Environmental Assessment Report

The views expressed herein are those of the consultant and do not necessarily represent those of ADB’s members, Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature.

Initial Environmental Examination – National Roads Component: Anuradhapura-Rambewa (A020) Project Number: 42254 May 2010

Sri Lanka: Northern Road Connectivity Project

Prepared by [Author(s)]

[Firm]

[City, Country]

Prepared for [Executing Agency] [Implementing Agency]

Prepared by the Ministry of Local Government and Provincial Councils for the Asian Development Bank (ADB).

The initial environmental examination is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB’s Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature.

Table of Contents

Table of Contents ................................................................................................................................ i Abbreviations ................................................................................................................................... iii Executive Summary ...................................................................................................................... v 1 INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................... 1

1.1 Background and justification of the proposed project............................................................. 1 1.2 Extent and Scope of the study ............................................................................................... 1 1.3 Objectives of the IEE report ................................................................................................... 1 1.4 Methodologies adopted in IEE preparation ............................................................................ 1

2 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT .............................................................................................. 2

2.1 Location of the project ........................................................................................................... 2 2.2 Category of the project .......................................................................................................... 3 2.3 Necessity for the project ........................................................................................................ 4 2.4 Magnitude of the project ........................................................................................................ 4 2.5 Materials to be used and sources .......................................................................................... 4 2.6 Labour Force ......................................................................................................................... 7 2.7 Investment and Funding Sources .......................................................................................... 7 2.8 Schedule of implementation ........................................................................................................ 7 2.9 Main beneficiaries of the project.................................................................................................. 8

3 DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT..................................................................................... 8

3.2 Physical Environment ............................................................................................................ 8 3.3 Hydrology ............................................................................................................................ 11 3.4 Ecological Resources .......................................................................................................... 12 3.5 Socio economic structure..................................................................................................... 15 3.6 Description of Traffic............................................................................................................ 16

4 ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND PROPOSED MITIGATION MEASURES .... 18

4.1 Pre- construction & Construction period .............................................................................. 18 4.2 Anticipated impacts during operation period ........................................................................ 29

5. Public consultation & Information Disclosure............................................................................... 30

6. Grievance redress mechanisms .................................................................................................. 32

7. INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT & ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP) ... 32

7.1 Environmental management Plan (EMP)............................................................................. 33 7.2 Environmental Mnitoring Plan (EMoP) .............................................................................. 33

8. FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS................................................................................. 33

9. CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................ 34

10. REFERENCES............................................................................................................................ 34

Sources of Data and Information..................................................................................................... 35 Contributors/authors........................................................................................................................ 35

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List of Tables: Table 01: Location of borrow pits Table 02: Locations of Quarries and Crushers Table 03: Air quality at Anuradhapura Meteorological Department May 1999 (NBRO) Table 04: Physical and chemical properties of ground water in Nachchaduwa tank Table 05: Description of Traffic Table 06: Socio- economic structure in DS divisions Table 07: Public utilities to be removed Table 08: Details of trees to be cut List of Figures Figure 01: Map showing the location of the project site Figure 02: Borrow Pit Locations Figure 03: Geological Map of the project area Figure04: Average rainfall variation in Anuradhapura Figure 05: Map showing drainage pattern of the project area Figure 06: Reservoir near the road Figure 07: Secondary forest patch in “Rama Kele” Archaeological reserve Figure 08: Paddy fields Figure 09: Home gardens Figure 10: Railway crossing and signal room beside the road Figure 11: Encroachment of the RoW

Annexes: Annex 01: 1:60,000 Location Diagram Annex 02: REA checklist Annex 03: Typical cross section Annex 04 Strip Plan Annex 05: Flora of the Project Area Annex 06: Fauna of the Project Area Annex 07: Environmental Management Plan (EMP) Annex 08: Environmental Monitoring Plan (EMOP) Annex 09: Environmental Clearance from the Central Environmental Authority (CEA)

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Abbreviations and Definitions

3R Reduce, Reuse, Recycle

AADT Annual Average Daily Traffic

AC Asphalt Concrete

ADB Asian Development Bank

ADT Average Daily Traffic

BOQ Bill of Quantities

CEA Central Environmental Authority

CEB Ceylon Electricity Board.

CO carbon monoxide

DBST Double Bituminous Surface Treatment

DoAS Department of Agriculture services

DoF Department of Forestry

DoI Department of Irrigation

DS Divisional Secretary

EA Executing Agency

EE Executive Engineer (Divisions)

EIA Environmental Impact Assessment

EMoC Environmental Monitoring committee

EMP Environmental Management Plan

EPL Environmental Protection License

GND Gram Niladhari Division

GoSL Government of Sri Lanka

GSMB Geological Survey and Mining Bureau

HC Hydrocarbons

IA Implementing Agency

IEE Initial Environmental Examination

IML Industrial Mining License

LA Local Authority

LGV Light Goods Vehicle

LPG Liquid petroleum Gas

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MAV Multi Axle Vehicle

MOH Medical Officer of Health

MOHRD Ministry of Highways and Road Development

NAAS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NBD National Budget Department

NCP North Central Province

NCPA National Child Protection Authority

NEA National Environmental Act

Nox Oxides of nitrogen

NP Northern Province

NRCP Northern Roads Connectivity Project

NWP North Western Province

NWS&DB National Water Supply & Drainage Board

PHI Public Health Inspector

PIU Project implementation Unit

PM10 particulate matter<10micrometers diameter

RDA Road Development Authority

RDA(ESD) Road Development Authority( Environmental & Social Division)

ROW Right Of Way

Rs Sri Lanka Rupee

SC Supervision consultant

SD Survey Department

SLT Sri Lanka Telecom

SO2 Sulphur dioxide

SPM Suspended particulate matter

VOC Vehicle Operating Costs

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Summary Initial Environmental Examination for Rehabilitation and Improvement of Anuradhapura – Rambewa (A020) Highway

Summary Initial Environmental Examination Report 1. Introduction and Background 1. This report presents the findings and conclusions of the Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) based on the analysis of the information collected from the field inspections during November 2009 by undertaking a walk-through environmental survey along the road section from Anuradhapura to Rambewa (A020road) to assess the environmental impacts associated with the rehabilitation & widening of the 14.48 km distance. Secondary information supplemented by the social and technical teams working on the feasibility study and detail surveys was also used. 2. The Egis Bceom International, France in association with Consulting Engineers and Architects (Pvt) Ltd. in Sri Lanka prepared this IEE report on behalf of the Road Development Authority (RDA) under the Ministry of Highways and Road Development (MOHRD). 3. This IEE report is prepared according to the ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement (2009). Although this is not a prescribed project under the provisions of National Environmental Act, the Basic Information Questioner (BIQ) has been submitted to the CEA and received conditional environmental clearance is attached as an annexure 09. 2. Description of the Project 4. The Proposed road section runs through Nuwara Gampalatha Central and Rambewa DS Divisions in Anuradhapura Districts of the North Central province of Sri Lanka. The Northern Province of Sri Lanka is mainly connected with the other parts of the country by A009 road. This considered road section starts from Anuradhapura (Jaffna Junction-0.00km) and ends at Rambewa (14.48km). 5. The total length of the road section to be improved is 14.48 km. The average width of the existing carriage way is 6.5m. The width of the existing RoW varies around 17.5m to 24.6m. The width of the two lane carriage way will increase up to 7m throughout the road section with 1.5m hard and 1m soft shoulder along with embankments, parking (both regular and emergency) and bus bays. However the widths of the soft and hard shoulders will be reduced depending on the available width of the existing RoW especially at the paddy field, water ways, and bus bays and near the embankments in order to avoid the land acquisition. The minimum with of the hard shoulder will be 0.6m & soft shoulder will be 0.5m. Thus the civil works confine to existing RoW. In those places site specific widening will be carried out by maintaining the width of the carriage way as it is proposed. 6. Ministry of Highways and Road Development (MOHRD) and Road Development Authority (RDA) will carry out this project under the Northern Roads connectivity project. The estimated project cost is LKRs. 3892.4 million. The proposed time schedule of this project is 18 months. 2.1 Need of the Project 7. This road rehabilitation and improvement will facilitate an optional road section to A009 highway near Anuradhapura town. One can reach A009 road at Rambewa via this road section by bypassing the Anuradhapura town. Therefore this proposed road helps to reduce vehicular operation within the Anuradhapura town and reduces considerable travel time via the main A009 road. Moreover, this project will also provide short term employment opportunity by engaging the rural poor people in the upgrading of the road. Such people based development efforts will reinstall economic activities in the area by creating long term employment and other opportunities.

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2.2. Magnitude of the project 8. The proposed development is a road rehabilitation (marginal widening and overlaying) project comprising a 14.48 km road section starting from Anuradhapura (Jaffna Junction-0.00km) and ends at Rambewa (14.48km). This is a part of the “Northern Roads Connectivity Project (accelerated development project). 2.3 Sources of materials 9. Depending on Contractor preference, road materials will be sourced from various sites so as to reduce haulage costs. The principal materials required for construction of the road works are soil, gravel and crushed rock. Earth is used for embankment construction. Gravel is used for sub-base construction. Crushed stone, requiring blasting, crushing, screening, and at times blending, is used for base-course construction and for bituminous surfacing. Locations of the existing sources of materials are given in the IEER.

2.4 Schedule of implementation 10. The initial step of the implementation is preparing the feasibility study including detail design, environmental and social assessment and bidding documents. Secondly the contract will be awarded to a qualified contractor via a tender procedure. It is expected to commence the construction work in 2010 and the complete in 18 months. 2.5 Objectives of the IEE report 11. The main objective of the IEE study is to identify the impacts of physical, biological, socio-economic and cultural environment of the project area that may arise as a result of proposed activities and recommend practical and site specific environmental mitigation and enhancement measures, prepare environmental management & monitoring plans for the project. 2.6 Main beneficiaries of the project 12. The primary beneficiaries of the project are road users who are passing through the A020 road from various places, the business community along the A020 road, residential property owners and people engaged in the agricultural activities in the project area, drivers, school children and teachers, Public and Private sector employees. The development of the road network will provide better transport facilities for these people to access markets. The unemployed people living in the subproject area will have the construction related job opportunities during project implementation and subsequently they will have employment opportunities in the expanded commercial and industrial sectors. The land value in the vicinity will also be increased due the proposed road project. School children and other people using public transport can benefit from provision of bus bays and bus shelters improving the safety and comfort. 3. DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT 3.1 Existing Land Use along the Selected Highway Sections 13. Both sides of the first 0.2km (from Anuradhapura Junction) of the road consist of a built up area with few retail shops and houses. Then the road traverses through home gardens up to 0.5km and then traverses through paddy fields up to 0.75km. In some places people have put up temporary structures within the existing RoW to sell their products. The road crosses railway line at 0.80km and traverses via paddy fields, home garden up to 1+300km. From that point up to 1+750km, right hand side of the road consists of Rama Kele Archaeological site and passes though Puliyankulama area at 2.00km -3.00km. From 4+450km to 5+250km Saliyapura Camp located at the right hand side of the road. Immediately passing the Camp the road runs through the same landscape; paddy fields and home gardens up to 6.000km. Then road runs closer to the Mankadawala Tank (RHS) & same landscape; paddy fields and home gardens at the left hand side and then crosses the tank from7+300 – 7+550km. After crossing the

