Environmental Health in GazaEnvironmental Health in Gaza StripStrip

  

11

Contents 1- Introduction

2- Definition of Environmental Health 3- Background of E. H. in Gaza Strip 4- Water5- Waste Water  6- Solid Waste 7- Pesticides & Toxic Substances Pollution 8- Air Pollution9- Food Hygiene 10-How the environment affect health?11- Environment-related killers in children

12- Tackle the environmental risks to our children 13- Strategic objectives  14- Recommendations  15- Conclusion and Comments

22

Historical perspective

"If you want to learn about the health of a population, look at the air they breathe, the water they drink, and the places where they

live.“

Hippocrates, the Father of Medicine

33

• The Hippocratic Oath ''well being of man is influenced by all environmental factors: the quality of the air, water, food, the winds and the topography of the land''.

• Environmental improvements and efforts toward the control of communicable disease continue in the 20th century with the wide spread use of immunization and the discovery of antibiotics.

However:• New set of environmental concerns result from the

introduction of new technology and chemicals combined with lifestyle risks and stresses {cancer, heart disease, CVA}

44

IntroductionIntroduction * Understanding the effect of environmental factors on health and disease * Understanding the effect of environmental factors on health and disease requires studying many factors like social, cultural, political, economical and requires studying many factors like social, cultural, political, economical and physical factors that interact with psychological and physiological rhythms physical factors that interact with psychological and physiological rhythms that form the foundations of human existence. that form the foundations of human existence.    * Studying this issue will assist in recognizing the * Studying this issue will assist in recognizing the Environment as an Environment as an important contributor to health and well being of the population. important contributor to health and well being of the population.    * Environmental health is a state of health that exists as a result of the force * Environmental health is a state of health that exists as a result of the force and conditions that surround and influence human being. and conditions that surround and influence human being.       * Due to rapid growth of industrial countries, the environmental hazards * Due to rapid growth of industrial countries, the environmental hazards increase. increase.

55

Definition of Environmental Health by WHO

•Environmental health comprises those aspects of human health that are determined by physical, chemical, biological, social and psychosocial factors in the environment.

•It also refers to the theory and practice of assessing, correcting, controlling and preventing those factors in the environment that can potentially affect adversely the health of present and future generations.

66

Definition of Environmental Health by National Definition of Environmental Health by National Institute of Environmental Health SciencesInstitute of Environmental Health Sciences Environmental healthEnvironmental health is the branch of public is the branch of public health that is concerned with all aspects of the health that is concerned with all aspects of the natural and built environment that may affect natural and built environment that may affect

human healthhuman health . .  

  

77

Environmental health problems in PalestineEnvironmental health problems in Palestine resemble the major environmental health problems resemble the major environmental health problems in the Middle East region. Subjects or problems of in the Middle East region. Subjects or problems of Environmental Health in Gaza Strip are Water Environmental Health in Gaza Strip are Water quality and quantity, Waste water, Solid waste, quality and quantity, Waste water, Solid waste, Pesticides and toxic substances pollution, Air Pesticides and toxic substances pollution, Air pollution and Food hygiene.pollution and Food hygiene.  

88

Background of Environmental Health in Gaza StripBackground of Environmental Health in Gaza Strip

Gaza Strip is a semi-arid region of roughly 365 km2 which Gaza Strip is a semi-arid region of roughly 365 km2 which lies on the Mediterranean Sea. On this narrow strip, almost lies on the Mediterranean Sea. On this narrow strip, almost 1.8 million of the Palestinian people live and work. 1.8 million of the Palestinian people live and work.   A " Catastrophic" water shortage, water pollution with high A " Catastrophic" water shortage, water pollution with high salinity and micro-pollutants, lack of sewage and solid salinity and micro-pollutants, lack of sewage and solid waste treatment, maritime pollution, overcrowding, poverty waste treatment, maritime pollution, overcrowding, poverty and uncontrolled use of pesticides are the most pressing and uncontrolled use of pesticides are the most pressing environmental problems in Gaza Strip. environmental problems in Gaza Strip.   Internationally suspended, banned and canceled pesticides Internationally suspended, banned and canceled pesticides which considered mutagenic and carcinogenic are still used which considered mutagenic and carcinogenic are still used in the agricultural environment.  in the agricultural environment.  

