ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA) REPORT Impact Assessme… · FROM CHAKDARA TO MADYAN ON THE...

GOVERNMENT OF KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA

FRONTIER HIGHWAYS AUTHORITY

PESHAWAR

UPGRADATION / REHABILITATION OF ROAD

FROM CHAKDARA TO MADYAN ON THE RIGHT BANK

OF RIVER SWAT

EMERGENCY ROADS RECOVERY PROJECT (ERRP)

FOR KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

ASSESSMENT (EIA) REPORT

JUNE 2011

ASSOCIATED CONSULTING ENGINEERS – ACE (PVT.) LTD.

Transportation Engineering Services Division

45–L, MODEL TOWN EXTENSION, LAHORE–54700, PAKISTAN.

Phones : (92–42) 35171081 – 3 Fax : (92–42) 35171084

Email : (i) [email protected] (ii) [email protected]

(iii) [email protected] Web : www.acepakistan.com

GOVERNMENT OF KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA

FRONTIER HIGHWAYS AUTHORITY

PESHAWAR

UPGRADATION / REHABILITATION OF ROAD

FROM CHAKDARA TO MADYAN ON THE RIGHT

BANK OF RIVER SWAT

EMERGENCY ROADS RECOVERY PROJECT (ERRP)

FOR KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA

ENVIRONMENTAL

IMPACT ASSESSMENT

(EIA) REPORT

JUNE 2011

ASSOCIATED CONSULTING ENGINEERS – ACE (PVT.) LTD.

Transportation Engineering Services Division

45–L, MODEL TOWN EXTENSION, LAHORE–54700, PAKISTAN.

Phones : (92–42) 35171081 – 3 Fax : (92–42) 35171084

Email : (i) [email protected] (ii) [email protected]

(iii) [email protected] Web :

www.acepakistan.com

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Emergency Road Recovery Project Environment Impact Assessment

Frontier Highway Authority iii June 2011

Contents

List of Acronyme .................................................................................................... xi

Executive Summary ............................................................................................. xiii

1.0 Introduction .............................................................................................. 1-1

1.1 Project Overview .......................................................................................... 1-1

1.2 Implementation ............................................................................................. 1-1

1.3 Basic Features of the Proposed Project .................................................... 1-1

1.4 Study Methodology ...................................................................................... 1-2

1.4.1 Environmental Assessment Process ............................................... 1-2

1.4.2 Field Surveys ................................................................................... 1-6

1.4.3 Women Consultations ..................................................................... 1-6

1.5 The Study Objectives................................................................................... 1-6

1.6 Project Classification................................................................................... 1-7

1.7 The Report Structure ................................................................................... 1-7

2.0 Policy, Law and Protocols ....................................................................... 2-1

2.1 The World Bank Safeguard Policies .......................................................... 2-1

2.1.1 Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01) ............................................ 2-1

2.1.2 Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12) ................................................ 2-1

2.1.3 Forestry (OP 4.36) ........................................................................... 2-2

2.1.4 Natural Habitat (OP 4.04) ................................................................ 2-2

2.1.5 Pest Management (OP 4.09) ........................................................... 2-3

2.1.6 Safety of Dams (OP 4.37) ............................................................... 2-3

2.1.7 Projects on International Waterways (OP 7.50) .............................. 2-3

2.1.8 Cultural Property (OP 4.11) ............................................................. 2-3

2.1.9 Indigenous People (OP 4.10) .......................................................... 2-4

2.1.10 Projects in Disputed Areas (OP 7.60) ............................................. 2-5

2.2 National Policy Framework ......................................................................... 2-5

2.3 The Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997 ................................... 2-6

2.4 Regulations for Environmental Assessment ............................................ 2-6

2.5 Guidelines for Environmental Assessment............................................... 2-7

2.6 National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) ................................. 2-7

2.7 Interaction with Other Agencies ................................................................. 2-8

2.8 Other Environment Related Statutes and Laws ........................................ 2-9

2.9 Conventions, Protocols, Agreements and Understandings at International Level ..................................................................................... 2-11

2.10 International Federation of Consulting Engineers (FIDIC) Clauses ..... 2-11


Frontier Highway Authority iv June 2011

3.0 Description of The Project ....................................................................... 3-1

3.1 Location ........................................................................................................ 3-1

3.2 Road Length ................................................................................................. 3-1

3.3 Existing Road Dimensions .......................................................................... 3-1

3.4 Drainage Structures ..................................................................................... 3-1

3.5 Link Roads .................................................................................................... 3-2

3.6 Scope of Work .............................................................................................. 3-2

3.7 Length–wise Description of the Project .................................................... 3-3

3.8 Existing Road Condition ............................................................................. 3-4

3.9 Design Criteria .............................................................................................. 3-6

3.10 Work and Material ........................................................................................ 3-6

3.10.1 Estimated Work / Major Work Items ................................................ 3-6

3.11 Raw Material Availability ........................................................................... 3-10

3.12 Machinery to be Used ................................................................................ 3-10

3.13 Equipment and Installations ..................................................................... 3-11

3.14 Construction Schedule .............................................................................. 3-11

3.15 Construction Logistics .............................................................................. 3-12

3.15.1 Work Base ..................................................................................... 3-12

3.15.2 Labor Supply ................................................................................. 3-12

3.15.3 Labor Camps ................................................................................. 3-12

3.15.4 Machinery Maintenance and Equipment Yards ............................ 3-12

3.15.5 Material Depots ............................................................................. 3-13

3.15.6 Machinery Repair Workshops ....................................................... 3-13

3.15.7 Approach to Work Bases ............................................................... 3-13

3.15.8 Petrol Pump and CNG Pump ........................................................ 3-13

3.15.9 Camp Offices ................................................................................. 3-13

3.15.10 Security Arrangements .................................................................. 3-13

3.15.11 Healthcare ..................................................................................... 3-13

3.15.12 Labor Reporting Office .................................................................. 3-14

3.15.13 Labor Transport ............................................................................. 3-14

3.15.14 Work Uniform and Health Safety Equipment ................................ 3-14

3.15.15 Signage ......................................................................................... 3-14

3.15.16 Lighting and Illumination ................................................................ 3-14

3.16 Safe Design Criteria ................................................................................... 3-15

3.17 Estimated Project Cost .............................................................................. 3-15

4.0 Baseline Study of Project Area ................................................................ 4-1

4.1 The Project Area of Impact ......................................................................... 4-1

4.2 Physical Environment.................................................................................. 4-1

4.2.1 Geography ....................................................................................... 4-1

4.2.2 Geology ........................................................................................... 4-3

4.2.3 Seismicity ........................................................................................ 4-3


Frontier Highway Authority v June 2011

4.2.4 Land Use ......................................................................................... 4-3

4.2.5 Water Resources ............................................................................. 4-4

4.2.6 Climate ............................................................................................ 4-5

4.2.7 Ambient Air Quality .......................................................................... 4-7

4.2.8 Noise Level ...................................................................................... 4-7

4.2.9 Minerals ........................................................................................... 4-8

4.2.10 Natural Event History....................................................................... 4-8

4.2.11 Physical Cultural Heritage ............................................................... 4-9

4.3 Biological Environment ............................................................................... 4-9

4.3.1 Fauna .............................................................................................. 4-9

4.3.2 Flora ................................................................................................ 4-9

4.3.3 Fish ................................................................................................ 4-10

4.3.4 Rangelands ................................................................................... 4-10

4.3.5 Protected Areas ............................................................................. 4-10

4.3.6 Endangered Species ..................................................................... 4-10

4.3.7 Forest ............................................................................................ 4-10

4.4 Social Environment .................................................................................... 4-10

4.4.1 Population ...................................................................................... 4-10

4.4.2 Community Structure ..................................................................... 4-11

4.4.3 Poverty Status ............................................................................... 4-12

4.4.4 Industries ....................................................................................... 4-13

4.4.5 Political Parties .............................................................................. 4-13

4.4.6 Marriages ....................................................................................... 4-13

4.4.7 Social Organization ....................................................................... 4-14

4.4.8 Custom of Cooperation ................................................................. 4-14

4.4.9 Religious Beliefs ............................................................................ 4-15

4.4.10 Conflict Resolution......................................................................... 4-15

4.4.11 Custom of Carrying Fire Arms ....................................................... 4-15

4.4.12 Role, Position and Status of Women ............................................. 4-16

4.4.13 Child Labor and Apprenticeship .................................................... 4-16

4.4.14 Services and Amenities Available in the Area ............................... 4-16

4.4.15 Tourism and Recreational Opportunities ....................................... 4-18

5.0 Analysis of Alternatives ........................................................................... 5-1

5.1 Road Alternatives ......................................................................................... 5-1

5.1.1 No Project Option / Worst Scenario Option ..................................... 5-1

5.1.2 Project Road to Follow Exactly the Existing Route with

No Alteration .................................................................................... 5-2

5.1.3 For the Double Carriageway Altogether a New Route is

Surveyed on Another Site ............................................................... 5-3

5.1.4 Project is Restricted to a Single Carriageway as Before ................. 5-3

5.1.5 Project as Proposed in Feasibility; Double Lane Road

with alterations where necessary .................................................... 5-4


Frontier Highway Authority vi June 2011

5.2 Logistic Sites ................................................................................................ 5-5

5.2.1 Siting of Contractor’s Facilities on State Land ................................ 5-5

5.2.2 Siting of Contractor’s Facilities on Private Lands ............................ 5-6

5.2.3 Siting the Contractor’s Facilities at Appropriate Site,

be it Public Land or Private Land .................................................... 5-7

5.3 Labor .......................................................................................................... 5-7

5.3.1 All Labor Local ................................................................................. 5-7

5.3.2 All Labor from Outside ..................................................................... 5-8

5.3.3 An Admixture of Local and Outside Labor as per Skill Required .... 5-8

5.4 Summary of Alternatives ............................................................................. 5-9

6.0 Stakeholder Consultation ........................................................................ 6-1

6.1 General .......................................................................................................... 6-1

6.2 Outcome of Stakeholders Consultation .................................................... 6-2

6.2.1 Highway Design ............................................................................... 6-2

6.2.2 Highway Construction ..................................................................... 6-2

6.2.3 Highway Operation .......................................................................... 6-3

6.3 Land Acquisition and Resettlement–Related Concerns .......................... 6-3

6.4 Addressing Stakeholders Concerns .......................................................... 6-4

6.4.1 Highway Design ............................................................................... 6-4

6.4.2 Highway Construction ..................................................................... 6-4

6.4.3 Highway Operation .......................................................................... 6-5

7.0 Environmental Impact Assessment and Mitigation Measures .............. 7-1

7.1 Potential Impact Sources ............................................................................ 7-1

7.2 Explanation of The Impact Assessment in Table 7.1 ............................... 7-8

7.2.1 Site for Disposal of Waste Construction Material ............................ 7-8

7.2.2 Landslides, Unstable Soil or Similar Unforeseen Conditions .......... 7-8

7.2.3 Location of Labor Camps, Material Depots, Equipment

Yards and Approach Roads ............................................................ 7-8

7.2.4 Any Natural Disasters Such as Heavy Rains, Floods and

Earthquakes .................................................................................... 7-9

7.2.5 Contamination from Diesel and Other Oil Spills from

Construction Machinery ................................................................... 7-9

7.2.6 Damage to Roads, Cross Drainages............................................. 7-10

7.2.7 Earthen Embankments or Concrete Work, Edge Scouring ........... 7-10

7.2.8 Release of Construction Water and Dumping of Soil .................... 7-10

7.2.9 Any Discharge, Spill or Dumping in Graveyards or Burials ........... 7-11

7.2.10 Impact of Borrowing Material from Earth Borrow Sites ................. 7-11

7.2.11 Impact on Roads/Infrastructure used for Transport of

Construction Materials including Asphalt, Bitumen ....................... 7-11

7.2.12 Impact of Stone Quarrying ............................................................ 7-12

7.2.13 Soil Compaction due to Labor Camps and Machinery Yards ....... 7-12

7.2.14 Impact of Sourcing of Construction Water .................................... 7-12


Frontier Highway Authority vii June 2011

7.2.15 Impacts on Surface Water ............................................................. 7-12

7.2.16 Source of Drinking Water .............................................................. 7-13

7.2.17 Diesel and other fluids spilling or leakages from construction

machinery ...................................................................................... 7-13

7.2.18 Protection of Construction Work from Floods ............................... 7-13

7.2.19 Obstructing the Flow of Streams ................................................... 7-14

7.2.20 Effect on Surface Flow Conditions ................................................ 7-14

7.2.21 Dust and gaseous Emissions from Construction

Machinery or Asphalt Plants .......................................................... 7-14

7.2.22 Dust or Other Pollutions from Stored Material and Spoil Keeps ... 7-14

7.2.23 Smoke from Burning of Waste Material or Burning Firewood ....... 7-15

7.2.24 Noise ............................................................................................. 7-15

7.2.25 Impact on Any Stream or Water Body ........................................... 7-15

7.2.26 Damage to Biological Resources (Flora and Fauna) .................... 7-15

7.2.27 Damage to Fish and Fisheries ...................................................... 7-16

7.2.28 Aquiaition of Private Assets and compensation ............................ 7-16

7.2.29 Temporary Land Acquisition .......................................................... 7-20

7.2.30 Infrastructure within RoW .............................................................. 7-21

7.2.31 Increased Risk of Accidents Caused by Partial Closure

of Road During Construction ......................................................... 7-21

7.2.32 Safety and Health Hazards ........................................................... 7-22

7.2.33 Restricted Mobility of Local Population ......................................... 7-22

7.2.34 Gender Issues ............................................................................... 7-23

7.2.35 Social Conflicts and Employment of Locals on the Project ........... 7-23

7.2.36 Rise in the Prices of Essential Commodities ................................. 7-24

7.2.37 Use of Local Water Supplies and Other Common Resources ...... 7-24

7.2.38 Adverse Effects on Archaeological Sites ...................................... 7-25

7.2.39 Graveyards .................................................................................... 7-25

7.2.40 Spread of HIV/AIDS amongst the Project Labor and Adjoining

Population ...................................................................................... 7-25

7.2.41 Recreational Facilities for Public ................................................... 7-26

7.2.42 Operational and Management Phase............................................ 7-26

7.2.43 Socioeconomic Impacts on the Overall Project Area .................... 7-26

8.0 Environmental Management Plan ........................................................... 8-1

8.1 General .......................................................................................................... 8-1

8.2 Mitigation through Avoidance of Adverse Impacts by Suitable Design .......................................................................................................... 8-1

8.3 Tender and Construction Phase ................................................................. 8-1

8.3.1 Impact Reduction Measures ............................................................ 8-1

8.3.2 Pre–Tender Conference .................................................................. 8-3

8.3.3 Pre Construction Coordination Meeting .......................................... 8-4

8.4 Operational Phase – Management of Operational Impact ....................... 8-4

8.5 Management of Social Impacts .................................................................. 8-4


Frontier Highway Authority viii June 2011

8.6 Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring Plan (EMMP) .......................... 8-4

8.7 Visits / Inspection Authorization ................................................................ 8-6

8.8 Roles and Responsibilities ......................................................................... 8-7

8.8.1 Management Responsibility ............................................................ 8-7

8.9 Institutional Arrangements ....................................................................... 8-12

8.9.1 Reporting and Supervision ............................................................ 8-13

8.10 Mitigation Plans .......................................................................................... 8-14

8.11 Environmental Monitoring ........................................................................ 8-31

8.11.1 Compliance Monitoring .................................................................. 8-31

8.11.2 Effects Monitoring .......................................................................... 8-31

8.11.3 Third Party Monitoring ................................................................... 8-31

8.12 Environmental and Social Trainings ........................................................ 8-34

8.13 Environmental and Socailmanagement Budget ..................................... 8-35

8.14 Recommendations ..................................................................................... 8-36

8.14.1 Avoidance ...................................................................................... 8-36

8.14.2 Contractor’s Obligations ................................................................ 8-36

8.14.3 Social Frame Work Agreement (SFA) ........................................... 8-41

8.14.4 Social Frame Work Agreement ..................................................... 8-42

8.14.5 Operational Manual ....................................................................... 8-45

Appendix – A: Bibliography


Frontier Highway Authority ix June 2011

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1.1: Environmental and Social Assessment Process ................... 1-2

Table 2.1: Selected NEQS for Waste Effluents ...................................... 2-12

Table 2.2: NEQS For Industrial Gaseous Emissions ............................. 2-13

Table 2.3: National Environmental Quality Standards for Ambient Air ............................................................................ 2-14

Table 2.4: NEQS for Motor Vehicles Exhaust and Noise ...................... 2-15

Table 2.5: National Standards for Drinking Water Quality .................... 2-17

Table 2.6: National Environmental Quality Standards for Noise ......... 2-18

Table 3.1: Key Project Features / Structures ........................................... 3-2

Table 3.2: Main Features along the Alignment ........................................ 3-3

Table 3.3: Design Criteria .......................................................................... 3-6

Table 3.4: Estimated Work ........................................................................ 3-6

Table 3.5: Construction Material Requirement ........................................ 3-7

Table 3.6: Raw Material Availability ........................................................ 3-10

Table 3.7: Machinery Requirement ......................................................... 3-10

Table 3.8: Equipment and Installation .................................................... 3-11

Table 3.9: Illustrative Distribution of Labor ............................................ 3-12

Table 4.1: Land Utilization Statistics of District Swat, 2007–2008 .......... 4-3

Table 4.2:: Laboratory Analysis Report of Ground Water Sample from Kabal ................................................................... 4-5

Table 4.3: Laboratory Analysis Report of Ground Water Sample from Kanju ................................................................................ 4-5

Table 4.4: Monthly Temperature, Rainfall and Relative Humidity ........... 4-6

Table 4.5: Ambient Air Monitored Data .................................................... 4-7

Table 4.6: Noise Levels Monitored at Kabal Chowk, Swat ...................... 4-7

Table 4.7: Noise Levels Monitored at Kanju Chowk, Swat ...................... 4-8

Table 4.8: Population Composition of the Project Area ........................ 4-12

Table 6.1: Summary of Public Consultations ........................................... 6-1

Table 7.1: Evaluation of Environmental and Social Impacts................... 7-2

Table 7.2: Categories of Encroachers (Households) ............................. 7-17

Table 7.3: Loss of Structures .................................................................. 7-17

Table 7.4: Valuation of Privately Owned Affected Structures / Assets ..................................................................................... 7-18

Table 7.5: Trees to Be Removed from The RoW .................................... 7-19

Table 8.1: Minimum Monitoring Plan ........................................................ 8-5

Table 8.2: Environmental Impacts during Construction Phase ............ 8-14

Table 8.3: Social Impacts ........................................................................ 8-23


Frontier Highway Authority x June 2011

Table 8.4: Operational Phase .................................................................. 8-30

Table 8.5 : Effects Monitoring Plan .......................................................... 8-32

Table 8.6: Environmental and Social Trainings ..................................... 8-34

Table 8.7: Cost Estimates for Environmental Management .................. 8-35

Table 8.8: Resettlement Cost .................................................................. 8-35

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1: Project Area Location ............................................................... 1-4

Figure 1.2: Project Location Map ............................................................... 1-5

Figure 3.1: Pictorial View of Project Road ................................................. 3-4

Figure 3.2: Typical Cross Section of Road in Builtup Area ...................... 3-8

Figure 3.3: Typical Cross Section of Road in Rural Area ......................... 3-9

Figure 4.1: Topographical Map of Project Road Section .......................... 4-2

Figure 8.1: Organogram for Implementation of EMP .............................. 8-13


Frontier Highway Authority xi June 2011

LIST OF ACRONYMS

AASHTO American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials

ACE Associated Consulting Engineers

ACI American Concrete Institute

ADB Asian Development Bank

AIDS Acquired immune deficiency syndrome

ASTM American Society for Testing and Material

BHU Basic Health Unit

BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand

BOQ Bill of Quantities

COD Chemical Oxygen Demand

COI Corridor of Impact

DDE Deputy Director Environment

DEMM Donors Environmental Monitoring Mission

EA Environmental Assessment

EIA Environmental Impact Assessment

EIRR Economic Internal Rate of Return

EMMP Environment Mitigation and Monitoring Plan

EMP Environment Management Plan

EPC Environmental Protection Council

ESC Environmental Supervision Consultant

FHA Frontier Highways Authority

FIDIC Fédération Internationale Des Ingénieurs-Conseils

(International Federation of Consulting Engineers)

GoKP Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

GoP Government of Pakistan

HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus

HSE Health Safety Equipment

IEE Initial Environmental Examination

IEM Independent Environmental Monitor

ISMZ Indus Suture Melange Zone

JUI Jamiat–i–Ulmai–Islam

KP Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

M&E Monitoring and Evaluation

MBT Main Boundary Thrust

MDTF Multi Donor Trust Fund

MMT Main Mantle Thrust

NCS National Conservation Strategy

NDIR Non Dispersive Infra Red

NEQs National Environment Quality Standards

NGOs Non–Government Organizations

NHA National Highway Authority

NOC No Objection Certificate


Frontier Highway Authority xii June 2011

NWFP North West Frontier Province

O&M Operation and Maintenance

OP Operational Policy

Pak–EPA Pakistan Environment Protection Agency

PCO Public Call Office

PEPA Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency

PEPC Pakistan Environment Protection Council

PHED Public Health Engineering Department

PKR Pak Rupees

PM Project Manager

PMC Project Management

PMAP Pakhtunkhwa Milli Awami Party

PML Pakistan Muslim League

PPC Pakistan Penal Code

PPE Personal Protective Equipment

PPP Pakistan People’s Party

PR Public Relations

PSDP Public Sector Development Project

PSQCA Pakistan Standards Quality Control Authority

PTCL Pakistan Telecommunication Limited

PTV Pakistan Television

RE Resident Engineer

RoW Right of Way

SFA Social Framework Agreement

SPM Suspended Particulate Matter

UBC Uniform Building Code

VOC Vehicle Operating Cost

WAPDA Water and Power Development Authority

WB World Bank

WHO World Health Organization

XEN Executive Engineer


Frontier Highway Authority xiii June 2011

Executive Summary

This document presents the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) of the 10.5 km

long segment of Chakdara – Madyan Road, which runs almost parallel to River Swat on

its right bank, in the Swat District of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) province of Pakistan. The

road was partly damaged and destroyed during recent war with Taliban. To rehabilitate

and upgrade the road, different international agencies have committed financial

assistance to the Government of Pakistan (GoP); the World Bank (WB) is one of them.

The WB will provide financial resources for construction / up-gradation and rehabilitation

of 10.5 km long segment of road between Sharifabad and Kanju towns. The present EIA

has been conducted in response to the national environmental protection laws and the

WB environmental safeguard policies.

The proposed project includes rehabilitation and up gradation of 10.5 km two-lane road

having a width of about 12 m along with the repair/construction of six bridges, 45

culverts, side drain and associated infrastructure. Major beneficiaries of this road project

will be the communities from towns and villages of Sharifabad, Daggay, Ajmer Abad,

Kabal, Ali Grama and Kanju. The project will add to infrastructural development of the

immediate area and will play a positive role towards poverty alleviation of the whole

extended area of the influence of the road. When this part of the road is connected with

other parts of road, around 70,000 people will benefit directly and above 200,000 people

will be impacted positively in the extended project area.

This project will be completed in about two years at a total cost of Rs. 680 million. For

design, execution and maintenance, the project has been assigned to Frontier Highways

Authority (FHA), who have engaged Associated Consulting Engineers (ACE) as their

Consultants.

As a part of this EIA study, primary as well as secondary data have been collected

through field surveys, public consultation and literature research. Consultations have

also been carried out with FHA sources, the World Bank and related government

departments. Screening and scoping of the study has been carried out before preparing

the Environment Management Plan (EMP). Women consultations have also been

carried out through elderly village leaders and also with the women of the area to create

a gender balance.

Included in the study is an overview of Pakistan National Conservation Strategy (NCS),

Pakistan Environmental Protection Act 1997, Environmental Safeguards of the World

Bank and related regulations and protocols related to this study.

The road corridor passes through the Peshawar Basin which is partly hilly and partly flat.

The road section under the proposed project passes through comparatively flat valley.

The corridor is located in the watershed of Swat river which itself flows into the Kabul

river. Climatically the area has cold winter and relatively mild summers. Rainfall is mainly


Frontier Highway Authority xiv June 2011

received during monsoons and spring. The river Swat receives flash floods periodically.

Extremely cold winds blow during winters. Ambient air is generally clean.

Major flora of the area include chir, shisham, mulberry, bakain, eucalyptus, rulinia and

kao. The valley is suitable for fruit gardens such as guava, peaches and plums. Main

fauna include jackals, foxes, porcupines, jungle cats, hare, rats and some common

birds. There are no protected areas or endangered species in the area.

There is no industry in the area. Agriculture is restricted to comparatively flat areas or

terraces. Jirga system is still the most dependable social unit. Almost 100 percent

population is Muslims. Women form a less favored section of the society. Child labor is

common.

Analysis of alternatives has shown that project as proposed in feasibility i.e. double

carriageway with suitable readjustments where necessary, is the best option of all. It has

an Economic Internal Rate of Return (EIRR) of about 30 percent. Logistically, the best

option is to locate all facilities of the contractor on the State land. Best alternative from

labor point of view is an admixture 100 percent unskilled local labor, 50 percent of

semiskilled local labor and free choice of technical workers.

The stakeholder consultations have been carried out by meeting all important officials of

Mingora, Kabal, Sharifabad and Kanju, as well as local community to obtain an overall

feedback about the project and its potential impacts.

The present EIA has shown the possibility of mitigation of all adverse impacts. It is seen

that construction related impacts are likely to be related to contractor’s work practices,

cooperation between contractor and local communities, inclusion of EIA prescriptions in

the project management and a good Social Framework Agreement (SFA).

A comprehensive EMP has been prepared accompanied by an effective Environment

Management Monitoring Plan (EMMP) and supported by an institutional arrangement.

That EMP and EMMP will be made an integral part of the tender, bid and contract

documents. A system of contractor’s non–compliances / violations has been prescribed

and linked with Contractor’s bill payment.

The total cost of managing the environmental and social aspects, including the

resettlement, has been estimated to be about Pak Rs. 28.4 Million.

This EIA has shown that potentially negative impacts associated with the proposed

project are mostly moderate and reversible in nature, and can be easily addressed with

the help of appropriately designed and effectively implemented mitigation measures

proposed in this report.


Frontier Highway Authority 1-1 June 2011

1.0 Introduction

This document presents the Environmental Impact Assessment of the 10.5 km

long segment of Chakdara – Madyan Road, which runs almost parallel to River

Swat on its right bank, in Swat District of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) province of

Pakistan.

1.1 Project Overview

Road from Chakdara to Madyan was completely destroyed over a length of

95 km due to activities of insurgents and counter action by Pakistan Army. Of

that the World Bank agreed to finance the upgradation and rehabilitation of a

section from km-30+424 to km-40+924, a length of 10.5 km from Sharifabad to

Kanju. The design, execution and supervision of this road have been entrusted to

Frontier Highways Authority (FHA) at a cost of Rs. 680.33 Million. This road

would run on the right bank of River Swat and join N–95 over Sur Pull (Red

Bridge) at Madyan, with N–95 located on the left bank of the river. Immediate

beneficiaries of the road will be towns of Sharifabad, Daggay, Ajmerabad, Kabal,

Ali Grama and Kanju, having a population of 70,000 people along the corridor of

impact (COI). As the road will connect together the other two parts of Chakdara –

Madyan Road, more than 200,000 people living all along the extended project

area will also be benefited. This will provide a solace and opportunities to a large

part of the war affected communities (see location maps in Figures – 1.1 and

1.2).

1.2 Implementation

Sharifabad – Kanju Section of Chakdara – Madyan Road will be sponsored by

Government of KP (GoKP) with the financial assistance of the World Bank (WB)

through Multi Donor Trust Fund (MDTF). The designing, execution and

management will be the responsibility of Frontier Highways Authority (FHA), who

have engaged Associated Consulting Engineers (ACE) as their Consultants. The

funds will be channeled through the Public Sector Development Project (PSDP)

of the GoKP. The World Bank will support the project under the

emergency operations and all efforts are being made to facilitate its early

implementation on a top priority basis.

1.3 Basic Features of the Proposed Project

The scope of Sharifabad – Kanju Upgradation / Rehabilitation Project has

following major features:

(i) Road Reconstruction / Rehabilitation over 10.5 km section

(ii) Side drain on hill side



(iii) Side Drain in Built-up area

(iv) Retaining walls on river side

(v) Guardrail for embankments higher than 3 meters

(vi) Appropriate signs and road markings

(vii) Passenger sheds and benches

(viii) Pedestrian and bridal paths to be accommodated

(ix) The present single lane road will become double lane road

(x) Infrastructure e.g. drainage, crossing stream culverts or causeways and

other facilities will be rehabilitated

(xi) Staff will be trained to manage the modern highway.

