Environmental Considera0ons for Livestock Facili0es · Environmental Considera0ons for Livestock...
Transcript of Environmental Considera0ons for Livestock Facili0es · Environmental Considera0ons for Livestock...
EnvironmentalConsidera0onsforLivestockFacili0es
DanielAndersen,PhD,EITAg.andBiosystemsEngineeringDept.IowaStateUniversitydsa@iastate.eduthemanurescoop.bolgospot.com@DrManure
Manure–whataretheissues?
• Societyconcernsaboutmanure
– wasteversusresource
• ManuresroleinnutrientreducEon
– Impactonwaterquality
• ManureasasoilamendmentthatimprovesElthandwaterholdingrelaEons
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MapofAnimalOperaEons
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ChangesinHogProducEon
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LargerOperaEonGrowing
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Howhasthischanged?
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0
200,000,000
400,000,000
600,000,000
800,000,000
1,000,000,000
1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020
Nito
rgen
(kg)
Year
CropCapacityAvailableManureNutrientsManureasexcreted
Nitrogen-1992
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Nitrogen-2002
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Nitrogen-2012
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What’sthismean?
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• IowahassufficientcapacitytouElizeallmanurenutrients
• SpaEalseparaEonofcropdemandandmanureavailabilityisbecomingmorepronounced
• IowacounEescansElluElizeallmanurenutrients
SwitchingGears–What’sManureWorth
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• TypicalSwineManure– 50-35-25poundsN,P2O5,K2Oper1000gallons
• Ammonia-$726.14perton($0.44/lbN)• Potash-$476.75perton($0.40/lbK2O)• MAP-$605.25perton($0.49/lbP2O5)
• About$49worthofnutrientvalueper1000gallons
SwitchingGears–What’sManureWorth
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• Whataboutothermanures?– Dairy– Farrowing– Feedlotrunoff
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• Butarewecapturingthatvalue?
– Gedngittotherightfield,attherightamount,attherightEme,andintherightway?
– MinimizinglossesofNbeforeandasweapply?
Lot’sofPotenEalValue
Howfarcanwehaul?
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Break-EvenHaulingDistance(miles)
SwineSlurry DairySlurry BeefSolids LayerManure
TurkeyLiCer
AllNutrients 12(5-20) 8(2-13) 14(9-20) 25(16-34) 16(13-19)
NOnly 1(0-4) 0(0) 0(0) 1(0-3) 2(1-2)
P&KOnly 5(0-10) 6(2-11) 11(8-13) 21(13-28) 11(9-13)
Whatareweseeing
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• Fewerlagoons,morepits
• HigherNcontent– MoreDDGSindiet– Lowerwaterwastage
• LowerPcontent– MoreDDGSindiet– Morephytaseindiet
• LowerApplicaEonRates
WateringSystemImpactWasteVolume
• Gate-mountedNippleDrinker(GMND)
• SwingingNippleDrinker(~15%reducEonvs.GMND)
• Stainless-steelBowl (~20%reducEonvs.GMND)
• Wet-DryFeeders (~30%reducEonvs.GMND)
SwingingNippleDrinker
Stainless-steelBowlDrinker
Wet-DryFeeder
WateringSystemImpactWasteVolume
• Nipplestocupssavesabout0.87gallonsapig
• $4.00apigspaceworthofmanureapplicaEoncost
BuildingType
Wholesitewaterusage
(gal/pigspace-day)
AnimalDrinkingConsump0on
(gal/pigspace-day)
Otherwater(gal/pigspace-
day)Finisher,dryfeed/
nipple 2.33(0.32) 1.87 0.46Finisher,dryfeed/
cup 1.15(0.17) 1.00 0.15
Finisher,wet/dry 1.25(0.33) 1.19 0.06
Whataboutbiggerpigs?
• Waterertypemoreimportant• Dietmoreimportant• Arewegedngthemfishedquicker?
IncreaseinPhytaseUse
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IsPLevelGedngtoolow?
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• Corn-SoybeanRotaEon– Wantabout150lbsNto100lbsP2O5(3:2)
• Corn-CornRotaEon– Wantabout200lbsNto50lbsP2O5(4:1)
• AverageSwineManure– Haveabout50lbsNto35lbsP2O5(3:2)
• LowPSwineManure– Haveabout50lbsNto15lbsP2O5(3:1)
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BeyondthePIndex
ChangesinManureStorages
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• NitrogenRetenEoninDifferentManure-HandlingSystems
Es0matedNitrogenReten0on
HealthySoils
• Tilth• Waterholdingcapacity
• HydraulicconducEvity
• Erosionresistance
SoilHeath• SoilHealthMeansCarbon
– Feedsoilmicrobes– Holdsnutrients– Stabilizessoilaggregates
Theinter-parEclespace(voids)isfilledwitheitherwaterorair.TheamountofvoidsdependsuponthesoiltextureandthesoilcondiEon(ie.Elled,compacted,etc.).