  99

Mediterranean Sea is used for the disposal of sewage Mediterranean Sea is used for the disposal of sewage water, solid wastes, agricultural and industrial waste water. water, solid wastes, agricultural and industrial waste water.

In general these environmental problems have multiplied In general these environmental problems have multiplied the Palestinians human environment problems, socio-the Palestinians human environment problems, socio-economic problems and increasing health hazards.economic problems and increasing health hazards. Therefore, the environment in Gaza Strip requires a more Therefore, the environment in Gaza Strip requires a more thoughtful and comprehensive policy and planning of thoughtful and comprehensive policy and planning of

awareness and conservationawareness and conservation . .  

1010

WaterWater Importance Importance

Water is one of the essential components of the human body. Water is one of the essential components of the human body. It plays active role in the physiological process that is It plays active role in the physiological process that is necessary to human life. Water is essential for heat necessary to human life. Water is essential for heat regulation, acid-base balance, excretions to toxins and waste regulation, acid-base balance, excretions to toxins and waste material and metabolism of all food material.material and metabolism of all food material.  Sources of waterSources of water  The underground waterThe underground water is the main source of water in Gaza is the main source of water in Gaza Strip. Wells are used to get the underground water. Strip. Wells are used to get the underground water.   

1111

Raining waterRaining water is used in West Bank. The water is collected is used in West Bank. The water is collected in private store under each house. The family uses this in private store under each house. The family uses this water during all the year. water during all the year.   Surface waterSurface water could be from rivers or lakes. Tabria lake is could be from rivers or lakes. Tabria lake is one of the main water store in Palestine. one of the main water store in Palestine.   The main source of water in Gaza Strip is the The main source of water in Gaza Strip is the ground ground water water which is used for irrigation, industrial and domestic which is used for irrigation, industrial and domestic purposes. In Fact, per capita water consumption in Gaza purposes. In Fact, per capita water consumption in Gaza Strip is less 4 – 5 times other countries. Strip is less 4 – 5 times other countries.

This has led to the depletion of available quantities in Gaza This has led to the depletion of available quantities in Gaza Strip and reduction of ground water storage as well as the Strip and reduction of ground water storage as well as the degradation of water qualitydegradation of water quality..

1212

Water Characters:Water Characters: 1- 1- Physical Physical: the water should be colorless, tasteless and : the water should be colorless, tasteless and odorless. Change of odor, color or taste indicates water odorless. Change of odor, color or taste indicates water pollution or contamination. pollution or contamination.   2- Biological2- Biological: Drinking water should be free from all : Drinking water should be free from all microorganisms. The best indicator for water contamination microorganisms. The best indicator for water contamination is the presence of E. Coli indicates fecal contamination. is the presence of E. Coli indicates fecal contamination.   3- Chemical3- Chemical: The accepted level of chemical : The accepted level of chemical concentration is referred to the maximum concentration of concentration is referred to the maximum concentration of specific material in water that if exceeded it will endanger specific material in water that if exceeded it will endanger

human heathhuman heath . .

1313

Water pollution Water pollution   Types of water pollution:Types of water pollution:   1- Organic wastes from domestics.1- Organic wastes from domestics.  2- Infectious agents contributed by domestic sewage. 2- Infectious agents contributed by domestic sewage.   3- Plant nutrients as algae. 3- Plant nutrients as algae.   4- Synthetic organic chemicals as pesticides, detergents… 4- Synthetic organic chemicals as pesticides, detergents… etc. etc.   5- Inorganic chemicals and minerals substances. 5- Inorganic chemicals and minerals substances.   6- Sediments that fill stream channels and reservoirs. 6- Sediments that fill stream channels and reservoirs.   7- Radio – active pollution7- Radio – active pollution 1414

Health Hazards of WaterHealth Hazards of Water

Water Sources in Gaza Strip are subjected to excessive Water Sources in Gaza Strip are subjected to excessive over- exploitation and over - pumping , this has led to over- exploitation and over - pumping , this has led to degradation of water quality in Gaza Strip , where severe degradation of water quality in Gaza Strip , where severe water shortage water shortage are experienced and where the situation are experienced and where the situation has become catastrophic. has become catastrophic.    Water Pollution Water Pollution with different pollutants (with different pollutants (SalinitySalinity such as such as Chloride and Nitrate and Chloride and Nitrate and Micro - pollutantsMicro - pollutants such as such as Pesticides, Fertilizers & Detergents). Pesticides, Fertilizers & Detergents).      