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tank the road passess through the typical mixed paddy, home garden abandoned chena lands and scrub lands up to Rambewa. From 7+550km road runs closer to Siyambala wewa, (9km) Sandamalgama wewa (near 10km post), Gonewa tank (11.5km) and Rambewa wewa (12.9km). Rambewa is a small township with few retail shops, restaurants and a filling station (LHS). 3.2 Physical Environment Topography, Geology and Soil 14. The roadway passes through slightly rugged terrain with elevations ranging from under 150 m to nearly 2000 at highest parts.. Home gardens, paddy fields, cultivations, small towns and built up area and residential places are located beside the road at different sections. 15. The soil of the project influence area, which is defined as the DS divisions through which the road section runs, is generally classified as Reddish Brown Earths (Chromic Luvisols) and Low Humic Gley soil (Eutric Gleysols1). The colour of the soil surface is reddish brown. The subsoil is distinctively redder. Also a prominent Quatz-gravel layer of varying thickness is present at some depths of the subsoil. 16. Rainfall pattern of the project area shows a bimodal distribution. The rainfall distribution shows two peaks in April and October November. Two agricultural seasons Yala (April- September) and Maha (October- March) starts according to the onset of rainfall. Maximum temperature varies from 290C to 350C while minimum temperature varies from 210C to 260C. It can be seen that maximum temperature occurs in April, and the second highest occurs in September, which are the period of sun’s over head position over Sri Lanka. 17. According to the geographical locations, Anuradhpura belong to the dry zone where annual rainfall is less than 1750mm. Anuradhapura area receive sufficient rainfall in the second inter-monsoon and northeast monsoon seasons. 3.3 Air Quality and Noise 18. According to the information available at the National Building Research Organization, the concentration of the particulate matters (particle size is less than 10 micron – PM10) in the ambient air at Anuradhapura area is well below the NAAQS. But there are no recent data is available. Thus the current situation must be different from than that of the available data. Hence, it is very important to measure the current air quality of the project area before the construction begins. The contractor is responsible to obtain these measurements through reputed institutes and these values can be used as base line information. 19. Although the proposed road section is located mainly within semi-urban, rural residential and agricultural areas, large number of vehicles pass this road mainly during the day time. Therefore the noise levels may be increased during rush hours. It is highly recommended to obtain noise measurements of the project area before the civil works begin, since particular data is not available at the moment. Contractor is responsible to collect the data to use as base line information. 3.4 Hydrology 20. The road section is located in a flat terrain. The hydrology is mainly governed by seasonal streams, cascade system man made reservoirs and associated irrigation canals. Surface water resources in the project area mainly consist of inland reservoirs, which are used for water storage, irrigation, and

                                                       1 * UNESCO‐FAO International Nomenclature  

 

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drinking water supply. There are 5 reservoirs within the 100m boundary of the road sector. Dendritic drainage pattern could be observed in the area. 21. Groundwater is used for daily needs through dug wells. The depth of the ground water table is varies from 5m to 8m and “hard water” is found in the project influence area. Agricultural wells are also use to extract ground water for agricultural purposes. 3.5 Ecological Resources Habitat types, Vegetation Cover, Floral & Faunal Diversity 22. The area in which the road section is present belongs to the DL1 agro ecological zone and generally comprises of dry mixed evergreen forest types ( Arjuna’s Atlas of Sri Lanka, 1997). These forests are dominated by Manilkara hexandra (Sinhala - Palu), Chloroxylon sweitenia (Sinhala - Burutha), Drypetes sepiaria(Weera), Feronia limonia, Vitex altissima (Milla), Syzygium spp( Dan), Azadirachta indica ( Kohomba) and Chukrasia tabularis( Hulan Hik). 23. There is a secondary forest patch, which is called “ Raama Kele”, near the Farm Technology Training Center and Faculty of Agriculture of Rajarata University in Puliyankulama. Although this is a forest patch it is an archaeological reserve and belongs to the Department of Archaeology. However this vegetation is a sensitive ecological niche, which provides good feeding and resting places for wild fauna especially birds, butterflies and other insect groups. In all the other places the natural habitat of the project area has been subjected to various anthropogenic activities for many decades. The main habitat types found in the project area include reservoirs, paddy fields, home gardens and secondarily grown forest patch. 24. Totally 99 plant species including the domestic crop and fruit varieties belong to 36 families and 96 terrestrial animal species belong to 53 families were recorded around the road section. However, none of the recorded plant or animal species is endangered or threatened species. The road does not fall under any protected or buffer zone area. 3.6 Socio economic structure 25. The road runs through 06 (Grama Niladhari Division) GNDs in Nuwaragam Palatha Central DS Division and 03 GNDs in Rambewa DS Division. The population of Nuwaragam Palatha Central DS Division Divisions is 61,317 and the population of Rambewa DS Division is 41,845 (Table 04).The Sinhalese is the race predominantly living in both divisions. The balance of the population consists of Tamils and Muslims. Income generation sources and pattern 26. Agriculture is the major income generation economic activity in both divisions. Therefore development of agricultural sector needs strengthening linkages to develop markets and it will substantially depends on the condition of the road network, 27. A special social welfare programme called “***Samurdhi” has been operated and covered all Grama Niladhari divisions in all DS Divisions. The Samurdhi Beneficiaries are engaged in self employment or self income generation activities to improve their income as well as their standard of living. 28. Tourism which is prominent in Anuradhpura area helps the people to earn extra income from services to tourists. Health and Education and other Facilities

29. A20 road is a well populated road and passes through agricultural and industrial areas. The availability of services along the road is beneficial to the people. There are 03 Buddhist Temples, 01 Hindu Temple (kovil), 02 schools, 01 church, 02 Multi purposes co-operative societies shops, 06 industries, 01 social organization, 01 hospital, 4 hotels and 02 post offices. Apart from these public services Farmer

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Mechanization Training School and a University are located along the A20 road to services to the public. 4. Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Proposed Mitigation Measures 4.1 Pre-contraction & Construction period 30. As the road rehabilitation work confines to existing Right of Way (RoW), the potential negative environmental impacts will be very limited in magnitude. Except shifting of few public utilities and few temporary structures within the existing RoW, no land acquisition will be required for the entire road rehabilitation & widening project. Few unauthorized and also temporary installed establishments by communities along the proposed roads will not become obstacles to the proposed road improvement project, because of these unauthorized & temporary structures are located within the RoW. 31. The anticipated negative environmental impacts are mainly short-term and are arise during construction period. The anticipated negative impacts on the physical environment during the period of civil work will be due to change in air, dust and water quality, operation of quarry sites, crusher plant, asphalt plant, concrete batching plant, spoil disposal and also transportation of materials and construction waste. It is proposed to remove only 19 roadside trees. It is recommended to develop compensatory tree planting program to replant native species wherever available space beside the proposed road. Socio-economic impacts during road construction will be exposure to health and safety problems, in some extent. Removal of Public Utilities

32. According to the design public utilities, which are located along the road must be removed. Therefore during pre construction phase these public utilities have to be removed prior to handover the contractor. It is very important to carry out the removal and reestablishment of these public utilities without damaging to those and other existing utilities such as pipe lines, irrigation canals etc. Removal and re-establishment of such utilities will be done by the respective agencies. Therefore during pre construction phase these public utilities have to be removed prior to handover the contract. It is very important to carry out the removal and reestablishment of these public utilities without damaging to those and other existing utilities such as pipe lines, irrigation canals etc. There is a railway crossing and a signal room at 0+850. These structures may have to be removed and shifted to meet with the new design of the road (fig 10). Before the removal of these utilities, approvals from relevant parties and compensation must be paid where applicable. Proper coordination with relevant agencies such as NWSDB, CEB, Sri Lanka Railway Department and SLT is vital to reduce such impacts. Impacts on labour camps 33. Although establishment of labour camps not necessary, should the need arise depending on the contractor’s preference, impacts from solid waste such as (such as polythene, papers, perishable items especially food) accumulated at worker camps could occur environmental pollution such as contamination of soil and water bodies, out breaks of water born and vector born diseases and health hazards. 34. Labour camps shall be provided with adequate supply of water, sanitary facilities and appropriate facilities for disposal of sewerage and solid waste. The sewage systems shall be properly designed, built and operated to ensure that no pollution to ground or adjacent water bodies/watercourses takes place. Garbage bins shall be provided to the camps and regularly emptied and dumped in approved site to prevent contamination of soil and water bodies as well as prevent from disease out breaks. Garbage should be disposed off in a hygienic manner, to the satisfaction of the relevant norms. Contractor shall ensure that all camps are kept clean and hygienic. Necessary measures shall be taken to prevent breeding of vectors. Contractor shall adhere to the CEA recommendations on disposal of wastewater. Wastewater shall not be discharged to ground or waterways in a manner that will cause unacceptable surface or ground water pollution.

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Worker camps should be monitored with consultation of the Public health inspector (PHI) at regular basis. 35. Contractor should remove all labour camps fully after its need is over, empty septic tanks, remove all garbage, debris and clean and restore the area back to its former condition. Solid Waste from construction materials and Disposal of Trash 36. If solid waste such as metal, gravel, asphalt etc is accumulated alongside of the road it will cause public inconvenience by the dust dispersion, reducing of visual quality, and health hazard. Re-use of construction solid waste is a good option to reduce the quantity of wastes. Metal, soil, and sand are reusable raw materials, which can be used to back filling, levelling and amenity planting at intersections. Wooden debris can be used as a fuel for worker camps or distributed to local people free of charge. The remaining non reusable construction waste must be removed from the construction site immediately after the construction work and dumped properly in approved dumping sites according to the current rules and regulations. The temporary construction waste storage sites should not be located closer to residential or ecologically sensitive areas. Contractor must identify and select suitable and safest locations for the dumping or land fill sites with sufficient capacity and approvals should be obtained from relevant Local Authorities ( also from CEA if applicable according to the Gazette notification No 772/22 of 24th June 1993). Extraction, Transportation and Storage of Construction Materials 37. Extraction of sand, gravel and metal will causes soil erosion and lowering of the river beds, destruction of the river banks and natural habitat at the quarry sites. Dust emissions, noise and vibrations due to quarrying and transportation of construction materials and damages to minor roads will cause inconvenience to local people, who live closer to quarry sites and borrow pits as well as general public in the project area and other who travels via the proposed road section. During the dry periods dust emission will cause more disturbances due to high winds creating health hazards. Water stagnation in excavated areas such as borrow pits will provide breeding sites for mosquitoes and other disease causing vectors. This will create accidental health hazards to general public and wild animals. Extraction of construction materials as much as possible from existing quarries, crushers and borrow pits operating with all relevant licences in the nearby areas would be the best option to reduce/minimize the impacts which will be associated with material extraction. In order to that, following mitigation measures shall be used to minimize the impacts associated with the above discussed activities. If new quarry sites are operated approvals should be obtained from the relevant authorities (Such as Local Authority, Divisional Secretariat Office, CEA and GSMB). Quarries which will utilize for the project should not locate in any environmentally sensitive areas, or in vicinity to archaeological / cultural or religious places, schools and settlements. Excavation operations and rock mining / blasting activities near schools, hospitals or religious places (500m away to the both direction) should be done accordance with an agreeable time periods in consultation with relevant stakeholders in a mutually understandable manner. Sand, gravel and other dust causing construction materials must be transported in covered trucks and sprinkling of water over the construction materials prior to transport to minimize dust emissions. Use of heavy vehicles should restrict to off peak hours. After the constructions borrow pits must be restored by the contractor. The restoration should include re-vegetation of the sites with landscaping and facilitating to re-growth of natural vegetation. Material storage sites should not establish close to residential areas, beside the roads, around the water bodies etc. Specific mitigatory measures are discussed in the EMP for easy reference & develop contractor’s Environmental Management Action Plan (EMAP). Impacts on Local Road Net work 38. As the quarries, crushers and borrow pits are mainly located outside the project area transportation of materials will need through the provincial and local road network to the project site. Because of the magnitude of the project, large quantities of construction materials will be transported through the local roads.