Example
12%ofOrganicCarboninManurebecomessoilorganicmaner
Thisistrueforallmanuretypes.
ManuretobuildSOM
What’s new in manure application equipment?
Uniformity of Applicators
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Manure Injection
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Manure Agitation
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ManureSampling
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Value of information is the amount of money a decision maker would be willing to pay for the information prior to making a decision.
CornResponsetoNitrogen
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0102030405060708090
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0 50 100 150 200 250
Yield(%
ofM
ax)
NitrogenApplicationRate(kgN/ha)
CornafterSoybeanCornafterCorn
Example
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Year NitrogenContent(kgN/1000L)
2010 8.4
2011 7.2
2012 9.8
2013 6.2
Average 7.9±1.6
2014 9.2
Results
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Manure Type Rotation Pre-application During application
N limited P limited N limited P limited —————————$ ha-1———————
Swine Slurry Corn-Soybean $19.94 $22.09 $3.38 $22.07
Corn-Corn $30.66 $10.62 $8.37 $10.62
Layer Manure Corn-Soybean $32.66 $14.37 $9.92 $14.37
Corn-Corn $50.04 $6.78 $20.45 $6.78
Dairy Slurry Corn-Soybean $29.72 $9.82 $27.44 $9.82
Corn-Corn $67.83 $4.93 $50.46 $4.93
Beef Feedlot Scrapings (Earthen Lot)
Corn-Soybean $31.54 $7.13 $13.94 $7.13
Corn-Corn $50.20 $3.72 $27.48 $3.72
PreversusDuringSampling
Comparison:BusinessasUsual
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VersusAddingNutrientSepara0on
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ManureApplica0onCosts• ApplicaEoncostsafuncEonof:
– ManureapplicaEonrate– Manuretransportdistance
– DistanceSurchargeof$0.01perkgmanureperkmtransported
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y=0.1456x-0.33R²=0.9935
y=0.011x-0.138R²=0.9387
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0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.005
0.006
0 30000 60000 90000 120000
Appli
catio
nCost($/L)
ApplicationRate(L/ha)
Injection
Broadcast
DevelopedSpreadsheetToolforCalcula0onsToolletsuserinput:
Animaltype(currentlyswineordairy)NumberofAnimalsSeparaEonefficiencyNutrientapplicaEonrates
Modeloutputs:
AmountoflandneededEsEmatedmanureapplicaEoncostswithandwithoutseparaEonTellsuserpricesavedin$/L
*Costtotreathastobelessthanmoneysavedtobeeconomicallyfeasible
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ExampleofOutput
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0
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.005
0 20 40 60 80 100
Land
App
licationCo
st
($/L)
%ofManureNutrientsinSpecifiedVolume
In1%In5%In10%In20%
Swine finishing operation 4000 head with deep pit storage Nitrogen limited application
Sowouldanyexis0ngtechnologieswork?
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• Evaluatetwotypesofseparators– screwpress&decanEngcentrifuge
• SeparatorcapitolandoperaEngcostsfromMolleretal.(2000)
• SeparatorperformancefromHjorthetal.(2010)
0.00000
0.00100
0.00200
0.00300
0.00400
0.00500
0.00600
0 25,000,000 50,000,000 75,000,000 100,000,000
Man
ureTreatm
entCo
st($
/L)
VolumeofManureTreatedAnnually(L)
ScrewPress
DecanterCentrifugePerformance: Screw Press Volume11% Nitrogen 15% Phosphorus 17% Decanting Centrifuge Volume14% Nitrogen 16% Phosphorus 71%
Sowouldanyexis0ngtechnologieswork?
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• NocasesinvesEgatedwereeffecEve(upto25,000headofswineand5,000headdairycanle)whenmanureapplicaEonwasnitrogenlimited
• DecanEngcentrifugecosteffecEveforswinefarmslargerthan12,000headanddairieslargerthan1,000headapplyingataphosphoruslimitedrate
• Resultsareverymuchdependentonactualmanuretransportdistancesandseparatorefficiency
Manure&FarmOdors
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• LocaEon,locaEon,locaEon
• Whatlevelofodorisacceptable
• Neighborsbackgroundandviewofagriculture
• Arewetellingourfarmstory
ISUAirManagementPrac0cesTool
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http://www.agronext.iastate.edu/ampat/
ISUAirManagementPrac0cesTool
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Manure&FarmOdors
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Ques0onsandDiscussion
DanielAndersen,PhD,EITAg.andBiosystemsEngineeringDept.IowaStateUniversitydsa@iastate.eduthemanurescoop.blogspot.com@DrManure