1.4 Study Methodology

As a part of EIA Study, primary and secondary data were collected through field

surveys, public consultations and literature research. Consulted were the FHA

sources, World Bank literature, Meteorological Department, Soil Survey of

Pakistan Global Environmental Laboratory, Statistical Survey of Pakistan,

departments of Forestry, Wildlife and Fisheries and Communication and Works

Department of GoKP. Major data which became available from these sources

were land use, soil and physiography, traffic and noise level, surface and ground

water quality, and biodiversity. In addition, the data on social and economic

factors prevailing in Swat in general and in the project area in particular were

available from Pakistan Statistical Year Book, District Gazetteer and Economic

Survey of Pakistan.

For social data of nearby communities, a structured survey was conducted. For

Rapid Rural Survey of the area another questionnaire was used. For information

on any resettlement issues, a separate stand alone study has been carried out,

and its key findings have been incorporated under social impact assessment.

1.4.1 Environmental Assessment Process

The environmental assessment was carried out according to the process given in

Table 1.1.

Table 1.1: Environmental and Social Assessment Process

Phase Activities Status Responsibility

Screening and

Scoping

Reconnaissance and

initial site visit and

consultations,

identification of issues &

applicable safeguard

Carried out

during the

present EIA

Project

Management (PM)

Consultants



Phase Activities Status Responsibility

policy, categorization and

working out an action

plan.

EMP

Preparation

Women consultation Carried out

during/prepared

as part of the

present EIA

PM Consultants Draft EMP

Draft SFA

Disclosure and

SFA

Agreement

Disclosure of Draft EMP

and SFA

Pending till final

approval of

project. Draft

SFA ready

FHA and

communities

assisted by PM

Consultant

Signing of SFA

Pending till the

commencement

of the project.

FHA and

communities

assisted by PM

Consultant

Final EMP Final version of EMP

produced

Included in the

present EIA. PM Consultants

Implementation

and Monitoring

Monitoring and Reporting

on Environmental and

Social Mitigation

Will be carried

out during

construction and

operational

phase.

FHA, RE, PM

Consultant and

communities



Figure 1.1: Project Area Location

SWAT VALLEY

Renamed as Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province

in recent past

Tribal Area



Figure 1.2: Project Location Map

MADYAN

CHAKDARA

KANJU

SHARIFABAD

MDTF Sponsored Section

Length: 10.5 Km.



1.4.2 Field Surveys

A well trained local team of three experts carried out field survey. They undertook

two phase consultation program, as described below.

Phase–I comprised of the meetings and discussions with local and regional

officials. Meetings with officials facilitated achieving multiple and diverse

objectives such as:

Provision of forum for the initial definition of critical environmental issues.

Establishment of their interpretation as official stake holders, the key

sector development issues and linkage to the environmental and social

development.

Confirmation of the suitability of initial list of communities selected for

consultation.

Phase–II involved the understanding of a program of a semi–structured

discussion in communities in the project area of influence. The program included

both community discussion and discussion with women only by women

organization.

1.4.3 Women Consultations

Rural society in Sharifabad – Kanju tract of Swat District is highly conservative

where direct access to women for social surveys like this is not possible. The

community elders and aged women in selected localities who would not like their

names to be recorded, women consultation was carried out according to the

Gender Issue Study, commissioned by EPA and ADB and is considered to be an

essential part of project preparation. The ADB studies overlap those required out

of the current study, which also include the ―Gender Impact Assessment‖.

Accordingly six meetings were held with women in different parts of the project,

three through village elders and three through women teachers.

1.5 The Study Objectives

The ultimate objective of the study is to make the project environmentally

responsible and socially acceptable. The specific objectives of this study can be

identified as follows:

To collect the baseline data on physical biological and socio–economic

conditions of the project area.

To carryout environmental and social assessment including the

supporting administrative and legal framework of the proposed highway.



To identify mitigation measures of the potential environmental and

noticeable impacts and proposing impacts.

To propose institutional responsibilities and methods of monitoring the

mitigation measures and monitoring procedures.

To prepare Environmental Management Plan.

1.6 Project Classification

The project only involves upgradation and rehabilitation of an existing road along

an existing route over 10.5 km with no major changes in the Right of Way (RoW)

of road in an area with little environmental and/or social sensitivity. Therefore, the

project falls in Category ―B‖ according to the World Bank’s Operational Policies.

1.7 The Report Structure

This EIA document is structured as follows:

Chapter – 1: Introduction containing general information about the project and

process of carrying out the study.

Chapter – 2: Legislative and Policy Framework describes the policy, laws and

regulations governing this EIA.

Chapter – 3: The Project Description describes an overall details of the works

to be done.

Chapter – 4: The Baseline Study gives information on Physical, Biological and

Social conditions collected through survey of the Project Area.

Chapter – 5: Analysis of Alternatives describes and analyses various

alternatives to establish the feasibility of the modernization and construction of

double lane road.

Chapter – 6: Public Consultation and Disclosure explains the process of

public consultation and disclosure of the report at District Council Office as well

as important public library(s). It makes this document a legal public document.

Chapter – 7: Environmental Impact Assessment identifies various

environmental impacts and their suggested mitigations. This makes the basis of

the Environment Management Plan.

Chapter – 8: Environment Management Plan (EMP) contains comprehensive

prescriptions regarding environmental impacts and their mitigation. This also

includes institutional arrangements and Environmental Management Monitoring

Plan. This chapter is included in the Tender as well as the Contract Document. A

draft Social Framework Agreement (SFA) has also been suggested.



2.0 Policy, Law and Protocols

This Chapter provides an overview of the policy framework, national legislation

and international protocols applicable to the project. The project is expected to

comply with the national legislation relating to environment in Pakistan and to

obtain all regulatory clearances required. The project at the same time has to

conform to the operational manuals of the donor and the environmental

safeguards provided therein.

2.1 The World Bank Safeguard Policies

The World Bank is the donor for this project. Therefore, it is obligatory for FHA to

abide by the World Bank safeguard policies, which are discussed below:

2.1.1 Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01)

The World Bank requires environmental assessment (EA) of projects proposed

for Bank financing to help ensure that they are environmentally sound and

sustainable, and thus to improve decision making.1 The OP defines the EA

process and various types of the EA instruments.

The proposed project consists of activities which have environmental and social

consequences, including:

Deterioration of air quality,

Water contamination and consumption,

Damage to top soil, land erosion,

Safety hazard.

Since none of the potential impacts of the project are likely to be large scale,

unprecedented and/or irreversible, the project has been classified as Category B,

in accordance with OP 4.01. Furthermore, the present environmental

assessment has been carried out in accordance with this OP, to identify the

extent and consequences of these impacts, and to develop an EMP for their

mitigation.

2.1.2 Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12)

The WB’s experience indicates that involuntary resettlement under development

projects, if unmitigated, often gives rise to severe economic, social, and

environmental risks: production systems are dismantled; people face

1 Excerpts from WB OP 4.12. WB Operational Manual. January 1999.



impoverishment when their productive assets or income sources are lost; people

are relocated to environments where their productive skills may be less

applicable and the competition for resources greater; community institutions and

social networks are weakened; kin groups are dispersed; and cultural identity,

traditional authority, and the potential for mutual help are diminished or lost. This

policy includes safeguards to address and mitigate these impoverishment risks.2

The overall objectives of the Policy are given below.

Involuntary resettlement should be avoided where feasible, or

minimized, exploring all viable alternative project designs.

Where it is not feasible to avoid resettlement, resettlement activities

should be conceived and executed as sustainable development

programs, providing sufficient investment resources to enable the

persons displaced by the project to share in project benefits.

Displaced persons should be meaningfully consulted and should have

opportunities to participate in planning and implementing resettlement

programs.

Displaced persons should be assisted in their efforts to improve their

livelihoods and standards of living or at least to restore them, in real

terms, to pre-displacement levels or to levels prevailing prior to the

beginning of project implementation, whichever is higher.

The resettlement impacts of the project will be managed in accordance with this

OP and a Resettlement Action Plan will be prepared.

2.1.3 Forestry (OP 4.36)

The objective of this Policy is to assist the WB’s borrowers to harness the

potential of forests to reduce poverty in a sustainable manner, integrate forests

effectively into sustainable economic development, and protect the vital local and

global environmental services and values of forests.

None of the project components would be located inside any forested areas.

Hence the OP 4.36 is not triggered.

2.1.4 Natural Habitat (OP 4.04)

The conservation of natural habitats, like other measures that protect and

enhance the environment, is essential for long-term sustainable development.

2 Excerpts from WB OP 4.12. WB Operational Manual. December 2001.



The Bank therefore supports the protection, maintenance, and rehabilitation of

natural habitats and their functions … 3

All of the proposed project components would be located in areas where the

natural habitat has already been significantly modified, as a result of road

construction and associated activities. Therefore the OP 4.04 is not triggered for

the proposed project.

2.1.5 Pest Management (OP 4.09)

Through this OP, the WB supports a strategy that promotes the use of biological

or environmental control methods and reduces reliance on synthetic chemical

pesticides. This OP is not relevant since the Project does not involve purchase or

use of pesticides or fertilizers.

2.1.6 Safety of Dams (OP 4.37)

The Policy seeks to ensure that appropriate measures are taken and sufficient

resources provided for the safety of dams the WB finances. However this OP is

not relevant since the proposed project does not involve construction of dams.

2.1.7 Projects on International Waterways (OP 7.50)

This OP defines the procedure to be followed for projects the WB finances that

are located on any water body that forms a boundary between, or flows through

two or more states. However, no project components will be located on any such

waterways, hence this OP is not triggered.

2.1.8 Cultural Property (OP 4.11)

The World Bank’s general policy regarding cultural properties is to assist in their

preservation, and to seek to avoid their elimination. The specific aspects of the

Policy are given below. 4

The Bank normally declines to finance projects that will significantly

damage non-replicable cultural property, and will assist only those

projects that are sited or designed so as to prevent such damage.

The Bank will assist in the protection and enhancement of cultural

properties encountered in Bank-financed projects, rather than leaving

that protection to chance. In some cases, the project is best relocated

in order that sites and structures can be preserved, studied, and

restored intact in situ. In other cases, structures can be relocated,

3 Excerpts from WB OP 4.04. WB Operational Manual. June 2001.

4 Excerpts from the OP 11.03. WB Operational Manual. September 1986.



preserved, studied, and restored on alternate sites. Often, scientific

study, selective salvage, and museum preservation before destruction

is all that is necessary. Most such projects should include the training

and strengthening of institutions entrusted with safeguarding a

nation’s cultural patrimony. Such activities should be directly included

in the scope of the project, rather than being postponed for some

possible future action, and the costs are to be internalized in

computing overall project costs.

Deviations from this policy may be justified only where expected

project benefits are great, and the loss of or damage to cultural

property is judged by competent authorities to be unavoidable, minor,

or otherwise acceptable. Specific details of the justification should be

discussed in project documents.

This policy pertains to any project in which the Bank is involved,

irrespective of whether the Bank is itself financing the part of the

project that may affect cultural property.

Since the project activities will be carried out along an existing road, it is unlikely

that any sites of cultural, archeological, historical, or religious significance will be

affected. However, in case of discovery of any such sites or artifacts during the

project implementation, the work will be stopped at that site. The provisions of

this Policy will be followed. Additionally, the provincial and federal archeological

departments will be notified immediately, and their advice sought before

resumption of the construction activities at such sites.

2.1.9 Indigenous People (OP 4.10)

For purposes of this policy, the term ―Indigenous Peoples‖ is used in a generic

sense to refer to a distinct, vulnerable, social and cultural group possessing the

following characteristics in varying degrees:5

self-identification as members of a distinct indigenous cultural group

and recognition of this identity by others;

collective attachment to geographically distinct habitats or ancestral

territories in the project area and to the natural resources in these

habitats and territories;

customary cultural, economic, social, or political institutions that are

separate from those of the dominant society and culture; and

an indigenous language, often different from the official language of

the country or region.

5 Excerpts from the OP 4.10. WB Operational Manual. July 2005.



The OP defines the process to be followed if the project affects the indigenous

people.

No indigenous people - with a social and cultural identity distinct from the

dominant society that makes them vulnerable to being disadvantaged in the

development process – are known to exist in the District. Therefore this OP is not

triggered.

However if such groups are identified during the project implementation, the

proponents will develop an Indigenous People Development Plan, in compliance

with the OP and get it approved by the Bank.

2.1.10 Projects in Disputed Areas (OP 7.60)

Projects in disputed areas may raise a number of delicate problems affecting

relations not only between the Bank and its member countries, but also between

the borrower and one or more neighboring countries. In order not to prejudice the

position of either the Bank or the countries concerned, any dispute over an area

in which a proposed project is located is dealt with at the earliest possible stage.

The Bank may proceed with a project in a disputed area if the governments

concerned agree that, pending the settlement of the dispute, the project

proposed for country A should go forward without prejudice to the claims of

country B.6

This OP is not triggered since no part of the Punjab Province is located in any

disputed territory.

2.2 National Policy Framework

The Pakistan National Conservation Strategy (NCS) that was approved by the

federal cabinet in March 1992, is the principal policy document on environment

issues in the country. The NCS outlines the country’s primary approach towards

encouraging the sustainable development concerning natural resources and

management of the resources. The NCS has 68 specific programs in 14 core

areas in which policy investment is considered crucial for preservation of

Pakistan’s natural and physical environment. The core areas that are relevant in

the context of the project are pollution prevention and abatement concerning

biodiversity, supporting land, water and air resources and preservation of the

physical cultural heritage.

The organizations, Pakistan Environment Protection Council (PEPC) and the

Pakistan Environment Protection Agency (Pak – EPA) are primarily responsible

6 Excerpts from the OP 7.60. WB Operational Manual. November 1994.



for administering the provisions of the Pakistan Environmental Protection Act

1997. The PEPC overseas the functioning of Pak – EPA. Its members consist of

representatives of the government, industry, non–government organizations

(NGOs) and private sector. The Pak – EPA has to ensure compliance with

National Environment Quality Standards (NEQs) and establish monitoring and

evaluation system. As the primary implementation agency in the hierarchy, it is

responsible for identifying the need, as well as inviting the legislature, to make

laws whenever necessary. The Pak – EPA is also authorized to delegate powers

to the provincial counter parts, the provincial Environmental Protection Agencies

(EPAs). One of the functions delegated by the Pak – EPA to provincial EPAs is

the review and approval of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Reports of

the projects undertaken in their respective jurisdictions.

2.3 The Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997

The Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997, empowers the Pak-EPA to:

Develop guidelines for conducting the Initial Environmental Examination

(IEE) and Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) studies and

procedures for the submission, review and approval of the same.

Develop environmental emission standards for various parameters such

as water and noise.

Enforce the provisions of the Environment Protection Act 1997 through

environmental protection order and environmental tribunals headed by

magistrates with wide ranging powers including the right to impose fine

for violence against the Environment Protection Act 1997.

Under the provisions of the Environment Protection Act 1997, the Pak-EPA has

empowered the four provincial EPAs to manage the environmental concerns of

their respective provinces. The provincial EPAs can frame environmental

regulations tailored for the requirements of the province provided that these

regulations meet or exceed the minimum standards set by Pak – EPA. They are

also at time required to review and approve EIAs of all development projects

undertaken in the respective province, including those projects which are

implemented by federal agencies. This EIA will therefore fall in the purview of

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa EPA.

2.4 Regulations for Environmental Assessment

Under Section 12 of Environmental Protection Act 1997, a project falling under

any category specified in Schedule I (SRO 339, 10/2000) requires proponent to

file an Initial Environment Examination (IEE) report with concerned provincial or

federal agency (Pak – EPA). Projects falling under any category specified in

schedule the proponent will submit an EIA with the Provincial Agency. Within 10



working days of IEE or EIA having been deposited, the empowered agency will

confirm that the document submitted is complete for the purpose of review.

During this time should the empowered agency require the proponent for

revision, clearly citing those aspects that need further discussion the proponent

will carry out necessary revision. Subsequently, the federal agency will make

every effort to complete process for an IEE review within 40 days and an EIA

within 90 days of filing.

Pak – EPA regulation (SRO 339(1)/2000) states that an IEE is required for

federal or provincial projects (except in case of maintenance, rebuilding or

reconstruction case) with a total cost of less than 45 million. An EIA on the other

hand is required for federal or provincial project (except in the cases of

maintenance, rebuilding or reconstruction) with a total cost of 50 million or more.

EIAs are also required where projects are to be implemented in environmentally

sensitive areas, or are likely to cause adverse environmental effects.

Recognizing that the Pak – EPA has delegated powers to provincial EPAs to

enforce the provision of Environment Protection Act 1997, wherever required an

EIA must be submitted to the provincial agencies in whose jurisdiction the project

falls. In the instant case the EIA will be submitted to Khyber Pakhtunkhwa EPA

as FHA is implementing the project as a provincial agency.

2.5 Guidelines for Environmental Assessment

Pak – EPA has published a set of environmental guidelines for preparation and

review of environmental reports which include the nature of information to be

included in the project. These guidelines have been followed in combination with

the World Bank Guidelines, while preparing this report.

2.6 National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS)

The National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQs) specify the following

standards:

Maximum allowable contamination of pollutants (32 parameters) in

emission and liquid industrial effluents discharged to inland water.

Maximum allowable concentration of pollutant (16 parameters) in

gaseous emission from sources other than vehicles.

Maximum allowable concentration of pollutants in gaseous emissions

from vehicle exhaust and noise emission from vehicles.

Maximum allowable noise level from vehicles.



Ambient noise standards

Ambient air quality standards.

These standards apply to gaseous emissions and liquid effluents discharged by

batching plants, asphalt plants, camp sites, construction machinery, and

vehicles. The standards for vehicle will apply during the construction as well as

operational phase of the project.

These NEQS are presented in Tables 2.1 to 2.7.

2.7 Interaction with Other Agencies

For roads like this project is responsibility of FHA on behalf of the provincial

government Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The FHA is therefore responsible for ensuring

the implementation, controlling and monitoring of the environmental concerns of

the road at preconstruction, construction and the operational stage. In doing so,

the FHA will have interactions with a large number of organizations and

government departments. Some of those are as follows:

Federal EPA and Provincial EPA

Mainly it will be Khyber Pakhtunkhwa – EPA to receive and process the

EIA.

Provincial Departments of Forestry, Wildlife and Fisheries

It is expected that project implementation will require a limited clearances

of vegetation or trees in the RoW of the road. Also no major upset is

going to be caused to any wildlife or fisheries areas. But it is possible that

while making diversions, establishing machinery yards or setting up labor

camps, these departments come in contact and an NOC from them

becomes necessary. Also during resettlement the assessment of

compensation for trees will have to be endorsed by the Forest

Department.

Provincial Land Revenue Department

Under the constitution of Pakistan, all matters relating to land use and

land ownership are a provincial subject. The provincial revenue

department of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is empowered to carryout the

acquisition of private land or any built up property for public purposes. For

making a double road, straightening the curves, making diversions,

establishing labor camps and setting up machinery yards some temporary



land acquisition and resettlement of families may have to be undertaken.

For all doing that, assistance from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Land Revenue

Department will be inevitable.

Local Government and Municipalities

If during resettlement or mitigating an environmental hazard, a conflict

situation may emerge, it will become necessary for the project proponents

to contact the union council, local government and / or municipalities.

Police Department / Levies

To cool down any law and order situation and to ensure security

assistance from the police and the levies may be necessitated. It is

advisable that these departments are pre–alerted about the security

requirements.

2.8 Other Environment Related Statutes and Laws

This section outlines statutes apart from Pakistan Environment Protection Act,

1997, which are relevant to this project:

The Constitution of Pakistan 1973

It contains concurrent legislative powers to federation and provinces to

legislate in respect of environment and ecology (Article 142(b), Clause

24). Any gaps in the environmental law can be referred to National as well

as the provincial assembly for passage of an appropriate law.

Pakistan Penal Code (PPC)

It treats pollution and destruction of ecology as a mischief and makes it a

public offence. The PPC further prohibits corrupting and fouling water,

any public spring, reservoir or river or rendering it less fit for the purpose

for which it is ordinarily used.

The Drainage Act 1973

The Act binds the public water users to restore the environment of the

water bodies, should there be any damage by the community in any way.



Local Government Ordinance 1979

The ordinance empowers Zila Councils to control environmental pollution

by preparing and implementing appropriate schemes to protect air, water

and land in their respective jurisdictions.

The West Pakistan Fisheries Act 1961

The Fisheries Act requires protection of public waters as habitat of fish

and other aquatic life. This supports the Provincial Fisheries Department

to effectively protect the fish and other aquatic life in water streams

nearby the roads. Fish and small aquatic life is food to a good number of

birds as well as a protein supply to local people.

The Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) Wildlife (Protection, Preservation,

Conservation and Management) Act 1974

The Act provides full protection to the listed birds and animals and their

habitat including the migratory ones.

The Forest Act 1927

The Act provides full protection to the reserved forests as well as to

wildlife habitats. The Act also prohibits certain acts in protected forests.

The Antiquities Act 1976

The Act provides full protection and safety to archives, monuments,

physical cultural heritage or chance finds and binds communities to

cooperate, collaborate and report to the archaeological department.

Factories Act 1934

Permission to establish an industry along the road can only be permitted

by Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.

The Public Health (Emergency Provision Act 1954 read with West

Pakistan Epidemic Control Act 1958) Act

These two laws cover the preservation of human health by prohibition of

any disease, safeguarding the public health and providing and

maintaining adequate medical services and other services essential to the

health of communities in the project area. Protection against HIV/AIDS

and infectious diseases like Cholera and Hepatitis B in labor camps would

come under the same preview.



Explosive Act 1884

Under the Explosive Act 1884, the Project Contractors are bound by

regulation on properly and securely handling, transporting and using

explosives during quarrying, blasting and any other purpose. A prior

notice has to be given to local public and road users in collaboration with

Resident Engineer.

2.9 Conventions, Protocols, Agreements and Understandings at

International Level

On international level Pakistan is a signatory to a number of conventions,

agreements, protocols and understandings. Not all of these may be directly

applicable to this project but most important of these are listed below for any

possible reference.

Convention on Biological Diversity popularly called the Earth Charter

(1992)

Convention on wetlands of international importance especially wetland

habitats (Ramsar 1971).

Convention on conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (Bonn

1979) a follow up of Ramsar 1971.

ILO convention No. 62 regarding ergonomic limitation of labor.

2.10 International Federation of Consulting Engineers (FIDIC)

Clauses

Keeping in view the national laws and international obligations, specific steps are

taken to mitigate the adverse impacts while processing the detailed design,

tender document and carrying out the monitoring and evaluation of the work of

the contractor. Following FIDIC clauses are invariably provided in a standard

construction contract like this project.

Clause 8.2: Site operation and methods of construction.

Clause 19.1: Safety, Security of Environment in general (including

biota).

Clause 27.1: Fossils

Clause 42.1: Possession of site and access thereto (for life forms)

Clause 42.3: Right of ways and facilities in the project area

The FHA will ensure that the above FIDIC clauses are appropriately reflected in

the tender document(s), bid documents and the contract document(s).



Table 2.1: Selected NEQS for Waste Effluents

Parameter Unit Standards (maximum

allowable limit)

Temperature increase C < 3

pH value (acidity/basicity) pH 6-9

5-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)

at 20 C mg/l 80

Chemical oxygen demand (COD) mg/l 150

Total suspended solids mg/l 200

Total dissolved solids mg/l 3,500

Grease and oil mg/l 10

Phenolic compounds (as phenol) mg/l 0.1

Chloride (as Cl) mg/l 1,000

Fluoride (as F) mg/l 10

Sulfate (SO4) mg/l 600

Sulfide (S) mg/l 1.0

Ammonia (NH3) mg/l 40

Cadmium mg/l 0.1

Chromium (trivalent and hexavalent) mg/l 1.0

Copper mg/l 1.0

Lead mg/l 0.5

Mercury mg/l 0.01

Selenium mg/l 0.5

Nickel mg/l 1.0

Silver mg/l 1.0

Total toxic metals mg/l 2.0

Zinc mg/l 5

Arsenic mg/l 1.0

Barium mg/l 1.5

Iron mg/l 8.0

Manganese mg/l 1.5

Boron mg/l 6.0

Chlorine mg/l 1.0

Notes:

1. The standard assumes that dilution of 1:10 on discharge is available. That is, for each cubic meter of treated effluent, the recipient water body should have 10 m

3 of water for dilution of

this effluent.

2. Toxic metals include cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, selenium, nickel and silver. The effluent should meet the individual standards for these metals as well as the standard for total toxic metal concentration.

Source: Government of Pakistan (2000) (SRO 549 (I)/2000).



Table 2.2: NEQS for Industrial Gaseous Emissions

mg/Nm3 unless otherwise stated

Parameter Source of Emission Standards

(maximum allowable limit)

Smoke Smoke opacity not to exceed 40% or 2 Ringlemann Scale or equivalent

smoke number

Particulate matter 1 (a) Boilers and furnaces:

i. Oil fired ii. Coal fired iii. Cement Kilns

300 500 300

(b) Grinding, crushing, clinker coolers and related processes, metallurgical processes, converters, blast furnaces and cupolas

500

Hydrogen Chloride Any 400

Chlorine Any 150

Hydrogen fluoride Any 150

Hydrogen sulphide Any 10

Sulphur Oxides 2, 3

Sulfuric acid/Sulphonic acid plants 5,000

Other Plants except power Plants operating on oil and coal

1,700

Carbon Monoxide Any 800

Lead Any 50

Mercury Any 10

Cadmium Any 20

Arsenic Any 20

Copper Any 50

Antimony Any 20

Zinc Any 200

Oxides of Nitrogen 3 Nitric acid manufacturing unit 3,000

Other plants except power plants operating on oil or coal: i. Gas fired ii. Oil fired iii. Coal fired

400 600

1,200

Explanations: 1. Based on the assumption that the size of the particulate is 10 micron or more.

2. Based on 1% sulphur content in fuel oil. Higher content of sulphur will cause standards to be pro-rated.

3. In respect of emissions of sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, the power plants operating on oil and coal as fuel shall in addition to NEQS specified above, comply with the standards provided separately.




Table 2.3: National Environmental Quality Standards

for Ambient Air 7

Pollutants Time-Weighted

Average

Concentration in Ambient Air

Method of Measurement Effective from

1st July 2010

Effective from

1st

January 2013

Sulfur Dioxide

(SO2)

Annual

Average* 80 µg/m

3 80 µg/m

3

Ultraviolet Fluorescence

24 hours** 120 µg/m3 120 µg/m

3

Oxides of Nitrogen

as (NO)

Annual

Average* 40 µg/m

3 40 µg/m

3 Gas Phase

Chemiluminescence 24 hours** 40 µg/m

3 40 µg/m

3

Oxides of Nitrogen

as (NO2)

Annual

Average* 40 µg/m

3 40 µg/m

3 Gas Phase

Chemiluminescence 24 hours** 80 µg/m

3 80 µg/m

3

Ozone (O3) 1 hour 180 µg/m3 130 µg/m

3

Non dispersive UV

absorption

Suspended

Particulate Matter

(SPM)

Annual

Average* 400 µg/m

3 360 µg/m

3 High Volume Sampling,

(Average flow rate not less

than1.1 m3/minute). 24 hours** 550 µg/m

3 500 µg/m

3

Respirable

Particulate Matter.

PM10

Annual

Average* 200 µg/m

3 120 µg/m

3

β Ray absorption

24 hours** 250 µg/m3 150 µg/m

3

Respirable

Particulate Matter.

PM2.5

Annual

Average* 25 µg/m

3 15 µg/m

3

β Ray absorption 24 hours** 40 µg/m

3 35 µg/m

3

1 hour 25 µg/m3 15 µg/m

3

Lead (Pb)

Annual

Average* 1.5 µg/m

3 1.0 µg/m

3 ASS Method after

sampling using EPM 2000

or equivalent Filter paper 24 hours** 2.0 µg/m3 1.5 µg/m

3

Carbon Monoxide

(CO)

8 hours** 5 mg/m3 5 mg/m

3 Non Dispersive Infra Red

(NDIR) 1 hour 10 mg/m3 10 mg/m

3

* Annual arithmetic mean of minimum 104 measurements in a year taken twice a week 24 hourly at

uniform interval.

** 24 hourly /8 hourly values should be met 98% of the in a year. 2% of the time, it may exceed but

not on two consecutive days.


7 Full text of the Standards is available at the Pak-EPA website:

(http://www.environment.gov.pk/info.htm).



Table 2.4: NEQS for Motor Vehicles Exhaust and Noise 8

(A) For In-use Vehicles

Sr.

No. Parameter

Standard (Maximum

Permissible Limit) Measuring Method Applicability

1 Smoke

40% or 2 on the

Ringlemann Scale during

engine acceleration

mode.

To be compared with

Ringlemann Chart at a

distance 6 or more. r

Immediate

effect 2

Carbon

Monoxide 6%

Under idling conditions:

Non-dispersive infrared

detection through gas

analyzer.