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39. Therefore it is necessary to obtain permission from the relevant local authorities to use such local roads prior to construction begins. All existing high ways & local road network used by the vehicle of the contractor, or/and any of his sub contractors or/and suppliers of materials new roads which are being used by traffic, shall be kept clean and clear of all dust/mud/extraneous materials dropped by the said vehicles or their tyres. Similarly, all dust/mud/extraneous materials from the works spreading on these high ways shall be immediately cleared by the contractor. 40. Contractor should properly maintain all road surfaces which will utilize for the construction related activities in better or similar conditions at all times and after the construction work the contractor must rehabilitate all structural damages caused to the particular local roads at contractor’s expense. No separate payment shall be made for compliance with this section. Soil Erosion 41. Soil erosion will mainly occur during the construction period due to excavation, dredging, cutting and filling, removal of trees and vegetation cover and unplanned temporary storage of gravel and soil along the roadsides. Eroded soil can be washed out to nearby canals, reservoirs and paddy field causing siltation. To minimize these impacts, the following mitigation measures needs to adopted during construction stage. 42. The natural drainages in the construction area must not be blocked to facilitate free flow of water. Construction works in any erodible area should be carried out during dry season as much as possible. If any civil works are to be carried out during rainy days, enough silt traps, sludge pumps and interceptor drains should be incorporated in the construction site as much as possible. Cut areas should be treated against flow acceleration while filled areas should be carefully designed to avoid obstruction or destruction to natural drainages. Site specific soil erosion control measures such as (rubber masonry, concrete retaining walls, etc,) must be taken to protect embankment slopes. Exposed areas should be covered during the rainy seasons and turfing and terracing work should be done after the constructions Effect on Water quality, Natural Flow Paths and Existing Drainage 43. The existing drainage system in the area including irrigation canals, natural seasonal flow paths and the line drains along the road section will be obstructed due to soil erosion & sediment flow. This can be happening especially during the construction of embankments, shoulders, re-construction/repairing of culverts etc. However, these impacts are generally temporary and last only during construction operations although, in the event of serious sedimentation, the effect could be long-lasting. The main impact of this is creation of temporary inundation areas closer to the above locations during rainy season. These inundated areas are good breeding sites for disease causing mosquitoes and directly impact to public health. Contaminated top soil due to oil, liquid and other chemicals from construction vehicles / equipment, sewerage, garbage and waste water from worker camps will washed out to nearby water sources causing water pollution and consequently affecting aquatic fauna and flora, farmlands and creating health hazards. Emissions from machinery, equipments, vehicles, quarries, crushes and asphalt plants can be dispersed with the wind and deposited in nearby water bodies. It is practically impossible to fully prevent these impacts, and accidental pollution due to oil spills etc.

44. However, appropriate mitigation measures which are mostly good construction practice, can reduce the impact. All mitigation measures and environmental safeguards are specified in the EMP which is included in contract documentation in order to prepare the contractor’s Environmental Management Action Plan (EMAP). Impacts on Water Resources 45. A large quantity of water will be required during construction period. The extraction of water can be done by the existing water sources in the areas such as reservoirs, wells, community water supply schemes, streams and irrigation canals etc. Almost all the reservoirs and canals in the project area supply water to paddy fields, other cultivated land and domestic purposes. Therefore extraction of water

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for the road construction will lead to a conflicting demand for water with local community creating inconvenience to the general public. 46. In order to minimize and /or mitigate these impacts, following measures can be recommended. The contractor should identify the reliable water sources and obtain the necessary approvals from the relevant Authority to extract water before the construction begins. The identified water resources should be used in a mutually understandable and responsible manner to avoid any unforeseen conflicts with the water users. Only the required amount of water should be extracted and extracted water should not be wasted in transportation. The activities related to water pollution such as cleaning and washing of vehicles and machinery should not be done adjacent to water bodies. The contractor shall educate and made employees aware on water conservation, waste minimization and safe disposal of waste to avoid/minimize wastage of water. Impacts on Air Quality 47. The project activities are done in semi-urban and rural areas. The main construction activities that cause air pollution are earth works (excavation and dredging), quarry operations, crushers, asphalt plants etc. These activities generate dust and noise, which directly affect the air quality. In addition vehicles and machineries emit smoke and fine particles. These substances will increase the local air pollution significantly during the construction stage. Air pollution will cause inconvenience to local people who reside closer to the proposed road or quarries etc. Those impacts will be of moderate magnitude and short term. To prevent/minimize/mitigate the impacts associated with air quality, effective mitigatory measures as specified in the EMP should be adopted. Noise and vibration 48. Noise & vibration impacts will be significant during construction periods due to increase of vehicular movements and machinery, blasting and crushing operations, material transport etc. Increased noise will affect the nearby communities and wild animals as well. Minimizing noise levels is highly important especially near residential and other public sensitive areas. 49. Use of properly tuned & well equipped heavy construction equipments and vehicles with regular maintenance is one of the best practices to minimize noise & vibration at the construction site. Carry out control blasting at regular intervals during fixed hours by experience workers under the supervision of mining Engineer will reduce the impacts up to the acceptable levels. However, at least three times prior notice should be given to the people who are residing within 200m radius from the blasting site by using siren. People who are residing within 100m radius from the blasting site should be vacated at least 10m minutes before the blasting. In order to above the mitigatory measures that are specified in the EMP & EMoP will help to keep noise and vibration in acceptable level during construction phase. Impacts on Flora and Fauna 50. The main construction activities are carried out within the existing RoW but there may be some disturbances to terrestrial fauna and flora along the road. Also it was observed that the avifaunal diversity is quite high even in the home gardens, which are adjacent to the road. The main impact on terrestrial fauna of the project area is disturbances caused by machinery and construction equipments. Especially birds, reptiles, amphibians and butterflies are affected due to increased noise, vibration and human activities. To mitigate the impacts on terrestrial fauna it is recommended to carry out the construction work during normal working hours (6.00 a.m. to 6.00 p.m.). 51. There are several man made reservoirs which are bordered by the road. These water bodies can be polluted due to dumping of soil, contamination oil and other construction materials especially during the rainy days. Pollution of water directly affects the aquatic fauna and flora in those habitats. 52. All these impacts are short-term and can be easily mitigated by adopting mitigatory measures

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specified in the EMP. Impacts due to Traffic 53. Traffic congestions will occur during the construction period especially near the townships and built-up areas. Generally traffic jam will be significant during morning and afternoon rush hours. In order to minimize impacts due to traffic, a detail traffic impact assessment should be carried out in consultation with the relevant Police offices in the area and with the local community to identify the status of traffic and find alternatives routs to reduce traffic congestions. Personal safety 54. There is a risk of accidental damage to workers as well as general public at construction sites, along the roads, quarrying and mining sites and due to vehicle movements. Therefore it is very important to take precautionary measures to prevent any accidents during the construction period. Specific mitigatory measures are discussed in the EMP. 4.2 Anticipated impacts during operation period 55. There are negative as well as positive impacts during the operation period of the project. Encroachment of the RoW, Stagnation of water at culverts during heavy rains due to siltation and blocking of openings with debris, air and noise pollution and impacts on personal health and safety are the anticipated long-term negative impacts. 56. Encroachment of the RoW will mainly for putting up small boutiques, vegetable and fruit sales stalls, or demarcating land boundaries. The encroachers will build permanent or temporary structures within the existing reservation causing damages to pavements, side drains or even for the soft shoulder of the RoW. 57. Increase vehicle movements will affect air and noise quality. On the other hand, increase of road width, proper alignment and even surface of the road will allow smooth run of vehicles considerably in higher speeds with minimum accelerations and decelerations. Therefore the emissions will be reduced and consequently the air quality would not adversely affected by vehicle emissions. 58. The widening, improving of the surface conditions and straight alignment of the road induce high vehicular speed. As a result, there will be a risk of increased of road accidents. The proposed road passes small towns, schools, religious places where students and people gather frequently. These places are susceptible to accidents. 59. The positive impacts are mainly on the socio-economic benefits associated with increase in trade and services along the roadside which create micro economic benefits to local people. In addition reduced travel time and cost, efficient transport from farmlands to markets reducing cost of productions directly contribute to the economic development 60. During operation stage, an improved road access will bring an improvement of food security situation and overall economic and social stability. The road will also provide cheap, safe and fast transport of goods and services from rural farmlands in and surrounding areas to urban centers in south and vice versa. The farmers will be more interested to increase agricultural production due to market accessibility. This will contribute significantly to increase the productivity in rural areas and eventually improve the overall socio-economic condition of the people in the area. 61. Once this road is on operation, trade and business activities will be further promoted. There is a possibility of increased economic opportunities and significant growth and extension of the local markets along the road alignment.

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62. Regular maintenance & inspection of the road will reduce water clogging & encroachment. Speed limits, warning and sign boards must be placed near sensitive areas and identified places, which are susceptible to accidents. Kerbed footpaths should be placed at the town limits and settlement areas. 5. Public consultation 63. Providing information on planned project activities & project objectives, consultations were conducted with randomly selected individuals along the considered road section during the field inspection and requested to express their opinions and concerns freely on the proposed development activities. The objective of the consultation was to take into consideration of their views & suggestions in the early stages of the project cycle in order to avoid or minimize conflict situations during the project implementation phase. 64. All most all participants were highly concerned about positive impacts such as economic, educational and health benefits. Highlighted negative impacts are awful driving pattern & accidents of the heavy vehicles which are used for road construction activities, inconvenience due to dust, noise & vibration generated during the construction related activities, interruption of irrigation cannels due to the culvert, bridge & embankment constrictions, failure to complete construction works within the given time period, loss of daily income of the small stalls due to the construction activities etc. 65. Furthermore, most of the respondents mentioned, large number of people residing in the surrounding project area will have a chance to get employment opportunities during the construction phase. Hence, the project should give priority to employ semi skilled and unskilled people living along the project area and its adjoining villages during the construction period to fulfill the desire of the people of the project influence area 6. Grievance redress mechanisms 66. During the pre-construction & construction phases there might be inconveniences to the public such as

temporary loss of livelihood & access due to shut down businesses. generation of dust noise & vibration from quarry sites, various plants, construction sites damages to the boundary walls, live fences etc.

