be met from BPCL Refinery. Based on the above, there will be minimal and reversible impact on water environment. The significance of the impact of raw water consumption on local water resources during construction phase is summarized in Table 4.9.

Table 4.9: Impact of water consumption (construction phase)


Value of assessment

Justification

Intensity Low Raw water requirement is met from already permitted quantity for Refinery.

Spatial low The impact extends in a restricted area within the site

Temporal Medium The impact has a temporary and short term effect

Vulnerability Low Designated Industrial area Evaluation of factors Impact(Is) Low By combining intensity and spatial factors Impact(It) Low By combining Is and temporal factors Overall Significance Value of Impact(S)

Low By combining It and Vulnerability factors

The effluent streams that will be generated regularly during construction stage include the following:

Cleaning and washing water for vehicle and equipment maintenance area. During construction phase, used construction water is the only effluent

generated due to construction activities and most of the effluent generated will be so small that it will either get percolated to ground or get evaporated.

During construction, waste materials would contribute to certain amount of water pollution. But these would be for a short duration. All liquid waste will be collected and disposed to identify water impoundment within the construction site.






The significance of the impact of waste water generation during construction phase is summarized in Table 4.10.

Table 4.10: Impact of effluent generation (construction phase)


Value of assessment

Justification

Intensity Low Releases of low quantity Spatial Low Impact extends in a restricted area outside

the site (< 1 km) Temporal Low The impact has a temporary and short term

effect (1 day – 1 week) Vulnerability Low Open area Evaluation of factors Impact(Is) Low By combining intensity and spatial factors Impact(It) Low By combining Is and temporal factors Overall Significance Value of Impact(S)


Mitigation Measures Monitoring water usage at construction camps to prevent wastage. Ensuring there are no chemical or fuel spills at water body crossings. Use of existing sanitary facilities for domestic needs.

Operation Phase

Impact Evaluation The impact on water environment during the operation phase of the proposed changes shall be in terms of water consumption and waste water generation due to process activities. About 3.4 MLD of additional raw water will be required for BS VI project. This shall be met from BPCL Kochi Refinery for which authorization has already been obtained by BPCL-KR. The water requirements of various projects are given below:

Present IREP PDPP BS VI Available Limit

Water Requirement, MLD

28 33 9.6 3.4 74

It can be noted that the additional water requirement is within available limit and will be no additional impact. The impact of water consumption on local resources during operation phase is summarized in Table 4.11.






Table 4.11: Impact of water consumption (operation phase)

Factors of

assessment Value of


Intensity Low Sourced from already available approved quantity

Spatial low the impact extends in a restricted area within the site

Temporal Medium the water required for BPCL-KR will be sourced from the allocated quantity of Refinery which is already sanctioned by State government

Vulnerability Low Designated Industrial area Evaluation of factors Impact(Is) Low By combining intensity and spatial factors Impact(It) Low By combining Is and temporal factors Overall Significance Value of Impact (S)


Minimal quantity of effluent from unit area of 5 m3/hr will be routed to ETP. Spent caustic effluent of 0.6 m3/hr will be routed to spent caustic treatment facility. All blow downs will be collected and recycled. The same shall be routed to BPCL KR ETP for final treatment. Details of process design of ETP of IREP are given in Annexure-V. The impact of effluent generation during operation phase is summarized in Table 4.12.

Table 4.12: Impact of effluent generation (operation phase)


Value of assessment

Justification

Intensity Low Releases of low quantity

Spatial Low Impact extends in a restricted area outside the site (< 1 km)

Temporal Low The impact has a temporary and short term effect (1 day – 1 week)

Vulnerability Low Open area Evaluation of factors Impact(Is) Low By combining intensity and spatial factors

Impact(It) Low By combining Is and temporal factors

Overall Significance Value of Impact (S)


Mitigation Measures

Tracking of consumption and installing water meter from BPCL Refinery. Installation of rainwater harvesting structures to collect and use rainwater.






4.5 NOISE ENVIRONMENT 4.5.1 CONSTRUCTION PHASE

The main sources of noise during construction will be caused by:

Site grading activities including rock cutting, blasting, filling and leveling; Foundation works including excavation, sheet piling, auger piling, then construction

and assembly work, Services and utilities – such as traffic of heavy vehicles and personnel transportation

vehicles, and generators. Construction noise levels associated with typical machinery based on “BS 5228: 1997 Noise and Vibration Control on Construction and Operation Sites” are summarized in the Table 4.13.

Table 4.13: Sound Pressure (noise) levels of Construction Machinery

Item Description Noise Level dB(A) Reference

Distance Earth Movers Front Loaders Backhoes Tractors Scrapers, Graders Pavers Trucks

72-84 72-93 72-96 80-93 86-88 82-94

0.9 m

" " " " "

Material Handlers Concrete Mixers Concrete Pumps Cranes (movable) Cranes (derrick)

75-88 81-83 75-86 86-88

0.9 m

" " '

Stationary Equipment Pumps Generators Compressors

69-71 71-82 74-86

0.9 m

" "

The impact of noise emission on ambient noise levels are summarized in Table 4.14.

Table 4.14: Impact on ambient noise (construction phase)


Value of assessment

Justification

Intensity Low Releases of low quantity Spatial Medium Impact extends in a restricted area

outside the site (< 1 km) Temporal Low The impact has a temporary and short

term effect (1 day – 1 week) Vulnerability Low Open area

Evaluation of factors Impact(Is) Low By combining intensity and spatial

factors Impact(It) Low By combining Is and temporal factors

Overall Significance Value of Impact (S)







Mitigation Measures

Preventive maintenance of equipment and vehicles Unnecessary engine operations to be minimized (e.g. equipment with

intermitted use switched off when not working) DG sets to be provided with acoustic enclosures and exhaust mufflers


During operational phase of the proposed project, the noise shall be caused due to various rotating equipment viz. Pumps, Compressors & Mixers, and Cooling Tower etc. The Table 4.13 gives the listing of various noise generating sources along with their design noise level considered. The impact of these noise emissions during operation is summarized in Table 4.15.

Table 4.15: Impact on ambient noise (operation phase)


Value of assessment

Justification

Intensity Low Releases of low quantity Spatial Low The impact extends inside the site. Temporal High The impact has an important and long term

effect (1 – 5 years) Vulnerability Low Open area Evaluation of factors Impact(Is) Low By combining intensity and spatial factors Impact(It) Medium By combining Is and temporal factors Overall Significance Value of Impact (S)

Medium By combining It and Vulnerability factors

Mitigation Measures Avoiding continuous (more than 8 hrs) exposure of workers to high noise areas. Provision of ear muffs at the high noise areas Ensuring preventive maintenance of equipment.

4.6 LAND ENVIRONMENT

The proposed project is coming up within the existing refinery and hence has no additional impact on topography/drainage.

4.6.1 CONSTRUCTION PHASE

The impact on land environment during construction phase shall be due to generation of debris/construction material, which shall be properly collected and disposed off. However, being the modifications limited to existing area, the generation of such waste shall be minimal. During construction, there will be no routine discharge or activity potentially impacting soils and groundwater.






The impact on land use and topography during construction phase is summarized in Table 4.16.