3 Noise 85 db (A). Sound meter at 7.5 meters

from the source.

(B) For New Vehicles

(i) Emission Standards for Diesel Vehicles

(a) For Passenger Cars and Light Commercial Vehicles (g/Km)

Type of

Vehicle Category/Class Tiers CO

HC+

NOx PM

Measuring

Method Applicability

Passenger

Cars

M 1: with

reference mass

(RW) upto 2500

kg. Cars with RW

over 2500 kg to

meet NI category

standards.

Pak-II IDI 1.00 0.70 0.08

NEDC (ECE

15+ EUDCL)

i. All imported

and local

manufactured

diesel vehicles

with effect

from 01-07-

2012

Pak-II DI 1.00 0.90 0.10

Light

Commercial

Vehicles

NI-I (RW<1250

kg)

Pak-II IDI 1.00 0.70 0.08

Pak-II DI 1.00 0.90 0.10

NI-II (1250 kg<

RW <1700 kg0

Pak-II IDI 1.25 1.00 0.12

Pak-II DI 1.25 1.30 0.14

NI-III (RW>1700

kg)

Pak-II IDI 1.50 1.20 0.17

Pak-II DI 1.50 1.60 0.20

Parameter Standard (maximum permissible limit) Measuring Method

Noise 85 db (A) Sound meter at 7.5 meters from the

source.

8 Full text of the NEQS is available at the Pak-EPA website: (http://www.environment.gov.pk/info.htm).



(b) For Heavy Duty Diesel Engines and Large Goods Vehicles

(g/Kwh)

Type of

Vehicle

Category /

Class Tiers CO HC NOx PM

Measuring


Heavy Duty

Diesel

Engines

Trucks and

Buses Pak-II 4.0 1.1 7.0 0.15 ECE-R-49

All Imported

and local

manufactured

diesel vehicles

with the effect

1-7-2012

Large goods

Vehicles

N2 (2000 and

up Pak-II 4.0 7.0 1.10 0.15 EDC

Parameter Standard (maximum permissible limit) Measuring Method

Noise 85 db (A) Sound meter at 7.5 meters from the

source.

(ii) Emission Standards for Petrol Vehicles (g/km)

Type of

Vehicle Category / Class Tiers CO

HC+

NOx

Measuring


Passenger

M 1: With reference

mass (RW) upto 2500

kg. Cars with RW over

2500 kg. to meet N1

category standards

Pak-II 2.20 0.50 NEDC (ECE

15 + EUDCL)

All imported and new

models* locally

manufactured petrol

vehicles with effect

from 1st July, 2009**

Light

Commercial

Vehicles

N1-I (RW<1250 kg) Pak-II 2.20 0.50

N1-II (1250 kg>RW

<1700 kg) Pak-II 4.00 0.65

N1-III (RW>1700 kg) Pak-II 5.00 0.80

Motor

Rickshaws &

motor Cycles

2.4 strokes <150 cc Pak-II 5.50 1.50

ECER 40 2.4 strokes>150 cc Pak-II 5.50 1.30

Parameters Standard (maximum permissible limit) Measuring Method

Noise 85 db (A) Sound meter at 7.5 meters from

the source

Explanations:

DI: Direct Injection

IDI: Indirect Injection

EUDCL: Extra Urban Driving Cycle

NEDC: New Urban Driving Cycle

M: Vehicles designed and constructed for the carriage of passengers and comprising no

more than eight seats in addition to the driver's seat

N: Motor vehicles with at least four wheels designed and constructed for the carriage of goods.

* New model means both model and engine type change

** The existing models of petrol driven vehicles locally manufactured will immediately switch ever to

Pak-II emission standards but not later than 30th June, 2012

Source: Government of Pakistan (2009) (SRO 72 (KE)/2009).



Table 2.5: National Standards for Drinking Water Quality9

Properties/Parameters Standard Values for Pakistan

Bacterial

All water intended for drinking (e.Coli or

Thermotolerant Coliform bacteria)

Must not be detectable in any 100 ml samples

Treated water entering the distribution system

(E.Coli or thermotolerant coliform and total coliform

bacteria)


Treated water in the distribution system (E.Coli or

thermo tolerant coliform and total coliform bacteria)


In case of large supplies, where sufficient samples

are examined, must not be present in 95% of the

samples taken throughout any 12- month period.

Physical

Color ≤15 TCU

Taste Non objectionable/Accept able

Odor Non objectionable/Accept able

Turbidity < 5 NTU

Total hardness as CaCO3 < 500 mg/l

TDS < 1000

pH 6.5 – 8.5

Chemical

Essential Inorganic mg/Litre

Aluminum (Al) ≤0.2

Antimony (Sb) ≤0.005 (P)

Arsenic (As) ≤ 0.05 (P)

Barium (Ba) 0.7

Boron (B) 0.3

Cadmium (Cd) 0.01

Chloride (Cl) <250

Chromium (Cr) ≤0.05

Copper (Cu) 2

Toxic Inorganic mg/Litre

Cyanide (Cn) ≤0.05

Fluoride (F)* ≤1.5

Lead (Pb) ≤0.05

Manganese (Mn) ≤ 0.5

Mercury (Hg) ≤0.001

9 Full text of the Standards is available at the Pak-EPA website:

(http://www.environment.gov.pk/info.htm).



Properties/Parameters Standard Values for Pakistan

Nickel (Ni) ≤0.02

Nitrate (NO3)* ≤50

Nitrite (NO2)* ≤3 (P)

Selenium (Se) 0.01 (P)

Residual chlorine 0.2-0.5 at consumer end; 0.5-1.5 at source

Zinc (Zn) 5.0

Organic

Pesticides mg/l PSQCA No. 4639-2004, Page No. 4 Table No. 3

Serial No. 20- 58 may be consulted.**

Phenolic compound (as phenols) mg/l WHO standards: ≤ 0.002

Polynuclear Aromatic hydrocarbon (as PAH) g/L WHO standards: ≤ 0.01v(by GC/MS method)

Radioactive

Alpha Emitters bq/L or pCi 0.1

Beta Emitters 1

* indicates priority health related inorganic constituents which need regular monitoring.

** PSQCA: Pakistan Standards Quality Control Authority.

Source: Government of Pakistan (2010) (SRO 1063(I)/2010).

Table 2.6: National Environmental Quality Standards for Noise 10

Limit in dB(A) Leq*

Category of

Area/Zone

Effective from 1st

July 2010 Effective from 1st

July 2012

Day time Night time Day time Night time

Residential area 65 50 55 45

Commercial area 70 60 65 55

Industrial area 80 75 75 65

Silence zone 55 45 50 45

Notes:

1. Day time hours: 6:00 a.m. to 10:00 p.m.

2. Night time hours: 10:00 p.m. to 6:00 a.m.

3. Silence zone::Zones that are declared as such by the competent authority. An area comprising not

less than 100 m around the hospitals, educational institutions, and courts.

4. Mixed categories of areas may be declared as one of the four above-listed categories by the

competent authority.

* dB(A) Leq: Time weighted average of the level of sound in decibels on Scale A which is relatable

to human hearing.

Source: Government of Pakistan (2010) (SRO 1064(I)/2010).

10

Full text of the Standards is available at the Pak-EPA website: (http://www.environment.gov.pk/info.htm).



3.0 Description of the Project

3.1 Location

The road is located on the right bank of the River Swat in the Swat district of KP

province of Pakistan (see maps in Figures – 1.1 and 1.2).

The proposed road being taken up for rehabilitation and upgradation is part of the

Swat Package by Government of Pakistan, Foreign Donors and Khyber

Pakhtunkhwa Government, which focuses primarily on the improvement and

upgradation of infrastructure of Swat Valley after War against terrorism. The

project road passes through battle field against terrorists and numerous bridges

were destroyed by Taliban through suicide attacks and other bomb ballasts

during the war. The road was damaged by mines and movement of tanks and

heavy machinery of Pakistan Army. The upgradation of this road will provide

relief to the war affected peoples of Swat by involving them in project, on one

hand whereas on other hand it will improve the mobility of law enforcing

agencies. On the other side of the River, N–95 under control of National Highway

Authority (NHA) is passing and carrying both goods and passenger traffic which

is very congested. The up gradation of project road will result in significant

reduction in Vehicle Operating Cost (VOC) on the right side and will also induce

the passenger and goods traffic.

3.2 Road Length

The section of road to be financed by the World Bank is 10.5 km long, from

Sharifabad to Kanju. This is a part of the 95 km long Chakdara to Madyan Road.

3.3 Existing Road Dimensions

The existing RoW in the first 4.5 km of the road is about 4.5 – 5.0 m wide

whereas in the remaining 6 km stretch it is about 6.0 – 6.5 m. In consideration of

proposed widening of the road and envisaged protection works both for hillside

and valley side slopes, the RoW has been proposed to extend up to 12 m.

However, to avoid the resettlement issues, proposed RoW will be reduced up to

the available space and even at ribbon development areas, RoW may confined

up to the existing RoW and road cross section will be accommodated within the

available space. (Source: Inception Report for Upgradation / Rehabilitation of Road from

Chakdara to Madyan on Right Bank of Swat River).

3.4 Drainage Structures

Key structures included in the project are given in Table 3.1.



Table 3.1: Key Project Features / Structures

Feature / Structure No / Description

Bridges (total) 06

Bridges to be Reconstructed 03

Culverts 45

Covered Side Drain On both sides of road in built up area

Foot Path Covered side drain will be used as foot

path

3.5 Link Roads

Following are the main link roads which join the project road.

Near km 28+000 about 2.5 km before Sharifabad, a road from Ziarat and

Suigally meets with the Chakdara – Kanju Road.

At km 30+000, a road connects the Gaarhi village with project road.

At km 32+500, a road from Kotlai ends at project road which is at a

distance of about 4 km

At km 35+000, Kabal Chowk a main road bifurcates from project road

which connects Shahderai with Kabal, Kanju, Mingora and other places of

Swat.

At km 40+500, just 500 before the Kanju, a road originate at left side to

connect to Kanju Township.

At km 40+924, End Point of this Package, is a link road connecting Kanju

with Mingora city and Saidu Sharif through Ayyub Bridge.

Through road, also known as Airport Road, extend towards Bara Bandai,

Matta, Bagh Dheri and onward to Madyan.

3.6 Scope of Work

The scope of work and proposed improvements of the selected reach under the

Rehabilitation / Upgradation of Chakdara – Madyan Road is described below:

A longitudinal drain has been proposed throughout the length of the

section on hill side. Provision of culverts at suitable locations will be made

in the design to carry the load of the hill side drain for their outfalls at the

valley side.



A retaining wall will be provided on river side to check the erosion of

embankment by the rains or failure of the slopes due to river scouring or

otherwise.

A guard rail will be provided for embankment heights greater than 3 m.

No particular public facilities have been proposed except road furniture

and signage.

Intersection of earthen/paved tracks will be improved.

3.7 Length–wise Description of the Project

Length wise description of features along the alignment is given in Table 3.2:

Table 3.2: Main Features along the Alignment

Chainage Description

1. Km 30+500 Agriculture land on both sides of the road

along with few settlements

2. Km 31+000

Sharif Abad village is located at both

sides of road with scattered houses and a

Govt. primary school. The other

surrounding land is used for agriculture.

The terrain of area varies from varies

from flat to rolling.

3. Km 31+500 Daggay village is located with scattered

houses.

4. Km 32+250

Scattered houses which are part of

Daggay village. The terrain of area is

almost flat. The surrounding open land is

used for agriculture.

5. Km 33+250 Ajmir abad town starts which is part of

Kabal.

6. Km 34+000 to Km 36+500

Built up area of Kabal city on both sides

of roads with houses and shops. The

terrain is flat.

7. Km 36+500 to Km 39+200

Built up area of Aligrama town on both

sides. Rolling terrain from 38+000 to

39+200 with small hills on left side of the

road.

8. Km 39+200 to Km 40+924 Partially Built up area of Kanju on both

sides. The terrain is flat.



3.8 Existing Road Condition

The existing road traverses through small towns, cultivated lands through plain

and rolling terrain on the Right Bank of River Swat. The existing road is narrow

and in poor condition especially from Sharif Abad to Kanju. This section is about

10.5 Km in length and carries a little passenger and freight traffic. Overall

condition of the road was very poor to fair. Major distress includes: Raveling,

Cracking and Patching. Width of road is about 3.5 m at most location. This

section from km 30+424 to km 35+000 is single lane and in poor condition

recommended for Reconstruction Strategy. The pictorial view of project section

is given in Figure 3.1.

Figure 3.1: Pictorial View of Project Road

Army Check Post near Km. 30+500 Cultivated Area along Road at Km. 31+000

Daggay Village near Km. 31+500 Narrow and Undulated Pavement near Km. 33+000



Bridge Destroyed at Km. 33+400 Bridge Damaged by Suicide Attack

Narrow Road near Km 34+000 Kabal Town, Km 35+000

Kabbal City near Civil Courts Seasonal Nallah and Passage Way near Km. 37+000

Hill along the Road at Km. 38+000 Culvert Damage by Mine Explosion, Km. 39+000



Seasonal Nallah carrying Sewage Water Kanju Chowk at Km. 40+924, EOP

3.9 Design Criteria

Design Criteria for horizontal and vertical alignment of project is given in

Table 3.3.

Table 3.3: Design Criteria

Element / Design Parameter Unit

For Plain &

Rolling

Terrain

For Hilly

Terrain

For

Mountainous

Terrain

Design Speed km/h 80 55 40

Width of Travel Way M 7.3 7.3 7.3

Out Shoulder Width M 2.0 2.0 2.0

Inner Shoulder Width M 2.0 2.0 2.0

Cross–slope Carriageway % 2 2 2

Cross–slope Shoulders % 4 4 4

Maximum Gradient % 4 7 9

Super-elevation Run–off M 43 33 30

Source: Inception Report for Upgradation / Rehabilitation of Road from Chakdara to Madyan on

Right Bank of Swat River

The typical cross sections of project road for built up area and rural area are

given in Figures 3.2 and 3.3.

3.10 Work and Material

3.10.1 Estimated Work / Major Work Items

Estimated quantum of work involved in project is given in Table 3.4.

Table 3.4: Estimated Work

Works Quantity / Value

Road Length 10.5

Average Embankment Height 1.5

Culverts 45



Works Quantity / Value

Bridges 3

3.10.2 Materials Requirement

An estimate of quantities of different materials required for construction of project

road is given in Table 3.5.

Table 3.5: Construction Material Requirement

Material / Item Unit Quantity

Earth Work Excavation for Road and Structure

Works cubic meters 45,000

Formation of Embankment from Roadway

Excavation and Borrow Material cubic meters 72,000

Granular and Common Backfill for structures cubic meters 19,000

Granular Subbase Course cubic meters 15,500

Aggregate Base Course cubic meters 14,000

Asphaltic Base course Plant Mix (Class–A) cubic meters 7,800

Asphaltic Concrete for Wearing Course (Class–B) cubic meters 5,300

Concrete cubic meters 4300

Reinforcement Steel Ton 270

Source: PC-I Proforma for Package-I, Phase-I, Sharifabad – Kanju Section of Chakdara to Madyan on Right

Bank of Swat River



Figure 3.2: Typical Cross Section of Road in Built-up Area

Source: Design Drawings for Package-I, Phase-I, Sharifabad – Kanju Section of Chakdara to Madyan on Right Bank of Swat River



Figure 3.3: Typical Cross Section of Road In Rural Area

Source: Design Drawings for Package-I, Phase-I, Sharifabad – Kanju Section of Chakdara to Madyan on Right Bank of Swat River



3.11 Raw Material Availability

Sources of different raw materials required for construction are given in

Table 3.6.

Table 3.6: Raw Material Availability

Raw Material Availability

Borrow material Along the Road

Stones for retaining walls

and rip rap. km 29+000, km 36+500

Stone for sub-base,

aggregate base course,

asphalt courses

River Pit Run Gravel for sub-base, Dayar Shah

Crushing plant located near 36+000 for

aggregate base courses and asphalt courses

Bitumen Refineries in Karachi or Rawalpindi

Asphalt Refineries in Karachi or Rawalpindi

Brick Mardan

Sand Sand of River Swat flood plain at km 24+500

Clean water for specific

uses. Swat River Water

Other water for compaction

and sprinkling. Seasonal nullahs crossing the road

Reinforcement Steel Nearby Market

G.I. Pipes Nearby Market

Cement Nearby factories

3.12 Machinery to be Used

An estimate of machinery of different types like graders, batching plants, asphalt

mixing plants and others is given in Table 3.7:

Table 3.7: Machinery Requirement

Machinery Quantity

Graders 1

Tractors 4

Vibratory Rollers 02



Machinery Quantity

Asphalt Mixing Plants 1

Stone Crushers 1

Batching Plants 1

Water Browsers 2

Oil Tankers 1

Water Sprinkling Water Carcass 4

Haulage Trucks 5

Excavators / Loaders 2

Small Vehicles 4

Dozer – D–9, D–10 01+01

Shift Roller 3

Asphalt Machine 1

3.13 Equipment and Installations

The equipment and installation required for project is given in Table 3.8:

Table 3.8: Equipment and Installation

Equipment / Installation Quantity

Fire Extinguishing Equipment 2

Electricity Generator 2

Water Pumping Equipment 2

Telephone System 4

3.14 Construction Schedule

If all the processing goes well the construction / upgradation / rehabilitation of

Sharifabad – Kanju road will commence on July 01, 2011, and complete in two

years by June 30, 2013. In case of any delays at the outset, the completion date

will slide forward accordingly.



3.15 Construction Logistics

3.15.1 Work Base

Since it is linear work, the ideal would be to set up the work base somewhere in

the middle. But a good spot is available at km 31+000 to 33+000 which has low

population density and ample space is available for all contractor facility including

the work base. The length of load being on 10.5 km the work base at the

proposed site would be suitable.

3.15.2 Labor Supply

The contractor will be contractually bound to employ maximum local people

except for jobs the local expertise is not available. The Table 3.9 gives an

illustrative picture of the labor employment.

Table 3.9: Illustrative Distribution of Labor

Type of Labor Local Non–local Total

Skilled 40 60 100%

Semiskilled 50 50 100%

Unskilled 100 0 100%

By and large the daily wage rates fixed by the local commissioner will be used.

3.15.3 Labor Camps

Best labor camp site on Sharifabad – Kanju Road is between km 31+000 to

33+000. Although a majority of the labor force will come from local sources, they

will get picked up and dropped by contractor transport. Some unskilled, most

semiskilled and skilled workers may have to be brought in by contractor from far

off towns who will live in camps. Being located near the work base, the camps

will make the work access easy to the camp dwellers. Like camp, the work base

can also be about 250 m away from the nearest habitation.

3.15.4 Machinery Maintenance and Equipment Yards

Near the work base a machinery and equipment yard will be provided. The yard

will have enough storage and haulage space with ample moving and working

space. The yard will be walled and will have a gate provided with ample security

staff.



3.15.5 Material Depots

Near the work base a material depot will be required for storing construction

material. It will have temporary sheds for storing cement, iron bass and Asphalt

and open space for storing stones shingles and bricks. The material depots will

be walled and gate will be provided with ample security. A store keeper will keep

account of incoming and outgoing material.

3.15.6 Machinery Repair Workshops

With a large number of vehicles and other similar machinery a repair workshop is

essential. The contactor may establish own workshop.

3.15.7 Approach to Work Bases

Since, the work base will be established close to the road under construction, so

already existing road can provide easy access to the work base. Ample

government land is available on either side for the project road which can be

used for making supplementary access road and paths to the work base.

3.15.8 Petrol Pump and CNG Pump

Petrol Pumps are available along or near the project road, however; the

contractor may set up his own temporary petrol pump and compressed natural

gas (CNG) Station near the work base to avoid any delay in construction work

due to non-availability of diesel for his construction Machinery.

3.15.9 Camp Offices

Adjacent to labor camp and adjacent to work base, the contractor will be allowed

to set up a camp office to run his day to day field affairs. For that the state land

can be used by the contractor.

3.15.10 Security Arrangements

Given the prevailing condition in the area where project is to be implemented,

necessary security staff is necessary. Enough security will be required at Work

Base, Labor Camp, Material Store, Equipment Yards and location of the work in

progress on the work site. Coordination will be necessary with nearby Police,

Army and Levy Units.

3.15.11 Healthcare

With a large number of labor and employees working in the project of road

construction, small accidents are expected to take place on all construction sites.

A dispensary will be set by the contractor. The dispensary will have services of a



full time doctor. At least two ambulances will support the dispensary. For major

cases the patients will be shifted to Saidu Sharif District Hospital under a pre-

coordinated arrangement.

3.15.12 Labor Reporting Office

Along the road and in work bases special areas will be marked where the labor

can gather at the time of pick and drop, emergency or briefing and places will be

clearly marked and kept open and clean and as per requirement equipped with

public address system.

3.15.13 Labor Transport

Almost entire lot of the unskilled labor will be employed from local sources.

Contractor will provide vehicle(s), preferably a bus to pick and drop local labor

every day. That will help them to spend nights of their households and render

some services at home. This will also keep the camps less pressurized and

manageable.

3.15.14 Work Uniform and Health Safety Equipment

Road construction is a special job and the labor working on such work requires

special protective uniforms and special HSE measures. It will be ensured that the

labor engaged in breaking of stones, handling bricks, mixing concrete or mixing

and laying asphalt will have long boots overall dresses, goggles and safety hats.

As an overall HSE measure anyone going into the construction area will also

wear safety hat.

3.15.15 Signage

During construction on construction site in particular and on the entire road

length in general, suitable signboards and traffic signs will be displayed at all

along the length of the project road. This will help in forestalling any possible

accidents.

3.15.16 Lighting and Illumination

Suitable lighting arrangement will be made by the contractor over all work basis,

work sites, camp sites machinery yard and material depots. This can help the

contractor for extended working hours as well as security. If WAPDA electric

supply is not available, electricity generators will have to be arranged on all spots

where lighting is required.



3.16 Safe Design Criteria

To meet international standards envisaged by the World Bank, the following

design criteria have been adopted in the project:

Geometric Design : AASHTO

Material Testing : ASTM

Structure : ACI

Structure Loads : Class A – AA as per FHA approval

Seismic Design : UBC 97 and Sarhad Interim Seismic

Building Code Base on Seismic

Study Zone Maps

Curve Widening : 0.6 to 1.6 depending upon length

3.17 Estimated Project Cost

Final design and drawings of the project road have been finalized: The World

Bank has agreed to provide a financial assistance to the tune of US$ 8.0 million

which is equivalent to about PKR. 680 million.



4.0 Baseline Study of Project Area

4.1 The Project Area of Impact

The Project Area is a linear corridor through which Sharifabad – Kanju road

passes. This corridor of impact consists of the roadway over a length of 10.5 km

section of main Chakdara – Madyan Road. Immediate area of influence (See

Figure 4.1), for the purpose of this study includes the width of the old and the

new RoW, and a 500-m wide corridor on either side of the RoW. The extended

area of influence of the project road would extend over entire district of Swat.

This base line study includes physical, biological and socioeconomic

environment of the project. For the purpose of physical and biological baseline

study, a 500-m corridor of impact on either side of the RoW has been taken as

the Project Area. For socio–cultural study, essentially the entire district of Swat

has been included.

The Swat district lies at 34°–40 to 35°–55 North Latitude and 72°–08 to 74°–6

East Longitude bounded on the north by Chitral district of KP and Ghizer district

of Gilgit Baltistan, on the east by Kohistan and Shangla districts of KP, on the

south by Buner district and on the west by Lower Dir and Upper Dir districts of

KP. The total area of the Swat district is 5,337 square kilometers. The district is

part of the Malakand division. The twin cities of Mingora and Saidu Sharif are the

district as well as the divisional headquarters.

4.2 Physical Environment

4.2.1 Geography

Topographically, Swat is a mountainous region, located among the foothills of the

Hindukush mountain range. The area can be divided into two regions i .e, Swat–

Kohistan and Swat Proper. Swat–Kohistan is the mountain country on the upper

reaches of the Swat River up to Ain in the south. The whole area south of Ain is

Swat proper which can be further subdivided into bar (upper Swat) and kuz

(lower Swat). The elevation of Swat river valley, at the southern boundaries of

the district, is over 600 meters and rises rapidly towards the north. There are

several mountain peaks ranging from 4,500 to over 6,000 meters above sea

level. The Swat region, containing the meandering Swat River, is also home to

lush green valleys, snow–covered glaciers, forests, meadows and plains.



Figure 4.1: TOPOGRAPHICAL MAP OF PROJECT ROAD SECTION



4.2.2 Geology

The Project Area lies in Peshawar Basin which is wide basin located between

Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) and Main Mantle Thrust (MMT). The sediments of

Peshawar Basin are predominantly lacustrine silt with interbedded fluvial sand

and gravel containing the clasts of Kohistan, including deposition by the ancestral

Kabul and Indus rivers. The Project corridor navigates through the uneven

mountains, rolling lands and few flat lands. The present topography is due to

fluvial tectonic activities.

The geology of the Project Area is mainly comprises granitic gneiss, schist and

alluvium (unconsolidated material). Gneisses are the product of high grade

regional metamorphism. Schists are mainly composed of quartz as granular

aggregates, muscovite (appearing) as colorless to light green and where

associated with biotite tone produce schistose texture. The alluvial deposits are

composed of slightly reworked and weathered material with silt clay/clayey silt,

gravels and boulders occur at some places and are covered with vegetation. The

group of rocks consists of Indus Suture Melange Zone (ISMZ). Swat Granite,

Mangalore Crystalline Schists, and quaternary deposits.

4.2.3 Seismicity

The project area is located in the seismic zone ―A‖ as per maps drawn by

Geological Survey of Pakistan because it is located close to fault line between

Indian and Eurasian Tectonic Plates.

4.2.4 Land Use

The total land area of district Swat is 5,337 square kilometers (sq. km) (2,060.6

square miles, or 1,251,653 acres). This total area is divided in two Tehsils,

namely Matta and Kabal, having areas of 683 sq. km and 4654 sq. km,

respectively.

Table 4.1: Land Utilization Statistics of District Swat, 2007–2008

Description Area (in Acres) Area (in Hectares)

Reported Area 1,251,653 506,528

Cultivated Area 242,296 98,054

Irrigated Area 227,336 92,000

Net Sown Area 232,046 93,906



Description Area (in Acres) Area (in Hectares)

Current Fallow Area 10,250 4,148

Total Cropped Area 467,153 189,051

Area Sown Repeatedly 160,976 65,145

Un–cultivated 1,009,357 408,474

Cultivable Waste 208,862 84,524

Forest Area 337,804 136,705

Unavailable for

Cultivation 462,690 187,245

Source: Land Utilization Statistics, NWFP, 2007–2008

4.2.5 Water Resources

The Project is located in the catchment area of the Swat River. There are many

hill torrents and streams which collect the rain water run–off or seepage water in

the form of springs that ultimately drain into the Swat River, which flows almost

all along the project corridor and ultimately meets the Kabul River.

Main source of surface water is the Swat River which flows along entire length of

the selected section and finally joins Indus River. The Swat River rises from the

Shandur or Mashabar Range bordering Swat district with Chitral in the north and

flows south and south–west approximately dividing the district into two halves.

The other prominent rivers or nalas are Harnoi khwar, Deolai khwar and Daral

khwar. The river flows on right side of selected reach of the road. In addition to

this, some small nalas also originate from hills and joins Swat River. Village

communities have designed catch water drains and river water is diverted to

these drains for irrigation purposes.

Main ground water recharge takes place through infiltration during rains. At

places the ground water finds its way out in the form of springs and big villages

have tapped the spring for a water supply to the village household. The quality of

ground water all over the Project Area is generally good, potable and sweet as

reported by locals.

Water quality in the project area was tested by taking water samples from various

sites. The results have established that overall quality of water is good and within

the permissible limit for human consumption as given in Tables 4.2 and 4.3. The

river water is suitable for use of cement concrete, bitumen concrete and other

construction purposes.



Table 4.2: Laboratory Analysis Report of Ground Water Sample from Kabal

Parameter Unit Result

WHO Maximum

Allowable

Guideline Value

Lead (Pb) mg/L N.D. –

Biochemical Oxygen

Demand (BOD5) at

20°C

°C 33.2 –

Total Coliform Number/100ml N.D. 0/100 ml

Fecal Coliform Number/100ml N.D. 0/100 ml

Sampling Source = Hand Pump Water

N.D. — Not Detected

Table 4.3: Laboratory Analysis Report of Ground Water Sample from Kanju

Parameter Unit Result

WHO Maximum

Allowable

Guideline Value

Lead (Pb) Mg/L N.D. –

Biochemical Oxygen

Demand (BOD5) at

20°C

°C 21.0 –

Total Coliform Number/100ml N.D. 0/100 ml

Fecal Coliform Number/100ml N.D. 0/100 ml

Sampling Source = Hand Pump Water

N.D. — Not Detected

4.2.6 Climate

Winter is extremely cold and much of the area of Upper Swat remains under

snow during months of January and February. However with the arrival of spring,

from the middle of March, a pleasant change in weather starts. The spring



months from middle of March to early May receive substantial rains. With the

arrival of summer from middle of May to end of August, temperature rises.