67. Even though there is an EMP, the Environmental Monitoring Committee (EMoC) should be formulated by the contractor in order to ensure the implementation of EMP & EMoP and look into grievances from the public. Divisional Secretaries and Chairman/Pradeshiya Saba of the Project influence area, official from the CEA, RDA, ESD and any other relevant authorities (such a GS & MB, Department of Forest or Department of Agrarian Service or Grama Niladhari), head of the community or/and any representative of the affected party, authorized officer from the contractor’s party and any other officer from relevant authority will be the members of the committee. 68. It is recommended to develop & establish contractor’s own procedure for receiving, recording/documenting, acknowledging and addressing complaints that is easily accessible, culturally appropriate, and understandable to affected communities. Especially a person of the contractor’s team should be nominated to receive the public complaints and such person should maintain a complaint register and action taken to any public complaint should be clearly recorded. Furthermore, all action taken by the contractor should be  informed to the grieving party  in a written format and  if no action taken, reason/s for that also should be clearly recorded & informed to the grieving party. A mechanism must be publicized to those who may wish to access it and provide adequate assistance for affected party.

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69. The contractor should establish a redress mechanism so those who feel their grievances have not been adequately addressed have recourse to the formulated Environmental Monitoring Committee for reconsideration of their case by considering the judicial and administrative mechanisms available in the country for resolution of disputes and it should not impede access to these mechanisms. 7. Environmental Management Plan/Environmental Management Plan 70. Environmental management plan & Environmental Monitoring Plan are important tools to ensure the implementation and monitoring of mitigation measures for minimizing negative impacts and maximizing the positive impacts. Similarly, environmental monitoring generates useful information and improves the quality of implementation of mitigation measures. A detail EMP and EMoP was prepared in order to full fill the effective implementation of proposed mitigatory measures. The EMP and EMoP should be a part of the bid document. 71. Implementation of the EMP & EMoP will be the responsibility of the contractor/s and the PIU with the assistance of Construction Supervision Consultant (CSC). ESD will act as an independent monitor on behalf of the RDA. The contractor has to submit a statement regarding the all the cost for environmental management & protection & Supervision Consultant should approved it. However, contractor should submit all method statements for engineer’s approval. 72. The contractor must prepare a detail Environmental Management Action Plan (EMAP) (by updating EMP) in consultation with a professional (environmental manager) to highlight the mitigation measures to minimize the anticipated environmental impacts, which arise during the construction phase. 8. Findings, Recommendations and Conclusions 73. The development efforts particularly the development of transportation network will have multifold beneficial impacts. The immediate beneficial impacts from road development are apparent in the construction phase like there will be various employment opportunities (skilled and unskilled) for the local population, supports for the transfer of construction work skills and technical know-how to the local workers. 74. An effective implementation of benefit maximization measures and adverse impacts mitigation measures would optimize the benefits expected from the project and minimize the negative impacts. Mitigation measures are presented in pre-construction, constructions as well as in operational stages of the project to minimize the anticipated negative impacts. 75. The IEE study of the proposed Anuradhapura - Rambewa road rehabilitation project reveals that the benefits from the implementation of the proposed road project are more significant and long term in nature against the short term negative impacts most of which could be mitigated. Therefore, proposed development project can be categorized as “Category B” under ADB guidelines. Hence, detailed EIA study do not required and this IEER is sufficient for approval and can be considered as a final Environmental Assessment for the Anuradhapura- Rambewa road development project.

1

Initial Environmental Examination for Rehabilitation and Improvement of Anuradhapura – Rambewa (A020) Highway

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background and justification of the proposed project

1. The proposed Anuradhapura – Rambewa (A020) road rehabilitation project is a part of “Northern Roads Connectivity” National Highway Project carried out by the Road Development Authority (RDA) under Ministry of Highways and Road Development (MOHRD). The other roads, which are rehabilitated under this project include Dambulla - Galkulama (A009), Navatkuli- Karativu(A032), Manipai-Kaithady (B268) and Arali-Vallai(B437). All these A and B class roads have separate IEE reports. .

2. The proposed road section is located within the North Central Province of Sri lanka. The rehabilitation includes widening and overlaying of 14. 48 km of the A020 road starting from Anuradhapura (Jaffna Junction-0.00km) to Rambewa (14.48km). The widening will be carried out within the existing RoW throughout the entire road section.

3. The main objectives of the project are

reduce travel time & increase transport efficiency which will lead to increase profits of the individual producers,

reduce vehicle operational and maintenance costs while enhancing vehicle and pedestrian safety by improving road safety and reducing traffic congestions.

improve connectivity between production centres and market place

improve linkage with other provinces & facilitate to increase mobility by surface improving

4. Improvements of the road sector will create better environment for trading, services and economic sectors, which are vital for sustainable development. 1.2 Extent and Scope of the study

5. An IEE has been conducted as part of the feasibility study for Anuradhapura – Rambewa (A020) road. Procedure described in ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS) June 2009 was used to carry out this IEE.

6. The present report covers a core area based on defined boundaries (project implementing area is the existing RoW, project influencing area is the DS divisions through which the road traverses and the study area is 100m from either side of the road) of the project, existing quarry sites, borrow sites, and contains the full range of topics required including a summary, purpose and need for the proposed action, environmental setting, environmental impact analysis for short- and long-term, direct and indirect impacts, as well as mitigation measures and a detailed Environmental Management Plan ( EMP). 1.3 Objectives of the IEE report

7. The objective of this Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) report is to identify possible environmental impacts associated with the proposed Rehabilitation and widening of 14.48 km length of the road section from Anuradhapura (Jaffna Junction-0.00km) to Rambewa (14.48km)- A020 road and propose suitable mitigatory measures at an early stage of the project. The project proponent is the Road Development Authority (RDA) of the Ministry of Highways and road developments (MOHRD) of the Government of Sri Lanka. 1.4 Methodologies adopted in IEE preparation

8. Baseline road side information including habitat types, land use pattern, plant and animal species, socioeconomic structure were collected. Line transects survey method and road side sampling method was carried out about 100m from either side of the road. Information was obtained from Government officers, local people, and other stake holders.

9. Wildlife surveys also were carried out about 100m from either side of the road. A pair of binocular microscope was used to identify animals especially birds and various field guides, were also

2 used to identify animals in to species level.

10. Floral species were surveyed using line transect methods about 100m from the both side of the road. Some plant species could not be identified in the field. Specimens of those species were preserved and identified using herbarium collection at the Royal Botanical Garden at Peradeniya.

11. Aquatic surveys were carried out using pond nets, and by hand collecting in aquatic habitats along side of the road. The status of recorded plant and animal species were evaluated using IUCN Red Data List 2007.

12. Environmental impacts were identified and suitable mitigatory measures were proposed along with a detail EMP.

13. The Basic Information Questioner (BIQ) and the Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) checklist (Annex 02) were prepared according to the CEA and ADB Guidelines and submitted to the CEA and Environmental and Social Division (ESD) of RDA respectively.

1.5 Applicable laws, regulations, standards and requirements

14. The following laws, rules and regulations are applicable for this project

National Environmental Act (NEA); no 47 of 1980 and its amendments Land Acquisition Act No. 8 of 1950 (chapter 295)(if necessary) Pradeshiya Sabha Act No 15 of 1987 and by laws Provincial Council Act No 42 of 1987 Irrigation (Amendment) Act No 13 of 1994 and Irrigation Ordinance of 1990 Mahaweli Authority of Sri Lanka Act No 23 of 1979 National Water Supply and Drainage Board Act of 1974 ( if necessary) Geological Survey and Mines Bureau (Mines & Mineral) Act No.33 of 1992 Motor traffic Act No.14 of 1951 and it amendments Agrarian Services Act of 1959 Antiquities Act No. 2 of 1955 Fauna and Flora protection ordinance amended by Act N0. 49 0f 1993(Chapter 469)

2 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT

2.1 Location of the project

15. This is a road infrastructure development project, which runs through Central Nuwaragampalatha & Rambewa Divisional Secretariat (DS) Divisions in the North Central province of Sri Lanka. (Figure 01). Implementation of the project will assist in promoting economic and social development in the project area of influence as well as in the Northern region of the country and promote general economic growth at national and sub-regional level.

3

Fig 01: Map showing the location of the project site

Please refer Annex 1 for detailed map of the project location (1:60,000 scale) 2.2 Category of the project

16. The proposed project is categorized as a “B” category project according to the Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) checklist, ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement (2009). Therefore upon successfully completion the IEE serves as the final environmental Assessment for the Anuradhapura - Rambewa (A020) road rehabilitation project.

Proposed Road section

Rambewa

Jaffna Junction

4 2.3 Necessity for the project

17. Ministry of Highways and Road Development (MOHRD), Road Development Authority (RDA) will carry out this project under the Northern Roads connectivity project. The Proposed road section is the connecting road from Anuradhapura to A009 Kandy - Jaffna road. This road is the shortest way to connect Anuradhapura city (the administrative city of the North-Central province) with the North region. Since, the rehabilitation works of Puttalm – Anuradhapura (A028) & Padeniya- Anuradhapura (A012) roads are in progress at the moment, improvement of this road will provide shortest way to connect Northern Province with North-Western province. Hence, there is a high opportunity to connect rural productive farmlands in North to the North-Western province through Anuradhapura by creating new economic and business opportunities. Widening & rehabilitation of the road will enhance the transport facility to transport agricultural inputs such as fertilizer farm machinery and labour and transport of finished products in the project influence area to the market with reducing the time and cost of transportation. This will result in higher and stable income for the people in the area and ultimately contribute to poverty reduction, and economic development of the country.

18. The improvements especially the widening and overlaying along with sign and warning boards at proper places will enhance road safety for other road users such as cyclers and pedestrians. 2.4 Magnitude of the project

19. The proposed development is a road rehabilitation (marginal widening and overlaying) project comprising a 14.48 km, starting from Jaffna Junction in Anuradhapura (0.00 km) up to Rambewa (14.48km). This is a part of Northern Roads Connectivity project (accelerated development project).

20. The total length of the road section to be improved is 14.48 km. The average width of the existing carriage way is 6.5m. The width of the existing RoW varies around 17.5m to 24.6m. The width of the two lane carriage way will increase up to 7m throughout the road section with 1.5m hard and 1m soft shoulder along with embankments, parking (both regular and emergency) and bus bays. However the widths of the soft and hard shoulders will be reduced depending on the available width of the existing RoW especially at the paddy field, water ways, and bus bays and near the embankments in order to avoid the land acquisition. The minimum with of the hard shoulder will be 0.6m & soft shoulder will be 0.5m. Thus the civil works confine to existing RoW (Annex 4 – Strip Plan). In those places site specific widening will be carried out by maintaining the width of the carriage way as it is proposed.

21. In addition to that, 44 culverts and 4 small bridges are located on this road section and these will be widened, reconstructed or repaired where necessary to comply with the new design.

22. Furthermore, foot walks are proposed for the both side at Jaffna junction (0+000 – 0+175) & Rambewa Junction (14 – 14+500) in order to ensure pedestrian safety and covered drains also proposed for same locations. Typical cross-sections are attached as Annex 03 2.5 Materials to be used and sources

23. Depending on Contractor preference, road materials will be sourced from various sites so as to reduce haulage costs. The principal materials required for construction of the road works soil, gravel and crushed rock. Earth is used for embankment construction. Gravel is used for sub-base construction. Crushed stone, requiring blasting, crushing, screening, and at times blending, is used for base-course construction and for bituminous surfacing.

24. Earth will be acquired from four borrow pits, mainly located on Government and private lands in the project area. The existing borrow pits, which can be used to obtain earth, and their location are given in table 01 and figure 02.