Table 4.16: Impact on land use & topography (construction phase)


Value of assessment

Justification

Intensity Low Solid waste is generated only during the maintenance period and the same shall be disposed through authorized agencies.

Spatial Low The impact extends inside the site. Temporal Medium the impact has a medium-term effect

(1 week – 1 year) Vulnerability Low Open area Evaluation of factors Impact(Is) Low By combining intensity and spatial factors Impact(It) Low By combining Is and temporal factors Overall Significance Value of Impact (S)


There is potential for impact on soil quality due to project-related spills and leaks of fuel and chemicals and uncontrolled disposal of wastes and wastewater. Care will be taken to avoid spills and leaks of chemical substances and all project-related wastes. Littering of sites and areas beyond the site will be controlled. The impact on soil quality during construction phase is summarized in Table 4.17.

Table 4.17: Impact on soil quality (construction phase)


Value of assessment

Justification

Intensity Low Releases of low quantity Spatial Low The impact extends inside the site. Temporal Medium the impact has a medium-term effect



Mitigation Measures

Sufficient protective measures shall be adopted to avoid soil erosion during construction in the rainy season.

Restricting all construction activities to the maximum possible extent inside the project boundary.


The impact on land environment during operational phase shall be due to disposal of solid and hazardous waste generated during operation. The solid waste that will be generated from the proposed BS VI Project facilities is given in chapter 2 of section






2.6.3. The impacts on soil quality during operation phase are summarized in Table 4.18.

Table 4.18: Impact on soil quality (operation phase)


Value of assessment

Justification

Intensity Low Releases of low quantity Spatial Low The impact extends inside the site. Temporal Medium the impact has a medium-term effect



Mitigation Measures

Developing and maintaining dedicated waste storage areas, Disposing of hazardous wastes to vendors authorized by the concerned authorities

4.7 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT 4.7.1 Construction phase Impact Evaluation

The proposed BS VI Project facilities are coming up within existing refinery complex. Therefore, the impact of construction activities on fauna will be insignificant. The impacts on flora and fauna during construction phase are summarized in Table 4.19.

Table 4.19: Impact on Biological Environment (construction phase) Factors of assessment

Value of assessment

Justification

Intensity Low No felling of trees Spatial Low Impact extends inside the site Temporal Low The impact has medium term effect (1

week– 1 year) and plants will be restored with green belt development

Vulnerability Low Industrial area Evaluation of factors Impact(Is) Low By combining intensity and spatial factors Impact(It) Low By combining Is and temporal factors Overall Significance Value of Impact (S)


Mitigation measures

Exploring opportunities for conservation of endangered species. Closing of trenches as soon as possible of construction. Prevent littering of work sites with wastes, especially plastic..






4.7.2 Operation phase

Impact Evaluation

The impacts due to proposed project activities during operation phase shall be limited to long run impact of emissions and traffic movement.

Impacts on Flora & Fauna during operation phase are summarized in Table 4.20.

Table 4.20: Impact on Biological Environment (operation phase)


Value of assessment

Justification

Intensity Low Releases of low quantity and plants will be restored with green belt development

Spatial Low Impact extends inside the site Temporal Low Impact has an temporary and short term effect Vulnerability Low Industrial area Evaluation of factors Impact(Is) Low By combining intensity and spatial factors Impact(It) Low By combining Is and temporal factors Overall Significance Value of Impact (S)


Mitigation measures

Maintain the greenbelt already developed Plant additional trees during operation phase

4.8 SOCIO ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT Presently BPCL-KR contributes towards social development of the areas in the

vicinity of refinery in sectors namely education, health, water management, support to specially-abled, information/basic amenities for public, housing, women empowerment etc. BPCL-KR will continue its efforts towards social development in the context of present project development.

4.8.1 CONSTRUCTION PHASE The issues need to be addressed during the construction phase of the project include

the effect of employment generation and additional transport requirements on local infrastructural facilities. These are only short term impacts lasting during the construction phase of the project, say for about two years.

4.8.1.1 Employment Generation

The construction phase is expected to span for three years. In this phase, facilities for the processing, storage and distributional facilities of the proposed plant have to be constructed. During this phase, the major socio-economic impact will be in the sphere of generation of temporary employment of very substantial number of personnel. Based upon the information on the construction of other similar plants, it can be observed that average temporary manpower requirement is 1500-2000 people during construction phase.






Even though BPCL-KR is located in industrial area, its surrounding is an established habituated area. It is understood that sufficient construction labourers (floating, if not locals) are already available in the impact area who can be utilise during the construction phase of the proposed plant. In this regard, maximum utilisation of locals, for all types of labour needs of construction is being done.

4.8.1.2 Effect on Transport

Transport requirements will arise during the construction phase due to the movement of both the personnel and materials. The site is well connected to direct road on four sides

(a) Transport of Personnel

Transport of the managerial personnel is likely to increase the vehicular traffic on the roads connecting the proposed site to the city. The incremental traffic for the additional people would be about 10 cars.

(b) Transport of construction materials The transport of construction materials to the project site will result in increased traffic in the impact area. The constructions of capital intensive structures such as reactors and columns require iron and steel, heavy construction equipment and other construction materials. They will have to be transported to the site using trucks. Roughly, on an average of approximately 25-30 trucks per day will be needed for transporting the construction materials.

(c) Effect on local traffic There will be no major increase in local traffic, as big trucks will be allowed only during non-peak hours.

4.8.1.3 Effect on Other Local Infrastructure

The majority of skilled and unskilled labourers are available in the impact area itself, the incremental effect on housing during the construction phase will be minimal. There will be no impact on other facilities like food, water, sanitation etc. The impact of construction activities on socio-economic environment during construction phase is summarized in Table 4.21:

Table 4.21: Impact on Socio-Economic Environment (construction phase)

Factors of assessment Value of


Intensity Low Involvement of labour, infrastructure and other utilities in marginal quantities/Nos.

Spatial Medium Impact extends in a restricted area outside the site (< 1 km)

Temporal Medium The impact has an medium term effect (1 week – 1 year)

Vulnerability Low Open area Evaluation of factors Impact(Is) Low By combining intensity and spatial

factors Impact(It) Low By combining Is and temporal factors Overall Significance Value of Impact(S)







Mitigation Measures Training contractors on company safety policy requirements Monitoring speed and route of project-related vehicles within the project area

4.8.2 OPERATIONAL PHASE

Operational phase of the plant covers the entire life span of the plant. Hence the impacts of the operational phase extend over a long period of time. These impacts include employment generation, effects on transport and other basic infrastructure.

Employment Scenario

It is expected that employment for approx. 10-20 people will be generated during operational phase (operation, maintenance and support functions).

Effect on Transport

Transport requirements will arise due to the movement of both the personnel and

materials. (a) Transport of Personnel

There shall be no increase in additional load on traffic due to transport of personnel.

(b) Transport due to movement of products

There is no additional transport of products and accordingly there will be no impact on transport due to movement of products.

(c) Effect on local traffic

There will be no additional local traffic due to development of BS VI facilities as the same are coming up within existing refinery. The impact of these activities on socio-economic environment during operation phase is summarized in Table 4.22.

