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Environmental Chapter 3 Ecosystems

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An ecosystem is all of the living and non-living things in a given area 2 factors Biotic all of the living things in an environment ex. Insects, mice, plants Abiotic physical factors in an environment ex. Soil, air, water

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Biomes A geographic area characterized by certain types of plants and animals A biome contains even smaller ecosystems ex. Rainforest biome contains tree-top ecosystems, river ecosystems etc.

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Forest Biomes Develop where there is ample rainfall and moderate temperatures Three types Temperate deciduous forests Coniferous forests Rain forests

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Temperate Deciduous Forest Biome Leaves change and fall every year We live in this biome Fairly broad leaves to absorb sun Average rainfall 75-125 cm Average temperature Summer: 28 C Winter: 6C

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Coniferous Forest Not much change between summer and winter Consists mainly of evergreen trees which have waxy needles to prevent water loss Seeds in cones Not a lot of plants grow in the under story because of limited light Average rainfall 35-75 cm Average temperature Summer: 14C Winter: -10 C

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Tropical Rain Forest Most biologically diverse Most animals live in the canopy Soil nutrient poor Rain forest quickly disappearing through farming and clear-cutting, and development Average rainfall up to 400cm Average temperature Daytime:34C Nighttime: 20C

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Rainforest Destruction Decrease in the worlds oxygen Increase in the worlds carbon dioxide Can lead to global warming Loss of species Loss of medicines

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Temperate Grasslands Grasses and some flowering plants Seed-eating mammals and herbivores Biomass is manly underground, deep roots this allows plants to live through grazing and fires Many fires Average rainfall 25-75cm Average temperature Summer 30C Winter 0C

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Savannas Tropical grasslands Clumps of trees Deep roots Fluctuate between rainy season and drought Average rainfall 150 cm Average temperature Dry season: 34C Wet season: 16C

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Deserts Plants are succulent and grow far apart to avoid competition for water Most animals are nocturnal to avoid heat from sun Many animals have ways of conserving water and cooling themselves Average rainfall less than 25cm Temperature can vary greatly between night and day Average temperature Summer: 38C Winter: 7C

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Tundra No trees because cannot make deep roots Permafrost - frozen soil Soggy area because of poor drainage Average rainfall 30-50 cm Average temperature Summer: 12C Winter: -26C

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Marine Ecosystems Salty water Almost 75% of the earth is covered in salt water Phytoplankton are the most abundant producers (perform photosynthesis) Zooplankton feed on phytoplankton Both phytoplankton and zooplankton for the base of the oceans food web Ocean is divided into zones

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Marine Zones Intertidal where ocean meets land. For part of the day, this zone is above water Neritic zone water is less than 200m deep. Plants and phytoplankton live here.

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Oceanic deep water zone 0-200m is zone where photosynthesis takes place Benthic ocean bottom

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Estuaries Place where fresh water from streams and rivers flows into oceans

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Freshwater Ecosystems No salt A tributary is a smaller stream that meets with other tributaries to form bigger streams Rivers are where streams meet

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Moving Freshwater Fast moving steep, towards top of mountains, younger Animals have adaptations to avoid being swept away: grow on or under rocks etc

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Slow moving - less steep, towards bottom of mountain, meanders (curves), older Biotic material and sediment deposit on the bottom forming deltas Eventually water flows into oceans

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Still Waters Ponds and lakes Three zones Littoral zone closest to land, plants, snails, larvae Open-water zone extends from littoral zone and goes as deep as the light will reach, bass, trout, phytoplankton Deep-water zone no light, beneath open water, catfish, fungus, feed on dead stuff that falls from above

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Wetlands Water level is near or above the surface of the ground Absorb water during heavy rains Help replenish the water supply

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Marshes Treeless wetlands

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Swamp Wetlands where trees and vines grow Low-lying areas besides slow-moving rivers Flooded only part of the year