Table 01: Location of Borrow Pits

Location No Approximate

capacity(m3) Ownership Route

Kossawa Kanda-Maradankadawala BP

BP1 600,000 Government Land

Turn left at Maradankadawala to Kossawakanda road & proceed 02km

Plugaswewa BP BP2 9,375,000 Private At Km 128.5 on A09 road left side Katukeliyawa BP BP3 1,620,000 Private Turn right at Km 129 on A09 road

to Katukeliyawa road & proceed

5

5km Siyambalewa BP4 150,000 Private Turn left at Km 9.5 on A20 road to

Siyambalewa road & proceed 02km

25. There are 09 metal quarry sites with crusher plants close proximity to the project site. Therefore the required crushed stones can be easily obtained from these sites. Table 02 and figure 02a show the location and other details of the quarry sites and crusher plants. The calculated minimum capacities of the quarries are, Ganewalpola (both) – 1,875,000m3, Ethakada (KDAW) – 1,200,000, Mihinthale (03 quarries) – 86,700m3, Medawachchiya(two quarries) – 23,840 m3.

Fig 02: Borrow Pit Locations

Anuradhapura Rambewe Road

6

Table 02 Locations of Quarries and Crushers Plant & Other Details Source Details No. Crusher Name Nearest Town Route Quarry Location

1 Maganeguma-Ganewalpola

Kekirawa Turn right at Kekirawa in Dambulla -Galkulama Rd. & proceed 2.5km on Kekirawa- Ganewalpola Rd.

Own Quarry,Crusher & Asphalt plant at Ganewalpola

Maganeguma projects

2 ICC-Ganewalpola Kekirawa Turn right at Kekirawa in Dambulla -Galkulama Rd. & proceed 2km on Kekirawa- Ganewalpola Rd.

Own Quarry,Crusher & Asphalt plant at Ganewalpola and out sources quarries nearby areas

RSAP-CP-11 Project, ADB funded Habarana-Kantale Rd project

3 CEC- Medawachchiya

Medawachchiya Turn left to Mannar Rd. at Medawachchiya military check point proceed 1km

Own Quarry, Crusher & Asphalt plant at Medawachchiya. Quarry is 5 km away from the crusher in the same road

RSAP-CP-08 Project, ADB funded Medawachchiya- Thandikulam Rd project

4 KDAW – Ethakada Medawachchiya Turn left to Kebithigollawa Rd. at Medawachchiya military check point proceed 10 km and torn left at Ethakada junction and proceed 5km to Kongollewa. Asphalt plant at Irrattaperiyakulama on A09 Rd.

Own Quarry,Crusher at Kongollewa & Asphalt plant at Irrattaperiyakulama.

ADB funded Medawachchiya- Thandikulam Rd project and Horowpothana- Vavniya Rd project

5 Souther Group- Kanadarawa

Mihinthale Turn left at Kanadarawa junction on A12 road & proceed 1km

Own Quarry & Crusherat Kanadarawa 6"x9" out sources

Provincial road constructions projects

6 Siridantha M/CRuwangama- Katukeliyawa

Mihinthale Km 129 on A9 road Own Quarry & Crusher at Katukeliyawa. 6"x9" out sources

Provincial road constructions projects

7 Mahagalkadawala- M/C Maradankulama

Mihinthale Km 136 on A9 road Own Quarry & Crusher at Maradankulama. 6"x9" out sources

Provincial road constructions projects

8 K S - M/C Palu Halmillewa

Medawachchiya/ Vavniyawa

Km 156 on A9 road Own Quarry & Crusher at . 6"x9" out sources

Provincial road constructions projects

7

2.6 Labour Force

26. Many unskilled labourers will be required for earthworks and other construction for a 18 month construction period. The labour force in the project area is very high and readily available. Therefore workers would be drawn from the surrounding villages. Equal opportunity will be provided for both men and women. Local people will be benefited by hiring labor in project construction and there will be a boost in micro economic level. This will be an added source of income for the local people. 2.7 Investment and Funding Sources

27. The project is expected to cost approximately Rs. 1.115.7 million and will be financed under a loan from the Asian Development Bank (ADB). Addition to that, if there is any land acquisition involved with the practical ground situation, cost for land acquisition, resettlement & tax component will be covered by Government of Sri Lanka (GoSL). However, land acquisition will not be involved in this road rehabilitation project. Ministry of Highways and Road Development (MoHRD) will be the executing agency and Road Development Authority (RDA) will be the implementing agency and responsible for the maintenance of the National Highway Network in Sri Lanka. Estimated project period is 18 months.

28. Following completion of the project, RDA will maintain the road. After completion of the rehabilitation, the road will stay in good condition for 10-15years without any significant maintenance. Hence, small scale maintenance during this time period will be done by the respective Provincial Directors/RDA through the annual budget. 2.8 Schedule of implementation

Fig 02a: Quarries & Crusher Plant Locations

8

29. The initial step of the implementation is preparing the feasibility study including detail design, environmental and social assessment and bidding documents. Secondly the contract will be awarded to a qualified contractor via a tender procedure. It is expected to commence the construction work in 2010 and scheduled to be completed within 18 months. 2.9 Main beneficiaries of the project

30. The primary beneficiaries of the project are road users who are passing through the A020 road from various places, the business community along the A020 road, residential property owners and people engaged in the agricultural activities in the project area, drivers, school children and teachers, Public and Private sector employees. The development of the road network will provide better transport facilities for these people to access markets. The unemployed people living in the subproject area will have the construction related job opportunities during project implementation and subsequently they will have employment opportunities in the expanded commercial and industrial sectors. The land value in the vicinity will also be increased due the proposed road project. School children and other people using public transport can benefit from provision of bus bays and bus shelters improving the safety and comfort.

3 DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT

3.1 Existing Land Use along the proposed road section

31. Both sides of the first 0.2km (from Anuradhapura Junction) of the road consist of a built up area with few retail shops and houses. Then the road traverses through home gardens up to 0.5km and then traverses through paddy fields up to 0.75km. In some places people have put up temporary structures within the existing RoW to sell their products. The road crosses railway line at 0.80km and traverses via paddy fields, home garden up to 1+300km. From that point up to 1+750km, right hand side of the road consists of Rama Kele Archaeological site and passes though Puliyankulama area at 2.00km -3.00km. From 4+450km to 5+250km Saliyapura Camp located at the right hand side of the road. Immediately passing the Camp the road runs through the same landscape; paddy fields and home gardens up to 6.000km. Then road runs closer to the Mankadawala Tank (RHS) & same landscape; paddy fields and home gardens at the left hand side and then crosses the tank from7+300 – 7+550km. After crossing the tank the road passess through the typical mixed paddy, home garden abandoned chena lands and scrub lands up to Rambewa. From 7+550km road runs closer to Siyambala wewa, (9km) Sandamalgama wewa (near 10km post), Gonewa tank (11.5km) and Rambewa wewa (12.9km). Rambewa is a small township with few retail shops, restaurants and a filling station (LHS). 3.2 Physical Environment

Topography, Geology and Soil

32. The study area covers a part of north-central Sri Lanka and the topography is slightly rugged, with elevations ranging from under 150 m to nearly 2000 at highest parts. Ridges, escarpments and in-between valleys are significant and the geology and the resistance to erosion of the various principal lithological types have strongly affected the topography of this region.

33. The area belongs to the Wanni complex and it can be characterized by thick sequences of orthogneisses comprising amphibolites-grade migmatitic granitic and granodioritic gneisses and, at lower structural levels, dioritic orthogneisses with minor gabbros.

34. The major rock types found in the area are as follows,

Biotite gneiss Granitic gneiss Charnockitic gneiss Pegmatitic granitoid gneiss Biotite-Hornblende gneiss Quartzite

9

35. Granitic gneisses occur as massive leucocratic quartzo-feldspathic gneisses with few mafic minerals. Pegmatitic granitoid gneiss is rich with quartz, leucocratic and occurs in white pink color. These are usually ridge forming rock and pegmatite layered gneiss is formed by deformation. Biotite hornblende gneiss is massive with compositionally layered grey gneiss with quartz, plagioclase and garnet. Quartzites are pure, ridge forming and locally composed with sillimanite, kaolinised feldspar or biotite. Biotite gneiss is massive or compositionally layered, pale grey gneiss contains quartz, feldspar and biotite. Generally granodioritic to quartz monzonitic in composition. Charnockitic gneiss occurs as restricted outcrops and generally ridge forming. Typically coarse grained with characteristic brown or green greasy luster. These include insitu patchy charnockites as well as partly retrogressed, bleached ex-charnockites. Please see figure 03 for the Geological map of the project area.

36. The soil of the project influence area (which is defined as the DS divisions through which the road section runs), is generally classified as Reddish Brown Earths (Chromic Luvisols*) and Low Humic Gley soil (Eutric Gleysols*). The colour of the soil surface is reddish brown. The subsoil is distinctively redder. Also a promonenet Quatz-gravel layer of varying thickness is present at some depths of the subsoil.

37. Low humic gley soils are characterized by wetness and gleying below the surface A horizon which is dark greyish brown in colour. The subsoil or B horizon is yellowish brown in colour with distinct mottles and gleying cause by water logging.

38. Next to the reddish brown earths Low humic gley soil is the most extensive great soil group in the dry zone. These are essentially hydromorphic soils which occur in the lower aspects of the undulating landscape and have a periodically high water table during the wet season ( Arjuna’s Atlas, 1997).

Charnockitic gneiss Biotite gneiss Biotite-Hornblende gneiss

Granitic gneiss Pegmatitic granitoid gneiss Quartzite

10

0.0

50.0

100.0

150.0

200.0

250.0

300.0

350.0

Janu

ary

Febr

uary

Mar

ch

Apr

il

May

June July

Aug

ust

Sep

tem

ber

Oct

ober

Nov

embe

r

Dec

embe

r

month

rain

fall

mm

Figure 03: Geological Map of the project area

Climate

39. According to the geographical location Anuradhpura belongs to the dry zone where annual rainfall is less than 1750mm. This area receives sufficient rainfall in the second inter-monsoon and Northeast monsoon seasons.

40. Rainfall pattern of the project area shows a bimodal distribution. The rainfall distribution shows two peaks in April and October November. Two agricultural seasons Yala (April- September) and Maha (October- March) starts according to the onset of rainfall. Maximum temperature varies from 290C to 350C while minimum temperature varies from 210C to 260C. It can be seen that maximum temperature occurs in April, and the second highest occurs in September, which are the period of sun’s over head position over Sri Lanka.

41. The nearest rainfall gauging station operated by the Meteorological Department is in Anuradhapura. According to the rainfall data obtained from the Meteorological department the maximum rainfall occurs. The rainfall and annual average is given in figure 04.

Fig 04: Average rainfall variation in Anuradhapura (Source – Meteorological Department)

Air Quality

and Noise:

42. According to the information available at the National Building Research Organization, the concentration of the particulate matters (particle size is less than 10 micron – PM10) in the ambient air at Anuradhapura area in 1999, shows that the measured values are well below the NAAQS (Table 03).

2008-Anuradhapura

30 year average anuradhapura

11

But there are no recent data is available. Thus the current situation must be different from than that of the available data. Therefore it is very important to measure the current air quality of the project area (Anuradhapura Juffna Junction 0+000 and Rambewa Junction 14+480) before the construction begins.