Table 4.22: Impact on Socio-Economic Environment (operation phase)


Value of assessment

Justification

Intensity Low Involvement of labour, infrastructure and other utilities in marginal quantities/Nos.

Spatial Medium Impact extends in a restricted area outside the site

Temporal Medium The impact has an medium term effect Vulnerability Low Open area Evaluation of factors Impact(Is) Low By combining intensity and spatial factors Impact(It) Low By combining Is and temporal factors Overall Significance Value of Impact (S)







Mitigation Measures Extending reach of CSR Program Monitoring speed and route of project-related vehicles within the project area.

4.9 SUMMARY OF IMPACTS

Based on the above evaluation the significance value of impact on various components of environment during construction and operation phases is summarized and is given in Table 4.23.

Table 4.23 Summary of Impact Evaluation in terms of Significance Value

Environmental component Construction Operation Air Low Medium Water Consumption of Raw Water Low Low

Generation of Effluent Low Low Land Land use & Topography Low -

Soil Quality Low Low Noise Low Medium Biological Low Low Socio-Economic Low Low



Rev.No. 0 Page 128 of 152



CHAPTER – 5

ENVIRONMENT MONITORING PROGRAM






5.1 INTRODUCTION This effectiveness of mitigation measures described in Chapter- 4 will be monitored through a well-defined environmental monitoring programme. This will be done by direct measurement of parameters related to environmental quality, emissions, discharges etc.

5.2 OBJECTIVES OF MONITORING

The objectives of monitoring are: To check effectiveness of mitigation measures To evaluate the adequacy of

Environmental Impact Assessment To assess status of compliance to legal requirements To assess if the Environmental Management Plan needs revisions/ updation.

5.3 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAM

The proposed environmental monitoring program during both construction and operation phases of the project are given in Table 5.1 and Table 5.2 below.

Table 5.1: Environmental monitoring program (construction phase)

Sl. No.

Component Location Parameters Frequency

1 Ambient air quality Existing AAQ stations within refinery complex

Ambient air quality parameters as per NAAQS viz. PM10, PM2.5,SOx, NOx, CO

Daily

2 Surface water quality Treated raw water reservoir

Parameters listed in ISO:10500

Once in a month

3 Water consumption Construction locations

Consumption by volume Once in a day

4 Waste Construction locations

Quantity/ volume generated and disposed

Once in a day

5 Ambient noise levels Construction locations

Ambient noise levels (Leqday & Leqnight)

Once in a month






Table 5.2: Environmental monitoring program (operation phase)

S.No Component Location Parameters Frequency

1 Stack emission

characteristics Stacks attached to emission sources (e.g. Incinerators)

Stack monitoring for PM, SOx, NOx and HC

Continuous online monitoring

2. Ambient air quality

Existing AAQ stations within refinery complex

Ambient air quality parameters as per NAAQS viz. PM10, PM2.5,SOx, NOx, CO

Daily

3. Surface water quality

Treated raw water reservoir

Parameters listed in ISO:10500

Once in a month

4. Effluent quality Outlet header of IREP ETP

According to inlet quality requirement to IREP ETP

Once in a shift/day

5. Waste (including hazardous)

Waste generation point

Quantity/ volume generated and disposed

Spent Catalyst as and when generated shall be sent to vendor for metal recovery or secure land fill

6. Source noise emissions

Noise level monitoring in dB(A) near noise generating equipments , e.g. pumps

Noise level monitoring in dB(A)

Once in a month

7. Ambient noise levels

Ambient noise levels (Leq day & Leq night) at fence-line of existing refinery

Ambient noise levels (Leq day & Leq night)

Once in a month

8. Greenbelt development

Plant density, health, growth and survival rate at all facilities

Plant density, health, growth and survival rate in additional greenbelt development

Continuous Greenbelt management

5.4 SUBMISSION OF MONITORING REPORTS TO MoEFCC

As per the requirements, the compliance of environmental clearance will be submitted to MoEFCC in hard and soft copy on 1st December and 1st June of every calendar year. These reports will be put up on MoEFCC website as per their procedure and will be updated every six months. The pollutants will be monitored on monthly basis and reports will be submitted to KPCB and CPCB respectively, as per the requirements.

5.5 HSE POLICY

A well laid HSE policy of BPCL-KR is already in place. The same will be extended for BS VI project. The organogram and HSE policy is attached in Annexure IX.



KOCHI, KERALA



CHAPTER-6

ADDITIONAL STUDIES





AT KOCHI, KERALA

6.1 PUBLIC HEARING

Public hearing is exempted under section 7 (ii) of EIA Notification, 2006 and as per approved TOR issued from MoEFCC, last Public Hearing was conducted on 23rd December 2014 for the Propylene Derivative Petrochemical Project at Kochi.

6.2 RAPID RISK ASSESSMENT REPORT

A Rapid Risk Assessment (RRA) study was carried out for units proposed under BS VI project. The major findings and recommendations arising out of the RRA study are provided below.

6.2.1 APPROACH METHODOLOGY RRA study evaluates the consequences of potential failure scenarios, assess extent of damages, based on damage criteria’s and suggest suitable measures for mitigating the Hazard. RRA involves identification of various potential hazards & credible failure scenarios for various units based on their frequency of occurrence & resulting consequence. Basically two types of scenarios are identified spanning across various process facilities; Cases with high chance of occurrence but having low consequence, e.g., Instrument Tapping Failure and cases with low chance of occurrence but having high consequence, e.g., Catastrophic Rupture of Pressure Vessels / Large Hole on the outlet of Pressure Vessels. Effect zones for various outcomes of failure scenarios (Flash Fire, Jet Fire, Pool Fire, Blast overpressure, toxic release, etc.) are studied and identified in terms of distances on plot plan. Based on effect zones, measures for mitigation of the hazard/risk are suggested.

6.2.2 MAJOR OBSERVATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The major credible failure scenarios are modeled in terms of hydrocarbon release rate, dispersion, flammability & toxic characteristics and detailed consequence analysis of the outcomes is presented in the Rapid Risk Analysis (RRA) report. The summary of major observations & recommendations of RRA study for new MS block is recorded below. High frequency credible failure scenarios for ISOM Unit are modeled. In the event of instrument tapping failure of charge pumps, 20mm leak in the isomerate product-Stabilizer outlet, it was observed that LFL is largely restricted within the complex boundary for the most probable wind conditions. The 5 & 3 psi blast waves may affect adjacent existing NHT/CCR units and upcoming facilities nearby but may not be realized beyond the complex boundaries. However to mitigate the onsite consequences, it is recommended:

Provide sufficient number of hydrocarbon detectors within the ISOM unit for early leak detection and develop procedures for stopping of rotating equipments and quicker inventory isolation.