1515

Palestinian and German scientistsPalestinian and German scientists have recommended have recommended to the Palestinian Authority to take immediate measures to to the Palestinian Authority to take immediate measures to combat excessive nitrate levels in the drinking water. combat excessive nitrate levels in the drinking water.   90 % of Gaza Strip water samples were found to contain 90 % of Gaza Strip water samples were found to contain nitrate concentrations that were between two and eight nitrate concentrations that were between two and eight times higher than the limit recommended by the times higher than the limit recommended by the (WHO)(WHO)..  Over the long term they recommend that the best Over the long term they recommend that the best protection would be provided by protection would be provided by quality management quality management for for groundwater resources. groundwater resources.   In babies younger than six months, nitrate can lead to, to In babies younger than six months, nitrate can lead to, to

diarrhea and to acidosisdiarrhea and to acidosis . .

1616

Waste Water Waste Water   Unfortunately about 50% the raw sewage is discharged Unfortunately about 50% the raw sewage is discharged untreated in the Mediterranean Sea where the biological untreated in the Mediterranean Sea where the biological oxygen demand increases. oxygen demand increases.   The rest of sewage is treated with semi treatment such as The rest of sewage is treated with semi treatment such as the first step of primary treatment which is the aeration and the first step of primary treatment which is the aeration and sometimes the secondary treatment. When these pools sometimes the secondary treatment. When these pools filled with sewage water, it's flooded aside and pollutes the filled with sewage water, it's flooded aside and pollutes the ground water because our aquifer is shallow.ground water because our aquifer is shallow.  

1717

Sewage networks Sewage networks cover no more than 70 % of total cover no more than 70 % of total residential areas in the Gaza Strip. residential areas in the Gaza Strip.

Open sewage channels spread in some parts of the Gaza Open sewage channels spread in some parts of the Gaza Strip, particularly in refugee camps, creating health hazards Strip, particularly in refugee camps, creating health hazards

through the accumulation of garbage and wastesthrough the accumulation of garbage and wastes . .

1818

Health Hazards of Waste WaterHealth Hazards of Waste Water * Disease transmission: most of enteric diseases could be * Disease transmission: most of enteric diseases could be transmitted from one person to another through transmitted from one person to another through contaminated environment such as Cholera, Dysentery, contaminated environment such as Cholera, Dysentery, Parasites and Hepatitis.Parasites and Hepatitis. * Bad smell resulted in psychological disturbance. * Bad smell resulted in psychological disturbance. * Sewage collection is a breading place for insects as * Sewage collection is a breading place for insects as mosquitoes and flies.mosquitoes and flies. * Contamination of underground water by biological and * Contamination of underground water by biological and chemical pollutants.chemical pollutants.

Management of SewageManagement of Sewage::   Treatment: Treatment: Biological treatment is performed by these Biological treatment is performed by these mechanisms:mechanisms:a. Filtration b. Aeration (a. Filtration b. Aeration (ِو�يح �ْر� �ة ,, َت �ْه�ِو�ي c. Disinfection) c. Disinfection ( َت

1919

Solid WasteSolid Waste There are no enough dumping sites, sanitary landfills, There are no enough dumping sites, sanitary landfills, containers and vehicles. Therefore, the solid waste is containers and vehicles. Therefore, the solid waste is sometimes thrown everywhere. sometimes thrown everywhere.   Gaza Strip utilizes the old method of landfills for disposal Gaza Strip utilizes the old method of landfills for disposal thus negatively affecting the environment. This leads, in thus negatively affecting the environment. This leads, in turn, to the spread of diseases and increases the difficulties turn, to the spread of diseases and increases the difficulties encountered for disposal. encountered for disposal.

2020

Sources of Solid WasteSources of Solid Waste

a-a- HousesHouses are the main source of the solid waste and are are the main source of the solid waste and are the main place, which necessitate proper waste disposal.the main place, which necessitate proper waste disposal.

b-b- StreetsStreets this is mainly dust and the amount of solid this is mainly dust and the amount of solid wastes depends on the population orientation to their wastes depends on the population orientation to their health. Healthy communities have clean streets.health. Healthy communities have clean streets.

c-c- IndustriesIndustries result in huge amount of solid waste mainly result in huge amount of solid waste mainly metals, containers and carton, this waste could be metals, containers and carton, this waste could be dangerous if it contains chemicals or poisonous material.dangerous if it contains chemicals or poisonous material.