Table 03: Air quality at Anuradhapura meteorological Department in may 1999 (Source- NBRO) Date Start Time

(hrs.) Run Time

(hrs.) PM10

Concentration (µg/m3)

Maximum Permissible level(µg/m3)

Tuesday-25-May-99 18:00 24 30 100 Wednesday-26-May-99 19:00 24 29 Thursday-27-May-99 19:00 24 37 Friday-28-May-99 18:40 24 20 Saturday-29-May-99 19:20 23 16 Sunday-30-May-99 19:10 24 33 Monday-31-May-99 19:15 23 45 Wednesday-02-Jun-99 17:10 24 39 Thursday-03-Jun-99 17:15 24 37 Friday-04-Jun-99 18:45 24 37

43. The proposed road section is located mainly within semi-urban and rural residential and agricultural areas. A considerable number of vehicles pass this road mainly during the day time. Therefore the noise levels may be higher than the permissible levels during rush hours. The exact noise level measurements within the project area were not available in any of the respective Government Institutes. Therefore, the noise levels of the project area (Anuradhapura Juffna Junction 0+000 and Rambewa Junction 14+480) must be measured by the contractor before the construction begins. 3.3 Hydrology

44. The surface hydrology of the project area mainly governs by the rainfall, irrigation canals and the reservoirs.

Water resources

45. Surface water resources in the project area mainly consist of inland reservoirs, which are used for water storage, irrigation, and drinking water supply. There are 5 reservoirs within the 100m boundary of the road sector.

Drainage pattern of the area

46. The area shows dendritic drainage pattern (Fig. 05) mostly at the western parts and trellis pattern at the eastern part of the map area with large streams and their tributaries. Artificially developed cascade drainage system has been formed by streams joining the surface water bodies in the area. Then road runs closer to the Mankadawala Tank at 6,2km–7.6km, (RHS), crosses the Siyambala wewa, (7+300 – 7+550) tank, and again runs closer to Sandamalgama wewa (near 10km post), Gonewa tank (11.5km) and Rambewa wewa (12.9km).

Surface water quality

47. The surface water quality data of the proposed project area is not available with any of the relevant Government Institutes. Therefore it is recommended to study the surface water quality of the area for this project. Usage of ground water for daily needs is more common in the project area through dug well. Depth of the ground water level is varies within the range of 5m -8m and hard water is found throughout entire road trace.

12

Fig 05: Drainage pattern of the area

3.4 Ecological Resources

Habitat types

48. There is a secondary forest patch, which is called “Raama Kele”, bordering to the road (RHS 1+300 – 1+850) in front of the Farm Technology Training Center and Faculty of Agriculture of Rajarata University in Puliyankulama. Although this is a forest patch it is an archaeological reserve and belongs to the Department of Archaeology. However this vegetation is a sensitive ecological niche, which provides good feeding and resting places for wild fauna especially birds, butterflies and other insect groups. In all the other places the natural habitat of the project area has been subjected to various anthropogenic activities for many decades. The main habitat types found in the project area include reservoirs, paddy fields, home gardens and secondary grown forest patch. Approval from the Department of Archaeology for any kind of civil work of the road section bordering to the Archaeological reserve is compulsory.

Vegetation Cover

49. The area in which the road section is present belongs to the DL1 agro ecological zone and generally comprises of dry mixed evergreen forest types ( Arjuna’s Atlas of Sri Lanka, 1997). These forests are dominated by Manilkara hexandra (Sinhala - Palu), Chloroxylon sweitenia (Sinhala - Burutha), Drypetes sepiaria(Weera), Feronia limonia, Vitex altissima (Milla), Syzygium spp( Dan), Azadirachta indica ( Kohomba) and Chukrasia tabularis( Hulan Hik).

50. The scrub and regenerating forests are characterized by Bauhinia racemosa( Milla), Pterospermum suberifolium (Welan), Cassia fistula ( Ehela)and Dichrostachys cineria(Andara).

51. Generally the defined boundaries of the project implementation comprise mainly on reservoirs, natural forest patches, tree dominant and non tree dominant home gardens, paddy fields, grassland patches and abandoned scrublands (figure 6,7,8 & 9).

13

Fig 6: Reservoir near the road

Fig 7: Secondary forest patch in “Rama Kele” Archaeological reserve

Secondary forest

Reservoir

14

Fig 8: Paddy fields

Fig 9: Home gardens

52. The wetlands of the project area comprise of paddy fields and reservoirs, which harbour many aquatic faunal and floral species.

53. Home gardens also consist of many tree species. There are no national parks, forest reserves or protected areas along the proposed road section. But the existing forest cover at the Rama Kele

Paddy fields

Home garden

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archaeological reserve along the main road is a sensitive ecological resourceFloral Diversity

Floral Diversity

54. Totally 99 plant species including the domestic crop and fruit varieties belong to 36 families were recorded from the project area. Out of these species 30 are economically important tree species. Diospyros chaetocarpa (Kalu mediriya) is the only endemic tree species found in the project area. A list of floral species found in the defined boundaries of the project area is given in Annex 05.

Faunal Diversity

55. During the field investigations totally 96 terrestrial animal species belong to 53 families were recorded from both direct and indirect observations.

56. Information received from local people indicates more animal species in the project area. Among these animals 6 species are endemic to Sri Lanka. A detail list of animal species found in the project area is given in Annex 06.

3.5 Socio economic structure

57. The Project Influence Area (9 GN divisions which the road crosses) is combination of rural & semi urban areas. The field survey was confined to 20% of the households in the project influence area living along the Road.

58. A020 road runs from Anuradhapura to Rambewa on flat terrain. The road passes through paddy fields towards the end of the road section. This project road section commences from 00 km post of Nuwaragam Palatha Central Divisional Secretariat (DS) Division and runs up to 14+480 km of Rambawa DS Division in the North Central province. The road runs through 06 Grama Niladhari Divisions (GND)s in Nuwaragam Palatha Central DS Division and 03 GNDs in Rambawa DS Division. The population of Nuwaragam Palatha Central DS Division Divisions is 61,317 and the population of Rambawa DS Division is 41,845 (Table 04).The Sinhalese (98.55%) is the race predominantly living in both divisions. The balance of the population consists of Tamils (0.18%) and Muslims (1.18%).

Table 04: Population details of the GNDs of the project influence area.

DS Division GND No. Male Female Total

100 849 808 1657

112 546 554 1100 Rambawa

113 763 548 1311

311 825 808 1633

313 1127 1017 2144

316 1041 992 2033

317 735 757 1492

318 822 795 1617

Nuwaragam Palatha Central

319 780 669 1449

Income generation sources and pattern

59. Almost 50% of the households own more than 75 perches of land and one quarter of the households own more than 125 perches of land providing a higher social status in the community. A substantial number are owner cultivators occupied in irrigated agriculture. Agriculture is the major income generation economic activity in both divisions. Therefore development of agricultural sector needs strengthening linkages to develop markets and it will substantially depends on the condition of the road network, Improved road network will provide better transport facilities to transport agricultural inputs such as fertilizer farm machinery and labour and transport of finished products to the market. This will result in higher and stable income for the people and ultimately contribute to poverty reduction. Further,

16

improved road network will provide speedy and comfortable access to schools, work places, markets, hospitals, recreation and finally contribute to improve the quality of life.

60. Tourism which is prominent in Anuradhpura helps the people to earn extra income along A020 road because the road is located close to the sacred old city of Anuradhapura. Many hotels and tourist inns are located in Anuradhpura town and suburban areas. Significant number of local and foreign tourists visits Anuradhpura throughout the year. In addition to the large scale tourist industrialists, many people of the area earn extra income by providing food, accommodation and other services to tourists. The main constraint of the tourism and other commercial activities of Anuradhpura district is the poor road net work (narrow and dilapidated roads). Therefore development of road net work to a higher standard is vital to develop tourism and other commercial activities of the district.

61. A special social welfare programme called “ ***Samurdhi”1 has been operated and covered all Grama Niladhari divisions in all DS Divisions. The Samurdhi Beneficiaries are engaged in self employment or self income generation activities to improve their income as well as their standard of living. Improving the road network will provide them valuable opportunity to bring their products to the market places. Therefore, upgrading A20 road would certainly contribute to reduce poverty of the community in the long run.

Land ownership

62. According to the Final Village Plan drawings (Sheet No. 155, 156, 157, 160, 161, 162, 164, 174, & 1397) available in the Office of the Senior Superintend of Surveys (SSS) - Anuradhapura, most of the lands (approximately 97%) alongside of the road belong to the Government of Sri Lanka under the crown land ordinance. However, all of these lands bordering to the road are claimed by people under different license and deed schemes (Swarna Bhoomi, Jaya Bhoomi etc).

63. In addition, there are private high lands and private paddy fields (less than 3%) are present at few locations alongside of the road.

Health and Education and other Facilities

64. A20 road is a well populated road and passes through agricultural lands and industrial areas such as small scale rice mills; printing press belongs to the Provincial Council, Construction & heavy machinery repairing centre, vehicle servicing centre, small scale garment factory etc. The availability of services along the road is beneficial to the people. There are 03 Buddhist Temples, 01 Hindu Temple (kovil), 02 schools, 01 church, 02 Multi purposes co-operative societies shops, 06 industries, 01 social organization, 01 hospital, 4 hotels and 02 post offices. Apart from these public services Farmer Mechanization Training School and a University are located along the A20 road to services to the public.

Cultural archaeological and historical significance

65. One archaeological reserve, which is called “Raama Kele” is located near the Farm Technology Training Center and Faculty of Agriculture of Rajarata University in Puliyankulama. This site is along both sides of the road. 3.6 Description of Traffic

66. According to the traffic survey carried out by the design consultants on 8th, 9th, & 10th

1 ***"Samurdhi" is the National Program introduced by the Government in 1994 to alleviate poverty. The objective of this program is to find a solution for the poverty. Through the Samurdhi Program priority has been given to activities such as development of rural infrastructure facilities, improving health and nutritional conditions among rural community and creates opportunities

17

November 2009, the annual daily traffic (ADT) values of the road as follows;

Table 05: Description of Traffic

PASSENGERS GOODS

Far

m&

Mot

or

cycl

es

Thr

ee-

whe

eler

s

Car

Jeep

Van

Min

i bus

L/ B

us

Tru

cks

L/M

/H

M/A

xle

tota

l

30 1736 284 363 - 315 23 336 718 22 3827

67. This road carries a mix of traffic ranging from small and large vehicles such as bicycles, motorcycles, cars, van, farm vehicles, mini buses, large buses, light trucks, medium trucks, heavy trucks, and multi axial vehicles etc.

68. In order to analyze the potential environmental impact the project activities are considered in two phases; pre construction and construction phase and operational phase.

69. Pre-construction activities include removal and reestablishment of public utilities, establishment of quarry sites, borrow pits, crusher plants, asphalt plants and batching plants (if necessary).

70. Construction activities include excavation, widening and overlaying and surface improving of the existing carriage way with Asphalt Concrete, rehabilitation of hard and soft shoulders, embankments, parking spaces and bus bays, construction of new culverts at locations where road will be placed on new embankment, Widening & rehabilitation of existing damaged culverts and bridges and side drains where necessary (side drains will be provided town ships especially at Jaffna junction (0+000 – 0+175) & Rambewa (14+400 – 14+500)the). In addition chevron marks; guard rails and sign boards will be placed at proper places.