The consequences of low frequency (in the order of 1 x10-6 /M-year to 1 x10-7 /M-year) credible cases of ISOM unit may be included for updation of the existing Disaster Management Plan (DMP) & Emergency Response Plan (ERP). In case of the Instrument tapping failure at Separator Pumps and Reformate product pump instrument tapping failure of CCR unit. The IDLH toxic concentration of 500ppm may be experienced at chemical ware house, SRR-2, gate house, fire station, QC lab,





AT KOCHI, KERALA

SRR-3, and Substation (S/S-1) on the northern and eastern side of the unit with a possibility of crossing the complex boundary on the northern and southern side and may further be realized beyond the main road on the eastern side, based on orientation of the leak and the weather conditions prevailing at the time of release. However, an individual risk assessment of credible leakage scenarios has shown that IR risk contour of 1 x 10-6/Avg- year, which is considered to demonstrate broadly acceptable region for public, is within the BPCL complex premises. Based on preceding observations the following is recommended:

Provide adequate number of hydrocarbon detectors at suitable locations within the unit and at the periphery for early leak detection. Also mitigating procedures such emergency shutdown of rotating equipments and quick isolation of inventories shall be developed as a part of the Emergency response plan & Disaster Management Plan to address the concerns of high frequency failure scenarios.

The CCR separator and De-butanizer and reformate may preferably be located to the western side of the pipe rack to maintain as much distance as possible from compound wall.

As the Quality Control lab may be affected by the toxic concentration of Toluene, suitable no. of breathing apparatus may be provided to use in case of emergency based on detection or emergency guidelines.

In the offsites, existing CCR feed Tank YT-903 may be affected by 32 & 8 KW/m2 jet fire radiation intensity due to NHT feed pump instrument tapping failure. Also the tank YT-903 may be subjected to direct flame impingement and may lead to escalation. It is recommended to:

Locate the new pumps atleast 40m away from the Tankage so as avoid direct flame impingement. Review the suitability of active fire protection system of Tank YT-903 for protection from 32KW/m2 radiation intensity.

The active fire protection system provided for storage tanks (YT-903/905) are to be regularly checked for prompt action.

As the control room may not be exposed to LFL, but may be partially subjected

to blast overpressures, based on the prevailing site conditions and presence of ignition sources, ensure suitable mitigation by early leak detection and automated inventory isolation.

Outcomes of the low frequency (in the order of 1 x10-6 /M-year to 1 x10-7/M-year) credible failure scenarios for various units are recommended to be included for updating of the existing Disaster Management Plan (DMP) & Emergency Response Plan (ERP). The complete RRA report is attached in Annexure X.

6.3 EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT PLAN

BPCL-KR is having a well documented Onsite and Offsite emergency preparedness plan. The organogram in case of emergency is attached in Annexure XI.






CHAPTER – 7 PROJECT BENEFITS






7.1 CONTRIBUTION TO NATIONAL ENERGY SECURITY

India has been witnessing rapid urban and industrial growth in the past two decades, and with the country’s current liberalization policy, this growth is expected to accelerate further. As a consequence of the rapid rate of industrialization in India, petroleum products needs are increasing at an equally rapid rate and the supply-demand gap is widening and steps must be taken to address this issue. The proposed project will result in the supply of increased volumes of environmental friendly petroleum products to meet the energy security of northern, western and southern region of the country.

7.2 INCREASED PRODUCTION OF BS VI GRADE MS

Major improvements from BS I to BS II, III & IV gasoline, covered octane number, sulphur and benzene as well as introduction of criterion to limit aromatics and olefins in BS III. As far as diesel is concerned, major changes from BS I to BS II, III & IV were made in respect of density, Cetane number, sulphur, distillation recovery including criterion for limiting Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) as per auto fuel policy. As a part of IREP project, production of BS VI MS is already considered and with the development of BS VI production of BS VI grade MS will be maximised and production of naptha will be minimised. The MS and HSD complying with BS VI specification are environmental friendly fuels.

7.3 SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT The proposed project would generate some direct and indirect employment opportunities during construction and operation phases, which will benefit the local economy. No additional manpower is envisaged in the project as the project will be integrated with existing refinery. However local skilled and unskilled labour will be required during construction and operation phase. Improvement in the overall socio-economic status of the vicinity of project area, in the thematic areas of health, education, livelihood and infrastructure is expected. Social Development is an important component of any project taken by BPCL-KR. An understanding of society is essential in helping people meet their social needs - food, water, shelter, health, knowledge, skills and physical and emotional security. How people define such needs and the priority and value give to them varies tremendously, not only from one country to another, but between different groups of people. A starting point for establishing appropriate and sustainable social services should be an analysis of how individuals, families and communities organise themselves in society to meet their needs as they define them. These facts have been already been noticed by BPCL-KR and some are being focused while carrying out the development programmes in nearby areas. This project will also result in overall environmental quality improvement in this region.






CHAPTER – 8

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN






8.1 ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT

Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is planning and implementation of various pollution abatement measures for any proposed project. The EMP lists out all these measures not only for the operational phase of the plant but also for the construction phase and planning phase. The EMP is prepared keeping in view all possible strategies oriented towards the impact minimisation. The EMP for the proposed project is divided into two phases i.e. Construction and Operational phase. The planning phase lists out the control strategies to be adopted during the design considerations. The construction and operational phase details the control/abatement measures to be adopted during these phases.

8.2 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

The mitigation measures for the potential negative impacts anticipated from the proposed project and environmental monitored schedule are described in this chapter.

8.2.1 AIR ENVIRONMENT

Construction phase (Impact significance: Low)

Preventive maintenance of vehicles and equipment. Vehicles with valid Pollution under Control certificates to be used. Unnecessary engine operations to be minimized. Implementing dust control activities such as water sprinkling on unpaved sites. Controlled vehicle speed on site vehicle to be covered during transportation of material Providing dust collection equipment at all possible points

Operation phase (Impact significance: Medium)

Developing peripheral green belt. Ensuring preventive maintenance of equipment. Monitoring of air polluting concentrations

8.2.2 WATER ENVIRONMENT

Construction phase (Impact significance: Consumption of water - Low)

Cleaning and washing water for vehicle and equipment maintenance area. During construction phase, used construction water is the only effluent generated

due to construction activities and most of the effluent generated will be so small that it will either get percolated to ground or get evaporated.

Construction phase (Impact significance: Generation of effluent - Low)

Monitoring water usage at construction camps to prevent wastage. Ensuring there are no chemical or fuel spills at water body crossings. Supply of temporary/ portable toilets for construction staff.






Operation phase (Impact significance: Consumption of water - Low, Generation of

effluent - Low)

Tracking of consumption and installing water meter from BPCL Refinery. Installation of rainwater harvesting structures to collect and use rainwater,

thereby reducing abstraction.

8.2.3 LAND ENVIRONMENT Construction phase (Impact significance: Land use & topography - Low, Soil quality -

Low)

Sufficient protective measures shall be adopted to avoid soil erosion during construction in the rainy season.

Restricting all construction activities to the maximum possible extent inside the project boundary.

The top-soil soil stock pile is not contaminated with any type of spills. Any material resulting from clearing and grading should not be deposited on

approach roads, streams or ditches, which may hinder the passage and/or natural water drainage.

Restoration of construction camp sites before abandonment. After final site grading is complete, ensuring that the excess excavated material

is not dumped indiscriminately but used for filling low lying areas construction by locals.