Summer is also marked with monsoon rains, which occur usually from middle of

July to end of August. The distribution of rainfall over the years is unpredictable.

Most rains fall in winter and monsoon. Rainfall ranges from 1100 mm in the

northern parts to 700 mm towards the south–western parts of the Swat district.

The relative humidity is maximum in the month of January and August which

causes rainfall. As there is currently no meteorological station in district Swat,

data , the mean monthly 30 years maximum and minimum temperatures,

precipitation and relative humidity recorded at Dir which is adjacent to sweat

district is given in Table 4.4.

Table 4.4: Monthly Temperature, Rainfall and Relative Humidity

Month

Monthly Temperature (°C) Monthly Rainfall

(mm) Relative H(%)

Mean Max. Mean min.

January 11.22 -2.39 111.37 69.7

February 12.07 -1.28 172.56 69.2

March 16.23 3.09 242.22 66.4

April 22.41 7.67 167.86 57.4

May 27.59 11.56 88.05 47.9

June 32.52 15.67 51.26 41.7

July 31.38 19.29 145.75 60.3

August 30.24 18.54 159.79 69.2

September 29.04 13.60 81.84 64.1

October 25.05 7.62 53.73 59.5

November 19.94 2.55 50.70 59.5

December 13.83 -0.86 90.75 67.4

Annual 22.63 7.90 1415.87 65.9

(Source: 1998 District Census Report of Swat)



4.2.7 Ambient Air Quality

The air quality is clean as there is no industry close to the project road which may

contribute any air pollutants. Test results of ambient air analysis done during

survey of area are given in Table 4.5.

Table 4.5: Ambient Air Monitored Data

Reference

Point Date

Time

Hours SO2 (ppb) NO2 (ppb) CO (ppb)

PM10

(µg/m3)

Kabal Chowk

14/03/11 09:00 80.3 81.6 68.1 91.7

14/03/11 12:00 82.5 83.4 71.6 92.8

14/03/11 15:30 80.6 82.1 73.1 96.9

14/03/11 18:00 78.1 79.4 74.7 99.1

14/03/11 21:00 51.9 52.3 53.4 83.2

14/03/11 24:00 46.3 47.3 48.5 30.4

15/03/11 03:00 44.6 45.9 45.7 30.3

15/03/11 06:00 49.2 50.1 47.9 63.0

4.2.8 Noise Level

Noise levels have been monitored at two locations along the project road and

results are given in Tables-4.6 and 4.7.

Table 4.6: Noise Levels Monitored at Kabal Chowk, Swat

Date Time dB(A) Leq /

Average

14/03/11 9:00 62 65 66 67 68 70 72 76 76 79 73.11

14/03/11 12:00 60 59 59 59 59 60 60 60 60 59 59.5

14/03/11 15:00 62 65 66 68 69 71 73 74 75 80 73.86

14/03/11 18:00 60 63 64 66 68 69 70 74 76 77 71.72

14/03/11 21:00 45 45 45 40 40 45 40 40 45 45 43.61




Average

14/03/11 24:00 35 35 40 40 40 35 35 35 40 40 38.18

15/03/11 3:00 30 30 29 29 29 30 30 30 30 29 29.64

15/03/11 6:00 60 61 61 61 60 60 60 61 61 61 60.62

Table 4.7: Noise Levels Monitored at Kanju Chowk, Swat


Average

14/03/11 9:00 65 68 69 70 72 76 77 78 79 80 75.09

14/03/11 12:00 65 68 70 71 74 76 79 80 87 83 76.88

14/03/11 15:00 65 68 70 71 74 75 75 77 77 79 74.33

14/03/11 18:00 62 63 65 69 70 72 76 77 78 80 74.67

14/03/11 21:00 44 44 44 43 43 43 43 44 44 44 43.63

14/03/11 24:00 36 36 40 40 36 36 35 35 35 35 36.86

15/03/11 3:00 30 30 29 29 29 30 30 30 30 29 29.64

15/03/11 6:00 60 62 62 62 60 60 60 61 61 61 60.62

4.2.9 Minerals

Although Swat District is well known for emerald mines but there is no mineral

mine worth the name along project road.

4.2.10 Natural Event History

Swat River is perennial tributary of Kabul River. Its normal flow gives it a

character of bluish water body. The flood of July 2010 devastated vast area of

district Swat including the destruction of houses, road bridges and erosion of

vegetation in the flood plain. But during season it experiences flash floods. The

flood causes damage to life, property, roads, bridges, culverts and causeways. It

is therefore necessary that volume, velocity and timing of such flash flood is

incorporated in the hydrological design of the project. The control and mitigation

may include watershed management techniques, water storage at appropriate

spots and providing good drainage system in the project road design.



4.2.11 Physical Cultural Heritage

During survey no site of physical cultural heritage could be seen along the route

of the project road. But in case there is a chance find during excavation for road

construction, there are laws and procedures to handle the find(s). (See

Section 2.8.)

4.3 Biological Environment

4.3.1 Fauna

The area is endowed with a rich variety of mammalian, avian and reptilian fauna.

No endangered species are reported in the selected reach of the section. No

game reserves and wildlife sanctuaries exist in the vicinity of Project Area.

Common mammals found in the area include Jackal, Fox, Porcupine, Jungle Cat,

Hare, Rats, mice and other rodent mammals. Domestic animals include goats,

sheep, buffaloes and cows. Also found on the higher snowy peaks are the wild

mountain sheep (markhor, the national animal of Pakistan), black and brown

bear, panther and musk deer. Common reptiles in the area include snakes, krait,

frog, lizards. Scorpions and spider are other poisonous creatures of the area.

Important resident bird species found in Project Area include Shikra, Myna, Duck,

Pigeons, Crow, Sparrow, Partridges. Some fowls like Chir and Kaleej Pheasants

are found in these mountains. Mountain crows and dove are found in large

number.

No wetland lies within close vicinity of the Project corridor except Swat River

which flows all along the Project route. But it is not functioning as wet land due to

high velocity and absence of pounding actions. There is very little significance of

the Project Area for migratory birds (migrating to warmer areas to avoid the cold

season of Central Asia and Siberia), because their migration route (Green

Flyway International) along the Indus River away from the Project Area.

Moreover, there is no significant water body in the Project Area. Hence they

rarely visit the Project Area.

Commercial and recreational fishing was observed along the project corridor.

The common fish in the Swat River include Trout, Mahasheer, Lus and Chirak.

4.3.2 Flora

Vegetation of the project area falls under humid–temperate latifoliate forest.

Dominate tree species consists of Chir. Shisham, Mulberry, Bakain, Eucalyptus,

Rubinea and Kao are the other varieties found in the project area. Fruit trees in

Project Area include Apple, Pear, Peaches, Walnut and Guava. Grasses consist

of Nari, Lavindar, Deela, Trakla. Rich ground flora of many herbs including



vibrunum, lonicera. A number of medicinal plants are found in the area including

Tarkha (Artemizia species), Unab (Zizyphus Sativa), Althea (Althaca Officinalis),

Banafsha (Viola serpens), Mushki Bala (Valeriana species) and Sufed (Aspargus

species). No endangered floral species were reported in the Project Area.

4.3.3 Fish

Swat River is endowed with Brown Trout Fish which is allowed to be caught by

angling under license from Fisheries Department.

4.3.4 Rangelands

Swat is generally a forest and grazing land. The flocks consist of goats, sheep,

donkeys and mules. All area is overgrazed much beyond their carrying capacity.

Since the grazers keep shifting from place to place, it is not possible to introduce

a grazing control and proper range management in the area. The project road will

have to be protected against crossing herds of animals looking for greener

pastures across the road.

4.3.5 Protected Areas

There are no protected areas, along the project road, as per list of protected area

defined in National Conservation Strategy.

4.3.6 Endangered Species

Neither the area along and nearby the project road, nor the project road itself

poses a challenge to any of the endangered species in other regions of Swat

District.

4.3.7 Forest

Swat hills and villages are generally green. But there is no Government or State

reserved or protected forest along or near the project road. However private

people have their wood lots in their lands which add alternative aesthetics to the

upper side of the road.

4.4 Social Environment

4.4.1 Population

In 1995 NIPS carried out Khana Shumari (household counting) and on the basis

of that data, the total population along project road was around 50,000. With

4.2% growth rate the current population is estimated to be above 70,000. The



current population of district is estimated to be around 200,000. The results of

1998 census for district Swat are listed below:

Area 5,337 Sq. Km

Population – 1998 1,257,602 persons

Male 648,008 (51.53 %)

Female 609,594 (48.47 %)

Sex Ratio (males per 100 females) 106.3

Population Density 235.6 per Sq. Km

Urban Population 173,868 (13.83 %)

Rural Population 1,083,734 (86.17 %)

Average Household Size 8.8

Literacy Ratio (10 +) 28.75 %

Male 43.16 %

Female 13.45 %

Population - 1981 715,938 persons

Average Annual Growth Rate (1981 - 98) 3.37 %

Total Housing Units 142,311

Pacca Housing Units 107,180 (75.31 %)

Housing Units having Electricity 96,546 (67.84 %)

Housing Units having Piped Water 34,909 (24.53 %)

Housing Units using Gas for Cooking 4841 (3.40 %)

Administrative Units

Tehsils 02

Union Councils 65

Mauzas 215

Municipal Committees 01

4.4.2 Community Structure

Except for urban population, the remaining population lives in well organized and

established tribal system. In Swat district main ethnic communities are

Pashtoons, Swaties and Gujjars. Between the urban and rural population of the



project district there is a marked contrast regarding gender equality, population

composition and traditions. In tribal and traditional society the females are usually

under reported, especially the names of females are not mentioned by

respondents to male surveyors / enumerators. Also, generally the tribal are

reluctant to register the new born female babies because of the tribal set up.

Even for overall population there is no proper system of keeping records of birth

and death rate at district level especially in rural areas. The community structure

based on 1998 Censes is given in Table 4.8.

Table 4.8: Population Composition of The Project Area

Population Class Swat Distt. (%)

Children below 15 years 48.87

Active population 15–64 years 48.49

Aged population 65–above 2.64

Male population 51.52

Female population 48.42

Source: 1998 District Census Report of Swat

Most of rural population lives in close and joint families which are rather

extended. This is mainly because of object poverty, close family marriages tribal

homogeneity and kinship. In urban areas the trend is towards independent or

nucleus families because the people there are more educated, more prosperous

and more independent from tribal bonds. Presently the household size in rural

areas is 10–15, while in urban areas it is 5–8, with an overall average of 8

members to a family. The poverty situation is worsening due to presence of a

large and uncounted number of Afghan refugees.

4.4.3 Poverty Status

A significant population in extended project area lives below poverty line. Main

causes are as follows:

A significant proportion of population is practicing agriculture on highly

limited agricultural land which is mainly rain-fed. The outputs are not

enough to make the two ends meet for large families.



Amongst the remaining population rate of unemployment is high. Due to

influx of Afghan refugees, who have no intention to go lock and whose

third generation is tending to naturalize in the area, has added un–

proportionate burden on the income generating opportunities of the area.

Absence of major industries and under developed agriculture and

livestock sectors do not form a potential for labor absorption. The project

will have a healthy effect on the labor and employment market of the

project area.

4.4.4 Industries

There are no significant industries along the project road. Elsewhere the biggest

industry is flour mills the number of which has also declined from 300 to 200 over

past one year. More settled conditions are required for encouraging more

industry.

4.4.5 Political Parties

There are many political parties in district Swat and they try to mobilize political

opinion in their favor. However, tribal affiliation, religion and family kinship are

the main factors determining the shape of political behavior. Important political

parties are Jamiat–i–Ulmai–Islam (JUI), Pakistan Muslim League (PML),

Pakistan People’s Party (PPP) and Pakhtoonkhawa Milli Awami Party (PMAP)

and Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaaf. The role of women in the politics is not

significant.

4.4.6 Marriages

In tribal system of Swat District, the society is overly patriarchal. Marriages are,

more often than not, arranged. Because of consistent segregation of sexes

there is no opportunity for boys or girls to choose their own spouses. The role

of women in decision making concerning marriage is limited to some influence

on selection of the bride, her beauty looks and aptness in doing household

chores. Girls have no real say in their marriage despite the provision in Islamic

Shariat that a woman has a right to turn down a marriage offer. Some changes

are noticeable in urban area where educated girls are, at times, exercising their

veto power but still they have to operate within the patriarchal customs.

Marriage within the relatives is preferred because of the facility of exchange of

girls ―Char pa Chari‖ or ―Badli” or ―Sarri‖ within the two families of the same

tribe and the marriage dowry (sort of price also called as ―Lab‖ or ―Walwar‖) is

less. The amount of dowry ranges between Rs. 20,000 to 300,000 in Swat

district. In rural areas the dowry can be paid in kind in the shape of goats and

sheep. If the age difference bride and bride–groom are excessively large, the

―old‖ bride–groom has to pay additional money to the father of the bride. At



times the father may put another condition (called ―pate‖) that should there be a

female child after the marriage it will be brought up by the new couple but will

be handed over to father of the bride to marry her and receive her dowry.

4.4.7 Social Organization

By far the biggest uniting force of in Swat society for individuals as well as

groups is ethnic or tribal identity. The society being patriarchal the decision

making is solely vested in elderly males of the family / tribe which becomes

binding for females under their charge. Society in general is structured on

kinship basis. Even on petty issues the ethnic groups can get polarized. Each

ethnic group tends to stick to its culture and traditions, a blending of culture and

customs amongst various groups takes place inevitably. The society is modeled

on the authoritarian system linking the relationship between father and his

sons. The head of the family is called ―Sardar‖ whose authority flows to the

lowest tier of the tribe or family through an authoritarian hierarchy of males.

The Sardari System is well entrenched in Swatti and Pakhtun tribes while

others also try to have it with laxity and variation. However, life of people of

Swat, particularly of project area, is built on two principles; hereditary authority

and personal bond of allegiance in which protection is exchanged with loyalty.

Most of the tribal chiefs get elected to the parliament tend to run democracy on

tribal pattern. Occasions like births, deaths, illness, and marriages serve as

socializing accessions for women and common people who can, when they

meet exchange information and ideas and reinforce social ties and alliances.

With some modifications and re–adjustment the Sardari System will continue to

be a corner stone of society in Swat for a long time to come.

4.4.8 Custom of Cooperation

The custom of community participation for community help has been in vogue

in almost all areas of Swat District for a long time. Collective labor (Ashar or

Hawachi) at harvest time or other occasions of peak labor needs or taking a

fellow tribesman out of financial crises (Bijar or Pursi) has been a regular part

of the Swat social order. Same spirit works while sharing the water of small

streams or river management. But even in such matters the tribal leadership

shows itself and the community collaborates under a “Mir–i–Aab” or “Serreshta”

or “Gham”. The government interventions for development which do not

recognize the community participation temperament of Swati society do not

succeed. For this project the contractor will have to employ local labor keeping

in view the community customs of cooperation and togetherness mostly on

tribal patterns. Outside labor is not advisable under any circumstances.

Outsiders can be tolerated only on such technical works for which local

expertise is not available.



4.4.9 Religious Beliefs

Overwhelming majority of the people of Swat district are Muslims belonging to

Hanfi school of Sunni sect and a small number in urban areas following Irani

pattern of Shiaism. Christians are also present in a small minority.

Religious functions are a significant force in the lives of all the people in Swat.

Religious leaders (Mullas) have a hold over a number of aspects of social life

and some political parties are organized along religious lines. Two major

festivals are “Eid–ul–Fitr‖ and ―Eid–ul–Azha”. The people are strongly religious

minded and tend to practice the religious obligations meticulously. They, come

what may offer Prayers five times a day, observe Fasting in the month of

Ramadhan and sacrifice animals on Eid–ul–Azha. The well to do pay Zakat,

and perform Hajj and Umrah.

4.4.10 Conflict Resolution

The people in the project area have two options available for conflict resolution.

First is the government judiciary system and second is tribal Jirga (Council) of

Tribal elders) system. The people of Swat district is believed to be peaceful but

sometimes a dispute between two individuals, from two tribes, may generate

tribal vendetta. Usually in such cases the Jirga system is considered more

useful. On government side the highest judicial officer in each district is the

District Judge. Usually the individuals go to government Judiciary system if they

are not satisfied with their Jirga award. Ordinarily, whenever there is a dispute

between two persons /parties, the notables of one side go for reconciliation to

the other party and sit together to resolve the issue. Sometimes the dispute is

resolved through imposition of penalties in the form of cash, land, kind or by

marrying women to the inflicted side. For some time the Islamic Sharia Courts

have also been functional in the area.

4.4.11 Custom of Carrying Fire Arms

Although Swat district are inherently peaceful areas, yet it is customary among

the people to carry arms as a fashion or sign of prestige for Sardars or

notables. Advanced and automatic weapons like Kalashnikov are preferred.

The other reason for displaying arms is illiteracy and tribal enmity.

Some people consider weapons as ornaments of men. Because of war in

Afghanistan and influx of Afghan refugees into Swat district, all sorts of

weapons are smuggled into the extended project area and are available at

cheap prices.



4.4.12 Role, Position and Status of Women

Women in Swat society for centuries have been victim of patriarchy, male

chauvinism, social discrimination, resource deprivation and denial of human

rights. Despite constitutional and legislative provisions, the customary law often

prevails making it difficult for women even to claim their legal rights which are

supposedly guaranteed. Although Islamic laws of inheritance provide a share to

daughter in father’s property but the custom does not allow it. However, a

person can bestow gift to his daughter, sister or wife in his life time, again

treating a woman with no rights to the property.

In most of the social grouping men hold a monopoly of power in the public

arena. In the political arena, local level chiefs and tribal are always men, so are

the members of the local council of elders or Jirga. Religious leaders in

authority are all males and local codes of value are set by men. This includes

denial of basic human rights as well as the Muslim inheritance rights to women.

The economic participation of women is different from that of men. Women

participate in both indoors and outdoors duties which are considered to be a

free labor. Women fetch water, collect fuel wood, look after animals, fetch

fodder for cattle, process milk into butter, sour milk and cheese, and work with

wool. They are fully responsible for cooking, cleaning and taking care of

children and other dependent members. Some women are very good at

producing handicrafts. The traditional polygamy keeps them victim of inferiority

complex. The women without children are treated as an outsider by the family

including her husband.

4.4.13 Child Labor and Apprenticeship

Child employment is quite common in district of Swat particularly the project

area. The magnitude of child labor is more in rural areas than urban areas. In

rural areas, more often than not, the children without education opportunities

are left with few alternatives than early participation in work force. They join

labor intensive activities like agriculture for weeding, picking and harvesting.

The children perform the task of grazing livestock.

In addition to above tasks the children also help their mothers in fetching water

and firewood. Girls get involved, from an early age, in daily routine of domestic

work.

4.4.14 Services and Amenities Available in the Area

Drinking and Domestic Water

Clean drinking water in Swat district is supplied through different

sources. Tube wells, hand pumps, wells, rivers and springs. Tubewells



have become the major source of water supply, using plastic pipes.

Major Departments / Organizations involved in water supply are Public

Health Engineering Department (PHED). But in rural areas the villagers

do not get much help from PHED.

Housing

In Swat District most of the houses have a guest room, toilet, kitchen,

separate bathroom and a courtyard. In newly constructed houses

attached bathroom with flush is an important feature. In rural area the

guest room is more spacious (called hujra) and courtyards are very

spacious. Toilets are located at the other end of the courtyard and are

usually without any flush system. Many people of rural area still use

fields as open latrines.

Energy Supply

Major sources of energy for light purposes are Electricity and Kerosene

Oil. In general about 76% people use electricity while 24% use

Kerosene Oil. In rural areas animal dung, brushwood and fuel wood is

still in popular use.

Telecommunication

In Swat district, there is a good network of telecommunication. There is

a large number of private and government owned Public Call Offices

(PCOs). Number of PTCL telephone in the district connections exceeds

50,000 of which 80% are private (based on survey carried out as part of

present EIA). Mobile phone service is being used by almost every

working individual.

Radio and Television

Government Radio Station Peshawar is the main radio station. The

advent of FM wave length district–wise services are also available.

Radio Pakistan country–wide services are available through Peshawar

station Pakistan Television Station at Peshawar is linked with country–

wide PTV network. A number of private channels have also started

relaying their programs.

Transport and Accessibility

District Swat has 634 km of road out of which 582 km are high type

whereas 52 km are low type. Construction of Chakdara – Madyan road



will add more length to the road network. (Source: Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

Development Statistic 2010).

Sanitation

The hygienic and sanitation conditions prevalent in the rural area of the

district are not satisfactory, except in part of some big towns. In project

area only 7% people have covered pit or flush latrines. Most people in

rural areas use open fields for defecation. Women use open surface

latrines within the domestic compound; Younger children are formally

allowed to defecate in the courtyard. The presence of animals within the

household compound often adds to the unhealthy living conditions.

4.4.15 Tourism and Recreational Opportunities

Green hills and running river of Swat are attractive tourist destinations during

summer. The temperature at Swat is pleasant. Given a guarantee of peace and

security many domestic and foreign tourists will prefer Swat to many other

health resorts in Pakistan. Important tourist spots are Mingora, Madyan and

Kalam.



5.0 Analysis of Alternatives

From the EIA point of view, the following available alternatives for the project

were considered.

(A) ROAD ALTERNATIVES

1. No project option / worst scenario option.

2. Project road to follow exactly the existing route with no alteration.

3. Altogether a new route is surveyed on another site.

4. Project is restricted to a single lane as before.

5. Project as proposed in feasibility i.e. double lane with suitable

straightening of curves where necessary.

(B) LOGISTIC SITES

1. Siting of Contractor’s facilities e.g. labor camp site, machinery

yard and on state land.

2. Siting the Contractor’s facilities on private lands.

3. Siting Contractor’s facilities at most appropriate site be it public

land or private land.

(C) LABOR OPTIONS

1. All labor local

2. All labor from outside.

3. An admixture of local and outside labor as per skill required.

An analysis of all above alternatives is as follows:

5.1 Road Alternatives

5.1.1 No Project Option / Worst Scenario Option

Analysis

Advantages

It the project is not taken up at all then all the funds, efforts and

inconvenience will be saved and these will become available for diversion

to other projects. No more land will be required and no disturbance will be

caused to people through resettlement or land acquisition process.



Further the recurring cost of the maintenance of the new and expanded

road along with enhanced operational cost will be saved. No disturbance

will be caused to any physical, biological and social part of the

environment. The people benefiting out of a status quo will continue

benefiting.

Disadvantages

Not taking up the project would mean withholding the development of the

entire area along Chakdara – Madyan Highway and the extended area of

the project in whole of District Swat. This would also mean restricting the

trade opportunities between area connected by road. Existing road does

not meet the international standards and by keeping it as such means

declining to open the whole district of Swat for better social uplift through

education and poverty alleviation. The project would provide greater job

opportunities to people during construction as well as the operational

phase. Not taking up the project would mean depriving the local people

from a blessing of whole lot of new opportunities.

Conclusion

For the proposed project the weaknesses and threats outweigh the strengths and

opportunities of this option. Therefore, ―No project option‖ possessing the

potentials of the worst scenario is not recommended.

5.1.2 Project Road to Follow Exactly the Existing Route with No Alteration

Analysis

Advantages

All costs on fresh survey and design of alterations will be saved. No

additional land away from existing route will have to be acquired. No fresh

area will be impacted initially by construction and later by traffic during

operational stage.

Disadvantages

Route of the road will not improve. Existing limitations regarding distance,

velocity and geotechnical faults will continue to exist. Fresh impacts on

the environment will be caused by construction of the second carriageway

without yielding any advantage. At places the length of the double lane

road may prove counter productive.



Conclusion

Construction of new double lane road on exactly the previous alignment is not a

sound engineering proposal nor is it worthwhile environmentally. Therefore, this

option cannot be supported.

5.1.3 For the Double Carriageway Altogether a New Route is Surveyed on

Another Site

Analysis

Advantages

In addition to the existing highway, another double lane road with become

available. The capacity to handle inter–district traffic will enhance

manifolds. The new alignment will also give an opportunity to modify and

improve existing design of road as well as the drainage.

Disadvantages

A very expensive new exercise will be undertaken without a real

necessity. The expected volume of current inter–district as well as the

international traffic is not adequate to provide justification for an

altogether a new double lane road somewhere else. By opening up a new

area new problems; physical, biological, environmental and social

problems will arise which may not keep the new effort positively

productive at this point in time. The new alignment may take the new

double lane road close to or pass through any of the protected areas and

may problem to ecology or biodiversity. Under prevailing security

problems obtaining in Swat area, it may be difficult to survey and

construct a new carriageway along an altogether a new route.

Conclusions

Because of prohibitive cost new environmental negativity and expected social

problems the option of altogether a new highway on an altogether a new site is

not recommendable.

5.1.4 Project is Restricted to a Single Carriageway as Before

Analysis

Advantages

The functional efficiency of the existing highway can be increased by

carrying out repairs and improving its maintenance and signology. Funds

will be saved to almost 50%. No new environmental or social hazards will



be triggered and no extra environmental or resettlement costs will be

incurred.

Disadvantages

With little alteration, this option is like no project option. By restricting the

project to repair and maintenance of existing carriageway will restrict the

socio–economic development and international trafficability of the route.

An opportunity of having a double lane road in modern terms will be lost.

Single carriageway is proved to accident as of now. This status will

continue if second carriageway is not constructed and the system of

double lane traffic is not introduced. Since the highway will be handling

inter district trade, therefore highway of international standard should be

provided. Not doing so will be counterproductive.

Conclusions

Despite saving in immediate terms, the option is not useful on long term basis.

Therefore this option is not recommended.

5.1.5 Project as Proposed in Feasibility; Double Lane Road with alterations

where necessary

Analysis

Advantages

As per well considered feasibility the project responds to the need of the

time. By proving double lane road, it induces trafficability, safety, speed,

efficiency and thus better trade on inter–district level. All along the

proposed project, during construction and after construction there will be

ample job opportunities for local population. Opening up of the area will

result in better education, health and social welfare opportunities. The

project area will experience definite poverty alleviation especially after the

sufferings of the people during the war against terrorism.

Alterations in parts will help to straighten all sharp curves, avoid

congested points, negotiate slopes at easier gradients and build stronger

road foundation. New construction will help absorb latest technology on

hill roads. At number of places side / link roads will help even the

extended project area to open.

In the long run, the project is financially viable, socially acceptable,

environmentally manageable, gender-neutral and pro-poverty alleviation.



Conclusions

The opportunity of building a double lane road from Sharifabad to Kanju is

recommendable and it should be availed for larger benefit of all stakeholders.

5.2 Logistic Sites

5.2.1 Siting of Contractor’s Facilities on State Land

Analysis

Advantages

The contractor will get land free of cost for the camping site and the

equipment and material yard. This cost will not be reflected in BOQ and

this will reduce the overall cost of the contract and thus the project.

There will be very little possibility of local disturbance or manipulation

from local communities and the contractor will have a free hand to

manage his labor and works.

The contractor will not be encouraged to hire private agricultural land and

therefore productive agricultural land will be saved.

The activities and logistics of the contractor will be under full control of the

project management and any adverse environmental or social spill over to

outside territories will be eliminated.

Disadvantages

Best suitable sites of required size and descriptions may not be available

within RoW and the standard. By refusing to contractor the option to go to

adjacent private land, the management may be compromising with best

site selection and other logistics and therefore overall efficiency of the

execution of the contract.

By way of leasing their land to contractor, communities may feel their

participation in implementation of the project.

For creating enough space for contractor at places, situation may arise

where resettlement cases with heavy payment may arise.

Conclusions

In presence of adequate and encumbrance free state land, the contractor may be

given the option of using it for his labor camp, machinery yard and work bases.

This is an acceptable option and is recommended.



5.2.2 Siting of Contractor’s Facilities on Private Lands

Analysis

Advantages

The contractor will enjoy the freedom of choosing the best sites for his

camps, machinery yards and work bases.

By way of payment of base money to the land owner, his participation and

ownership of the project will be achieved.

No additional government land will have to be set aside for camping. No

obligations will fall upon sponsor. No environmental challenge will come

up at any stage.

Disadvantages

The contractor will be free to hire comparatively flat agricultural lands and

will put productive land to non–productive use.

The contractor will include the cost of leasing land in his BOQ included in

the bid. This will increase the cost of the bids and thus project

expenditure.

Outside the direct control of the proponents, the contractor may indulge in

unplanned environmental social or physical activities which may not be

acceptable within the meanings of the project EIA.