71. The approximate quantities of soil, gravel, rubble, metal, and sand are 41,926m3, 25,343m3, 2,672m3, 40,935m3, 2,874m3 respectively. The capacities of existing quarries & borrow pits are sufficient enough to extract the above mentioned quantities of raw materials.

72. The anticipated environmental impacts can be grouped into three categories. They are

Long-term and short term impacts Direct and indirect impacts Positive and negative impacts.

73. Short-term direct negative impacts would occur mainly during the pre-construction and construction period. These impacts will be on public utilities, land use, water quality, geology, biological resources, landforms/visual quality, traffic, air quality, noise and local community. Short term indirect negative impacts are the outbreak of diseases, and impacts on social and cultural environment due to influx of people from other areas.

74. Long-term direct negative impacts on alteration of landforms/visual quality, traffic and safety will occur during the post construction/ operational period. Long-term beneficial impacts are anticipated during the operational phase of the project.

75. Short- term direct positive impacts is the creation of new job opportunities, while the short term indirect positive impacts are generation of macroeconomic opportunities and increase in trade and services, which are anticipated during the construction phase.

76. Long-term direct positive impacts include reduced travel time and increased road safety. Long term indirect positive impacts include increase of agricultural practices and productivity due to easy and efficient transport, increase in trade and services along the road section, increase of land values etc.

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4 ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND PROPOSED MITIGATION MEASURES

4.1 Pre- construction & Construction period

Impacts on Land Uses

77. Proposed road widening & rehabilitation work will remain within the existing RoW and impacts will be limited to the immediate vicinity of the road, and lands that will use for quarry sites, establish material processing plants, material storage, disposal sites, & also quarry access roads. Hence, it is more important that selection of temporary lands at least 500m away from the water bodies, natural flow paths, agricultural lands & residential areas to avoid both environmental impacts and public inconvenience. Selection of suitable locations should be complying with the local laws and regulations. Removal of trees and green cover vegetation should be minimized during the site clearance. Selection of existing quarries, crusher plants, concrete batching plants and asphalt plant for materials will minimize impacts on land use.

Land acquisition for road widening

78. Proposed road widening & rehabilitation work will be restricted to existing RoW. Although there is no land acquisition involved to this project, few temporary structures (encroachment of the RoW used to build temporary boutiques retail centers, fences, & front walls etc.) of the road side may need to be shifted if practical and according to the circumstances. Most of the road side vendors are having their residences behind the temporary structures. During the road construction, vendors will readjust their structures. Therefore no any compensation required for the lands. Compensatory measures should be determined with the affected community and shall be given based on RDA’s Ex-gratia package only for temporary loss of livelihood activities during the construction period.

Removal of Public Utilities

79. According to the design public utilities, which are located along the road must be removed. Please see Table 06 for detail.

Table 06: Public utilities to be removed

Public Utility Numbers to be removed High tension lines 228 Electric posts 69 Telephone posts 122 signal room at the Railway crossing 01

80. Therefore during pre construction phase these public utilities have to be removed prior to handover the contract. It is very important to carry out the removal and reestablishment of these public utilities without damaging to those and other existing utilities such as pipe lines, irrigation canals etc. There is a railway crossing and a signal room at 0+850. The signal room may have to be removed and shifted to meet with the new design of the road (fig 10). Removal and re-establishment of such utilities will be done be respective agencies. Therefore before the removal of these utilities, approvals should be obtained from relevant authorities and compensation must be paid where applicable by the RDA.. Proper coordination with relevant agencies such as NWSDB, CEB, Sri Lanka Railway Department and SLT is vital to reduce such impacts.

19

Fig 10 : Railway crossing and signal room beside the road.

81. Well trained, experienced workers and machine operators should be employed to reduce the damage to public utilities as well as private properties during the removal and re-establishment process.

82. To mitigate the impacts on local community due to interruption of electricity, communication facilities or water supply (if applicable) advance notices should be given verbally as well as using media. Also interruption of these facilities should be done during specific time periods to minimize the effect. There should be an arrangement for manual signalling until the signal room relocate away from the place where it located at present.

83. During the interruption periods alternative sources should be used to maintain a continuous supply of essential utilities such as water where ever feasible. Relevant authorities are responsible to provide the basic services (using any alternative method/s) without cause any inconvenience to the people during the period of interruption of such public utilities. The contractor along with the RDA should prepare a working schedule with consultation of the other relevant authorities to remove/shift and re-establish the public utilities. RDA is responsible to pay cost for the removal/shifting & re-establishment of public utilities.

Impact on Archaeological reserve

84. Since the road runs bordering to the “Rama kele” (1+300km – 1+700km) Archaeological site, undue entering of heavy vehicles & workers and damage to the monuments during the civil works will be anticipated. Hence, the contractor is responsible for following actions in order to mitigate any kind of negative impacts on the Archaeological site.

demarcate the boundaries of the archaeological site along the road section with consultation of the Department of Archaeology prior to commencement of civil work to avoid any construction vehicle moving into the area.

strict labour supervision to stop undue entering to the reservation area.

construction works within the section of the reserve should be done under the supervision of officials from the DoA.

Railway Crossing

Signal room

20

Resources Mobilization

85. Spaces are needed for storage of materials, establishment of labour camps, and for construction equipments. As the labour force in the area is very high and readily available there is no need to construct labour camps.

86. Temporary lands in which resources are mobilized will cause inconvenience to general public. Therefore to mitigate such impacts temporary lands readily available in the surrounding project area must be selected and it should be at least 500m away from residential areas, water bodies, cultivated lands. In addition approvals from relevant authorities must be obtained to use temporary lands in order to comply with National laws and regulations. Preparation of the temporary lands and access road must be carried out in a way to minimize disturbances to natural vegetation cover.

Solid Waste from construction materials

87. If solid waste such as metal, gravel, asphalt etc is accumulated alongside of the road it will cause public inconvenience by dust dispersion, reduced visual quality, and health hazard. To avoid these impacts such waste must be removed from the construction site immediately after the construction work and dumped in an approved site according to the current rules and regulations. Contractor must identify and select suitable and safest locations for the dumping or land fill sites with sufficient capacity and approvals should be obtained from relevant Local Authorities ( also from CEA if applicable according to the Gazette notification No 772/22 of 24th June 1993). Proper engineering design (including drainage and erosion control facilities) should be prepared by the contractor and written approval should be obtained from the SC prior to dumping at the each identified site. Dumping should be done only after receiving approvals from the necessary authorities and obtaining the SC's approval on the proposed engineering design of the site.

Flood condition

88. During the period of construction, civil works should not lead to flood conditions due to blocking of drains, drainage paths and culvert openings. The contractor shall take every measure to keep all drainage paths, drains & openings clear at all times.

89. If flooding or stagnation of water is caused by civil works, contractor shall provide immediate means to prevent loss of access to any public or private land/property & to prevent damage to public or private land/property. Contractor shall compensate for any damage or loss of income as a result of flood conditions due to civil works.

Solid waste and Sanitation at Labour Camps

90. Although it is envisaged there is no need to establish labour camps, should the need arise impacts from solid waste (such as polythene, papers, perishable items especially food) accumulated at worker camps could occur environmental pollution such as contamination of soil and water bodies, out breaks of water born and vector born diseases and health hazards.

91. To reduce the above mentioned impact The following measures are proposed

There should be proper solid waste disposal procedure to enhanced sanitation of workers in camps. Dust bins in different colours must be provided to separate out food, glasses and other solid waste at the worker camp.

The contractor must provide Proper sanitary facilities and adequate supply of water to worker camps

The best option is to hire as many as local people for unskilled as well as skilled works. If that happens there is no need to establish worker camps. This is a good way to overcome garbage disposal.

The contractor should provide adequate facilities to manage wastes in accordance with the guidance given by the CEA

Contractor should remove all the waste from worker camps every day and dumped in approved site to prevent contamination of soil and water bodies as well as prevent from disease out breaks.

21

Monitoring the worker camps regularly in consultation with Public health inspector (PHI)

92. These conditions could be incorporated into the contractor’s documents for better sanitation conditions and waste disposal at temporary worker camps.

Extraction, Transportation and Storage of Construction Materials

93. Extraction of sand, gravel and metal will causes soil erosion and lowering of the river beds, destruction of the river banks and natural habitat at the quarry sites.

94. Dust emissions, noise and vibrations due to quarrying and transportation of construction materials and damages to minor roads will cause inconvenience to local people, who live closer to quarry sites and borrow pits as well as general public in the project area and others who travels via the proposed road section. During the dry periods dust emission will cause more disturbances due to high winds creating health hazards.

95. Water stagnation in excavated areas such as borrow pits will provide breeding sites for mosquitoes and other disease causing vectors. This will create accidental health hazards to general public and wild animals.

96. Mining, quarrying and storage of construction materials near quarry sites will alter the visual quality of the area.

97. The following mitigatory measures shall be used to minimize the impacts associated with the above discussed activities.

Construction materials can be extracted from existing quarries, crushers and borrow pits in the nearby areas. If new quarry sites are to be operated, approvals should be obtained from the relevant authorities (Such as Local Authority, Divisional Secretariat Office, CEA and GSMB).

Quarries which will utilize for the project should not locate in any environmentally sensitive areas, or in vicinity to archaeological / cultural or religious places, schools and settlements

Excavation operations and rock mining / blasting activities near schools, hospitals or religious places (500m away) should be done accordance with an agreeable time periods in consultation with relevant stakeholders in a mutually understandable manner.

For each new quarry site, Hydrology report (from a qualified hydrologist) & test blast report (GS&MB/ITI/CEA) should be obtained prior to mining activities. Standard & site specific precautionary measures & conditions stipulated in an EPL & IML should be adhered during blasting operations. In addition to that, conditions, recommendations & guidelines stated in the both test blast report & hydrology report also should be followed during the blasting operations.

Mode of blasting & use of explosives should be limited within the feasible level. Electric detonators can be selected according to the sensitivity of the site. Blasting activities should be carried out at regular intervals with at least three times prior notice to nearby residents by using a siren. Appropriate methods should be used to mitigate the noise and vibration impacts up to acceptable levels. Controlled blasting methods & adequate coverings should be adopted to avoid fly rocks. Maximum blasting amount /specifications shall be reduced based on monitoring of the impacts. Reasonable compensation shall be paid to any houses that are damaged by blasting effects.

Sand, gravel and other dust causing construction materials must be transported in covered trucks and sprinkling of water over the construction materials prior to transport to minimize dust emissions. Spraying of water along the material transport road sections where settlements exist in order to minimize the dust dispersion due to vehicular movement. Use of heavy vehicles should restrict to off peak hours.

22

After the constructions borrow pits must be restored by the contractor or relevant authorities. The restoration should include re-vegetation of the sites with landscaping and facilitating to re-growth of natural vegetation

Material storage sites should not establish close to residential areas, beside the roads, around the water bodies etc.