2121

d- Hospitals, domestic wastes and medical wastes are thrown daily from hospitals. Hospital wastes should be managed carefully where it contains contaminated syringes, gloves, cotton and utensils of patients. This material could be a source of infection for the community if not managed properly.

2222

Solid Waste disposal Solid Waste disposal Extensive development of incinerators, improved collection Extensive development of incinerators, improved collection trucks and procedures, solid wastes collection and disposal has trucks and procedures, solid wastes collection and disposal has assumed its place as protective measures for the public health.assumed its place as protective measures for the public health.

Hazards of Solid WastesHazards of Solid Wastes1-Socio – psychic: 1-Socio – psychic: The population does not accept the sight of wastes. The waste The population does not accept the sight of wastes. The waste could result in fire with all the hazards associated with this could result in fire with all the hazards associated with this unsatisfactory event.unsatisfactory event. 2-Economic: 2-Economic: Disposal of the waste without proper utilization is an economic Disposal of the waste without proper utilization is an economic loss. Recycling is one of the ways were the material could be loss. Recycling is one of the ways were the material could be

used againused again. .

2323

3-Health Hazards:3-Health Hazards: 1- Fly & Rodent1- Fly & Rodent: Garbage is a good media for breading of flies : Garbage is a good media for breading of flies and rodents. Both of them are harmful for human health.and rodents. Both of them are harmful for human health.   

2- Mechanical injuries2- Mechanical injuries: Where children are exposed to wounds : Where children are exposed to wounds and injuries if they handle the refuse un- properly.and injuries if they handle the refuse un- properly.  3- Chemical pollution3- Chemical pollution: Chemical hazards are common in : Chemical hazards are common in factory waste.factory waste.  

4- Bacterial contamination:4- Bacterial contamination: The chance of bacterial The chance of bacterial contamination is higher when hospital is present whih results in contamination is higher when hospital is present whih results in production of a great number of pathogens that could influence production of a great number of pathogens that could influence human. human. 

   2424

Management of Solid wastes:

Management of solid wastes includes these items:

1- Collection

2-Transport

3- Disposal

a- Dumping b- Incineration c- Recycling

2525

Pesticides & Toxic Substances Pollution Pesticides & Toxic Substances Pollution   More than 350 metric tons of formulated pesticides (more More than 350 metric tons of formulated pesticides (more than 100 pesticides) are used annually in Gaza Strip. than 100 pesticides) are used annually in Gaza Strip.   Such heavy use of pesticides causes water pollution and Such heavy use of pesticides causes water pollution and soil degradation and contamination of the agricultural soil degradation and contamination of the agricultural products which finally affect seriously the human and products which finally affect seriously the human and animals.animals.  It was found that 19 of these pesticides, that have been It was found that 19 of these pesticides, that have been used, are internationally suspended, cancelled and banned used, are internationally suspended, cancelled and banned pesticides, according to their mutogencity, carcinogencity pesticides, according to their mutogencity, carcinogencity and delayed neurtoxicity. and delayed neurtoxicity.

2626

Air PollutionAir PollutionDefinition of Air PollutionDefinition of Air Pollution: Concentration of foreign matter in the air : Concentration of foreign matter in the air which adversely affect the health and welfare of the people or their which adversely affect the health and welfare of the people or their enjoyment. The most severe pollution is the chemical pollution. enjoyment. The most severe pollution is the chemical pollution.   In Gaza Strip there is a large number of transportation means In Gaza Strip there is a large number of transportation means constitute the major source of air pollution. constitute the major source of air pollution.   Car exhausts release to the air large quantities of carbon monoxide, Car exhausts release to the air large quantities of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons and lead that are carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons and lead that are considered very poisonous and some may be carcinogenic and may considered very poisonous and some may be carcinogenic and may affect the respiratory and nervous system. affect the respiratory and nervous system.   Melting Lead and burning solid wastes are other major sources of air Melting Lead and burning solid wastes are other major sources of air pollution in Gaza Strip. pollution in Gaza Strip.