Conclusion

In presence of adequate state land along the proposed highway taking the

project to private land is not advisable. The weakness and threats of this

proposal outweigh strengths and opportunities. The proposal of siting

contractor’s facilities on private lands is therefore not supported. Should the

contractor choose to establish his facilities and labor camp on hired private land

then FHA bears no responsibility for his costs and commitments.



5.2.3 Siting the Contractor’s Facilities at Appropriate Site, be it Public

Land or Private Land

Analysis

Advantages

The option will create an operationally adjustable opportunity wherein the

best site will be chosen by the contractor. Of course, all sites will be

approved by the Resident Engineer.

The contractor will not be bound to remain restricted to the sites proposed

by the FHA Resident Engineer and can plan his operations according his

operational convenience and availability of facilities and services.

Where enough state land is not available, and private land is available

adjacently, the contractor can make necessary adjustments without

changing the site.

Disadvantages

To the extent that the contractor moves out of state lands, establishment

of camps, yards and facilities close to villages can cause social problems.

Adverse effects may be caused on freedom of women to work in fields.

Possibilities of spread of AIDS and other infections diseases will get

greater chances of spread.

Conclusion

As a second best option (after settling the contractor on state land) this is the

second best option. But for contractors activities on private lands FHA holds no

responsibility for contractor’s cost and commitments.

5.3 Labor

5.3.1 All Labor Local

Analysis

Advantages

All labor will be local and their employment will fulfill a major social

requirement of the contract. Local economy will benefit and poverty

alleviation will take place. The project will become socially acceptable. A

big advantage of local labor will be that most of them will come from and

go to their homes daily and there will be very little pressure on labor

camps.



Disadvantages

Three types of labor will be required; unskilled, semiskilled and skilled. All

types of labor cannot be available locally. So binding contractor to employ

all labor locally can put limitation on contractor.

Conclusion

It is not possible to rely entirely on local labor for all trades. So this option is not

acceptable. However, all unskilled labor openings must be given to locals.

5.3.2 All Labor from Outside

Analysis

Advantages

Labor from outside will be preselected and ergonomically sound. More

efficient more dependable and well trained man power will be available.

The labor will not be able to erect undue pressure on the contractor or the

project. The outside labor will set model for untrained labor which may

improve. Spending by outside labor will bring additional benefit, to local

economy.

Disadvantages

Bringing outside labor will take away economic benefits of employment

from the local communities and they will not develop a sense of

ownership for the project. The project objective of poverty alleviation,

social uplift and capacity building will be defeated. A social problem will

be created.

Conclusion

In case the labor is brought from outside, the social losses will be much higher

than the economic gains. However, the ergonomic limitations may necessitate

bringing in a small percentage of outside manpower especially at skilled level.

But as far as possible the local human resource will have to be preferred.

5.3.3 An Admixture of Local and Outside Labor as per Skill Required

Analysis

Advantages

Unskilled labor can be locally 100%. Semiskilled can be local as per their

skill wise availability, may be up to 50% of the total. Most of the senior



technicians and skilled workers will have to be brought from outside the

district of Swat. This flexibility will be possible only under the option of

admixture of labor.

Disadvantages

Because of the presence of the outsiders there are likely to be social

losses. Income of local communities will reduce.

Conclusion

From project implementation point of view, this option presents the best

combination of local and outside labor. This option also presents an opportunity

of transfer of skills from outside technicians to local workers.

5.4 Summary of Alternatives

(i) No project option / worst scenario option is not recommended.

(ii) The option of following exactly the existing alignment is not acceptable.

(iii) The option of constructing the double carriageway road along an

altogether new alignment is not recommended.

(iv) The option of restricting the project road to a single carriageway is not

supportable.

(v) Project as proposed in feasibility as double lane road with alterations

where necessary is fully recommended.

(vi) Option of siting all Contractor’s facilities on state land is recommended as

the best logistic option.

(vii) Siting of all Contractor’s facilities on private lands is not supportable. FHA

cannot accept any responsibility for such an option by the contractor.

(viii) Siting of Contractor’s facilities partly on state land and partly on private

land is supportable as second best logistic arrangement, provided that

FHA is not held responsible for the cost and commitments of the

contractor.

(ix) Option of having all categories of labor from project area is not possible.

(x) Option of bringing all categories of labor from outside is not

recommended because it would cause social unrest.

(xi) Option of getting 100% local labor from local source, 50% of semi–skilled

labor from outside and 100% skilled technicians from open market is the

best and recommendable.



6.0 Stakeholder Consultations

6.1 General

Stakeholder participation in planning and managing resettlement helps to reduce

the fears of stakeholders regarding the development program and give

opportunity to them to participate in key decisions that will affect their lives. The

consultation process was carried out in accordance with the requirements of the

of the World Bank and Government of Pakistan on public consultation which

generally require that affected people should be fully informed and closely

consulted on environmental and social impacts of the proposed project. So,

consultation with stakeholders is the starting point for all activities concerning the

conduct of environmental and social impact assessment. The objectives of this

process were to:

(i) Share information with stakeholders on proposed improvement works and

expected impact on the physical, biological, and socioeconomic

environment of the project corridor.

(ii) Understand stakeholder concerns regarding various aspects of the

project, including the existing condition of the highways, upgrade

requirements, and the likely impact of construction–related activities and

operation of the improved highway.

Due to disturbed law and order situation in the area, conduct of public

consultation was a difficult task. However, the process was carried out by holding

scoping sessions with local communities. Wayside consultations were also held

with general highway users, including transport passengers, vehicle drivers,

roadside shopkeepers, and passersby. Table 6.1 provides a summary of the

meetings held with respect to date, venue and stakeholder participation.

Table 6.1: Summary of Public Consultations

Date Venue Chainage No. Of Participants

Men Women

03rd March, 2011 Sharifabad 31+000 10 4

06th March, 2011 Daggay 32+500 8 2

09th March, 2011 Ajmirabad 34+000 12 5

18th March, 2011 Kabal 35+000 40 9

26th March, 2011 Ali Grama 38+000 20 6



Date Venue Chainage No. Of Participants

Men Women

09th April, 2011 Kanju 40+500 24 5

TOTAL 114 31

6.2 Outcome of Stakeholders Consultation

Generally, people were found to be aware of the need to rehabilitate / upgrade

the highway, and expressed their support for the FHA. The proposed

improvement of the additional carriageway was welcomed by the people since it

will reduce traffic congestion and other road hazards near settlements along the

project corridor. Local communities demanded that they should be the part of a

continuous consultation process with other stakeholders at different stages of the

project including the design, construction, and operation periods. The concerns

raised by the grass-root (communities) and institutional stakeholders are given

below.

6.2.1 Highway Design

Improve general standards of construction.

Blasting should not be carried out in the project area.

The business of the people should not be affected due to project

activities.

PAPs should be compensated according to the market rates.

Properly compensate owners of demolished structures.

Protection walls should be constructed where needed.

The waste material should not be dumped in to the river.

The road shoulders should be concreted.

Avoid constructing sharp road curves and grades.

Provide streams outlets to help drain away runoff from the highway into

the river.

Build bus bays, passenger shelters, and parking areas where required.

Plant trees along the highway that could be entrusted to the care of local

communities.

Avoid shifting graves that may fall within the RoW.

Avoid relocating/dismantling mosques and other permanent structures.

Provide drainage on both sides of the road.

6.2.2 Highway Construction

Avoid undue delays in road construction and ensure that project works

are carried out in one stretch rather than piecemeal.



Ensure that contractors do not use private land for parking construction

machinery.

Avoid dumping construction material along the highway and median.

Adopt measures to minimize dust, smoke, and noise pollution, and to

control spillages from construction machinery.

Provide proper diversions for traffic during construction to avoid traffic

congestion, related hazards, and dust emissions.

Carry out construction activities preferably at night to avoid traffic jams /

hazards.

Proper traffic management plan should be provided during construction

activities.

Job opportunities should be provided to the locals during construction

activities.

Safety of local residents along the road should be ensured particularly

due to land sliding and stones rolling.

6.2.3 Highway Operation

Provide medical aid centers along the highway to treat road accident

emergencies.

Erect cautionary and information signs.

Control over–speeding, overloading, traffic disorders and violations of

traffic regulations; construct speed breakers where required.

Prohibit commercial vendors and squatters from encroaching on the

RoW.

Increase tree plantation along the highway.

Ensure that cross–drainage pipes and culverts are regularly cleaned.

Regularly remove accumulated piles of rubbish from the RoW.

6.3 Land Acquisition and Resettlement–Related Concerns

In addition to compensation for the structures removed, additional

financial assistance is required to erect structures at new locations.

Compensation should be fair, paid promptly, and subject to transparency.

The acquisition of private land should be avoided. Where necessary,

acquisition should be carried out in accordance with the law and at

existing market rates. The acquired land should be possessed only once

the compensation payment is made.

Avoid acquiring the cultivated land as there is already shortage of

availability of cultivated land.

Stakeholder’s consultation should be an integral part of the land

acquisition process.



6.4 Addressing Stakeholders Concerns

The most of the concerns raised by stakeholders have been incorporated into the

project’s environmental and social assessment as described below:

6.4.1 Highway Design

In response to stakeholders’ concerns, the design at locations of social disruption

has been revised by the Design Consultants and no residential and commercial

will be affected by the Project. In addition, the following environmental and safety

provisions have been included in the project design:

Relocation of mosques, schools and graves to the possible extent will be

avoided by making modifications in the design.

Highway safety audits and improved road markings/signage and

demarcation of accident–prone junctions will be made in order to improve

the horizontal and vertical geometry, and reduce conflicting movement

during operation, particularly along inhabited stretches of road.

Improved intersections on side roads and village tracks will be provided in

order to eliminate bottlenecks.

Roadside furniture and traffic control devices, including information and

cautionary signs, signals, traffic diversion and flow markings, to ensure

pedestrian safety during construction and operation.

A tree plantation program to compensate for the anticipated loss of

vegetation during construction activities, and to help abate pollution

caused by emissions, dust, and noise during highway operation.

A drain has been designed to cater for the road drainage.

6.4.2 Highway Construction

The following measures will be carried out in order to protect surrounding

communities from the expected impact of construction:

Project facilities will be located at a minimum distance of 250 m from

existing settlements and built–up areas in order to avoid restricting the

mobility of local women.

Construction vehicles will remain confined within their designated areas of

movement.

Sensitivity towards local customs and traditions will be encouraged to

minimize social friction; good relations with local communities will be

promoted by encouraging contractors to provide opportunities for skilled

and unskilled employment to locals, as well as on–the–job training in

construction for young people.

Land sliding will be minimized by constructing retaining walls.



The FHA is bound to comply with Pak–EPA regulations concerning

pollution and industrial water disposal.

The stakeholder consultation will be an integral part of the project.

The loss of privately owned land or built–up property will be compensated

on a replacement–cost basis.

Solid waste generated during construction and at campsites will be

properly treated and safely disposed of only in demarcated waste

disposal sites approved by the supervision consultant.

Contractors will be required to instruct and train their workforce in the

storage and handling of materials and chemicals that can potentially

cause soil contamination.

All necessary measures will be taken to ensure the safety of traffic during

construction, including barricades (including signs, pavement markings,

flags, and lights) erected as required by the FHA. All such barricades will

be set up as per local regulations.

6.4.3 Highway Operation

FHA will provide a plan for proper operation and maintenance of road and

to ensure quick rescue operations during land sliding and snow falling.



7.0 Environmental Impact Assessment and

Mitigation Measures

This section identifies the potential impacts of the Sharifabad – Kanju Road on

the Project area.

7.1 Potential Impact Sources

Environment and social impacts attributable to the Project can broadly be

classified into those taking place during construction and those occurring during

operational phase. Some of these impacts can be anticipated and avoided

through appropriate adjustments / provisions in the project design. Some can be

mitigated by careful implementation of the Project while some other can be

adjusted with by appropriately following the operational manual and an effective

collaboration with communities.

Construction related impacts are heavily dependent on:

The contractor’s work practices, especially those related to storage of

construction materials and cleanliness of work site;

Cooperation between local communities and local authorities and the

contractor in terms of observance of Social Framework Agreement (SFA)

and use of public space and utilities;

Project management’s enforcement of correct construction practices and

standards;

The incorporation of mitigation measures identified the EIA into the tender

documents and specifications, in bid and Contracts documents and

provision of linkage between EMP and contractors payments.

An effective collaboration with local communities in evolving a workable

Social Framework Agreement (SFA).

The quality of Monitoring and Reporting of EMP implementation.

Operational impacts of the proposed project are associated with the movement of

vehicular traffic on it and allied activities. These include air and noise pollution,

safety hazards and other similar impacts.

For this Project, potential impacts are reviewed under construction and

operational phases. The environment has been studied under the following sub–

heads:

Physical Environment



Land Resource

Water Resource

Air Quality

Noise Level

Biological Environment

Flora

Fauna

Fish

Endangered Species

Cultural and Historical Sites

Socio–economic Environment

Table – 7.1 provides a checklist of potential impacts likely to be associated with

the construction of the Sharifabad – Kanju Road project. In general these areas

are divided into groups based on general environmental aspects which are

effected or likely to be effected from the modification in the flow of traffic. The set

of impacts based upon physical, biological, cultural and social aspects have been

classified as under construction and operational phases. Each sub–factor has

been marked as curable, reversible or irreversible. Each sub–factor so assessed

has been shortly discussed and explained in the part of the chapter 7 following

the Assessment Table – 7.1.

Table 7.1: Evaluation of Environmental and Social Impacts

1. Construction Phase

Aspects Impacts Assessed

Assessment

Slight Moderate Significant

1

2

3 1

2

3

1

2

3

1. Land

Resource

1.1.1 Site for disposal of

waste construction

material

1.1.2 Land slide, unstable

soil or similar

unforeseen

conditions

1. Avoidable through design (Avoidance): Curable 2. Mitigation through contractor’s obligation or by communities through Social Framework

Agreement (SFA) (Curative): reversible 3. Non–reversible, Permanent change (to be adopted): irreversible




Assessment


1

2

3 1

2

3

1

2

3

1.1.3 Location of labor

camps, material

dumps, equipment

yard and approach

road.

1.1.4 Any natural disasters

such as heavy rains,

floods and

earthquakes

1.1.5 Soil contamination

from diesel and other

spills from

construction

machinery

1.1.6 Damage/blockage of

Drain, paths, roads,

and cross drainage

by moving

machinery.

1.1.7 Scouring of Earthen

embankment or

concrete work edge

1.1.8 Release of

construction water on

unstable slope or any

public/private

property

1.1.9 Release of

construction water to

any river structure

such as

bridge/culvert.

1.1.10 Any discharge, spill

or dumping on any

building or house on

riverbank.

1.1.11 Impact of taking

borrow martial from

earth borrow site.




Assessment


1

2

3 1

2

3

1

2

3

1.1.12 Impact on paths or

road used for

transport of

construction material.

1.1.13 Impact of stone

quarrying.

1.1.14 Any blasting during

Construction

2. Water

Resources

1.2.1 Sourcing of

construction water.

1.2.2 Impact of surface

water.

1.2.3 Impact of ground

water.

1.2.4 Impact of drinking

water.

1.2.5 Diesel and other

fluids spilling over to

river water form

machinery.

1.2.6 Damages from floods

of river or streams.

1.2.7 Obstruction of flow of

water in the river or

any stream.

1.2.8 Effect on surface flow

conditions in rains.

3. Air Quality

and Noise

Pollution.

1.3.1 Dust, smoke and

other pollutants from

construction

Machinery including

asphalt and concrete

batching plant.

1.3.2 Dust of other

pollutants from

stored material and

spoil keeps.




Assessment


1

2

3 1

2

3

1

2

3

1.3.3 Smoke from burning

of waste material or

burning firewood.

1.3.4 Noise from use of old

or outdate

machinery.

1.3.5 Noise due to any

blasting.

1.3.6 Soil compaction due

to labor camps and

machinery yards.

4. Biological

Resources

1.4.1 Damage to biological

resources

1.4.2 Damage to Fisheries

1.4.3 Impact on (adjacent)

open land

1.4.4 Impact on any

migratory birds.

1.4.5 Impact on

endangered spices.

5. Socio–

Economic

Cultural and

Archeologic

al Issues.

1.5.1 Existing services

education, health,

electricity, water

supply

communication.

1.5.2 Local ethnicity, Tribal

Tensions, communal

rivalries

1.5.3 Impact on area under

crops

1.5.4 Land ownership /

Land tenure system

1.5.5 Access to

construction material.

1.5.6 Adverse effect on

cultural and

archaeological

heritage (if any).




Assessment


1

2

3 1

2

3

1

2

3

1.5.7 Graveyards or

burials.

1.5.8 Public safety at

construction site.

1.5.9 Health and safety of

labor and employees

on construction site.

1.5.10 Resettlement of

Affectee land

inhabitants of houses

which will in RoW.

1.5.11 Loss of cultural ties

and family lands due

to involuntary shifting

of population

1.5.12 Loss of livelihood

due to loss of land

and ancestral

villages.

1.5.13 Loss of local

technique and

knowledge due to

shifting of population

1.5.14 HIV / AIDS and

infections diseases

such as cholera and

Jaundice in the labor,

employees and

nearby Public.

1.5.15 Employment

1.5.16 Women status:

Exposure to

employment and

education

opportunities.

1.5.17 Hurdle in cultural

Reunion.




Assessment


1

2

3 1

2

3

1

2

3

1.5.18 Hurdle in accessing

market opportunities

for agricultural

produce.

1.15.1

9

Reduction in

recreation

opportunities.

2. Operational Phase

Aspects Impacts/Aspects Assessed

Assessment


1

2

3 1

2

3

1

2

3

Monitoring and

Evaluation as

per operational

manual and

monitoring plan

2.1 Compliance of M&E

plan.

2.2

continuous

evaluation of design

efficiency

2.3

Understanding and

training of

operational manual.

2.4 Environmental

annual Audit

2.5 Regular

Maintenance

2.6 Staff welfare

2.7 Continuous public

consultation

2.8

Continued gender

issues and women

consultation.

2.9 Refresher courses

for operational staff.

7.2 Explanation of the Impact Assessment in Table 7.1

Table 7.1 above provides a schematic presentation of the degree, significance

and mitigation of various environmental and social factors at construction and

1. Avoidable through design (Avoidance): Curable 2. Mitigation through contractor’s obligation or by communities through Social Framework

Agreement (SFA) (Curative): reversible 3. Non–reversible, Permanent change (to be adopted): irreversible



operational phases. This section provides a brief explanation of each factor, also

suggesting a line of action towards mitigation measures for the adverse impacts.

7.2.1 Site for Disposal of Waste Construction Material

The project area is comparatively plain. There will be some cutting involved.

There may be surplus earth or waste construction material which needs disposal.

Mitigation

The construction waste material will be disposed off in selected barren spots as

allowed/approved by Resident Engineer and level it so that it becomes a useful.

No waste material will be thrown into the river or other water bodies.

7.2.2 Landslides, Unstable Soil or Similar Unforeseen Conditions

Landslides or unstable soil conditions may impact the construction work.

Improper construction methodology can cause landslides.

Mitigation

Local readjustments in foundation treatment or any other small changes will be

allowed to the contractor by the Resident Engineer (RE). Contractor will make all

arrangements to avoid any land slide caused by the construction activities;

remedial actions will be undertaken in case of any such slide.

7.2.3 Location of Labor Camps, Material Depots, Equipment Yards and

Approach Roads

Because of availability of ample area belonging to state on either side of the road

location of labor camps material depot, equipment yard and approach roads will

not cause any serious problem. So this is a matter of slight significance and can

easily be mitigated.

Mitigation

The contractor will, in consultation with RE, select the location of all these

facilities within the state land. The camp/other site facilities will be established on

a flat land without much natural vegetation, at least 250 m away from the

communities. Satellite imagery can also be used to select the suitable sites, to

record the pre-construction conditions, and to monitor the condition of these sites

during and after the construction phase.

7.2.4 Any Natural Disasters Such as Heavy Rains, Floods and Earthquakes

Any natural disasters such as heavy rains, floods or earthquakes can potentially

impact the project works.



Mitigation

Contractor in consultation with RE and local community will resolve the issues, in

the best interest of the FHA. Neither party will however be held responsible for

any force majeure.

7.2.5 Contamination from Diesel and Other Oil Spills from Construction

Machinery

Any leakage or spillage of diesel, oil or any other chemical will contaminate the

soil which may in turn impact the water sources, nearby community and/or

productive land.

Mitigation

Contractor will apply strict rules on his workers and labor to ensure that no spill or

leakages are caused. All fuels, oils and bitumen will be stored appropriately, with

concrete padding and bunding for containment in case of leakage. If the spills or

leakages do take place, it must be followed by the treatment prescribed below as

per the degree of spill or leakages.

The contractor will employ the general criteria for oil and leakage at construction

sites, as per standards set forth by ―Guidelines for Oil Spill Waste Minimization

and Management‖ issued by International Petroleum Industry Environmental

Conservation Associate which are as follows: (Source: IPIECA Report Series,

Volume-12, ―Guidelines for Oil Spill Waste Minimization and Management‖)

Minor Skill / Leakage: Soil contaminated by minor spills / leakages

(defined as leaks from vehicles, machinery, equipment or storage

containers such that the area and depth of soil contaminated is less than

10 sq ft and 3 inches respectively) is to be scraped and burnt in a burn

pit, away from population.

Moderate Spills are defined as spills of volume less than or equal to 200

liters is to be contained and controlled using shovels, sands and native

soil. These equipments and materials are to be made available at camp

sites during the operation. The contaminated soil is to be excavated and

stored in a burn area lined with an impermeable base. Depending on the

volume, the contaminated soil is either disposed off by burning in the burn

pit or by specialized treatment such as bioremediation.

Major Spills (defined as spills of volume much greater than 200 liters)

requires initiation of Emergency Response Procedures and Oil Spill

Contingency Plan. These spills are to be handled and controlled

according to the Plan and require special treatment such as

bioremediation.



7.2.6 Damage to Roads, Cross Drainages

Damage to roads, cross drainages can arise through carelessness of the heavy

machinery drivers or operators. Such carelessness can cause considerable

damage to paths, roads and drainages if the drivers/operators are not made

aware, trained and bound to be careful. It is a concern of moderate significance

but can be mitigated through care and regulation.

Mitigation

Contractor will prepare standard operating procedures and impose strict control

over operators and drivers of all types of vehicles to minimize any damage to

roads or structures. Should any damage take place, the contractor will carry out

repairs immediately. An effective sinology and a good traffic plan can reinforce

the instructions to drivers.

7.2.7 Earthen Embankments or Concrete Work, Edge Scouring

Poor design and inappropriate construction procedures can potentially damage

the embankments, concrete works or road edges. The impact is moderately

significant but can easily be mitigated.

Mitigation

Edge scouring of earthen embankments or concrete work must first be dealt at

design stage. Wherever such a situation is anticipated, aprons should be

provided to secure edges and specifications must be kept of high standards.

During the construction phase this aspect should be addressed through

appropriate construction methodology and employing appropriate techniques

such as protection walls and rip rap. Contractor will repair all damages to the

earthen embankments, concrete works, or pavement edges caused by the

construction works. During the operation phase appropriate measures need to be

incorporated in the Operational Manual.

7.2.8 Release of Construction Water and Dumping of Soil

Uncontrolled release of construction water or dumping of excess soil/rubbles can

destroy/damage the nearby structures, slopes, and private property, potentially

leading to significant damage. If such a situation does appear, it becomes highly

significant though it can be mitigated.

Mitigation

The contractor will make adequate arrangements to avoid such leakages,

uncontrolled releases, and dumping of soil/rubbles. Should such leakage

develop, the contractor must remain fully prepared to immediately control the

discharge. The contractor will be liable to pay for or repair such damages.



7.2.9 Any Discharge, Spill or Dumping in Graveyards or Burials

Any uncontrolled discharge of effluents or dumping of soil can potentially impact

the religiously significant places such as graveyards. Should a situation present

itself during project construction, it will be moderately significant but can be

mitigated.

Mitigation

The contractor will take all precautionary measures to forestall any uncontrolled

release of effluents or dumping of soil/rubbles into any graveyards, shrine or any

other religiously sensitive place. The contractor will be liable to repair and/or

compensate any damage to such places caused by the construction activities.

7.2.10 Impact of Borrowing Material from Earth Borrow Sites

A large quantity of earth will be removed from borrow pits located within the state

land on either side of the road. This can potentially cause slope instability, loss of

soil/land productivity, uneven terrain, and altered drainage.

Mitigation

The borrow areas will be selected after obtaining approval from the RE. The

contractor will ensure that the borrowing does not cause slope instability, loss of

soil/land productivity, uneven terrain, and altered drainage. Wherever

possible/necessary, these places will be leveled and planted with trees using

appropriate planting technology/methodology.

7.2.11 Impact on Roads/Infrastructure used for Transport of Construction

Materials including Asphalt, Bitumen

Transport of construction machinery, construction material and construction

workers will cause additional wear and tear of the roads/infrastructure and raise

considerable dust. This impact will be a moderately significant and can be

adequately mitigated.

Mitigation

The contractor will be responsible to repair any damage caused to the local

infrastructure by the construction activities. Water sprinkling will be carried out

where necessary to minimize dust emissions.

7.2.12 Impact of Stone Quarrying

Inappropriate quarrying practices can lead to unstable slopes, risk of landslides,

loss of top soil, and damage to the natural vegetation.



Mitigation

The government-approved quarry will be selected after obtaining approval from

the RE. It will be ensured that the quarrying does not significantly affect the slope

stability, top soil, and natural vegetation of the area.

7.2.13 Soil Compaction due to Labor Camps and Machinery Yards

The human and mechanical activity normally compacts the soil and turns the

area as impervious and non productive for plant production after the project

completion.

Mitigation

The contractor will restore the area under its temporary facilities. Photographs

taken at the time of establishment of these facilities will be used for this purpose.

7.2.14 Impact of Sourcing of Construction Water

The contractor will obtain water for the construction sites and construction camps

from the nearby surface and/or groundwater sources. This however can

potentially affect water resources and the other water users of the area.

Mitigation

The contractor will procure water from a source approved by the RE, and if

necessary, after obtaining the community consent. It will be ensured that this

procurement of water does not negatively affect the communities or other water

users.

7.2.15 Impacts on Surface Water

Inappropriate waste disposal can potentially contaminate the water bodies in turn

affecting the local communities and aquatic biodiversity.

Mitigation

No untreated effluents will be released to the environment. For the toilet waste,

the contractor will establish/install appropriate waste treatment system (such as

septic tanks and soaking pits – appropriately sized and located) at the site

facilities (offices, camps, others). The waste water from kitchen and toilets can be

released in soaking pits or used for plantation/water sprinkling. Oily water must

be passed through a settling tank. The contractor will prepare a waste

management plan and have it approved by the RE.



7.2.16 Source of Drinking Water

The construction activities can potentially damage/affect the drinking water

sources of the communities. The usage of unsafe water by the construction

workers can cause health problems.

Mitigation

It will be ensured that the drinking water sources of the communities are not

affected. The contractor will repair/replace/compensate for any damages caused

by the construction activities.

The contractor will make arrangements to supply safe drinking water to its staff

and workers.

7.2.17 Diesel and other fluids spilling or leakages from construction

machinery

Contamination from diesel and other fluids spilling and leakages from

construction machinery over or near river waster, river bed or river barks can

potentially contaminate the water resources of the area.

Mitigation

The contractor will make all necessary arrangement to avoid any leakages or

spills of fuels, oils and chemicals. In case of any accidental leakages, the

procedures presented in Section 7.2.5 will be applied.

7.2.18 Protection of Construction Work from Floods

Floods and heavy rains can potentially affect the construction works.

Mitigation

A suitable flood warning system is required to alert the whole implementation unit

to adapt ways and means to adapt safeguards against flesh floods in the river or

ephemeral streams. The contractor will make fool proof arrangements in advance

to protect the ongoing construction works from floods, as per information

received from the meteorological department or any other type of flood warning

system.

7.2.19 Obstructing the Flow of Streams

At number of points, perennial stream cross the road. The road as such

especially during construction can obstruct their normal flow.



Mitigation

The road design will include adequately designed bridges and culverts at the

appropriate locations. The contractor will ensure that these water bodies/water

courses are not blocked during the construction phase.

7.2.20 Effect on Surface Flow Conditions

The road can potentially affect and disrupt the drainage pattern of the area.

Mitigation

Design Engineer will ensure provision of appropriately sized side drains, to avoid

negative impacts on the local drainage pattern. Contractor will follow the design

specifications meticulously. During the construction phase, the contractor will

make temporary drains and embankments where necessary to channel the runoff

appropriately.

7.2.21 Dust and gaseous Emissions from Construction Machinery or Asphalt

Plants

The construction activities and operation of vehicles and machinery will release

exhaust emissions and also raise dust.

Mitigation

The contractor will ensure that its vehicles, machinery, and generators are

properly designed and maintained, and comply with the applicable NEQS. The

asphalt plant will not be operated without properly functioning dust control system

such as wet scrubber. Water will be sprinkled where necessary to control the

dust emissions.