Developing project specific waste management plan Developing and maintaining dedicated waste storage areas

Operation phase (Impact significance: Soil quality - Low)

Developing and maintaining dedicated waste storage areas, Disposing of hazardous wastes to vendors authorized by the concerned

authorities 8.2.4 NOISE ENVIRONMENT


Preventive maintenance of equipment and vehicles Unnecessary engine operations to be minimized (e.g. equipment with intermitted

use switched off when not working) DG sets to be provided with acoustic enclosures and exhaust mufflers.

Operation phase (Impact significance: Medium)

Avoiding continuous (more than 8 hrs) exposure of workers to high noise areas. Provision of ear muffs at the high noise areas Ensuring preventive maintenance of equipment.






8.2.5 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT Construction phase (Impact significance: Medium)

Exploring opportunities for conservation of endangered species. Closing of trenches as soon as possible of construction. Prevent littering of work sites with wastes, especially plastic.

Operation phase (Impact significance: Low)

Maintain the greenbelt already developed Plant additional trees during operation phase



Training contractors on company safety policy requirements Monitoring speed and route of project-related vehicles within the project area Determine of the safe, legal load limits of all bridges and roads that will be used

by heavy vehicles and machinery. Determining allowable traffic patterns in the affected area throughout the work

week will be made based on community use, include a consideration of the large turning requirements of certain vehicles/machineries that might increase congestion and traffic hazards

Upgrading local roads, wherever required, to ensure ease of project activity and community safety

Consolidating deliveries of materials and personnel to project sites, whenever feasible, to minimize flow of traffic

Minimizing interruption of access to community use of public infrastructure Providing prior notice to affected parties when their access will be blocked, even

temporarily. Monitoring construction camp safety and hygiene Preventing use of drugs and alcohol in project-sites Preventing possession of firearms by project-personnel, except those

responsible for security Project-related waste and wastewater is disposed in a responsible manner

Operation phase (Impact significance: Low)

Extending reach of CSR Program Monitoring speed and route of project-related vehicles

8.3 MEASURES FOR IMPROVEMENT OF BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT The baseline flora and fauna has been depicted in Chapter-3. In addition to paddy cultivation, luxuriant growth of cash crops like coconut, pepper, bananas, rubber and other fruits like mango, jackfruit and cashew nuts are also observed in the study area. The resultant ambient air quality levels after the operation of the plant will be within the prescribed limits; impact on flora and fauna is not envisaged. The following recommendations are suggested for further implementation:






Clearing of existing vegetation should be kept to minimum and should be done only when absolutely necessary;

Plantation programme should be undertaken in all available areas. This should include plantation in the expanded areas, along the roads, on solid waste dump yards etc;

Use of biogas, solar energy, should be encouraged both at individual and at society levels; and

Plantation should be done along the roads, without affecting plant operational safety. This will not only improve the flora in the region but will add to the aesthetics of the region.

8.3.1 GREENBELT DEVELOPMENT

EIL has made a detailed greenbelt plan and suggested plant species for plantation purpose. BPCL will plant and look after the planted species taking suggestions of appropriate consultant for greenbelt development. The State Forest Department and other scientific institutions will be consulted for conservation planning and greenbelt development programme. The existing greenbelt marked on overall layout plan is attached in Annexure XII.

8.3.2 GUIDELINES FOR PLANTATION

The plant species identified for greenbelt development will be planted using pitting technique. The pit size will be either 45 cm x 45 cm x 45 cm or 60 cm x 60 cm x 60 cm. Bigger pit size is preferred on marginal and poor quality soils. Soil proposed to be used for filling the pit will be mixed with well decomposed farm yard manure or sewage sludge at the rate of 2.5 kg (on dry weight basis) and 3.6 kg (on dry weight basis) for 45 cm x 45 cm x 45 cm and 60 cm x 60 cm x 60 cm size pits respectively. The filling of soils will be completed at least 5 - 10 days before the actual plantation. Healthy seedlings of identified species will be planted in each pit.

8.3.3 SPECIES SELECTION

Based on the regional background and soil quality, greenbelt will be developed. In greenbelt development, monocultures are not advisable due to its climatic factor and other environmental constrains. Greenbelt with varieties of species is preferred to maintain species diversity, rational utilization of nutrients and for maintaining health of the trees. Prepared in this way, the greenbelt will develop a favorable microclimate to support different micro- organisms in the soil and as a result of which soil quality will improve further. During the course of survey, it has been observed that the soil quality of the plant site is fairly good and can support varieties of dry deciduous plant species for greenbelt development. Manure and vermin-compost may be mixed with the soil used for filling the pit for getting better result for survival of plant species. Adequate watering is to be done to maintain the growth of young seedlings. Based on the regional background, extent of pollution load, soil quality, rainfall, temperature and human interactions, a number of species have been suggested to develop greenbelt in and around BPCL-KR. These species can be planted in staggering arrangements within the plant premises. Some draught resistant plant species have been identified which can be planted for greenbelt development if sufficient water is not available. The suitable species for greenbelt development program are given in Table 8.1.






Table 8.1: List of tree species suggested for green belt development Sl No

Species Name Family Type Areas to be planted

1 Abutilon indicum L. Malvaceae Shrub Avenue 2 Acacia catechu Willd. Mimosaceae Tree Greenbelt 3 Acacia dealbata Link. Mimosaceae Tree Greenbelt 4 Acacia ferruginea DC Mimosaceae Tree Greenbelt 5 Acacia leucophloea (Roxb.) Willd. Mimosaceae Tree Greenbelt 6 Acacia mearnsii de Willd. Mimosaceae Tree Avenue 7 Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd. Mimosaceae Tree Avenue 8 Acacia pennata Willd. Mimosaceae Tree Avenue 9 Acacia polycantha Willd. Mimosaceae Tree Greenbelt

10 Acacia Senegal Willd. Mimosaceae Tree Greenbelt 11 Acacia sinuata (Lour) Merill Mimosaceae Tree Avenue 12 Achras sapota L. Sapotaceae Tree Residential 13 Actinodaphne angustifolia Nees. Lauraceae Tree Avenue 14 Adenanthera pavonia L. Mimosaceae Tree Avenue 15 Adina cordifolia Roxb. Rubiaceae Tree Greenbelt 16 Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa ex Roxb. Rutaceae Tree Residential 17 Ailanthus excelsa Simarubaceae Tree Greenbelt 18 Albizia chinensis (Osbeck) Merill Mimosaceae Tree Greenbelt 19 Albizia lebbeck Mimosaceae Tree Greenbelt 20 Albizia odoratissima Benth. Mimosaceae Tree Greenbelt 21 Albizia procera Benth Mimosaceae Tree Greenbelt 22 Aleurites fordii Hemsl Euphorbiaceae Tree Greenbelt 23 Alstonia scholaris (L.) R.Br. Apocynaceae Tree Avenue 24 Annona reticulata L. Annonaceae Tree Residential 25 Annona squamosa L. Annonaceae Tree Residential 26 Anogeissus latifolia Wall. Combretaceae Tree Greenbelt 27 Anthocephalus chinensis Lamk. Rubiaceae Tree Avenue 28 Aphanamixis polystachya (Wall) Parker Meliaceae Tree Avenue 29 Artocarpus heterophyllus Lamk. Urticaceae Tree Residential 30 Artocarpus lacucha Bucb. Urticaceae Tree Residential 31 Azadirachta indica A. Juss. Meliaceae Tree Avenue 32 Balanites roxburghii Planch. Zygophyllaceae Tree Avenue 33 Bambusa arundinacea (Retz.) Roxb. Poaceae Shrub Park/Office 34 Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. Poaceae Shrub Park/Office 35 Barringtonia acutangula (L.) Gaertn. Barringtoniaceae Tree Greenbelt 36 Bauhinia acuminata L. Caesalpiniaceae Tree Avenue