2727

Food Hygiene Food Hygiene The primary objective of sanitary supervision over all The primary objective of sanitary supervision over all places where food is prepared and served to the public is to places where food is prepared and served to the public is to prevent illness and possibly death from spoiled or prevent illness and possibly death from spoiled or contaminated foods. contaminated foods.   The local health department is responsible for protecting The local health department is responsible for protecting the public’s health against food contamination. the public’s health against food contamination.   Salmonella and staphylococci gastroenteritis germs are Salmonella and staphylococci gastroenteritis germs are very prevalent and multiply rapidly in food and thus and very prevalent and multiply rapidly in food and thus and food poisoning are the predominant infections transmitted food poisoning are the predominant infections transmitted by food.by food.   Other diseases transmitted by food include typhoid fever, Other diseases transmitted by food include typhoid fever, amebic dysentery and bacillary dysentery.amebic dysentery and bacillary dysentery.

2828

FOOD – BORNE DISEASES:FOOD – BORNE DISEASES:

I. Biological Agents I. Biological Agents   1.1. Food intoxication and bacterial infections: Food intoxication and bacterial infections: 1-1 Botulis1-1 Botulism: performed toxins produced by the growth of m: performed toxins produced by the growth of (Clostridium botulism) in food under anaerobic conditions cause (Clostridium botulism) in food under anaerobic conditions cause Botulism. Symptoms develop in 2 hs to 8 days. Botulism. Symptoms develop in 2 hs to 8 days.   1-2 Staphylococcus food poisoning1-2 Staphylococcus food poisoning: The onset is 1-6 hours after : The onset is 1-6 hours after ingestion ingestion   1-3 Amine poisoning1-3 Amine poisoning::Cheese and certain tranquilizers can result in such poisoning Cheese and certain tranquilizers can result in such poisoning   1-4 Salmonellosis1-4 Salmonellosis: : Contamination of food by salmonella poses a significant public health Contamination of food by salmonella poses a significant public health problemproblem

2929

• Viral Infections:-Infectious hepatitis

• Parasitic infections:- Amebiasis - Tenia - Tape worm diseases - Trichinosis from pork food - Giardiasis - Ascariasis

3030

Chemicals and Radiation:

Zinc, lead, Nicotinic acid, mercury acid, lithium chromium, iodine, silicon, magnesium .. etc. are known source of health hazards that endanger human life.

For better or worse, chemicals and other contaminants have become a part of everyday life. They exist in every aspect of our lives even before we are born. Hundreds of new chemicals are created every year.

Exposure to large amounts of any substance can be harmful to one’s health.

3131

• There are many types of toxicity : a chemical’s ability to cause or promote cancer, or cause neurological problems (damage to the brain and nervous system), respiratory problems (like asthma), and reproductive problems (chemicals that may harm the developing fetus, or an individual's ability to conceive).

3232

It is important to remember that some It is important to remember that some chemicals in small amounts can improve or chemicals in small amounts can improve or protect one’s health. Chlorine, which is used protect one’s health. Chlorine, which is used to purify drinking water, can be toxic in large to purify drinking water, can be toxic in large quantities. In small quantities it protects us quantities. In small quantities it protects us from cholera and other diseases.from cholera and other diseases.

3333

3434

Major environment-related killers in children under five Major environment-related killers in children under five years of age (WHO)years of age (WHO)

DiarrheaDiarrhea kills an estimated 1.6 million children each year, kills an estimated 1.6 million children each year, caused mainly by unsafe water and poor sanitation.caused mainly by unsafe water and poor sanitation.

Air pollutionAir pollution kills nearly one million children annually, kills nearly one million children annually, mostly as a result of acute respiratory infections.mostly as a result of acute respiratory infections. Malaria,Malaria, which may be exacerbated as a result of poor which may be exacerbated as a result of poor water management and storage, inadequate housing, water management and storage, inadequate housing, deforestation and loss of biodiversity, kills an estimated one deforestation and loss of biodiversity, kills an estimated one million children under five annually, mostly in Africa.million children under five annually, mostly in Africa. Unintentional physical injuries,Unintentional physical injuries, which may be related to which may be related to household or community environmental hazards, kill nearly household or community environmental hazards, kill nearly 300 000 children annually.300 000 children annually.

3535

The solutionsThe solutions

In many cases, low-cost solutions for environment and In many cases, low-cost solutions for environment and health problems exist. For instance, simple filtration and health problems exist. For instance, simple filtration and disinfection of water at the household level dramatically disinfection of water at the household level dramatically improves the microbial quality of water, and reduces the improves the microbial quality of water, and reduces the risk of diarrhea disease at low cost. risk of diarrhea disease at low cost.