7.2.22 Dust or Other Pollutions from Stored Material and Spoil Keeps

The material stock piles and material transportation can cause dust emissions,

having a negative impact on the nearby communities and natural vegetation.

Mitigation

The material being transported or stored at the stockpiles will be kept covered

where necessary to avoid dust emissions.

7.2.23 Smoke from Burning of Waste Material or Burning Firewood

A large number of big and small fires in the labor camp and burning of waste can

produce smoke and smog which can cut off visibility, reduce visibility and cause

suffocation along with causing diseases of the respiratory tract including cancer.



Mitigation

The contractor will use clean and smoke free fuel in the labor camp. Cutting and

burning trees / shrubs for fuel will be prohibited. Instead gas cylinders should be

used in the labor camp for cooking purposes. Similarly waste burning will not be

allowed. The contractor will prepare waste management plan and have it

approved by the RE.

7.2.24 Noise

The construction activities particularly rock blasting will generate noise, which

can potentially affect the communities, wildlife, and also the construction workers.

Mitigation

The contractor will strictly follow the NEQS for ambient noise. All necessary

measures such as noise barriers will be taken to reduce the noise particularly

near the communities. Rock basting near the communities will be avoided to the

extent possible. The local communities will be informed about the rock basting.

The personal protective equipment (PPE) will be provided to the construction

workers and its usage will be made mandatory.

7.2.25 Impact on any Stream or Water Body

Some stream or water bodies may be affected or blocked by construction of the

road.

Mitigation

No dumping will be allowed in a stream or a water body. All streams running

across the road will have culverts or causeways. All streams running parallel to

road will be embanked.

7.2.26 Damage to Biological Resources (Flora and Fauna)

The project activities may potentially cause some disturbance to the wild species

of the area, however, this impact is not significant. The area has already

underwent modification because of human settlements, building of the road, and

associated vehicular traffic, therefore most of the wild faunal species would have

already left the area. A total of 170 non-fruit trees (including 93 privately owned

and 77 Forest Department owned) will need to be removed for the road

construction. Natural vegetation can potentially be damaged at the camp site,

asphalt plant site, borrow areas, and also caused by the vehicle/machinery

operation.



Mitigation

No clearance of vegetation or killing/hunting/trapping of wild animal will be

allowed. Compensation will be paid for any tree cutting on the private land.

Compensatory tree plantation will be carried out for Forest Department owned

trees and for each tree removed, five saplings will be planted. About 400 plants

will be planted by Forest Department for which a provision of RS. 238,000/- has

been made in the Budget. The Project will ensure appropriate care and

monitoring of this plantation. Camps and other temporary facilities will be

established in a manner that minimizes loss of natural vegetation including trees.

Borrow material will be obtained without causing any damage to the natural

vegetation.

7.2.27 Damage to Fish and Fisheries

Inappropriate waste disposal in the river water can affect the aquatic fauna.

Mitigation

No untreated waste, excess soil, or garbage will be dumped in the river. River

and streams will not be blocked by the construction activities. No hunting,

trapping, or fishing by the construction workers will be allowed.

7.2.28 Acquisition of Private Assets and Compensation11

A detailed census survey was carried out to record the names of persons and the

details of their affected assets and crops falling in the Row of the Project. The

cut–off date of this survey was announced as May 11, 2011. Any person,

whose land, asset / infrastructure, source of income or access to resources is

likely to be affected by the project’s operations, is an Affected Person. These

include mainly the encroachers of land and assets located within the RoW.

The survey has revealed that the land for the proposed road widening project is

state owned; hence no land acquisition is involved. It is 50 feet wide RoW from

the centre line of the existing road. FHA has obtained the road ownership records

from the Local Revenue Offices to this extent. However, the survey indicated that

over time, the land within the 50 feet RoW has been encroached by the people.

The number of such encroacher households within construction limits of

proposed road design has been identified as 26. The number of tenants comes

to 39. By applying the average household size of 7.23 persons, The total number

of PAPs works out to be 1822. The information relating to the categories of

Project Affected Persons is provided in Table – 7.2.



Table 7.2: Categories of Encroachers (Households)

Category of Affected Person Number Affected Asset

Owners of Structures 24 26

Owners of Trees 32 93

Agricultural Land Encroachers 31 12.84 kanals

(about 1.6 acres)

Tenants 39 –

Source : Census Survey of the Project Area, ACE, May 2011.

Mitigation

The compensation for the assets to be acquired is discussed in the following

sections.

Loss of Structures

The major resettlement impacts will take place at the bridge locations. It has

been observed that major socio–economic activity is concentrated in the big

settlements like Kabal and Kanju along the road. People have encroached the

government land. Accordingly, the extension of road within the available RoW will

affect a number of structures. Parts of such structures have been built on the

land falling within the RoW. The census survey has revealed that about 26

structures of different types, owned by 24 persons, will be affected. The details of

the affected structures are provided in Table 7.3, whereas the information with

ownership details is provided in SIA report.

Table 7.3: Loss of Structures

Description No. of

Structures

Area of Structures (sq. m.)

Total Covered Affected Affected as %

of Total Covered

Shop 16 685 294 43

House 438 483 257 53

Boundary Wall 2 3 3 100

TOTAL 26 1171 554 47.30

Source : Census Survey of the APs by M/s. ACE, May 2011.

11

Description in Sections 7.2.28 to 7.2.30 has been borrowed from SIA report.



Compensation

The compensation rates of various construction types’ structures are adopted in

consideration of composite Schedule Rates, NWFP 2009 for Swat district with

premiums (30% to account for escalation), the discussions with the engineers of

building department and the data collected from the affected persons in this

respect. To estimate the replacement value of residential and commercial

structures, the assets have been standardized for compensation on an average

unit rate per square foot. The compensation amount thus determined is

tabulated below.

Table 7.4: Valuation of Privately Owned Affected

Structures / Assets

Type of

Structures

No. of

Structures

Area

(Sq. ft.)

Unit Rate

(Rs. /sq. ft.)

Total Cost

(Rs.)

1. A 17 9,424 900 4,986,285

2. B 0 0 820 0.0

3. C 0 0 600 0.0

4. D 09 3,884 350 1,359,352

TOTAL 26 9,424 – 6,345,637

Additional Assistance for Vulnerable Households

The number of vulnerable households having monthly earnings below official

poverty line (OPL) is estimated to be 28. Among these 27 are squatters and 01 is

labourer These people don’t have opportunities elsewhere to work for their

livelihood and that’s why they have their homes along the system for livelihood

earning. For such households, in addition to the compensation for their affected

assets, an additional allowance of Rs. 11,195 (equal to one month amount of

inflation adjusted OPL according to average household size), will be paid as

additional assistance. The amount of compensation to be paid on this account

comes to be Rs. 334,628/ –.

Removal of Trees

Total number of privately owned timber / fuel trees falling within the proposed

RoW comes to about 93. These include Chir, kikar, Bakain, shahtoot, and others.

The owners have been provided with compensation for these trees. In addition to

these trees, about 27 fuel wood trees owned by government will also need



removal. No fruit tree is affected within the RoW. The information in respect of

number and ownership of the trees by type are summarized in Table – 7.5 and

details are provided in SIA report.

Table 7.5: Trees to be Removed From the RoW

Non–Fruit Trees

Name of Tree Below 15 years Over 15 Years Total

1. Bekain 7 – 7

2. Kikar 8 – 8

3. Shahtoot 24 – 24

4. Others 54 – 54

Total 93 – 93

Source : Census Survey of Affected Persons, by M/s. ACE, May 2011.

Compensation

All the affected trees are of timber/ fuel wood type and are mostly at the pole

stage with average age ranging between 6–9 years. This information was shared

with the Forest Department officials and the owners of private forests. As a result

of these discussions / consultations, the average price per tree was taken as

Rs. 1,200 for use in the budget. As such, the total compensation for privately

owned affected trees works out to be Rs. 111,600.

In addition to privately owned trees, about 77 governments owned non–fruit trees

will also be affected. These are owned by the Forest Department. For the

replenishment of these trees, compensatory plantation at 1:5 has been proposed.

The activity will be carried out through the Forest Department. About 400 plants

will be planted along the road, for which a provision of Rs. 238,000 has been

made in the budget.

Loss of Cropped Area

The survey has revealed that about 32 farmers will be losing their source of

livelihood as a result of occupation of encroached land of RoW by the FHA.

About 10.411 kanals (about 1.3 acres) of cropped area will be affected. The

details of the affected area are provided in SIA report.

Compensation

A compensation of Rs 28,022 will be paid to the farmers in accordance with the

procedures set out in the SIA/Resettlement Action Plan (RAP).



7.2.29 Temporary Land Acquisition

Land required for establishing contractor’s facilities including camp, workshop,

plants, borrowing earth material and dumping excess spoil will be acquired

directly from private landowners by the contractor. The provisions of the Land

Acquisition Act, 1894 will not be invoked under the proposed Project, as the

acquisition of the land will be temporary and will be covered by short–term lease

agreements between the landowners and contractors under the approval of the

Project Engineer. Rental terms will have to be negotiated to the satisfaction of

the landowners concerned.

Mitigation

The staff of the FHA and supervisory Consultants will monitor the process of

restoration and ensure, through the terms of the construction contracts, that

landowners are compensated according to the terms of the lease agreements,

and the restoration actions agreed upon by the contractors are duly carried out.

The photo–documentation of the existing land prior to temporarily acquisition

should be available, which will be beneficial to resolve the restoration conflicts

between the landowner and contractor.

Similarly, prior to the commencement of construction activities, the Contractor will

carry out base line survey for selecting the camp sites, dumping sites, public and

community/private owned utilities, in conformity with the requirements of SIA

study. The contractor will submit a development plan to the Engineer–in–charge,

local government and EPA (KP), for its scrutiny and approval.

Project facilities, viz., construction camp and workshop will be located at a

minimum distance of 500 m from existing plantation, and settlements. This limit

will be 1,000 m in case of batching plant.

As far as possible, waste/barren land i.e. areas not under agricultural, residential

or forestation use, and natural areas will be used for borrow material (if required)

and setting up project facilities.

Where the use of agricultural land is unavoidable for borrow of earth material, the

top 30 cm of the plough layer will be stripped and stockpiled for redressing the

land after the required borrow material has been removed. In case deep ditching

is carried out, the top 1 m layer of the ditching will stripped and stockpiled. The

ditch will initial filled with scrap material from construction then leveled with the

stockpiled topsoil to make it even with the rest of the area. It shall be ensured

that the scrap does not contain any material that may produce obnoxious

material that would contaminate soil or water resources.



Barren lands or valley side slopes will be used for dumping the excavated spoil

material. Appropriate sites have to be located along the road for this activity.

These facilities will be regularly monitored and cleaning activities implemented

during operation phase to improve the cross drainage facilities of area.

7.2.30 Infrastructure within RoW

No public infrastructure such as schools, hospitals or offices fall within RoW.

However, 100 electric poles and 52 telephone poles falling within the RoW will be

relocated through their respective departments. Budgetary provisions for this

activity have been made.

Mitigation

The survey has revealed that construction of project will affect 52 telephone and

100 electric Poles. The per unit relocation cost of these utilities were arrived at

after having discussions with the officials of these departments and are provided

as under.

Electric Pole Rs. 35,000 per Unit

Telephone Pole Rs. 15,000 per Unit

Total cost of relocating the utilities works out to be Rs. 4,280,000 (Rs. 3,500,000

for electric poles and Rs. 780,000 for shifting of telephone poles).

7.2.31 Increased Risk of Accidents Caused by Partial Closure of Road

during Construction

During construction activities, traffic flow will be disturbed. At sections passing

through populated areas, there will be limited scope for providing diversion tracks

for the mobility of local and thorough traffic. As a result of road improvement the

traffic volume will increase during operation stage, there may be safety hazards

for the locals residing along the edge of the road as well as vehicular traffic.

Mitigation

Proper site specific measures will be carried out in consultation with supervisory

consultants to ensure the safety of population residing along and around the

project corridor. A detailed Traffic Management Plan (TMP) will be prepared and

implemented by the Contractor with the approval of the Project Engineer.

Necessary measures will be taken to ensure the safety of traffic during

construction, including barricades (including signs, pavement markings, flags,

and lights) erected as required by the FHA and set up as per local regulations.



The construction work will be managed such that part of the carriageway at a

time is upgraded leaving the other part available to serve one way traffic.

Construction work will be carried out in small stretches instead of a long stretch.

During operation stage FHA will make arrangements with some

organization/contractor for proper maintenance and operation of the road.

Periodic inspections will be made by contracted firm particularly in monsoon

season to identify the landslide areas and their remedial measures. In case of

any land slide contracted firm will clear the road within minimum time. For this

purpose the firm should be fully equipped and there should be contingency plan

in case of any emergency/natural disaster.

7.2.32 Safety and Health Hazards

Occurrence of accidents/incidents during the construction activities, particularly

from excavation activities is generally common. The workers and general public

residing along the project corridor or near the work sites will particularly be at

risk. In addition, contractor staff while on work may get injuries.

Mitigation

The contractor will comply with the safety precautions for construction workers as

per International Labor Organization (ILO) Convention No. 62, as far as

applicable to the project contract. The construction workers will be trained in

construction safety procedures, social awareness, equipping all construction

workers with safety boots, helmets, gloves, and protective masks, and monitoring

their proper and sustained usage. Contractor will ensure the provision of

medicines, first aid kits, vehicle, etc. at the camp site.

7.2.33 Restricted Mobility of Local Population

During the construction phase the general mobility of the local residents and their

livestock in and around the project area is likely to be hindered. Likewise access

to the natural resource may be affected. This particularly implies to the women

folk and children. Construction activities, particularly excavation and movement

of haul truck and machinery may disrupt the existing tracks leading from the main

road to settlements. This will limit the accessibility of the local population to the

main road.

Mitigation

The contractor will ensure that the mobility of the local communities and their

livestock is not hindered by the construction activities. The contractor will provide

crossing points at the road at appropriate places to facilitate the people for going

across the road for their daily works and having free access to the natural

resources.



Generally the contractor will avoid using the village tracks for hauling the

construction material. However, if it is unavoidable, the existing ones will be

widened, overlaid with shingle or surface treated to accommodate local as well

as contractors traffic under the approval of the Project Engineer.

7.2.34 Gender Issues

According to the findings of the socioeconomic survey, the privacy of women

may suffer due to the project activities. Moreover, they actively participate in

other outdoor socio–economic activities such as livestock rearing, bringing of

potable water, etc which may also be affected by the project activities.

The induction of outside labor may create social and gender issues due to the

unawareness of local customs and norms. It may also cause hindrance to the

mobility of local women for working in the field, herding livestock, picking fuel

wood, etc.

Mitigation

The Contractor will select the specific timings for the construction activities

particularly near the settlements, so as to cause least disturbance to the local

population particularly women.

The Contractor will carry out the construction activities in such a way that the

open defecation timings by the local community particularly women, should not

be affected. The normal defecation timings are early in the morning and at late in

the evening. So, the Contractor will have to take care of these timings.

Contractor will take due care of the local community and observe sanctity of local

customs and traditions by his staff. Contractor will warn the staff strictly not to

involve in any unethical activities and to obey the local norms and cultural

restrictions particularly with reference to women.

During construction activities, if privacy of the nearby households is affected, the

Contractor will inform the house owner to make some arrangements. Similarly,

Contractor will take care as much as possible that the construction activities

should not affect the privacy particularly with reference to women.

7.2.35 Social Conflicts and Employment of Locals on the Project

The presence of outside construction workers may cause some degree of social

disruption and even active disputes with the local community as a result of social/

cultural differences. This particularly relates to the disruption of the privacy of

women folk working in the fields or even in the yards of their houses, should the

house lying at lower elevation than the working sites. Likewise the risk of theft of

the community assets by the Contractor workers and vice versa may occur.



Mitigation

Good relations with the local communities will be promoted by encouraging

Contractors to provide opportunities for skilled and unskilled employment to the

locals, as well as on–the–job training in construction for young people.

7.2.36 Rise in the Prices of Essential Commodities

Due to induction of outside labor for project works, the demand for basic items

will increase thereby causing an increase in the prices of essential commodities

Mitigation

The project will exert no negative impacts on the prices of essential commodities.

It is estimated that project will employ about 120 skilled and un–skilled staff. Most

of the un–skilled labor will be recruited from the local areas. As such there will be

no extraordinary increase in the demand for essential or other commodities. The

Contractor, will, however, be required to maintain the field camps supplies from

the main Mingora market.

7.2.37 Use of Local Water Supplies and Other Common Resources

Local water supplies will need to be tapped to meet campsite and construction

requirements, bringing its use into competition with the use by the local

communities. Local water may be affected due to implementation of project both

in quantity as well as quality.

Mitigation

The contractor will explore the alternative water resource so that the existing

community water resources are not impacted. No existing water source under the

use of community will be exploited by the Contractor for campsite facilities as

well as construction purposes.

Availability of water for campsite facilities and construction purposes will be

ensured by the Contractor prior to start of construction activities. As per Local

Government Act, the contractor will seek approval from the local government for

exploitation of the water resources.

The Contractor will be required to maintain close liaison with local communities to

ensure that any potential conflicts related to common resource utilization for

project purposes are resolved quickly.

The contractor will prepare guidelines for the workers for minimizing the wastage

of water during construction activities and at campsites.



7.2.38 Adverse Effects on Archaeological Sites

No known archeological sites exit along the project corridor or its close vicinity.

Mitigation

The Contractor will be required to instruct the construction crews and site

supervisors in archaeological / cultural / historical sites and artifacts site

recognition, conservation procedures, and temporary site protection

In case of a chance find excavation, the Contractor must halt work at the site

immediately, inform the Project Engineer and notify the Department of

Archaeology and Museums through FHA.

7.2.39 Graveyards

Graveyards and burial sites are very sensitive for the local community. The

shifting of graves falling in the RoW may cause social disruption and ultimately

affect the project works.

Mitigation

Two graveyards at Sharifabad and Kabal will be affected. A detailed consultation

with the local communities has been made and they have agreed to shift the

affected graves to some other site. For this proper shifting allowance has been

provided.

FHA will get this task done through the locals by involving the managing bodies

of these graveyards and the local people particularly those people whose

relatives graves are to be shifted.

7.2.40 Spread of HIV/AIDS amongst the Project Labor and Adjoining

Population

The presence of a large number of construction workers and other associated

personnel may lead to the spread of communicable diseases such as HIV/AIDS

and hepatitis.

Mitigation

Contractor will arrange awareness programs for the communicable diseases in

the field camps on regular basis by a qualified expert/doctor. Contractor will

provide recreational facilities such as playing volleyball of football after the work

hours. Similarly, he will provide indoor recreation in terms of radio and TV at the

eating place. The Contractor will ensure regular medical check–up of the camp

staff from a qualified doctor on fortnightly basis. If any person found affected with

any of the transmittal diseases will be immediately shifted from the camp to the



hospital for detailed check–up and treatment. The cost will be borne by the

Contractor. Contractor will restrict his permanent staff to mix with the locals to

avoid any social and health problems.

7.2.41 Recreational Facilities for Public

The construction activities may damage any nearby parks or recreation areas

used by the local population or the tourists.

Mitigation

The Contractor will ensure the restoration and rehabilitation of construction and

camp sites on completion of the project. FHA will develop parks particularly for

children and ladies at appropriate sites along the road to provide them better

recreational opportunities. This will also attract the outside tourists as well, thus

increasing the incomes of the local people through increased socio–economic

activities. FHA should carry out tree plantation along the road.

7.2.42 Operational and Management Phase

At operational phase the Project Manager will develop a comprehensive

operational and Management Manual of the Highway and an effective monitoring

plan. Mistakes at operational level or handling of operations by untrained staff

can prove very risky and costly. Important points to be attended at operational

stage are as follows:

Comprehensive O&M Rules as per ISO standards

Strict application of prescribed M&E plan

Continuous evaluation of design efficiencies

Understanding and training of Operational and Maintenance Manual

Annual Environmental Audit based upon tri–base assessment.

Regular maintenance of engineering works (mechanical as well as civil).

Staff Welfare

Continued Public consultation and feed back on that

Continue attention towards Gender issues and women consultation

Refresher Training Courses for operational staff

7.2.43 Socioeconomic Impacts on the Overall Project Area

In ultimate analysis the impacts of project on social and economic activities in the

Project area will be mostly positive. The economic analysis shows very high

economic benefits compared to the cost. Salient economic benefits of the project

are:



Boosting of trade through ensured and enhanced capacity to take

additional traffic.

Increased economic activity with improved transport will ensure easy

marketing of agriculture and livestock produce.

With improved economy, there will be further improvement in services in

the area and opportunities for employment, education, healthcare,

especially for women and children, will improve.

Possible stimulus to other diversified economic development, such as

Tourism development programmers, will be generated

Employment during construction phase will employ and train a large

number of unemployed youth. They will receive a life time benefit through

skill training, capacity building and poverty alleviation. A large number of

semi and unskilled workers in the project area will be hired.

Greater awareness about Health care including HIV/AIDS and infectious

diseases amongst the labor and the close by community will be created.

At micro–level the bustle and bustle of economic activities may bring the

cost of living down by making essential commodities available at cheaper

rates. This combined with higher incidence of employments will bring the

poverty line and crime rate much lower.



8.0 Environmental Management Plan

8.1 General

This Chapter contains the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for the

Project. It has the following components:

Mitigation Plan (summary)

Monitoring Program

Institutional Agreements

Comprehensive Mitigation Plans

Most of the mitigation activities proposed in EMP will be included under

provisions in the construction contract, engineering supervision contract and

necessary agreement with the communities.

8.2 Mitigation through Avoidance of Adverse Impacts by Suitable

Design

Built in, inherent and devastatingly negatively impacts can take place because of

an unsound design and most negative factors can be avoided (eliminated)

through the use of improved and environmentally sound technical design. Usually

the engineers find a compromise somewhere in between to adjust with the

available finances. The road has however, been designed on modern lines, in

fact imbibing state of the art model. Lessons can be learnt from the other

motorway built and made functional in the country. A number of defects can be

avoided by following good design practices on other models. Record of such

models is available within FHA.

8.3 Tender and Construction Phase

8.3.1 Impact Reduction Measures

There are specific measures required of the contractor to reduce the potential

impacts of physical works and also the proposal for monitoring contractor’s

compliance / performance during construction phase.

The contract document will contain requirements for:

Preparation and implementation of HSE Plan, addressing occupational

health, safety, and environmental aspects.



Preparation of traffic management plan, addressing movement of vehicles

for material/construction manpower transportation, full/partial road closure

during road construction, warning signs, and other necessary measures.

Preparation and maintenance of documentation record of any road

accidents or site accidents. Provision of insurance coverage to the

construction workers.

Proper management of construction waste and preparation of waste

management plan

Control measures for waste fuel

Reduction of oil / lubricants, spill or leakage, noise and dust level

Rehabilitation of areas used for construction detours and sites used to

temporarily store construction materials.

Use and proper maintenance of equipment with appropriate noise and

smoke abatement

Restoration of borrow areas or stone quarry areas.

Other requirements as obligation of the contractor, emanating from the

Mitigation Plan and the EMP.

Specific provision will also included to mandate the use of formal health

including protection against HIV / AIDS, safety and group insurance

measures to minimize accidents and avoid fatalities during the

construction process.

Advisory element to address a number of other issues will also be

included in the contract. These will include Implementation of EMP and its

monitoring through EMMP.

Road Closures

At time road will have to be closed for some time. It must be done with the

permission of the relevant Highway Authority and after providing alternate route

through diversions, adequate signology and traffic management plan.

Cultural and Historical Resources

Communities will be requested to identify in the field all known sites of cultural

and historical value that may be affected by the project for protections by the

contractor during construction phase.

Archaeological Field Support

The Government of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa will make available (on demand) a

qualified archaeologist to conduct field investigations when important search

work and new material sites are opened. No such site is yet in view but just in

case it does; the services of archeologist can be had.



Graveyard and Burials

If unrecorded graveyards and / or burials are found during the courses of

construction activities, the supervisions agency will contact and work with local

religious authorities within the immediate project area to allow for possible

identification of the remains and when appropriate, properly undertake relocation

and burial.

Local Employment

The contractor is advised that both unskilled labor and skilled masons / mistries /

stone workers are easily available from local communities as and when required.

There is no obligation to hire local labor but it is desirable that maximum

employment benefits are made available to local communities.

Resources use Agreement–Construction Materials

Earth is available with the open area in state land area on either side of the road.

It has been estimated that the entire quantity of the earth required for the road

will be available from the proposed borrow sites (See Project Map Figure – 1.1).

The stream bed sand is fit for use in rough construction. Stones are available

from local quarries. Yet there may be a need for additional agreement with public

to obtain certain materials. In that case the farmland should be given the lowest

priority in procuring the fill material. Whenever the borrow pits are dug,

considerable care should be taken in their location. The site may invariably be

rehabilitated after use. Ideal situation would be that site is made good to a

condition almost similar to that prior to the project. It will be helpful if photographs

of pre–project condition are used for the purpose of comparison.

Resources Use Agreements — Water

Although ample quantity of good quality water is available as river and ground

water in the project area, yet the contractor will be required to detail water

demands and indicate source of water prior to the start of construction. Disposal

plan for waste water without polluting the fertile soil, clean river water or ambient

air, will be produced by the contractor for approval of RE and the Project

Manager (PM) assisted by the Environmental Consultant.

8.3.2 Pre–Tender Conference

To ensure full understanding of above clauses by prospective contractors, all

prequalified contractors will attend a pre–tender conference, where they will be

briefed on their responsibilities with regard to environmental, social, health and

safety issues. These briefings will review specific provisions of the construction

tender documents and contracts.



8.3.3 Pre Construction Coordination Meeting

Once the contract is awarded the contractor will be required to regularly attend

coordination meeting(s) with project authorities and the local communities. At

these meetings, the Project Manager (PM) and the Resident Engineer (RE) will

further explain the Terms and Conditions of the Contract, especially those

narrated above, if possible.

8.4 Operational Phase – Management of Operational Impact

The Project will also address future maintenance impacts. These will be

implemented through specially requested financial support from FHA and the

Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa as Recurring Budget to avoid any

deterioration in the functioning of the rehabilitated road and to guard against any

possible hydrological problems. Maintenance agency / contractor will be required

to follow procedures similar to those for the construction contractor concerning

proper disposal of construction waste, control measures, for waste fuel, oil and

lubricants and adoption of health and safely measures for personnel.

8.5 Management of Social Impacts

To assessment and address the social aspects of the project, a separate social

assessment has been conducted, during which social impacts and their

mitigation have been identified in detail. In addition, social impacts will be

managed through the Social Framework Agreement (SFA), which will be made

amongst RE as representative of the FHA, the Contractor and the Communities

living in the vicinity of the project area.

The SFA will be drafted and signed when the project is finally approved and the

implementation commences. A draft illustrative agreement has been provided

which may be updated, if necessary. .

8.6 Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring Plan (EMMP)

Main instrument of recognition of the Environmental Impact is the Environment

Management Plan (EMP) of which Environmental Management Monitory Plan

(EMMP) is a component. Implementation of the EMP will be the contractual

obligation of the Contractor. For that the Contracted will engage a full time

technical staff capable of a carrying out the prescriptions of the EMP as

contractual obligations under the contract document. The Engineering

Supervision Consultants will have on their team a full time professional level

Environmental Expert to provide an overall professional cover to the

environmental monitoring process and the procedures and initiate required

reports and point out any gaps in the implementation of the mitigation measures

or enforcement of the prescriptions of the EMP. In FHA there is an



Environmentalist, which will monitor and evaluate (M&E) application of

environmental measures at detailed design, bidding and construction stages. The

result of M&E activities will be included as routine element of reports prepared by

the Project Manager for FHA.

The monitoring program will comprise site inspection designed to determine

contractor’s compliance or otherwise with EMP and applicable regulations and

statutes.

Monitoring program designed to provide quality assessments of the

environmental parameters under pre and post project condition are not proposed.

It is however to be noted that:

Project impacts will be identified by site inspections and in discussion with

site incharge(s) RE and local communications

The project is a localized activity and changes in the environment are

likely to be minimum.

Except for some unanticipated factors, originating from offsite facilities,

the project is not likely to cause significant discomfort/disturbance to

communities. For offsite facilities, if needed, inspections (and response to

complaints, if any) will indicate whether any further action needs to be

taken or not.

The proposed site inspections by the Consultants Environmentalist and the FHA

will be carried out on regular basis as per their own time schedules, but not

necessarily as minimum level of M&E activities by each monitoring agency the

program outlined in Table 8.1 below should be observed.

Table 8.1: Minimum Monitoring Plan

Project Phase Proposed Minimum Inspections

Pre–Construction

One visit to main project site

One visit each to proposed Borrow site, Camp site,

Material Depot site, Proposed machinery yard and

other proposed sites.

