Environmental impact assessment of biomass gasification CHP plants with absorptive and

adsorptive carbon capture units.

Oreggioni G1, Singh B1, Cherubini F1, Grossrieder C1, Guest G1, Luberti M2, Ahn H2 and Strømann A1

gabriel.d.oreggioni@ntnu.no

TCCS8 June 18th 2015

1. NTNU. Norwegian University of Science and Technology. Department of Energy and Process Engineering. Industrial Ecology Program2. SCCS. Scottish Carbon Capture and storage Centre. The University of Edinburgh

2

Stabilising greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations will require large scale transformations in ‐human societies, from the way that we produce and consume energy to how we use the land surface (ES CH6)

BECCS= -CO2 emissions + Energy production

IPCC, 2014

Van Vuuren et al , 2011

BiomassTecno

Capacity or purposes

CHPs

Cent. Power plants

Energy conversion

Combustion

Gasification

Direct (and fixed bed)

Indirect (circulating fluidized bed). FCIFB. Operating in the Gussing plant

CCS Tecno

FP : Feed pressurisation, BD: Blowdown,AD: Adsorption,PP: PurgeDPE: Pressure equalisations (Oreggioni et al., 2014 and 2015)

Post combustion MEA presents high EC , novel technologies are being studied (PSA) (IPCC, 2005)

IRENA, 2012 and IEA, 2007

4

Life cycle assessment (LCA) studies allow the comparison of different technologies in base of their environmental impacts

Curran, 2012

𝑒=𝑆𝑥=𝑆𝐿𝑦=𝑆 ( 𝐼− 𝐴 )−1 𝑦

𝑑=𝐶𝑆 ( 𝐼− 𝐴 )−1 𝑦

𝑒=𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑠 /𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠

𝑑=𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠

2

2

2

2

0

02

0

0

.

TH

CObioCO

bio THCO

CO

C f t dtAGWP

GWP kgCO eqAGWP

C y t dt

Climate impact of Bio energy systems

CO2 c

onc

CO2 c

onc

CO2 c

onc

CO2 c

onc

Guest et al., 2013

CO2 c

onc

Biogenic= 0,15 kg of CO2eq /kg of CO2 (with albedo)

CO2 stored= -0,57 kg of CO2eq/kg CO2 (with albedo)

CO2 c

onc

CO2 c

onc

CO2 c

onc

CO2 c

onc

6

Biomass Production Biomass Transport

CO2 transport and storage

Biomass Chipping

Biomass Production

CO2 capture

7

Biomass gasification plant (BGP)

Biomass gasification plant with PSA pre combustion (ADS)

Biomass gasification plant with MEA post combustion (ABS)

BGP ADS ABShel (%) 28 23 21

hth 51 48 25

hov 79 71 46

CO2 recovery unit (CC unit) (%)

----- 87 90

Overall carbon capture (plant) (%)

------ 49 59

Oreggioni et al., 2014 and 2015

8

CO2f CO2b CO CH4 N2O NOX SOXPM NH3 HCl H2S

CCP

HTPFDP TAPPMFP

Negative climate change impacts, increase of other stressors and indicators. ABS exhibits higher values except for NH3,HCl, H2S and TAP (more biomass to be gasified for producing 1 kWhe )

9

CO2f CO2bCO CH4 N2O NOX SOX PM NH3 HCl H2S CCP HTPFDP PMFP TAP

Specific stressors and indicators per unit of captured CO2

//55

0 %

//82

7 %

10

BioCSS is regarded as a promising technology to reduce CO2 atmospheric concentration and producing energy at the same time

The environmental impacts associated to the introduction of two CCS technologies (pre combustion adsorption and post combustion absorption) in a biomass gasification plant were quantified

Negatives values for the CCP were observed in the plants with capture units at the expense of an increase of the values for the selected stressors and indicators (except for CO in the CHP plant with pre combustion unit)

Higher values for the stressors and indicators are consequence of the fact that more biomass must be processed in order to meet the power output of the plant as well as for the processes (bakcground and foreground) associated to the carbon capture unit

Environmental performance of the two CCS processes were evaluated by estimating specific increase of stressors and indicators per unit of captured CO2.The plant with amines (including CHP combustion boiler and extra biomass) presents larger values for most of the stressors and indicators except for NH3, HCl, H2S and TAP (since more biomass needs to be gasified in the case of the CHP plant with pre combustion PSA than in the CHP with MEA post combustion)

Conclusions

11

References

Cherubini F, Peter GP, Berntsten T, Strømann A, Hertwich E. CO2 emissions from biomass combustion for bioenergy: atmospheric decay and contribution to global change. GCB Bioenergy. 2011:3:413-426 Hobfauer H, Veronik G, Fleck T, Rauch R. The FICFB-Gasification process. Developments in Thermochemical Biomass Conversion. 1997: 1016-1025 IEA. Energy Technology Essentials: Biomass for power generation and CHP. 2007 IPCC. Special Report on Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage. 2005.

IPCC. Fifth Assessment Report. 2014

IRENA. Biomass for power generation. 2012 Oreggioni, G.D., Friedrich, D., Brandani, S., Ahn, H., 2014. Techno-economic study of adsorption processes for pre-combustion carbon capture at a biomass CHPplant. Energy Procedia 63, 6738–6744.

Oreggioni G., Brandani S., Luberti M, Baykan Y, Friedrich D, Ahn H CO2 Capture from Syngas by an Adsorption Process at a Biomass Gasification CHP Plant: Its Comparison with Amine-based CO2 Capture. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control. 2015

Van Vuuren D P, Stehfest E , Den Elzen, M G , Kram T, Van Vliet J, Deetman S, Morna I, Goldewijk K K, Hof A, Mendoza Beltran A, Oostenrijk R, Van Ruijven Bas. RCP2.6: exploring the possibility to keep global mean temperature increase below 2°C. Climate Change.2011;109:95-116

Thanks for your attention

Biomass Production

Subprocesses Sources of informationSeedling production Seedling amount (Helmer’s code)

Seedling production data from Ecoinvent database 2.2 (Ecoinvent, 2007)

Seedling planting Transport of seedlings (distance according to the Norwegian context) (Ecoinvent ,2007)

Pre-commercial thinning Power for brushing (Ecoinvent,2007)

Harvesting Excavation power (Encoinvent,207)Sawing and loading roundwood Power required for the sawing (Ecoinvent,2007)

Forwarding to the closest road Fuel consumption and required vehicle (Ecoinvent,2007)

Transport Transport to CHP Assumed distance considering local contextTransport operation and infr. from Ecoinvent

Chipping and storage Chipping Energy requirement(Ecoinvent,2007)

Storage CH4 and N2O Emissions( Kuang et al., 2009 and Wihersaari, 2005 )Ash Disposal Woody ash disposal Biomass ash content (Schuster et al., 2001)

Ecoinvent data for disposal process

Energy Production

Electricity production

Mass and energy balances from Oreggioni et al., 2015 a and Simader, 2004Emission factors for trace pollutants from Gussing CHP plant operation (SES6-CT-2003-502705)Auxiliary processes and infrastructure from Ecoinvent modified by CAPEX (Hobfauer,2004 and Obernberger and Thek, 2008)

Carbon capture unit

PSA and MEA configurations

Mass and energy balances from Oreggioni et al., 2015Zeolite and MEA production from Ecoinvent database 2.2 (Encoinvent,2007)Amine degradation emissions from CICSRO, 2012Infr from et al., 2009 (downscaling)

CO2 compression, transport and storage

CO2 compression, transport and storage Fugitive and infr. Emissions from Korre et al., 2009 and Ecoinvent