37 Bauhinia purpurea L. Caesalpiniaceae Tree Avenue 38 Bauhinia racemosa Lam. Caesalpiniaceae Tree Avenue 39 Bauhinia semla Wanderlin Caesalpiniaceae Tree Avenue 40 Bauhinia variegata L. Caesalpiniaceae Tree Avenue 41 Bischofia javanica Blume Euphorbiaceae Tree Greenbelt 42 Bougainvillea spetabilis Willd. Nyctaginaceae Shrub Park/Office 43 Bridelia squamosa Lamk. Euphorbiaceae Tree Greenbelt 44 Broussonetia papyrifera L. Nerit Moraceae Tree Greenbelt 45 Buchnania lanzan Spreng Anacardiaceae Tree Greenbelt 46 Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub. Papilionaceae Tree Greenbelt 47 Caesalpinia pulcherrima (L.) Swartz. Caesalpiniaceae Shrub Avenue 48 Callistemon citrinus (Curtis) Stapf Myrtaceae Shrub Park/Office 49 Calophyllum inophyllum L. Clusiaceae Tree Greenbelt 50 Carissa spinarum L. Apocynaceae Shrub Park/Office 51 Cassia fistula L. Caesalpiniaceae Tree Avenue 52 Cassia javanica L. Caesalpiniaceae Tree Avenue 53 Cassia pumila Lamk. Caesalpiniaceae Tree Avenue 54 Cassia siamea Lamk. Caesalpiniaceae Tree Avenue 55 Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn. Bombacaceae Tree Greenbelt 56 Celtis australis L. Ulmaceae Tree Greenbelt 57 Citrus aurantium L. Rutaceae Tree Park/Residential 58 Cordia dichotoma Forst Cordiaceae Tree Greenbelt 59 Dalbergia latifolia Roxb. Caesalpiniaceae Tree Greenbelt 60 Dalbergia sisoo Roxb. Papilionaceae Tree Greenbelt/Avenue 61 Delonix regia (Bojer) Rafin. Caesalpiniaceae Tree Avenue 62 Dendrocalamus strictus Nees Poaceae Shrub Park/Residential 63 Diospyros melanoxylon Roxb. Ebenaceae Tree Avenue 64 Drypetes roxburghii (Wall.) Hurusawa Euphorbiaceae Tree Avenue 65 Duranta repens L. Verbenaceae Shrub Park 66 Emblica officinalis Gaertn. Euphorbiaceae Tree Residential 67 Embryopteris peregrina Gaertn. Ebenaceae Tree Greenbelt 68 Erythrina variegata L. Tree Avenue 69 Ficsu benghalensis L. Moraceae Tree Greenbelt 70 Ficus benjamina L. Moraceae Tree Avenue 71 Ficus elastica Roxb.ex Hornem Moraceae Tree Park/Office 72 Ficus gibbosa Blume Moraceae Tree Greenbelt 73 Ficus glomerata Roxb. Moraceae Tree Greenbelt 74 Ficus hispida (L.) L.f. Moraceae Tree Greenbelt 75 Ficus religiosa L. Moraceae Tree Park/Residential 76 Garcinia indica Chosis Guttiferaceae Tree Greenbelt






77 Gardenia jasminoides Ellis Rubiaceae Shrub Park/Residential 78 Gardenia resinifera Roth Rubiaceae Shrub Park/Residential 79 Gliricidia sepium (Jacq) Kunth ex Walp. Fabaceae Tree Avenue 80 Grevillea robusta A. cunn. Proteaceae Tree Greenbelt 81 Grewia subinequalis DC. Tiliaceae Tree Greenbelt 82 Heterophragma roxburghii DC. Bignonaceae Tree Greenbelt 83 Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. Malvaceae Shrub Park/Office 84 Holoptelia integrifolia (Roxb.) DC. Ulmaceae Tree Greenbelt 85 Ixora arborea Roxb. Rubiaceae Shrub Greenbelt 86 Ixora coccinea L. Rubiaceae Herb Park 87 Ixora rosea Wall. Rubiaceae Herb Park 88 Juniperus communis Pinaceae Shrub Office 89 Kigelia africana Lamk Bignoniaceae Tree Greenbelt 90 Lagerstroemia parviflora Roxb Lythraceae Tree Avenue 91 Lagerstroemia speciosa L. Lythraceae Tree Avenue 92 Lantana camara L. var. aculeata (L.)

Mold. Verbenaceae Herb Park/Office

93 Lawsonia intermis L. Lythraceae Shrub Office 94 Madhuca longifolia (Koenig) J. F. Macb. Sapotaceae Tree Avenue 95 Mallotus philippensis (Lour) Muell Euphorbiaceae Tree Greenbelt 96 Mangifera indica L. Anacardiaceae Tree Greenbelt 97 Millingtonia hortensis L.f. Bignoniaceae Tree Avenue 98 Mimusops elengi L. Sapotaceae Tree Avenue 99 Morus alba L. Moraceae Tree Residential

100 Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack Rutaceae Shrub Residential 101 Nerium indicum Mill. Apocynaceae Shrub Park/Residential 102 Ougeinia oojeinensis (Roxb.) Hochr Papilionaceae Tree Greenbelt 103 Phoenix sylvestris (L.) Roxb. Arecaceae Shrub Park/office 104 Pinus roxburghii Sarg. Pinaceae Tree Greenbelt 105 Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth Mimosaceae Tree Residential 106 Poincia pulcherrima L. Caesalpiniaceae Shrub Avenue 107 Polyalthia longifolia (Sonn.) Thw Annonaceae Tree Residential/Office 108 Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre Papilionaceae Tree Greenbelt 109 Populus nigra L. Salicaceae Tree Greenbelt 110 Psidium guajava L. Myrtaceae Tree Residential 111 Salix tetrasperma Roxb. Salicaceae Tree Greenbelt 112 Sapindus sebiferum Roxb. Sapindaceae Tree Greenbelt 113 Saraca asoka Roxb. De Wilde. Caesalpiniaceae Tree Avenue 114 Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Poir. Caesalpiniaceae Shrub Residential 115 Spondias pinnata L.f. Anacardiaceae Tree Avenue 116 Syzigium cumini L. Myrtaceae Tree Residential






117 Taberneamontana divaricata (L.) Burkill Apocynaceae Shrub Residential/Park 118 Tamarindus indica L. Caesalpiniaceae Tree Residential 119 Tecoma stans (L.) Kunth Bignoniaceae Shrub Residential/Park 120 Tectona gandis L. Verbenaceae Tree Greenbelt 121 Terminalia alata Heyne ex Roth. Combretaceaae Tree Greenbelt 122 Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.ex DC.) Wight

& Arn. Combretaceae Tree Greenbelt/Avenue

123 Terminalia bellerica (Gaertn) Roxb. Combretaceae Tree Greenbelt 124 Terminalia catappa L. Combretaceae Tree Avenue 125 Terminalia chebula Retz. Combretaceae Tree Greenbelt 126 Trema orientalis Blume Ulmaceae Tree Greenbelt 127 Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. Rhamnaceae Tree Greenbelt

The species suggested here are commonly seen in and around the project area, fast growing and drought resistant. Seedlings / saplings of these species can be easily procured from local nurseries. The selection of plant species for the green belt development depends on various factors such as climate, elevation and soil. The plants suggested for green belt were selected based on the following desirable characteristics.