One visit to each community

One visit to proposed water sources

Construction Visits to main project site at 20%, 50%, 75% and

100% completion stage.



One visit to other project sites every quarter.

Two visits per quarter in response to complaints

Post Construction

One visit to each construction site (part) site during

construction.

Two visits to each component site 12–18 months

after the completion of the highway

Two visits per quarter on response to any complaints

It is also anticipated that additional inspection will be required in response to any

complaints by local communities. So another two visits per quarter may be

budgeted for M&E personnel. All officers concerned with M&E will prepare their

own M&E Implementation Plans for information of all concerned. All M&E

personnel will be given optimal mobility and flexibility to implement their M&E

implementation plans.

8.7 Visits / Inspection Authorization

For the inspection process to function, access to the project and other related

sites must be guaranteed. Accordingly, the contract documents and operating

documents will incorporate a phrase with similar intent to that outlined below:

Any officer authorized in writing by Project Manager / FHA or

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), may at any time enter any

premises whether prescribed or otherwise, and may:

Examine and inspect equipment, control equipment, monitoring

equipment or plant. Take samples of any pollutants that are

emitted, discharged or deposited, or are likely to be or are of a

class or kind that are usually emitted, discharged or deposited

from such premises.

Examine any books, records or documents relating to the

performance or use of such equipment, control equipment,

monitoring equipment or plant or relating to the emission,

discharge or deposit from such premises.

Photograph such premises as he/she considers necessary or

make copies of any book, records or documents seen in the

course of such examination.



8.8 Roles and Responsibilities

8.8.1 Management Responsibility

Responsibility for environmental management during the construction phase of

the Project will rest with various agencies under the umbrella of FHA.

(i) The Implementation Agency The Contractor his qualified and Technical

Staff trained in implementation of EMP

and employed on whole line basis.

(ii) Supervising Agency Supervision Consultant through a

Professional Level Environmental Experts

giving a professional cover to entire

exercises, employed on full time basis.

(iii) Monitoring Agency Deputy Director Environment as part of

FHA.

(iv) General Assistance to all

above agencies in their

respective tasks

Resident Engineer of the Project will

facilitate communications, logistics and

data collection as and when required.

(v) External Monitoring An Independent Environmental Monitor

(IEM) engaged by FHA.

(vi) Donors Monitoring Donor may monitor the EMP

implementation through his monitoring

personnel / team.

(i) The Implementing Agency

Implementing Agency for the Monitoring Plan will assume overall

responsibility for ensuring:

(a) that while executing the contract and undertaking the construction

all environmental norms, regulations and requirements

promulgated by Environmental Protection Council (EPC) and

Pakistan Environmental Protection (PEPA) Agency, with respect

to the work site and adjacent areas are fully respected and

implemented;

(b) that all the mitigating measures for adverse impacts are duly and

timely implemented in letter and sprits. For that daily, monthly and

annual check lists must be formulated and maintained.



Various design readjustments made as mitigations to arrest certain

avoidable adverse impacts are fully documented and faithfully

implemented. All mitigation and precautionary measures prescribed in

EMP will be implemented meticulously and well in time and duly reflected

in the progress reports. For this task a well qualified Environmental

Engineer and his support staff will be hired by the Contractor. Financial

requirements for the purposed task will be included in the BOQ by the

contractor.

(ii) Supervising Agency

The Project Manager as the Head of Consultants for Engineering

Supervision will be the Supervising Agency and will be responsible for the

timely and sound execution of activities given in an acceptable sequence

under the project. The Consultants Team will include a full time

Environmental Expert, who will give a professional cover and practical

support to the entire Environmental Monitoring and Evaluation activity

throughout the Project during its implementation. Finances for this will be

provided by the Consultation from within the Consultation Fees for the

Project by including necessary man months in overall consultancy time

request.

(iii) Monitoring Agency

An Environmentalist is already on the staff of FHA, as part of Project

Management set up, to monitor project performance. His function

pertaining to Environmental Monitoring will be:

(a) Deputy Director Environment and his support staff will monitor the

EMP implementation as frequently as possible.

(b) The Deputy Director Environment will review monthly, quarterly

and annual progress reports from contractor as vetted by the

project consultants.

(c) The Deputy Director will function coordination with RE.

(d) The Deputy Director will prepare and submit periodical Progress

and Monitoring Reports to donors as per their schedules and will

get conducted the External Project Monitoring or Evaluation by

external monitor or nominee of the donor. In this task he will seek

assistance / guidance from Consultants / Environmental Expert of

the consultants team. Finance to cover all expanses of the Deputy

Director Environment will be provided in the project Budget.



(iv) Logistic Support

RE will provide or arrange the logistics including communication,

transport and accommodation to all visiting persons/teams experts from

any of the above monitoring units and will coordinate with contractor(s) to

facilitate the visits / inspections. For all Monitoring and Evaluation

activities in the field the RE will act as a focal point.

(v) Summary of Finances for Various Agencies

As provided above in different paragraphs, following is the summary of

Finances for various tiers of EMP implementation, monitoring and

evaluation, process:

Agency Financial Agreement

Contractor’s Technical Staff for EMP

implementation and allied logistics.

Cost provided in BOQ as

per PC–1.

Consultants Environmental Expert, the

support staff and allied logistics.

Included as Consultants

Fees in Consultants Costs

as per PC–1.

Environmental staff of FHA staff

Consisting of Deputy Director Environment

and Deputy Director Sociology, the

support staff and allied logistics.

Included in FHA Budget

estimate as per PC–1.

Resident Engineer Included in FHA Budget as

per PC–1.

Donor External Monitoring Mission Included in donor

procurement costs.

(vi) Checklists for Environmental Monitoring

For the purpose of conducting environmental monitoring, the following

checklists will be prepared and used at the site:

1.0 Campsite Checklist

1.1. Location of Labor Camps, Material dumps, equipment

yards and approach roads to be selected properly.



1.2. Pollution from diesel and other oil spills from machinery

suitably controlled

1.3. Smoke from burning of waste material or burning firewood.

1.4. Soil Compaction due to Labor Camps and machinery

yards.

1.5. HIV/AIDS and infection diseases in Labor employees and

nearby public.

2.0 Borrow Area and Quarries Checklist (for each site)

2.1 Impact of taking borrow material from earth borrow site.

2.2 Access to other construction materials.

3.0 Waste Material Disposal

3.1 Site for disposal of waste construction material selected

appropriately.

3.2 Material and Construction waste left behind, after the road

construction is completed.

3.3 Diesel and other fluids spilling over to the construction site

machinery.

4.0 Construction Site Checklist

4.1 Adjustments with unstable locations appearing during

construction made.

4.2 Limitations of Construction sites resolved appropriately.

4.3 Earthen embankment or concrete work edge scouring

recurred suitably.

4.4 Discharge to unstable slopes or leakages on construction

controlled.

4.5 Any damage / discharge diversion of water to any

spur/bund avoided.

4.6 Any discharge spill or dumping on any building or house

on the river bank to be checked and mitigated.

4.7 Protection of construction from floods in main river or

stream(s) crossing the road.

4.8 Effect on surface flow conditions in case of rain.

4.9 Dust smoke and other polluting impacts from construction

machinery.

4.10 Dust or other pollutants from stored material / spoil heaps.



4.11 Noise from use of old or outdated machinery.

4.12 Noise due to blasting in hilly tract

4.13 Public safety at construction site.

4.14 Health and safety of labor and employees at construction

site.

5.0 Water Extraction Point Checklist

5.1 Impacts on source of construction water.

5.2 Impacts on sources of surface water.

5.3 Impacts on sources of Ground water.

5.4 Impacts on sources of Drinking water.

6.0 Road Checklist

6.1 Drains, paths roads crossed by moving machinery and the

damage suitably repaired.

6.2 Impacts on roads used for transport of construction

material.

6.3 Impact of stone quarrying.

7.0 Operational Checklist

7.1 Strict application of prescribed Monitoring and Engineering

Plan.

7.2 Continuous evaluation of design efficiency.

7.3 Understanding and training of operational manual.

7.4 Environmental Annual Audit.

7.5 Regular Maintenance.

7.6 Staff Welfare.

7.7 Continued Public Consultation.

7.8 Continued gender issues and women consultation.

7.9 Refresher Courses for operational staff.

7.10 Staff and labor Colony reconstruction.

7.11 Construction of some additional / support structures.

8.0 Biological Checklist

8.1 Damage to Flora.

8.2 Damage to Fauna.



8.3 Damage to Fisheries.

8.4 Impact on adjacent open lands.

8.5 Impact on migratory birds, using the river as their habitat.

8.6 Impact on Endangered species.

9.0 Sociological Checklist

9.1 Impact on existing services, education, health, electricity,

water supply, communication.

9.2 Impact on local ethnicity, tribal tension, community rivalries

and canal water disputes.

9.3 Impact on land ownership / land tansure system.

9.4 Adverse effect on cultural and Archaeological heritage.

9.5 Chance find during construction.

9.6 Graveyards or burials.

9.7 Employment.

9.8 Women status, exposure to employment and education

opportunities

9.9 Cultural reunion through better communication.

9.10 Market opportunities.

9.11 Recreation opportunities and Tourism.

10.0 General Check List

10.1 Is EIA complete

10.2 Is EIA, IEE, Training complete

10.3 Is SHE Management complete

This monitoring plan will cover the Project Implementation period, which

will be 24 months commencing hopefully by July 2011. In case the

commencement is delayed, project period will slide forwarded.

8.9 Institutional Arrangements

The existing organogram of the FHA is already adequate (see Figure – 8.1)

wherein a Deputy Director Environment is already functioning. The Consultants

will have a professional level Environmental Expert on their panel.



8.9.1 Reporting and Supervision

The Environmental Supervision Consultant (ESC) will receive information from

Contract’s Environmentalist in the form of periodical reports as well as inspection

notes based upon his monitoring and inspection at the project site. This

information will make a basis for Environment Section of FHA for their further

reporting. Those can be confirmed by visiting the site. All reports will be location

and activity specific. The reports will especially identify areas of contractor’s non–

compliance with the EMP and provide guiding remarks on actions to be taken.

The significance of the non–compliance will also be noted. Periodically, the FHA

will have to prepare and submit periodical reports to the donor. Copies of these

reports will also be sent to the Project Manager as well as the Project Director for

their information and necessary action. The non compliance by contractor will be

linked with the system of payment of bills by classifying the non compliances as

minor, moderate or major depending upon the period over which the non

compliance is continued. Within one month the non compliance is minor, after

two months it is moderate and after three months it becomes major.

Figure 8.1: ORGANOGRAM FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF EMP

The Environmental Expert, in his routine reports, will include a summary status of

activities relating to the EMP. As and when necessary, supplemental reports with

greater detail than the routine reports should also be prepared. These reports will

reinforce the information for the Environmental staff on FHA who may use it for

sending additional reports to the donor.

Frontier Highway Authority

Donors Environmental Monitoring Mission

(DEMM)

Contractor’s Environmentalist

Contractor

Environmental Supervision Consultant

(ESC)

Deputy Director Environment (DDE)

Project Director

Independent Environment Monitor

(IEM)

Donor

Resident Engineer (RE)



FHA will also engage Independent Environmental Monitor (IEM) to periodically

verify the effective implementation of the ESMP.

The Supervision Consultants through their Environmental Expert will be

responsible for environmental supervision. Their Supervision Plan for the Project

will include provisions for the participation of donor environmental staff in

supervision missions, as appropriate and subject to available funding to review

progress in implementation of the EMP. The performance of the Project Manager

in the implementation of these activities under the Project will be a standard

element of supervision mission reports, including these from the Early

Implementation Assessment, and the Implementation Completion Mission.

8.10 Mitigation Plans

Table 8.2: Environmental Impacts during Construction Phase

Impact Mitigation Responsibility

Mitigation Measure

Contract and Social Framework Agreement

(SFA) Clauses Implementation Supervision Monitoring

1. LAND RESOURCES

1.1 Site for disposal of waste construction material

Controlled disposal of the waste construction material on agreed site per agreed method. The area to be leveled and contoured after disposing excess material. No waste will be thrown in the river or other water bodies.

Contractor’s obligation as defined in the Tender and Contract Documents

Contractor in Collaboration with RE

Supervision Consultants through Environmentalist of supervision consultant (ESC)

(i) Deputy Director Environment (DDE) (ii) Independent Environmental Monitor (IEM) (iii) Donor’s Environmental Monitoring Mission (DEMM)

1.2 Landslides, or unstable soil

Local readjustments in foundation treatment or any other small changes will be allowed to the contractor by the Resident Engineer (RE). Contractor will make all arrangements to avoid any land slide caused by the construction activities; remedial actions will be undertaken in case of any such slide.

Contractor’s obligation as defined in contract and the Tender document

Contractor and RE

ESC (i) DDE of FHA (ii) IEM (iii) DEMM

1.3 Location of camps, materials,

The contractor will, in consultation with

Contractor’s obligations to locate these sites in

Contractor and RE

ESC (i) DDE of FHA




Mitigation Measure



equipment and special approach routes and roads

RE, select the location of all these facilities within the state land. The camp/other site facilities will be established on a flat land without much natural vegetation, at least 250 m away from the communities. Satellite imagery can also be used to select the suitable sites, to record the pre-construction conditions, and to monitor the condition of these sites during and after the construction phase.

agreement with RE as per contract and community obligation as per SFA

(ii) IEM (iii) DEMM

1.4 Any natural disasters such as heavy rains, floods and earthquakes

Contractor in consultation with RE and local community will resolve the issues, in the best interest of the FHA. Neither party will, however, be held responsible for any force majeure.

Contactor’s obligation defined in the Tender and contract data and SFA with community

Contractor and RE


1.5 Rehabilitation of project extraction sites and storage materials

The borrow areas will be selected after obtaining approval from the RE. The contractor will ensure that the borrowing does not cause slope instability, loss of soil/land productivity, uneven terrain, and altered drainage. Wherever possible/necessary, these places will be leveled and planted with trees using appropriate planting technology/methodology.

Contactor’s obligation defined in the Tender and contract data

Contractor and RE


1.6 Stabilization of slopes on earth fill

Appropriate design for protection and

Preferably whole of problem ought to be

Contractor and RE

ESC (i) DDE of FHA




Mitigation Measure



works minimizing effects of cross flow of streams. Contractor to take all necessary measures for stabilization of slopes.

mitigated through design For any further eventuality, it is contractor’s obligation to minimize the impact

(ii) IEM (iii) DEMM

1.7 Agriculture land destruction

Cuts, fills, digging and borrow operations to be controlled. Disposal of waste material to be controlled. any damage to the agriculture land and/or crops to be compensated.

Contractor’s obligations refrain from entering into unauthorized agricultural land to be defined in the contract document clearly. Also clause in SFA

Contractor and RE


1.8 Contamination from diesel and other spills from construction machinery

Contractor will apply strict rules on his workers and labor to ensure that no spill or leakages are caused. All fuels, oils and bitumen will be stored appropriately, with concrete padding and bunding for containment in case of leakage. The contractor will employ the general criteria for oil and leakage at construction sites, as per standards set forth by “Guide Lines for Oil Spill Waste Minimization and Management” issued by International Petroleum Industry Environmental Conservation Associate

Contractor’s obligation defined in the Tender and contract data

Contract and RE ESC (i) DDE of FHA (ii) IEM (iii) DEMM

1.9 Damage to Roads, Cross Drainages

Contractor will prepare standard operating procedures and impose strict control over operators and drivers of all types of vehicles to

Contract document and drawings to clearly spot such points and contract document may make it contractor’s obligations to make temporary arrangements.





Mitigation Measure



minimize any damage to roads or structures. Should any damage take place, the contractor will carry out repairs immediately. An effective sinology and a good traffic plan can reinforce the instructions to drivers.

1.10 Earthen embankment or concrete work edge scouring on the Protection Bunds or on main sill structure

Edge scouring of earthen embankments or concrete work must first be dealt at design stage. Wherever such a situation is anticipated, aprons should be provided to secure edges and specifications must be kept of high standards. During the construction phase this aspect should be addressed through appropriate construction methodology and employing appropriate techniques such as protection walls and rip rap. Contractor will repair all damages to the earthen embankments, concrete works, or pavement edges caused by the construction works.

Contract document and drawings to indicate such spots and to make it contractor’s obligation to not to allow scouring.


1.11 Release of Construction Water and Dumping of Soil

The contractor will make adequate arrangements to avoid such leakages, uncontrolled releases, and dumping of soil/rubbles. Should

Provision in the Tender and contract documents and drawings





Mitigation Measure



such leakage develop, the contractor must remain fully prepared to immediately control the discharge. The contractor will be liable to pay for or repair such damages.

1.12 Any Discharge, Spill or Dumping in Graveyards or Burials

The contractor will take all precautionary measures to forestall any uncontrolled release of effluents or dumping of soil/rubbles into any graveyards, shrine or any other religiously sensitive place. The contractor will be liable to repair and/or compensate any damage to such places caused by the construction activities.

Contract document, drawing and community obligation in Social Framework Agreement (SFA)

Contract and RE and Community


1.13 Any discharge spill or dumping onto any building or house on the bank of the road

It must be protected by a wall, retaining walls or rip–rap works as the case may be

Contract document and drawing


1.14. Impact on Roads/Infrastructure

The contractor will be responsible to repair any damage caused to the local infrastructure by the construction activities. Water sprinkling will be carried out where necessary to minimize dust emissions.



1.15. Impacts of stone quarrying

The government-approved quarry will be selected after obtaining approval from the RE. It will be ensured that the quarrying does not






Mitigation Measure



significantly affect the slope stability, top soil, and natural vegetation of the area.

1.16. Soil Compaction due to Labor Camps and Machinery Yards

The contractor will restore the area under its temporary facilities. Photographs taken at the time of establishment of these facilities will be used for this purpose.



2. WATER RESOURCES

2.1 Impact of Sourcing of Construction Water

The contractor will procure water from a source approved by the RE, and if necessary, after obtaining the community consent. It will be ensured that this procurement of water does not negatively affect the communities or other water users.

Contract Documents and Contractor’s obligations


2.2 Diesel and other fluids spilling over to streams water from construction machinery

The contractor will make all necessary arrangement to avoid any leakages or spills of fuels, oils and chemicals. In case of any accidental leakages, the procedures presented in Section 7.2.5 will be applied

Contractor’s obligations to be clearly defined in contract document


2.3 Protection of construction work from flood river or any ephemeral streams

A suitable flood warning system is required to alert the whole implementation unit to adapt ways and means to adapt safeguards against flesh floods in the river or ephemeral streams. The contractor will make fool proof

Contractor’s obligation and drawings to keep contractor alert equipped against any such eventuality. He must be in touch with flood information centre.





Mitigation Measure



arrangements in advance to protect the on going construction works from floods, as per information received from the meteorological department or any other type of flood warning system.

2.4 Obstruction of flow of water across road

The road design will include adequately designed bridges and culverts at the appropriate locations. The contractor will ensure that these water bodies/water courses are not blocked during the construction phase.

Contractor’s obligation and coordination. Provisions in SFA to prepare communities.

Contract and RE XEN of the area


2.5. Impacts on Surface Water

No untreated effluents will be released to the environment. For the toilet waste, the contractor will establish/install appropriate waste treatment system (such as septic tanks and soaking pits – appropriately sized and located) at the site facilities (offices, camps, others). The waste water from kitchen and toilets can be released in soaking pits or used for plantation/water sprinkling. Oily water must be passed through a settling tank. The contractor will prepare a waste management plan and have it approved by the RE.



2.6. Source of Drinking Water

It will be ensured that the drinking

Contractor’s obligations to be clearly defined in

Contract and RE ESC (i) DDE of FHA




Mitigation Measure



water sources of the communities are not affected. The contractor will repair/replace/compensate for any damages caused by the construction activities.

contract document (ii) IEM (iii) DEMM

2.7. Effect on Surface Flow Conditions

Design Engineer will ensure provision of appropriately sized side drains, to avoid negative impacts on the local drainage pattern. Contractor will follow the design specifications meticulously. During the construction phase, the contractor will make temporary drains and embankments where necessary to channel the runoff appropriately.



3. AIR QUALITY AND NOISE POLLUTION

3.1 Dust and smoke and other potential pollutants from construction machinery

The contractor will ensure that its vehicles, machinery, and generators are properly designed and maintained, and comply with the applicable NEQS. The asphalt plant will not be operated without properly functioning dust control system such as wet scrubber. Water will be sprinkled where necessary to control the dust emissions.

Contractor’s obligation defined in the Tender and contract documents


3.2 Dust or other pollutants from stored materials and spoil heaps

The material being transported or stored at the stockpiles will be kept covered where






Mitigation Measure



necessary to avoid dust emissions.

3.3 Smoke from burning of waste materials or burning of firewood in the labor camp.

The contractor will use clean and smoke free fuel in the labor camp. Cutting and burning trees / shrubs for fuel will be prohibited. Instead gas cylinders should be used in the labor camp for cooking purposes. Similarly waste burning will not be allowed. The contractor will prepare waste management plan and have it approved by the RE.

Contractor’s obligation defined in contract and Tender documents to refrain from burning waste material and fuelwood and to provide substitute for fuelwood e.g. gas cylinders


3.4 Noise control from use of old or outdated machinery

The contractor will strictly follow the NEQS for ambient noise. All necessary measures such as noise barriers will be taken to reduce the noise particularly near the communities. Rock basting near the communities will be avoided to the extent possible. The local communities will be informed about the rock basting. The personal protective equipment (PPE) will be provided to the construction workers and its usage will be made mandatory.



3.5. Physical Loss of Any Stream or Water Body

No dumping will be allowed in a stream or a water body. All streams running across the road will have culverts or causeways. All streams running






Mitigation Measure



parallel to road will be embanked.

4. Biological Resources

4.1 Damage to Biological resources during construction

No clearance of vegetation or killing, hunting, or trapping of wild animal will be allowed. Compensation will be paid for any tree cutting on the private land. Compensatory tree plantation will be carried out and for each tree removed, five saplings will be planted. The Project will ensure appropriate care and monitoring of this plantation. Camps and other temporary facilities will be established in a manner that minimizes loss of natural vegetation including trees. Borrow material will be obtained without causing any damage to the natural vegetation.

Contractor’s obligation in the contract to respect wildlife, Forest and Fisheries Laws. A special clause incorporated in the contract documents to respect and conserve biodiversity and conserve its terrestrial as well as aquatic habitat. To provide necessary Sign Boards to make labor, visitors and all concerned aware of their obligations towards Biota.


4.2 Damage to Biological resources during construction

Special checks from time to time in collaborator with local communities

To facilitate inspections by Wildlife, Forest and Fisheries Officers to ensure a proper implementation of the relevant laws. To involve communities through SFA


Table 8.3: Social Impacts

Social Risk Mitigation Responsibility Construction

Stage

Land to be Acquired on permanent Basis




Stage

The 10.5 km road section (chainage 30+424 to 40+924) from Sharifabad to Kanju is owned by FHA. The relevant revenue record is attached as Annexure–16. The available RoW is 50 feet, (25 feet on both sides from the centre of the road). Consequently, there will be no acquisition of private proprietary land on permanent basis as the FHA has sufficient ROW to undertake the road improvement works.

As no compulsory land acquisition is involved, conflicts between the EA, the contractors and landowners are unlikely.

Temporary Land Acquisition

Land required for establishing contractor’s facilities including camp, workshop, plants, borrowing earth material and dumping excess spoil will be acquired directly from private landowners by the contractor. The provisions of the Land Acquisition Act, 1894 will not be invoked, as the acquisition of the land will be temporary and will be covered by short–term lease agreements between the landowners and contractors under the approval of the Project Engineer. Rental terms will have to be negotiated to the satisfaction of the landowners concerned.

The staff of the FHA and supervisory Consultants will monitor the process of restoration and ensure, through the terms of the construction contracts, that landowners are compensated according to the terms of the lease agreements, and the restoration actions agreed upon by the contractors are duly carried out. The photo–documentation of the existing land prior to temporarily acquisition should be available, which will be beneficial to resolve the restoration conflicts between the landowner and contractor.

Contractor, PE, DD (North) FHA

Construction

Similarly, prior to the commencement of construction activities, the Contractor will carry out base line survey for selecting the camp sites, dumping sites, public and community / private owned utilities, in conformity with the requirements of SIA study. The contractor will submit a development plan to the Engineer–in–charge and local government for its scrutiny and approval.

Contractor / PE Pre–Construction

Project facilities, viz., construction camp and workshop will be located at a minimum distance of 500 m from existing plantation, and settlements, etc. This limit will be 1000 m in case of batching plant.

Contractor / PE Pre–Construction




Stage

As far as possible, waste / barren land i.e. areas not under agricultural, residential or forestation use, and natural areas will be used for borrow material (if required) and setting up project facilities.

Contractor / PE Construction

Where the use of agricultural land is unavoidable for borrow of earth material, the top 30 cm of the plough layer will be stripped and stockpiled for redressing the land after the required borrow material has been removed. In case deep ditching is carried out, the top 1 m layer of the ditching will stripped and stockpiled. The ditch will initial filled with scrap material from construction then leveled with the stockpiled topsoil to make it even with the rest of the area. It shall be ensured that the scrap does not contain any material that may produce obnoxious material that would contaminate soil or water resources.


Barren lands or valley side slopes will be used for dumping the excavated spoil material. Appropriate sites have to be located along the road for this activity.


These facilities will be regularly monitored and cleaning activities implemented during operation phase to improve the cross drainage facilities of area.

DD (Notrth),FHA Operation

Increased risk of accidents caused by partial closure of road during construction

During construction activities, traffic flow will be disturbed. At sections passing through populated areas, there will be limited scope for providing diversion tracks for the mobility of local and thorough traffic that will increase the risk of accidents.

Proper site specific measures will be carried out in consultation with supervisory consultants to ensure the safety of population residing along and around the project corridor. Site specific Traffic Management Plans (TMPs) will be prepared and implemented by the Contractor with the approval of the Project Engineer.





Stage

Taking necessary measures to ensure the safety of traffic during construction, including barricades (including signs, pavement markings, flags, and lights) erected as required by the FHA and set up as per local regulations.


Coordinating construction work such that part of the carriageway at a time is upgraded leaving the other part available to serve one way traffic. Construction work will be carried out in small stretches instead of a long stretch.


As a result of road improvement the traffic volume will increase during operation stage, there may be safety hazards for the locals residing along the edge of the road as well as vehicular traffic.

During operation stage FHA will make arrangements with some organization / contractor for proper maintenance and operation of the road. Periodic inspections will be made by contracted firm to identify the problem areas and their remedial measures. For this purpose the firm should be fully equipped and there should be contingency plan in case of any emergency / natural disaster.

FHA Operation

Problems to Health and Safety of Labor and Employees on Construction Work and Provision of Safety Equipment to Workers on Site.

Occurrence of accidents / incidents during the construction activities, particularly from excavation activities is common. The workers and general public residing along the project corridor or near the work sites will particularly be at risk.

Complying with the safety precautions for construction workers as per International Labour Organization (ILO) Convention No. 62, as far as applicable to the project contract.


Training of workers in construction safety procedures, social awareness, equipping all construction workers with safety boots, helmets, gloves, and protective masks, and monitoring their proper and sustained usage.


Contractor staff while on work may get injuries.

Contractor will ensure the provision of medicines, first aid kits, vehicle, etc. at the camp site.


Gender Issues




Stage

According to the findings of the socioeconomic survey, the rural women normally use the open field latrines and their privacy may suffer due to the project activities. Moreover, they actively participate in other outdoor socioeconomic activities such as livestock rearing, bringing of potable water, etc which may also be affected by the project activities.

The Contractor will select the specific timings for the construction activities particularly near the settlements, so as to cause least disturbance to the local population particularly women.


The Contractor will carry out the construction activities in such a way that the open field latrine usage timings by the local community particularly women, should not be affected. The normal timings to use the toilet facilities by the rural women are early in the morning and at late in the evening. So, the Contractor will have to take care of these timings.


The induction of outside labor may create social and gender issues due to the unawareness of local customs and norms. It may also cause hindrance to the mobility of local women for working in the field, herding livestock, picking fuel wood, etc.

Contractor will take due care of the local community and observe sanctity of local customs and traditions by his staff. Contractor will warn the staff strictly not to involve in any un–ethical activities and to obey the local norms and cultural restrictions particularly with reference to women.


During construction activities, if privacy of the nearby households is affected, the Contractor will inform the house owner to make some arrangements. Similarly, Contractor will take care as much as possible that the construction activities should not affect the privacy particularly with reference to women.





Stage

Social Conflicts and Employment of Locals on the Project

The presence of outside construction workers may cause some degree of social disruption and even active disputes with the local community as a result of social / cultural differences. This particularly relates to the disruption of the privacy of women working in the fields or even in the yards of their houses, should the house lying at lower elevation than the working sites. Likewise the risk of theft of the community assets by the Contractor workers and vice versa may occur.