Education is also a key - mothers who receive the Education is also a key - mothers who receive the information they need to understand the environmental information they need to understand the environmental risks present in their homes and communities are better risks present in their homes and communities are better equipped to take appropriate action to reduce exposure.equipped to take appropriate action to reduce exposure.

3636

• Better storage and safe use of chemicals at community level reduces exposures to toxic chemicals, especially among toddlers, who explore, touch and taste the products found at home.

3737

What can we do to tackle the environmental risks to What can we do to tackle the environmental risks to our children?our children?

The Healthy Environments for Children Alliance (HECA) The Healthy Environments for Children Alliance (HECA) promotes a number of simple, low-cost, effective and promotes a number of simple, low-cost, effective and sustainable measures to combat the environmental risks to sustainable measures to combat the environmental risks to our children.our children. Household water securityHousehold water securitySafe water storage at home – and treatment of water in the Safe water storage at home – and treatment of water in the home when its quality is in doubt - reduces water home when its quality is in doubt - reduces water contamination and leads to proven health benefits.contamination and leads to proven health benefits.

3838

• Hygiene and sanitationWash hands with soap before food preparation, before meals and after defecating significantly reduces the risk of diarrhea disease.

• Follow the WHO Five Keys to Safer Food to reduce the risk of food borne disease: keep clean; separate raw and cooked; cook thoroughly; keep food at safe temperatures; and use safe water and raw materials.

3939

Air pollutionAir pollutionGood ventilation in the home, clean fuels and improved Good ventilation in the home, clean fuels and improved cooking stoves decrease indoor air pollution and the cooking stoves decrease indoor air pollution and the exacerbation and development of acute respiratory exacerbation and development of acute respiratory infections.infections.

Disease vectorsDisease vectorsAs children usually go to bed earlier than adults at the time As children usually go to bed earlier than adults at the time mosquitoes become active, the use of insecticide-treated mosquitoes become active, the use of insecticide-treated mosquito nets and the screening of windows and doors mosquito nets and the screening of windows and doors provide a very effective means of protecting them against provide a very effective means of protecting them against malaria.malaria.

4040

• Chemical hazardsEnsure safe storage, packaging, use and clear labeling of cleaners, fuels, solvents, pesticides and other chemicals used at home and in schools.

• Unintentional injuries Advocate for safer roads and organized traffic

4141

Housing and HealthHousing and Health

Housing is a basic determinant of health,Housing is a basic determinant of health, and and many organizations, including the World Health many organizations, including the World Health Organization (WHO) and the American Public Organization (WHO) and the American Public Health Association (APHA), have developed Health Association (APHA), have developed standards for standards for healthy housinghealthy housing..

The most important role of housing is to provide The most important role of housing is to provide shelter from the elements. At its most basic level, shelter from the elements. At its most basic level, housing needs to keep its inhabitants dry, warm housing needs to keep its inhabitants dry, warm (or cool), and safe. (or cool), and safe.

4242

RecommendationsRecommendations

1- Making environmental assessment by: 1- Making environmental assessment by: a. Identifying the hazards present. a. Identifying the hazards present. b. Assess the effect of these hazards on the health of b. Assess the effect of these hazards on the health of Individual, families and communities. Individual, families and communities. c. Assess the risk factors. c. Assess the risk factors. d. Diagnose and reasoning the environmental influence at d. Diagnose and reasoning the environmental influence at health health   2- Playing to control environmental hazards by primary, 2- Playing to control environmental hazards by primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention by increase health secondary, and tertiary prevention by increase health Education, treatment and rehabilitation.Education, treatment and rehabilitation.

4343

Conclusion and CommentsConclusion and Comments  The environmental healthThe environmental health is very important topic in is very important topic in relation to health and disease.relation to health and disease.

Clean air and water Clean air and water and effective waste management and effective waste management remains critical issues for 21remains critical issues for 21stst century. century.

Increase scientific Increase scientific knowledge will decrease the hazards, knowledge will decrease the hazards, which result from the environment.which result from the environment.

4444

So the use of preventive measures also decrease such hazards.

Good health education and programs contribute in large benefit in the preventive measures. Increase awareness among population also decreases the hazards and deceases the number of risks people.

4545

The environment we personally The environment we personally

create for ourselves, through our create for ourselves, through our

habits, diet and lifestyle are now habits, diet and lifestyle are now

seen as very importantseen as very important

4646