Fast growing and providing optimum penetrability. Evergreen with minimal litter fall. Wind-firm and deep rooted. The species will form a dense canopy. Indigenous and locally available species. Trees with high foliage density, larger of leaf sizes and hairy on surfaces. Ability to withstand conditions like inundation and drought. Soil improving plants, such as nitrogen fixing plants, rapidly decomposable

leaf litter. Attractive appearance with good flowering and fruit bearing. Bird and insect attracting plant species. Sustainable green cover with minimal maintenance Species which can trap/sequester carbon

In addition, a lawn and floral garden with the varieties of small flowering plants may be developed near the office site for aesthetic value of the entire complex. For other buildings and sites which are away from the reactor at a distance of 50 meters, suitable sector belts on area available towards BPCL Project may be developed with the same conceptual species placements.

8.3.4 PHASE WISE GREENBELT DEVELOPMENT PLAN

Greenbelt will be developed in a phase wise manner right from the construction phase of the proposed project. In the first phase along with the start of the construction activity all along the plant boundary, open space areas, and major roads will be planted. In the second phase the office building like Canteen, Administrative building, Fire Safety office area and other constructed buildings will be planted. In the third phase when all the construction activity is complete plantation will be taken up in the gap areas of plant area, around different units, in stretch of open land and along other connecting roads, parks and residential quarters.






The total construction period is 36 months from the date of starting of construction. The first phase of the plantation programme will start immediately with the start of construction and run upto 12th month. The second phase will start after 12 month and continue upto 24th month. The third phase will start after 24th month and continue upto 36th month or the end of construction which is earlier.

8.4 ENVIRONMENT CELL

BPCL-KR administers HSE activities through structured management under the direction of Executive Director of the refinery. The same will be continued after the development of BS-VI Facilities.

8.5 IMPLEMENTATION OF ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN BPCL will engage EPC contractors for the proposed project. All such contractors will be obliged, as part of contract, to ensure best standards in environment management and meet all commitments of BPCL in this regard. All the mitigation measures planned during construction phase and described in section 8.2 of this Chapter will be controlled and managed by the Project Manager of the EPC Contractor through a dedicated Project HSE Team. The EPC Contractor will develop site/project specific HSE Plan for complete EPC phase of the project, which will be reviewed and authorized by BPCL. The HSE Plan will describe the environmental management and monitoring plans to be implemented by the EPC Contractor and will be in line with the EIA-EMP commitments and the relevant regulations. The Project HSE team will be supervised by BPCL HSE Team.

The following procedures for environmental management will be developed by the EPC Contractor as part of the HSE Plan.

Procedure for waste and waste water management Procedure for handling of hazardous materials Procedure for cleaning of spills Procedure for restoration of sites

The following records will be maintained by the EPC Contractor as part of the HSE Plan.

Inventory of waste generated and disposed Inventory of water consumption and chemical use

The budget for air and noise pollution control by design, preventive maintenance and restoration is also considered in project cost, an estimated budget for implementation of environmental management plan is given in Table 8.2 & 8.3.

8.6 BUDGET OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

The proposed project is quality improvement of environment in terms of air quality which in turn improves the life quality. Also the project development will be within existing refinery complex, wherein all existing environmental management activities are already in place. Accordingly, expenditure towards environmental management is envisaged little amount. The capital and recurring cost for pollution control measures are given in Tables 8.2 & 8.3.






Table 8.2: Proposed Capital Investment for Pollution Control Measures

System Cost (Rs. Lakhs)* Time Frame Cost of pollution control

equipment/Management facilities 300 Along with the project

Table 8.3: Proposed Recurring Cost for Pollution Control Measures

System Cost (Rs. Lakhs)*

Cost to be borne by BPCL-KR for ETP services provided by BPCL IREP / Third party solid waste disposal 10

Note: (*) Costs considered both (Capital/Recurring) is tentative and subject to change post licensor selection and detailed engineering. Costs indicated are inclusive of installation costs, auxiliaries & piping and are exclusive of applicable taxes.

8.7 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH

For the proposed project, action plan for the implementation of OHSA Standards as per OSHAS/USEPA is as shown below:

Display of Occupational Health & Safety Policy; To comply with statutory legal compliance related to the OHC dept.; Develop Onsite and Offsite emergency plan as Emergency Procedures to respond

to Potential Emergencies; Schedule Regular Emergency Evacuation Drills by active participation and

evaluation as and when drill planned by safety department; Six monthly periodic medical examinations of all workers working with the

hazardous process; Reporting of all incidence and accidents by Accident & Incidence Reporting

System; Investigation of all incidence and accidents by Investigation Report System; MSDS of all chemicals of company; Review of first aid facility; Preparing first aider & its information at work place; Identifying training needs of all the departments; Awareness of Occupational Hazards & General health promotional in workers by

conducting lectures for occupational health hazards in annual planner at training center;

Up-keep of ambulance & OHC by maintaining records.

8.7.1 HEALTH

In order to provide safe working environment and safeguard occupational health and hygiene, the following measures will be undertaken:






Periodic compulsory medical examination for all the plant employees as per OSHA requirement and specific medical examination.

All the employees shall be trained in Health, Safety and Environment (HSE) aspects related to their job.

Exposure of workers to noise, particularly in areas housing equipment which produce 85 dB(A) or more will be monitored by noise decimeters. Audiometric tests are also done at periodic intervals for all the plant employees.

Regular (6 monthly) periodic medical checkup of contract and subcontract workers working at hazardous processes is done as per clause 68 T of Factory’s Act. Details of occupational health programmes are attached in Annexure XIII.

8.8 STORM WATER MANAGEMENT

Kochi refinery has extensive network of storm water channels which is ultimately connected to API separator, where the storm water along with oil is treated. Following required information has been put in place to recover and reuse any oil content in the drain.

1. All the storm water drains in the refinery are equipped with oil catchers at the final outlet before joining the main stream.

2. Refinery has underground system namely oily water system (OWS) and clean water system. The OWS in the refinery is also equipped with closed blow-down (CBD) system which prevents oil ingress in the underground oil water system. However, in order to take care of any spills in the unit which can ingress in to OWS, the OWS are finally connected to API separator.

The separators are equipped with automatic mechanized oil skimmers at the inlet channel itself to prevent oil carry over into API separator. In case of oil goes to API separator, the oil is separated by gravity through slotted pipe skimmers.

