Environmental flows in IWRM Mike Acreman. IWRM goals Economically efficient water use Assessments of...
Transcript of Environmental flows in IWRM Mike Acreman. IWRM goals Economically efficient water use Assessments of...
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Environmental flows in IWRM
Mike Acreman
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IWRM goals
• Economically efficient water use
Assessments of supplies, sound allocation, efficient technologies• Equitable access
Appropriate institutions, users’ associations, stakeholder sharing• Environmental sustainability
water quality standards
flow standards
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Draft River Basin Management Act
• Environmental flows• River Basin Master
Plans accounting for needs of aquatic ecosystems
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Managing water allocation
Environmental provision
over allocation
water resource
}}
Irrigation
Industry
Public supply
Hydro-power
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Paradigm change (after WWAP)
EIA
EOA
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Biodiversity• Nature conservation- Biodiversity (e.g.
river dolphins)
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Water services
Wetlands & floodplains
to regulate flows and purify water
human health
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Local livelihoods
Fish for fisheries
Grass for cattle
Fertile soils and natural irrigation
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Cultural servicesFamily/community
history
Spiritual/religious connection
Tourism
Quality of life
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Brisbane Declaration 2007
Environmental flows describe the quantity, timing and quality of water flows required to sustain freshwater and estuarine ecosystems and the human livelihoods and well-being that depend on these ecosystems.
Managing water at the basin scale
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How much water does a river need?
• No single answer• Over 250 methods• Big questions
What sort of river do you want?
What are the pressures on the river?
What will the future bring?
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What sort of river do you want?
natural10,000 BC
golden age1821
when I was young
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Objective-based flows
• Conservation objective - maintain nature character
e.g. Ramsar site
• Ecosystem service objective
- Maintain depth for river festival
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Scenario-based flow setting
• No pre-set objective
• Stakeholder participation
– awareness raising- local community action• Trade-off between water uses
– economic value- political decision
£
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River management classes
Class 1 naturalClass 2 semi-naturalClass 3 working river
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2012 Blueprint to Safeguard Europe's Water Resources
Pressure on river ecosystems• No 1 pressure = dams, land
drainage; flood embankments
• No 2 pressure = over-abstraction of water → identification of “ecological or environmental flow”
What are the pressures on the river?
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Why is flow important?
time
dis
ch
arg
e
channel maintenance flood
floodplain connectivity
maintenance flows for spawning and dispersal
freshet trigger flows for migration
low flows for juveniles
J F M A M J J A S O N D
All aspects of the flow regime are important for some element of the river ecosystem
not enough
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0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
flow
eco
log
ical
sco
re
Can we quantify the importance of flow for river health?
LIF
E s
core
Flow index
1991
1997
2001
2009
No threshold
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flow flow flow
flowflowflow
Eco
syst
em s
core
Eco
syst
em s
core
Eco
syst
em s
core
Eco
syst
em s
core
Eco
syst
em s
core
Eco
syst
em s
core
sensitive riverslow abstraction
robust rivershigh abstraction
River sensitivity
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How do pressures alter river flow?
Direct abstractions
Reduced baseline – maintain variability
Restrictive management
Dams/impoundments
Magnitude and variability may be reduced; magnitude may be increased
Active management
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Abstraction management
• How much can we alter the flow regime ...?
• ... but maintain desired ecological condition?
• Standards often developed by expert panels – i.e. synthesis of knowledge and experience
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Type or sub type
Season flow > Qn60 Flow > Qn70
flow > Qn95 flow < Qn95
Apr – Oct
30 25 20 15 A1
Nov – Mar
35 30 25 20
Apr – Oct
25 20 15 10
A2 (ds), B1, B2, C1, D1
Nov – Mar
30 25 20 15
Apr – Oct
20 15 10 7.5
A2 (hw), C2, D2
Nov – Mar
25 20 15 10
Jun – Sep 25
20
15 10 Salmonid spawning & nursery areas (not Chalk rivers)
Oct – May 20 15 flow > Q80
10 flow < Q80
7.5
Headwaters
Maximum abstractions % of natural flow
Lowland meandering
Middle reaches
High flow DroughtMedium flow
Low flow
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Impoundment releases
Heavily Modified Water Body
Target = Good Ecological Potential
Best practice
Stakeholder objectives
Dams have major control over flow regime
Release flows to meet desired ecosystem services
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Hydro-power issues
off take
power house
return
impacted reach
river
Hydro peaking‘ramping’
Impacted reach
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E-flow releases from dams
time
dis
ch
arg
e
channel maintenance flood
floodplain connectivity
maintenance flows for spawning and dispersal
freshet trigger flows for migration
low flows for juveniles
Quantity – magnitude, timing, duration, frequencyQuality – temperature, sediment
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E-flow release regime
time
dis
ch
arg
e
environmental flow
natural flow
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Implementation
• Need strong political will to address over-allocated rivers
• Identify champions• Assess supply-side and
demand-side options • Provide incentives for
efficiency• Define operational rules• Set-up monitoring
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Adaptive management
• E-flow assessments uncertain
• Responses un-predicable• Circumstances change• Need to act, monitor,
evaluate and adjust• Not admission of error
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Inter-sectoral coordination
Senegal River Basin Development Authority
Senegal, Mali, Mauritania
Managing Manatali dam
Balancing hydropower, navigation, eflows for floodplain agriculture
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Risk of future ecological impact from hydrological alteration
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Environmental flow workshop NIH Roorkee October 2013
35 river system experts academiagovernment researcherNGOspower industryCentral Water CommissionWorld Bank.
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Workshop conclusions
• India has world leading water managers
• Strong history in irrigation, hydraulic engineering
• Environmental flows emerging issue worldwide
• India need skills in environmental flows to stay at cutting-edge
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Conclusions• Healthy rivers are important
to Indian people• Essential to human health
and quality of life• Support economic activity • Healthy rivers need
environmental flows• Decide what sort of river
you want• Deliver the flow required
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THANK YOU