Environmental Effects of land filling

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12/October/2010 Environmental Effects Of Landfilling 3

Cont..Cont..@The emissions of gas and the environmental effects

caused by them have very different temporal

duration.

@Effects such as noise, dust and animals are linked to

the presence of exposed waste materials and theseeffects are therefore only present during the

deposition phase.

@Effects such as global warming and fire hazard on theother hand can be present during all three phases.

)1 ,T h e d e p o sitio n p h a se)2 ,T h e a ctive p h a se)3 Th e p a ssive p h a se


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EnvironmentalEnvironmentalEffectsEffects

1)Air environment Global warming. Ozone depletionToxic gases Odor Noise

2)Soil environment

Birds,rodents,insects Fly water, dust Explosion and fire

hazard Vegetation damage

Soil pollution

)3 Water environment

Surface water Ground water

)4 Temporal duration The deposition

phase The active phase The passive phase

)5 Health Effects

,Cancer ,Birth defects Genetic problem( ).mutations


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Atmospheric EnvironmentAtmospheric Environment-Global warming-Global warming

Organic wastes deposited in landfills will typicallydecompose biologically under anaerobic conditions

producing methane gas.

Methane will escape to the atmosphere and add to

global warming because it is more powerful

greenhouse gas.

Methane from landfills accounts for approximately 1-2%of global greenhouse gas emissions.

Methane produced at landfills can be collected via gas

extraction systems and used for energy production.

This will reduce global warming potential, as the CO2


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Ozone depletionOzone depletion Chlorine and fluorine containing gases released to the

atmosphere are potentially harmful to the ozone layer.

These gases are degraded photo chemically in the upperatmosphere producing free chlorine and fluorine thatreacts with ozone and thereby deplete the ozoneconcentrations that protects the earths surface fromthe ultra violet rays of the sun.

Many of the gases can potentially be degraded under theanaerobic conditions existing in landfills but since thegases are very volatile significant quantities significantquantities will escape to the atmosphere.

Controlled collection and combustion of the landfill gascan reduce emissions of the ozone depleting gases.



Toxic gasesToxic gases

Landfill gas contains significant concentrations ofcompounds that are potentially toxic to humans. Thesegases include mainly CO2 and H2S. Toxic gases are also

present in trace amounts in the landfill gas.

Here benzene and vinyl chloride, dioxins and furans areimportant due to their carcinogenic and toxicproperties. Dioxins and furans are normally producedvia uncontrolled combustion of the landfill gas.

Vinyl chloride is a degradation product fromtrichloroethylene, a solvent that can be degraded underanaerobic conditions. Vinyl chloride itself is not verydegradable under anaerobic conditions and thereforehas the potential to reach the atmosphere.

Controlled collection and combustion of landfill gas will



OdorOdor

Problems only near the landfill areas. Importantodorous compounds are H2S and organic sulfur.

Odor problems are most significant duringdeposition of the wastes at the landfill.

Odor problems can be reduced by minimizingthe amount of easily degradable material inthe landfill.

By keeping a small open waste front at thelandfill, by operating as far away frominhabited areas during the summer as possibleand by placing landfills under consideration ofprevailing wind directions.



NoiseNoise

@Noise is one of the most significant nuisances nearthe landfill and is created by the traffic of waste

trucks to and from the landfill.

@In special cases can birds especially seagulls createtheir own noise problem.

@Constructing noise barriers around the landfill area

such as earthen walls and dense plantations can

reduce noise.

@Noise reduction can also be achieved by using

equipment that creates less noise and restricting

operation hours especially during seasons when



Fly waste and dust.Fly waste and dust.@Dust and fly waste (waste transported by thewind) can often be a nuisance near landfill

sites.

@Dust is especially a problem at sites whereash and soil is deposited.

@Dust and fly waste can be reduced by usingonly a small open waste front, by watering

dry wastes, by covering the wastes carefully

and by regular cleaning of the landfill area.



Fire and explosion hazard.Fire and explosion hazard.

The gas is explosive if between 5 and 15%methane is mixed with atmospheric air.

Landfill gas is normally not a problem with

respect to explosion hazard if the gas isemitted directly to the atmosphere.

The fire and explosion hazard can be reduced by

collection of the landfill gas, by minimizing theamount of biodegradable waste deposited andby installation of gas alarms in buildings nearthe landfill.