8.9 OILY SLUDGE MANAGEMENT PLAN

Integrated Refinery Expansion Project of Kochi Refinery is having a state of the art Effluent Treatment Plant with a capacity of 700 M3/Hr. The treated effluent after primary and secondary treatment will be sent to RO-DM plant for making DM water for use in Process Units. The sludge thus generated from the ETP will be collected in the Oily and Chemical Sludge Sump from where it is sent to sludge thickener and melting pit. The thickened sludge from the melting pit is sent to Delayed Coker Unit (DCU) with positive displacement pumps. Crude tank sludge will be brought by tankers, up to DCU battery limit. This sludge will be offloaded through flexible hose and pumped using crude sludge unloading pump to Sludge Injection Drum. Provision for Service water and Low Pressure Steam is provided in the Sludge Injection drum for making it pumpable (if required). The sludge from the sludge injection drum will then be pumped using sludge injection pumps into Coke Drum in a controlled rate during Quenching Cycle @50 m3/hr approx. Due to high temperature in the Coke Drum (approx 300oC), the volatile hydrocarbon from this sludge will be recovered as the hot stream from the coke drum and is routed to blow down tower and the solid material will come along with the coke as byproduct.



KOCHI, KERALA



CHAPTER-9

DISCLOSURE OF CONSULTANTS





AT KOCHI, KERALA

9.1 GENERAL INFORMATION

Name of Organization: Engineers India Limited Address: Head - Environment, Water & Safety Division

Tower-I, Ground floor, R&D centre, Engineers India Limited, Gurgaon (On NH-8), Haryana-122001 Telephone Nos. : 0124-3802034 Email: [email protected]

9.2 ESTABLISHMENT

Engineers India Limited (EIL) was established in 1965 to provide engineering and related services for Petroleum Refineries and other industrial projects. Over the years, it has diversified into and excelled in various fields. EIL has emerged as Asia's leading design, engineering and turnkey contracting company in Petroleum Refining, Petrochemicals, Pipelines, Onshore Oil & Gas, Mining & Metallurgy, Offshore Oil & Gas, Terminals & Storages and Infrastructure. EIL provides a wide range of design, engineering, procurement, construction supervision, commissioning assistance and project management as well as EPC services. It also provides specialist services such as heat & mass transfer equipment design, environment engineering, information technology, specialist materials and maintenance, plant operations & safety including HAZOPS & Risk Analysis, refinery optimization studies and yield & energy optimization studies. Engineers India has earned recognition for jobs executed in India and several countries of West Asia, North Africa, Europe and South East Asia including Algeria, Bahrain, Kuwait, Korea, Malaysia, Norway, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sri Lanka, UAE and Vietnam. EIL is diversifying into the areas of Water & Waste Management, Nuclear Power, Thermal and Solar Power and City Gas Distribution. EIL has its head office in New Delhi, regional engineering offices in Gurgaon, Chennai, Kolkata and Vadodara and a branch office in Mumbai. It has inspection offices at all major equipment manufacturing locations in India and a wholly owned subsidiary Certification Engineers International Ltd. (CEIL) for undertaking independent certification & third party inspection assignments. Outside India, EIL has offices in Abu Dhabi (UAE), London, Milan and Shanghai and a wholly owned subsidiary, EIL Asia Pacific Sdn. Bhd. (EILAP) in Malaysia. EIL has also formed a joint venture Jabal EILIOT with IOTL & Jabal Dhahran for tapping business opportunities in Saudi Arabia. Backed by its unmatched experience, EIL enjoys a high professional standing in the market and is known as a versatile and competent engineering company that can be relied upon for meeting the clients' requirements. Quality Management System with respect to EIL's services conforms to ISO 9001:2008 The Design Offices are equipped with state-of-the-art computing systems, design tools and infrastructure.

9.3 EIL’S VISION

To be a world-class globally competitive EPC and total solutions Consultancy Organization.





AT KOCHI, KERALA

9.4 EIL’S MISSION

Achieve ‘Customer delight’ through innovative, cost effective and value added consulting and EPC services.

To maximize creation of wealth, value and satisfaction for stakeholders with high standards of business ethics and aligned with national policies.

9.5 CORE VALUES OF EIL

Benchmark to learn from superior role models. Nurture the essence of Customer Relationship and bonding. Foster Innovation with emphasis on value addition. Integrity and Trust as fundamental to functioning. Thrive upon constant Knowledge updation as a Learning organization. Passion in pursuit of excellence. Quality as a way of life. Collaboration in synergy through cross-functional Team efforts. Sense of ownership in what we do.

9.6 QUALITY POLICY OF EIL

Enhance customer satisfaction through continuous improvement of our technologies, work processes, and systems and total compliance with established quality management system.

Consistently improve the quality of products /services with active participation of committed and motivated employees and feedback from stakeholders.

Provide added value to customers through timely and cost effective services/deliverables.

Ensure total compliance with applicable health, safety and environment requirements during design and delivery of products to enrich quality of life.

9.7 HSE POLICY OF EIL

Ensure compliance with requirements of health, safety and environment, during design and delivery of products/ services as per applicable National and International codes, standards, procedures, engineering practices, and statutory requirements including customer's requirements. Ensure safety and health of employees, personnel of clients and associates. Create awareness on health, safety and environment aspects for all employees and associates.

9.8 ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF EIL Ensure compliance with applicable environmental requirements/ regulations

during design and delivery of products / service and our operations. Consider environmental impact in decision making processes. Promote/develop green technologies for sustainable development. Promote environmental awareness among all employees. Adopt the adage-reduce, reuse and recycle in all our operations.





AT KOCHI, KERALA

9.9 RISK MANAGEMENT POLICY OF EIL

EIL is committed to effective management of risks across the organization by aligning its risk management strategy to its business objectives through

Instituting a risk management structure for timely identification, assessment, mitigating, monitoring and reporting of risks.

Risk management at EIL is the responsibility of every employee both individually as well as collectively. The present EIA report has been prepared by EIL, an engineering and consultancy organization in the country. EIL has been preparing regularly EIA / EMP reports for different projects. The environmental Engineering Division of EIL has carried out more than 300 numbers of Environmental Impact Assessment projects. National Accreditation Board for Education and Training (NABET) - under the Accreditation Scheme for EIA Consultant Organizations has accredited EIL as EIA consultant for 11 EIA Sectors, vide NABET notification dated 29.09.14 and certification No.- 43/2014. The list of sectors for which the accreditation has been accorded by NABET is given in Fig 9.1. The same can be referred from the NABET website “www.qcin.org/nabet/about.php”, by following the link - EIA Accreditation Scheme – Accreditation Register – Accredited Consultant.





AT KOCHI, KERALA

Fig. 9.1 : EIL Accreditation Certificate by NABET

iathd`r dk;kZy; % bathfu;lZ bafM;k Hkou] 1] Hkhdk,th dkek Iysl] ubZ fnYyh&110066

Regd. Office : Engineers India Bhawan, 1, Bhikaiji Cama Place , New Delhi – 110066

environmental impact assessment report for bs vi motor spirit block ...

Documents

Transcript of environmental impact assessment report for bs vi motor spirit block ...