Good relations with the local communities will be promoted by encouraging Contractors to provide opportunities for skilled and unskilled employment to the locals, as well as on–the–job training in construction for young people. Contractor will restrict his permanent staff to mix with the locals to avoid any social problems.

The Contractor will warn the workers not to involve in any theft activities and if anyone would involve in such type of activities, he will have to pay heavy penalty and would be handed over to police. Similarly, at the time of employing, Contractor has to take care that the workers should be of good repute. The Contractor camp will be properly fenced and main gate will be locked at night with a security guard to check the theft issues from community side.


Rise in the Prices of Essential Commodities

Due to induction of outside labour for project works, the demand for basic items will increase thereby causing an increase in the prices of essential commodities

The project will exert no negative impacts on the prices of essential commodities. It is estimated that project will employ about 120 skilled and un–skilled staff. Most of the un–skilled labour will be recruited from the local areas. As such there will be no extraordinary increase in the demand for essential or other commodities. The Contractor, will, however, be required to maintain the field camps supplies from the main Mangora market.

Contractor Construction

Use of Local Water Supplies and Other Common Resources

Local water supplies will be required to meet campsite and construction requirements, bringing its use into competition with the use by the local communities.

The contractor will explore the alternative water resource so that the existing community water resources are not impacted. No existing water source under the use of community will be exploited by the Contractor for campsite facilities as well as construction purposes.

Contractor Construction




Stage

Local water may be affected due to implementation of project both in quantity as well as quality.

Availability of water for campsite facilities and construction purposes will be ensured by the Contractor prior to start of construction activities. As per Local Government Act, the contractor will seek approval from the local government for exploitation of the water resources.

Contractor / PE / Local Govt.

The Contractor will be required to maintain close liaison with local communities to ensure that any potential conflicts related to common resource utilization for project purposes are resolved quickly.

Contractor

The contractor will prepare guidelines for the workers for minimizing the wastage of water during construction activities and at campsites.

Contractor

Possibility of Spread of HIV / AIDS Amongst the Project labor and Adjoining Population

Contractor to arrange HIV / AIDS awareness programs in the field camps on regular basis by a qualified expert / doctor.

Contractor will provide recreational facilities such as playing volleyball of football after the work hours.

Similarly, he will provide indoor recreation in terms of radio and TV at the eating place.

The Contractor will ensure regular medical check–up of the camp staff from a qualified doctor on fortnightly basis. If any person found affected with any of the transmittal diseases will be immediately shifted from the camp to the hospital for detailed check–up and treatment. The cost will be borne by the Contractor.

Contractor will restrict his permanent staff to mix with the locals to avoid any social and health problems.

Recreational Facilities for Public The Contractor will ensure the restoration and rehabilitation of construction and camp sites on completion of the project.

Contractor Post Construction




Stage

FHA will develop parks particularly for children and ladies at appropriate sites along the road to provide them better recreational opportunities. This will also attract the outside tourists as well, thus increasing the incomes of the local people through increased socio–economic activities.

FHA Post Construction

FHA should carry out tree plantation along the road.

Restricted Mobility

During the construction phase the general mobility of the local residents and their livestock in and around the project area is likely to be hindered. Likewise access to the natural resource may be affected. This particularly implies to the women and children.

The contractor will ensure that the mobility of the local communities and their livestock is not hindered by the construction activities. The contractor will provide crossing points at the road at appropriate places to facilitate the people for going across the road for their daily works and having free access to the natural resources.


Construction activities, particularly excavation and movement of haul truck and machinery may disrupt the existing tracks leading from the main road to settlements. This will limit the accessibility of the local population to the main road.

Generally the contractor will avoid using the village tracks for hauling the construction material. However, if it is unavoidable, the existing ones will be widened, overlaid with shingle or surface treated to accommodate local as well as contractors traffic under the approval of the Project Engineer.


Table 8.4: Operational Phase

1. Strict application of prescribed Monitoring & Engineering plan

Resident Engineering Executive Engineering Duty bound

Works done through contractor to according to strict specification and in commutation with communities

Resident Engineer / XEN Incharge of Highway

Officer(s), authorized by FHA and Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

2. Continuous evaluation of design efficiency


Works done through contractor to according strict specification and in communication with communities

Resident Engineer / XEN Incharge of the dual Highway

FHA or Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa whosever is i/c of Supervision

3. Understanding and training of operational manual


Works done through contractor to according to strict specification and in communication with communities


FHA or Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa whichever is i/c of the road



4. Environmental Annual Audit


Works done through maintenance contractor to according to strict specification and in communication with communities


FHA or Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa whichever is i/c of the road

5. Regular Maintenance

Resident Engineering / Executive Engineering Duty bound

Works done through maintenance contractor to according to strict specification and in communication with communities

Resident Engineer / XEN Incharge dual Highway with the assistance of maintenance

FHA or Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa whosever is i/c of the road

6. Staff welfare Resident Engineering Executive Engineering Duty bound


Resident Engineer / XEN Incharge with the assistance of contractor

FHA or Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa whosever takes over as i/c of the road

7. Continued Public Consultant

Resident Engineer / Executive Engineering Duty bound


Resident Engineer / XEN Incharge of the Highway with the assistance of contractor

FHA or Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa whosever is I/c of the road

8. Continued Gender issues and women Consultants

Resident Engineer / Executive Engineering Duty bound

Works done through contractor to according to strict specification and in communication with communities. To have gender-neutral policy

Resident Engineer / XEN Incharge of the Highway with the assistance of contractor

FHA or Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa whosever takes over the management and maintenance of the road

9. Refresher courses for the operational staff


Works done through contractor to according to strict specification and in communication with communities.

Resident Engineer / XEN Incharge Highway assisted of Consultant

FHA or Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa whoever takes the management and maintenance of the road

8.11 Environmental Monitoring

8.11.1 Compliance Monitoring

The environmental monitoring will be carried out with the help of checklists

prepared on the basis of the Mitigation Plans given in Tables 8.2 and 8.3. These

checklists will be filled by the contractor’s environment specialist on a regular

basis, and provided to the ESC. All non-compliances recorded in the filled

checklists will be followed up for remediation. The summary of filled checklists,

non-compliances and remedial actions will be included in the progress reports.

8.11.2 Effects Monitoring

FHA will engage a competent consultant to conduct effects monitoring on a

periodic basis. The effects monitoring plan is provided in the Table 8.5 in the

following pages. The overall objective of the effects monitoring is to ensure that



the key environmental parameters in the project area remain within the

acceptable limits specified by the National Environmental Quality Standards

(NEQS) (and other relevant benchmarks) throughout the project execution. For

this purpose, the Independent Environmental Monitor (IEM) will carry out the

periodic sampling, monitoring, and analysis of the key environmental parameters

specified in the EMP and provide their results to the FHA.

8.11.3 Third Party Monitoring

FHA will engage a suitable consultant to carry out environmental audit of the

Project on a six-monthly basis. During these audits, the EMP compliance and its

effectiveness will be assessed. This monitoring will help identify weaknesses in

the EMP implementation and also recommend the corrective measures.



Table 8.5 : Effects Monitoring Plan

Project Stage Parameters Details Applicable Standard

Location Frequency Duration

Air Quality

Pre-construction

PM10, SO2, NOX, CO

15 m downwind from the edge of the pavement and asphalt plant location

NEQS for Ambient Air Quality;

WHO

Three locations along the road, and near the asphalt plant site

Once; prior to construction commencement

Continuous 24 hours

Construction PM10, SO2, NOX, CO, HC

40 m downwind from Hot Mix Plant and Asphalt Plant

NEQS for Ambient Air Quality;

WHO

Three locations along the road, and near the asphalt plant

Once in 4 months Continuous 24 hours

PM10, SO2, NOX, CO, HC

15 m from pavement NEQS for Ambient Air Quality;

WHO

Stretch of highway where work is in progress

Once in 4 months Continuous 24 hours

Water Quality

Pre-construction

Pb, BOD5, total coliforms, fecal coliforms, TDS

Community water sources

NEQS for Drinking Water; WHO

5 locations near the CoI-2 (RoW, campsite, asphalt plant site)

Once about a fortnight before contractor mobilization

-

Construction Common ions, Pb, BOD5, total coliforms, fecal coliforms, TDS

Community water sources

NEQS for Drinking Water; WHO

5 locations near CoI-2 (number of locations to be determined according to requirement)

Once in 4 months -

Common ions, TSS, TDS, Turbidity

River water near the CoI-2

NEQS/other relevant standards

5 locations near CoI-2 (number of locations to be determined according to requirement)

Once in 4 months -

32 parameters Waste effluents from NEQS camps, asphalt plant and offices Once in 4 months -



Project Stage Parameters Details Applicable Standard

Location Frequency Duration

per the NEQS camps, asphalt plant and offices

Noise

Pre-construction

Noise level on dB(A) scale

15 m from edge of pavement /site for other facilities

NEQS standards for Ambient Noise; WHO

Three locations along stretch of highway where work is in progress; near asphalt plant site; near camp site

Once about a fortnight before contractor mobilization

24 hours

Construction Noise level on dB(A) scale

7 m from equipment / machinery

NEQS; WHO At equipment yard, asphalt plant and construction site

Once in 4 months 24 hours

Noise level on dB(A) scale

15 m from edge of pavement /other facilities

NEQS standards for Ambient Noise; WHO

Three locations along stretch of highway where work is in progress; near asphalt plant site; near camp site

Once in 4 months 24 hours

Soil

Construction Oil and grease Relevant international standards

Three locations in equipment yard and other locations specified by SC

Once in 4 months -



8.12 Environmental and Social Trainings

The capacity building and awareness raising of the project staff for the

environmental and social aspects is critically important to ensure effective

implementation of the EMP and its various elements particularly EMMP. The

Supervision Consultants and contractor will be responsible to impart these

trainings. The indicative training plan is presented in Table 8.6, which will be

finalized by the Supervision Consultants.

Table 8.6: Environmental and Social Trainings

Contents Participants Responsibility

General environmental and socioeconomic awareness;

Environmental and social sensitivity of the project area;

Key findings of the EIA;

Mitigation measures;

EMMP;

Social and cultural values of the area.

Selected project management staff

ESC

General environmental and socioeconomic awareness;

Environmental and social sensitivity of the project area;

Mitigation measures;

Community issues;

Safety issues;

Awareness of transmissible diseases

Social and cultural values.

All site personnel ESC and Contractor’s Environment Specialist

EMMP;

Safety issues;

Waste disposal

Construction crew Contractor’s Environment Specialist

Road safety;

Defensive driving;

Waste disposal;

Cultural values and social sensitivity.

Drivers Contractor’s Environment Specialist

Camp operation;

Waste disposal;

Natural resource conservation;

Safety

Housekeeping.

Camp staff Contractor’s Environment Specialist

Restoration requirements; Waste disposal

Restoration teams ESC and Contractor’s Environment Specialist



8.13 Environmental and Social Management Budget

The environmental and social management cost includes tree plantation program

and health and safety measures. The environmental monitoring cost has been

worked out on the basis of Effects Monitoring Plan is given in Table 8.7. As the

project is schedules to be completed in two years, therefore, environmental

monitoring cost has been worked out for two years. The staff responsible for

operation of the project road will be trained to implement environmental

safeguard in post construction period and respective cost has been worked out.

The total environmental and social management cost including the resettlement

cost is estimated to be about Rs. 28.4 Million.

Table 8.7: Cost Estimates for Environmental Management

Environmental Component Quantity Amount

Pak Rs. Details/Basis

i). Tree Plantation

400 238,000 Cost includes plantation

and maintenance up to

three years

ii) Health & Safety Measures L.S 200,000 Lump sum

viii). Miscellaneous Cost L.S. 100,000 Lump sum

i). Air Quality Monitoring 30 900,000 30 samples @

Rs. 30,000/sample

ii) Water Quality Monitoring 50 750,000 50 samples @

Rs. 15,000/sample

iii) Noise Level Monitoring 40 200,000 40 samples @

Rs. 5,000/sample

iv.) Soil Tests 18 1,170,000

Training 1,000,000 Lump sum

External Monitoring 2,500,000

Resettlement Cost 21,341 ,319

(see Table 8.8 below)

Total Environmental and Social

Management Cost

28,399,319

Table 8.8: Resettlement Cost

Sr.

No. Description Unit

Rate per

Unit (Rs) Quantity

Total Cost in Pak.

Rupee

1. Trees No. 1200 93 111,600

2. Crops

(a) Maize Acre 9369 1.30 12,180

(b) Wheat Acre 12186 1.30 15,842



Sr.

No. Description Unit

Rate per

Unit (Rs) Quantity

Total Cost in Pak.

Rupee

Sub Total Crops Acre – 174 28,022

3. Structures No. 26 6,345,637

4. Cost of Utilities

(a) Electric Poles No. 35,000 100 3,500,000

(b) Telephone Poles No. 15,000 52 780,000

5. Sub Total Utilities No. 4,280,000

6. Allowances to PAPs Rs. 7,488,060

7. Compensatory

Plantation Rs. 595 400 238,000

8. Training Costs Lump

Sum 100,000

9.

Cost of hiring

Consultants for External

Monitoring

Lump

Sum 2,000,000

10

Cost of hiring

Consultants for 3rd Party

Validation

Lump

Sum 750,000

TOTAL RESETTLEMENT COSTS 21,341 ,319

8.14 Recommendations

8.14.1 Avoidance

Based upon the lessons learnt from the past experience regarding Highways the

FHA designers or their design consultants will avoid any model which may

become environmental hazard at any stage.

8.14.2 Contractor’s Obligations

The following conditions should be included, in addition to general conditions

provided for environment protection in the Tender Document to be followed by

the Contract Document as essential clauses:

Clause regarding disposal of waste construction material

The Contractor will in consultation with and with the approval of Resident

Engineer (RE) of the Project, select and abide by the selection, a site for

disposal of waste construction material. Contravention to this clause may

tantamount to non–compliance to contract and the Contractor will be



responsible for removing the material dumped on a wrong site, at his own

expense and pay a fine for his negligence.

Clause regarding adjustment with unstable locations appearing

during construction especially the foundation

In case an unstable location appears during construction, especially the

foundation, of the road, contractor will immediately inform the Resident

Engineer expressly providing full technical details about the problem. The

RE will inspect the site; preferably the same day the report is received

and will, if necessary, agree to make modifications and changes in the

design to stabilize the situation such as change in the depth of

foundation. Contractor will not make any changes in the specification

without express approval of RE. Contravention to this provision will mean

unauthorized construction carried out for which RE will issue dismantling

orders.

Clause regarding Location of Labor Camps, Material Dumps /

Depots, Equipment and Machinery Yards, approach roads and

routes

State land is available for location of Labor Camps, Material Depots,

Equipment and Machinery Yard, Link Road or other activities related to

these matters. The Contractor will choose particular sites within the

overall campus indicated in consultation with RE. These activities will not

be allowed outside the state land, located on either side of highway. If the

Contractor chooses to locate his facilities on a private land, he will himself

be responsible for any compensation, resettlement or rehabilitation

process and related costs and RE or FHA will not be involved in acquiring

or using the land in making any payments for doing so.

Clause regarding Rehabilitation of Construction and extraction sites

The Contractor will carry out construction work exactly on the same site

and according to the same design as provided in the Tender Documents.

Also the camps site, the material depot, the machinery and equipment

yard, link roads, borrow areas will, after the completion of construction, be

restored and rehabilitated and brought to at least the same condition, in

which these were handed over to the contract. A set of photographs and

a video tape film will be prepared to show the pre–construction sites and

post construction rehabilitated sites. For any contravention of this clause

the final payments and the securities deposited will not be released.



Clause regarding drainage, paths, roads, Linear Fixtures crossed /

damaged by Machinery moving to and from the construction sites

During the construction, if the Contractor’s vehicles moving to and from

the construction site(s) cause any damage or disruption of services

pertaining to drainage systems, paths, roads linear fixtures e.g.,

transmission lines and fences, the Contractor, will get the damage

repaired and services restored within 24 hours of the damage, failing

which the RE will get an assessment of the damage and losses and debit

that amount to Contractors account and the next payment will be made to

Contractor after deducting the debited amount.

Clause regarding earthen embankments or Concrete Work vicinity

scouring

All such spots where there is a possibility of scouring of earthen

embankments or concrete work edge as mentioned in the Tender

Document and quality included in this Construction Contract, the

Contractor will protect by protection walls and stone rip–rap work, failing

which the payment of the Contractor will be withheld.

Clause regarding discharge spill or dumping on any building,

House, graveyard, archaeological site (established or newly found),

unstable slopes, un-compacted embankment or leaking into

construction area

The Contractor will be contractually bound to not to allow or cause

discharge spill or dumping on any building house, graveyard,

archaeological site (established or newly found), unstable slopes, un-

compacted embankment or leakage into the construction area. Any such

failure will be duly noted by RE during site inspections and contractor will

immediately remedy the situation failing which the payment of the

contractor will be with–held and the damage so caused will be debited to

contractor’s account under the contractual provisions.

Clause regarding Diesel and other fluids spilling over to stream

water or open areas from construction machinery

The Contractor will ensure that his construction machinery s always in

first class working order and no spilling of Diesel or any other fluids into

the water stream or open areas, is caused by the defective machinery of

the Contractor. For any such spill the Contractor will pay the

environmental compensation to be assessed by RE in consultation with

Pak–EPA and the said amount will be debited towards the payment of the

Contractor.



Clause regarding protection of construction work from floods

The Contractor will throughout the construction work, manage to keep an

eye on the flood position of the river and will remain in touch with Flood

Control Centre and remain equipped with means and equipment for

taking protective measures to protect the works under construction. FHA

will not be responsible for any damage caused by floods and any works

washed away will be reconstructed by the Contractor at his own cost

within the tenure of the contract.

Clause regarding providing proper diversion of water from

uncontrolled crossing the road

The Contractor will, in consultation with RE provide proper diversion to

water flowing cross stream, and by collaboration with local communities

as per SFA and preparing them for any such diversions or closures.

Losses caused to construction work due to poor or mismanaged stream

flow diversion will be considered as negligence on the part of contractor

any damages or losses caused due to this negligence will be borne by the

contractor.

Clause regarding control on air quality by not allowing Machinery to

cause dust, smoke or noise pollution

The Contractor will not cause deterioration of air quality by using old or ill

maintained machinery which raise excessive dust, produce excessive

smoke or cause excessive noise pollution. The Contractor will follow strict

standards of maintenance of machinery, provide qualified and trained

drivers and operations for the vehicles. The Contractor will also sprinkle

water on kacha roads to be used as link roads, and sites where the earth

is to be dumped. And the Contractor will provide protective masks to his

work force. Failure to do so will be taken as serious contravention of the

contract and will cause the payment to be deferred till the correction of

the situation.

Clause regarding control on dust or other pollutants from Stored

materials, V material depots or spoil heaps

The Contractor will:

locate his material depots and spoil dump as far away from the

villages / community ―Hujras‖ as possible.

keep all such materials covered for effective control of the fugitive

dust.



Failing to do the Contractor will bear the cost which may have to be

incurred on arranging remedy to defaults.

Clause regarding use of outdated machinery

The Contractor will obtain a certificate from Vehicle Examiner working

under the RE but paid by the Contractor, that all the machinery employed

is either new or in first class fitness condition so as not to cause smoke or

oil leakages. RE will not allow the use of any outdated machinery.

Clause to Protect the Biological Resources

The Contract will ensure that:

Unnecessary and out of bound activities/movements are not done outside

the campus allotted to him for setting–up the labor camp, material depots

and machinery yard.

(a) No fire arms are carried by any of the employees or labor.

(b) All Forest, Wildlife and Fisheries Laws are fully respected and

abided by the Contractor and his work force.

(c) The Biodiversity is respected and saved on its terrestrial, aquatic

and aerial habitats.

(d) Necessary sign boards are displayed to make labor, visitors and

members of public to remind them of their obligations towards

Biota.

(e) Inspections by Wildlife, Forest and Fisheries Officers are

facilitated in camps to facilitate a proper implementation of

relevant Laws.

(f) Communities are given awareness and are involved in proper

protection of the Biota inside and around the Project site.

(g) Any contravention to any of the above sub–clauses will be

considered as breach of contract and lead to disqualification of the

Contractor.

Clause regarding respect for Socio–economic and Cultural Values

and physical cultural

The Contractor will be bound to:

(a) Ensure that no damage or disruption is caused to the social

infrastructure or public services being provided to the people e.g.,

education, health, electricity supply, drinking water supply facilities

for public gathering or religious congregations.



(b) Ensure the Contractor or his employees remain above the local

Tribal tensions especially the strife’s over distribution of canal

water and use of aquatic life.

(c) Ensure that existing ownership of land around the Project is

respected.

(d) Ensure that if some construction material has to procure from or

through a member of local community, it must be by a proper

Social Framework Agreement with social communities.

(e) Ensure that no damage or adverse effect is caused to

archaeological (present or chance find) sites, graveyards and

burial places.

Clause regarding Public Safety, Health and Safety at Construct Site,

including measures against HIV/AID and Life insurance.

The Contractor will:

(a) put up temporary but prominent sign boards all of the project

activity area warning people against likely hazards which can be

caused due to certain activities. (Also to be reflected in SFA).

(b) arrange to run a proper campaign the labor camp, to make people

aware of the causes, mode of transmission and consequences of

HIV/AIDS and other infectious diseases particularly Hepatitis and

Cholera.

(c) strengthen the existing BHU for the benefit of the labor as well as

the surrounding villages.

(d) ensure proper cleanliness and hygienic conditions at labor camps

by ensure a clean mess, proper drainage and suitable disposal of

solid waste. Inoculation against Cholera and Hepatitis will be

arranged at intervals as recommended by Health Department.

(e) keep all the camps, offices, material depots, machinery yards and

work site open for the inspection of health and safety measures,

and related documents and include in the contract document the

text regarding accessibility to the camps.

(f) provide proper overall, helmet and field boots and earplugs to

work as a precaution against any mishap, and interlink various

parts of the construction complex with local wireless telephones

also fitted the vehicles.

(g) Provide a group insurance cover to the workers and labor on

study on site or in the camp, against accidents, mishaps or loss of

life on duty.

Clause regarding employment of Locals in the construction work



The Contractor as an obligation of the Contract will employ, subject to

availability and work ability, maximum number of local labor for

construction work.

Note: The above clauses have been suggested from technical point of

view. These may be got vetted by qualified law officer before

incorporating them into the Tender Document or the Contract Document.

8.14.3 Social Frame Work Agreement (SFA)

A social Frame Work Agreement (SFA) will be signed through mutual open

consent between the local village leaders Project, Contractor and the Resident

Engineer (RE) of the Project. At least two confirmed leaders / elders will be

chosen from each of the villages situated adjacent to the area where construction

activity is going to be witnessed. These leaders / elders will constitute a villagers

committee and they will choose a Chairman from among themselves. The SFA

will be signed by the RE, the Contractor and by the Chairman of villager’s

committee from the village’s side. SFA will be drafted on the lines of legal

agreements signed amongst three parties and should preferably be on a

stamped paper to be provided by the RE at the project cost. All the mitigation

measures where reference to SFA has been made in the EMP, will be included in

the SFA. The FHA obligations through RE, village’s social obligations and

Contractor’s obligations will be listed separately. Copies of SFA will be kept by

RE, the villagers chairman and Ex–En i/c of the area and the Contractor. The

SFA will be considered as a natural follow up of the public consultation and

public hearing and an indication that FHA and the local people are mutually

facilitating the construction of new the highway Following draft SFA is suggested.

8.14.4 Social Frame Work Agreement

1. This is a sample Social Frame Work Agreement between Resident

Engineer (RE) and the villagers committee of the project Area.

Village Name

(Two of each village) Father’s Name

1. 1

2

2. 1

2

3. 1

2



4. 1

2

5. 1

2

6. 1

2

7. 1

2

8. 1

2

9. 1

2

10. 1

2

2. We the committee of village leader / elders of the project area have

agreed unanimously to nominate

________________________________S/O ______________________

as our chairman ant authorize him to enter into an SFA with RE the

Project on our behalf and on his own behalf. We understand and pledge

that this SFA will be a binding us and the RE throughout the currency of

the construction work as well as the operational phase.

Signatures or LTI of the Chairman and the Members of the Villagers Committee.

SR. NO. NAME SIGNATURES / LTI

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.



8.

9.

10.

3. By mutual consent it is agreed the FHA, their Consultants and

Contractors:

(a) Will not occupy any agricultural land or acquire any other land

during the construction of this project.

(b) Will not cause any damage or reduction in the water supply in the

stream flowing in the area through any of actions to the projects.

(c) Will not cause any disturbance to Forest Wildlife, any public

archeological heritage or a place of worship.

(d) Will not interfere in the social political or tribal balance of the area.

(e) Will / wherever possible, facilitate better services and supplies to

the area e.g. schooling, health, awareness on epidemic diseases,

HIV/AIDS, electricity and road/rail communication.

(f) (More commitments can be added if require)

Also, by mutual consent it is agreed that all the villagers residing in the

area influencing project (names of villages listed in para I above,

collectively and severally:

(a) Will not interfere in the location of labor camps, material depots,

equipment yards and all the approach roads to be used during

project construction phase, all of which will be located on the sate

land.

(b) Will not interfere if the FHA decides to shift the construction to on

a more suitable site as long as the activity remains on state land.

(c) Will not receive any discharge of water slurry or oil spills to any

graveyard or archaeological site.

(d) Will not cause any damage to wildlife, or fisheries forest resources

of the area. No villagers will be involved in killing, poaching or

hunting of animals.

(e) Will not allow reduction or official interference in our existing

services and facilities e.g. education, health, electricity, drinking

water supply, religious and social congregations.

(f) Will not allow any interference in our tribal, commercial or social

norms, and we understand that no land acquisition is involved

under the project.

(g) Agree that in case the contractor wishes to obtain some material

from the private lands or wishes to make use of any piece of land

outside the state land that would invoke a new agreement



between the villagers and the contractor and FHA or Govt of

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa will not be involved in that in any way.

(h) Agree to respect and observe the cautions on the sign boards

displayed by project authorities and will not remove or cause to be

removed any signboards or installations put up by the Resident

Engineer.

Note: Add more conditions if required as per the prevailing

circumstances.

This SFA has been signed this _____________day of _________, at

_________

Signatures Signatures

Resident Engineer Chairman Villager’s

Committee

(Name and address) (Name and Address)

Signatures Signatures

Local XEN Contractor

(Name and address) (Name and Address)

Counter singed

Signature

Project Director, FHA

(Name and address)

8.14.5 Operational Manual

However perfect the design may be and however meticulous the construction the

highway often fail to achieve their full objectives if there is no operation manual or

the provisions of the operation manual are not faithfully implemented. For post

construction phase of the project, it is recommended, that a broad based team of

experts is tasked to develop a comprehensive operation manual for the Highway.

The manual should also include a provision of continuous training of the staff

who have to be put on operational or maintenance duties. An effective monitoring



and evaluation (M&E) system should make an integral part of the operation

manual by way of providing a check list fro every operational and maintenance

stage. As provided in the EMP, following points must be included in the operation

manual:

(a) Strict application of the prescribed M&E plan.

(b) Continuous evaluation of design efficiency.

(c) Training sessions for understanding and operating the manual.

(d) Annual audit of environment (comparison of what is happening vis-à-vis

set standards) to be conducted by an independent party.

(e) Regular maintenance.

(f) Staff welfare.

(g) Continuous public consultation and Public Relations (PR).

(h) Continue gender issues and women consultation.

(i) Refresher courses for the operational staff are recommended to train and

equip them for efficient implementation of the Operation Manual.


Frontier Highway Authority A-1 June 2011

Appendix A: Bibliography

1998 District Census Report of Swat

Atlas of Pakistan, Survey of Pakistan.

Design Drawings for Package-I, Phase-I, Sharifabad – Kanju Section of Chakdara to

Madyan on Right Bank of Swat River

Excerpts from the OP 4.10. WB Operational Manual. July 2005.

Excerpts from the OP 7.60. WB Operational Manual. November 1994.

Excerpts from the OP 11.03. WB Operational Manual. September 1986.

Excerpts from WB OP 4.04. WB Operational Manual. June 2001.

Excerpts from WB OP 4.12. WB Operational Manual. December 2001.

Excerpts from WB OP 4.12. WB Operational Manual. January 1999.

Government of Pakistan (2000) (SRO 549 (I)/2000).

Government of Pakistan (2009) (SRO 72 (KE)/2009).

Government of Pakistan (2010) (SRO 1062 (I)/2010).

Government of Pakistan (2010) (SRO 1063(I)/2010).

Government of Pakistan (2010) (SRO 1064(I)/2010).

http://www.environment.gov.pk/info.htm

Inception Report for Upgradation / Rehabilitation of Road from Chakdara to Madyan on

Right Bank of Swat River

IPIECA Report Series, Volume-12, “Guidelines for Oil Spill Waste Minimization and

Management”

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Development Statistic 2010

Land Utilization Statistics, NWFP, 2007–2008

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