Vegetation damageVegetation damage

Vegetation damage is often seen at or nearlandfills without gas collection as the landfill

gas can migrate through the soil up to 100

m away from the landfill. Migration is mostsignificant at older landfills without

membrane systems.

Gas migration also depends upon thesurrounding soil type; sandy soils facilitate

faster gas movement.

Variations in precipitation and atmospheric



Soil pollutionSoil pollution

Movement and deposition of contaminateddust (for instance from contaminated soilor ash) can pollute the soil near thelandfill. Pollution can also spread by

surface water runoff from the landfill.

Soil pollution is best prevented bycareful encapsulation of the waste and by

irrigation of dry dusty wastes. Also surfacewater must be managed in a controlledmanner to prevent erosion of the landfillsurface.



Water pollutionWater pollution

@If the drainage system for percolate and surface

water collection at the landfill site is

overloaded for instance in connection with

heavy rain or snow melting there is a chance

that the contaminated water can reach nearby

streams and lakes and cause severe damage to

their ecosystems.

@Acute effects are oxygen depletion and ammonia

toxicity.

@Effects of long-term contamination are changes

)1 Surface water pollution


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Health EffectsHealth Effects

Living in proximity to a poorly maintainedlandfill or hazardous waste site can causeserious health effects, especially inchildren.

Health effects from exposure to hazardouswaste can include:

Cancer, Birth defects, Genetic (mutations)problem.


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Temporal duration of environmentalTemporal duration of environmental

effectseffects

The environmental effects caused bydeposition of wastes at landfills have very different

temporal duration. The temporal duration can bestbe discussed based on the state of the landfill.

The lifecycle of a landfill can be divided intothree major phases.

1) The deposition phase, 2) The active phase, and 3) the passive phase


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The deposition phaseThe deposition phase

It is the period when the landfill is receiving waste.

During this phase also percolate and gas collection

systems are being constructed and operation will

start up as landfill sections are completed.

The landscape is restored and vegetation is

planted on the landfill cover. The duration of the

phase depends on the capacity of the landfill andcan typically vary between 5 and 50 years.

For economic reasons it is desirable to have at

least 15-25 years of capacity.


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Active phaseActive phaseThe active phase is the period after deposition has been

completed but when the emissions are still significant

enough to require active efforts for environmental

protection.

This is percolate and landfill gas collection, percolatetreatment and energy production from landfill gas.

It is difficult to assess the length of this phase as it

depends upon the types of waste deposited at the

landfill as well as the construction and condition of the

landfill itself.

The length of the phase may be determined based on the

actual emissions from the landfill and the capacity of

the surroundings to absorb the effects of the emissions.


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Cont..Cont..

The emissions will depend upon the

characteristics of the landfill, the waste, the

size of the landfill, deposition technology and

the time.

The capacity of the surroundings depends upon

where the landfill is located, the distance toand the type of environments near the landfills

as well as the political regulations for land use

and environmental protection in the area.


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Passive phasePassive phase When the activities for environmental protection are no

longer operated actively, the landfill enters the passive

phase.

During this phase a proper choice of landfill site, pastrestrictions placed on the types of wastes deposited at

the landfill, deposition technology and passive

environmental protection will ensure that the emissions

to the environment are kept at an acceptable level.

The passive environmental protection can for instance

consist of sloping surfaces with good vegetation that will

reduce the infiltration to the waste and oxidation zones


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ConclusionsConclusions Methane produced at landfills can be collected via gas

extraction systems and used for energy production. This

will reduce global warming potential, as the CO2 produced

from combustion of methane is neutral with respect to

global warming.Controlled collection and combustion of landfill gas will

reduce the emissions of toxic gases and Ozone depletion

to the environment.

@Constructing noise barriers around the landfill area such asearthen walls and dense plantations can reduce noise.

@The fire and explosion hazard can be reduced by collection

of the landfill gas, by minimizing the amount of

biode radable waste de osited and b installation of as


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Reference:-Reference:-http://greenliving.lovetoknow.com/Environme

ntal_Problems:_Landfillshttp://www.landfill-site.com/html/landfills__environmental_probl.php

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bfC08-ifNBc


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Land Filling Worst Choicefor the Environment.

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Environmental Effects of land filling

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