Impacts on Local Road Net work

98. As the quarries, crushers and borrow pits are mainly located outside the project area transportation of materials will need through the provincial and local road network to the project site. Because of the magnitude of the project, large quantities of construction materials will be transported through the local roads. Even though the present local road network conditions are not be an obstacle to the heavy vehicular movements, unusual & high frequency of heavy vehicular movements in the local road network will damage to the physical condition of the local roads. Uncovered transportation of the materials, high speed vehicular movements, and bad physical condition of the local roads due to the material transportation will cause inconvenience to the local people. Therefore it is necessary to obtain permission from the relevant local authorities to use such local roads prior to construction begins. All existing high ways & local road network used by the vehicle of the contractor, or/and any of his sub contractors or/and suppliers of materials new roads which are being used by traffic, shall be kept clean and clear of all dust/mud/extraneous materials dropped by the said vehicles or their tyres. Similarly, all dust/mud/extraneous materials from the works spreading on these high ways shall be immediately cleared by the contractor. Clearance shall be affected immediately by manual sweeping and debris shall be removed entirely from the road surface. If necessary or/and directed by the engineer or other relevant officials, the road surface shall be hosed or watered using suitable equipment. Also contractor should properly maintain all road surfaces which will utilize for the construction related activities in better or similar conditions at all times and after the construction work the contractor must rehabilitate all structural damages caused to the particular local roads at contractor’s expense. No separate payment shall be made for compliance with this section. Payment shall be deemed to be included in the contractor’s rates. At this stage of project it is not possible to identify the quarries which the contractor will use. Quarry locations have been identified as potential sources and which are in regular use. Public access roads to quarries should be subject to “before and after” condition surveys in conjunction with the RDA and the Engineer with the contractor being held liable for damage caused by extraordinary traffic as is provided by the Condition of Contract.

Impacts due to removal of roadside trees

99. It is no needed to cut a single tree for the project as there is sufficient space along the RoW. Therefore no mitigatory measures are required.

Soil Erosion

100. Soil erosion will mainly occur during the construction period due to excavation, dredging, cutting and filling, removal vegetation cover and unplanned temporary storage of gravel and soil along the roadsides. The top soil is directly exposed to showers when trees and vegetation cover is removed reducing infiltration and increasing surface runoff. Eroded soil can be washed out to nearby canals, reservoirs and paddy field causing siltation. To minimize these impacts, the following mitigation measures needs to adopted during construction stage:

Removal vegetation cover should be minimized by considering alternative locations and paths

The natural drainages in the construction area must not be blocked to facilitate free flow of water.

Carry out construction works in any erodible area during dry season as much as possible

If any civil works are to be carried out during rainy days, enough silt traps, sludge pumps and interceptor drains should be incorporated in the construction site as much as possible.

Cut areas should be treated against flow acceleration while filled areas should be carefully designed to avoid obstruction or destruction to natural drainages

23

Site specific soil erosion control measures such as (rubber masonry, concrete retaining walls, etc,) must be taken to protect embankment slopes.

Exposed areas should be covered during the rainy seasons and turfing and terracing work should be done after the constructions

Effect on Natural Flow Paths and Existing Drainage

101. The existing drainage system in the area including irrigation canals, natural seasonal flow paths and the line drains along the road section will be obstructed due to dumping of soil and metal etc. This can be happening especially during the construction of embankments, shoulders, re-construction/repairing of culverts etc. The main impact of this is creation of temporary inundation areas closer to the above locations during rainy season. These inundated areas are good breeding sites for disease causing mosquitoes and directly impact to public health. Thus following measures must be taken to minimize these impacts.

Alternative drainage facilities must be created at any particular location if existing drains are obstructed due to construction activities.

Irrigation canals, cross and line drains and natural flow paths of the project area must kept free as much as possible.

Temporary sites and dumping sites should be located away from canals or natural flow paths

If any irrigation canal or natural flow path is blocked due to any kind of construction activity immediate measures must be taken to clean such places.

Temporary stockpiles should be covered before heavy rains and should not be located within 50 m of water bodies, irrigation canals, cross drainage and natural flow paths.

Best engineering practices should be applied to avoid disturbance of paddy lands and wetlands.

Alteration of Surface Water and Hydrology

102. According to the design 02 culverts have to be replaced and major repairs have to done for 07 culverts along the Anuradhapura - Rambewa (A020) road section. Civil works of the culverts can be temporary affected to the surface water and hydrology especially during the rainy season. Surface water can be polluted due to contamination of eroded soil and siltation hazards during the construction of embankments, shoulders, re-construction/repairing of culverts, surface improvements by laying DABC etc; and chemicals, oil and liquids from vehicles and machinery etc. Dust and other particles from quarry and crusher sites can be washed-out with rain water and deposited in water ways or water bodies.

103. The changes in hydrology would occur due to alteration of drainage paths. Dumping of solid waste, Blocking of drains or canals will change the flow pattern of the area. The following measures should be taken to reduce impacts on surface water and hydrology

Excavated soil or other construction materials should not be stored or dumped near the water bodies or canals.

Construction or replacement of culverts and irrigation canals can be done during the dry periods as well as during the periods in which the irrigated water supply is restricted.

If constructions are to be carried out in rainy periods free flow of water can be maintained using sludge pumps or flexible hoses to bypass the construction site without stagnating and contaminating the water.

Proper engineering designs and standards should be adopted to maintain appropriate diameters, openings and strength of the hydraulic structures.

Impacts on Water Resources

104. A large quantity of water will be required during construction period. The extraction of water can be done by the existing water sources in the areas such as reservoirs, wells, community water supply schemes, streams and irrigation canals etc. Almost all the reservoirs and canals in the project area supply water to paddy fields, other cultivated land and domestic purposes. Therefore extraction of water

24

for the road construction will lead to a conflicting demand for water with local community creating inconvenience to the general public. Thus the following measures should be taken to minimize the anticipated impacts on water resources.

Contractor should identify the reliable water sources and obtain the necessary approvals from the relevant Authority to extract water before the construction begins.

The identified water resources should be used in a mutually understandable and responsible manner to avoid any unforeseen conflicts with the water users

Only the required amount of water should be extracted and extracted water should not be wasted in transportation

The activities related to water pollution such as cleaning and washing of vehicles and machinery should not be done

Impacts on Water Quality due to Silt Runoff, Emissions and Spoil from Construction Related Activities

105. During the rainy season exposed soil, excavated soil and excess soil can be washed off into nearby water bodies or canals casing siltation. Emissions from machinery, equipments, vehicles, quarries, crushes and asphalt plants can be dispersed with the wind and deposited in nearby water bodies.

106. Contaminated top soil due to oil, liquid and other chemicals from construction vehicles / equipment, sewerage, garbage and waste water from worker camps will washed out to nearby water sources causing water pollution and consequently affecting aquatic fauna and flora, farmlands and creating health hazards. Following measures will be required in order to prevent deterioration of water from the construction and construction related activities.

Exposed areas should be re-vegetated using rapidly growing grass species or covered with suitable covering during rainy days. Excavation of soil should be done at least 500 m away from main water bodies and excess soil should be properly stored. Erosion control measures such as silt traps, retaining walls or proper drainages should be taken especially closer to water resources to prevent contamination due to surface runoff.

Construction shall be carried out using manual labour where feasible to avoid large scale clearing or excavations and construction activities can be carried out during the dry weather periods to minimize surface runoff. If constructions have to be done even during the rainy periods due to unavoidable circumstances appropriate measures such as coffer dams, water bypasses or use of sludge pumps can be taken to minimize silt runoff. All construction vehicles and equipments should be properly tuned and maintained in good operation conditions without any leakage

Before repairing or reconstructing of culverts, upstream and downstream (lead way) of the canal should be cleared to avoid stagnation of water during construction.

Construction materials especially toxic, hazardous and containing fine particles should be properly stored in covered huts as well as must be kept at least 500 m away from water bodies. Cleaning and testing of equipments especially the Bitumen distributor should be done to a pre-constructed container.

Construction waste such as waste oil, bitumen, asphalt etc. should be properly collected and disposed in agreed disposal sites.

Wastewater generated from the asphalt plants, concrete batching plants and washing and servicing of construction vehicles should be treated up to the standards stipulated in the Gazette notification NO. 1534/18 of 01.02.2008 for discharge of industrial waste water in to the inland surface waters.

Impacts on Flora and Fauna

107. The main construction activities are carried out on the existing RoW but there may be some disturbances to terrestrial fauna and flora along the road. Also it was observed that the avifaunal diversity is quite high even in the home gardens, which are adjacent to the road. The main impact on terrestrial fauna of the project area is disturbances caused by machinery and construction equipments.

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Especially birds, reptiles and butterflies are affected due to increased noise, vibration and human activities. To mitigate the impacts on terrestrial fauna it is recommended to carry out the construction work during normal working hours (6.00 a.m. to 6.00 p.m.).

108. Roadside killing due to accidents is another impact on terrestrial fauna in the project area. During the field investigation it was observed several road kills and few animals were crossing the road even during day time. With the increase of traffic there is a tendency to increase roadside kills in future.

109. There are several freshwater habitats (reservoirs and streams) which are bordered by the road. These water bodies can be polluted due to dumping of soil, contamination oil and other construction materials especially during the rainy days. Pollution of water directly affects the aquatic fauna and flora in those habitats. Increase turbidity will reduce penetration of light and subsequently reducing O2 in the water and subsequently reduce the productivity of lakes/ reservoirs. Above discussed impacts are short-term and can be easily mitigated by adopting following measures

The core project boundaries must be clearly demarcated and informed the workers

Hunting, fishing, collecting firewood, fauna and flora, washing and cleaning of vehicles, construction instruments should be strictly prohibited and workers should be educated through an awareness programme

Disposal of solid waste, waste water, chemicals such as tar, cement etc. into water bodies should not be allowed and must be strictly monitored

When construction works are carrying out closer to bordering freshwater habitats suitable engineering and biological measures must be taken to prevent aquatic pollution. E.g. to prevent entering pollutants with the surface runoff into the water source, a buffer zone can be created by planting fast growing plant species in between the road and the water source. Colleting all the pollutants using traps and treated at one point or use of soakage pits is a suitable engineering measure to prevent aquatic pollution.

Warning and sign boards must be displayed near the sensitive aquatic habitats to prevent throwing garbage or any kind of pollutants to the water body.

The endemic plant and animal species are found in the project area are common endemics and highly distributed in other parts of the country as well. Therefore no significant negative impact on those endemic fauna and flora is envisaged hence no mitigatory measures are required.

Impacts due to Disposal of Trash

110. During the construction period especially during site clearance, excavation, dredging a large amount of debris or wreckage will be generated. If this debris is not properly disposed significant negative impacts are anticipated on public health and safety and scenic beauty of the project area. Re-use of debris is a good option to reduce the quantity of debris. Metal, soil, and sand are reusable raw materials, which can be used to back filling, leveling and amenity planting at intersections. Wooden debris can be used as a fuel for worker camps or distributed to local people free of charge. The remaining non reusable construction debris should be dumped properly in approved dumping sites. The temporary debris storage sites should not be located closer to residential or ecologically sensitive areas.

Impacts due to Traffic

111. Traffic congestions will occur during the construction period especially near townships and buildup areas. Generally traffic jam will be significant during morning and afternoon rush hours. In order to minimize impacts due to traffic a detail traffic impact assessment should be carried out in consultation with the relevant Police offices in the area and with the local community to identify the status of traffic and find alternatives to reduce traffic congestions. A traffic management plan must be prepared and implemented. The following measures must be taken to reduce the hassle due to increased traffic

An advance notice should provide to local communities about the schedule of construction activities.

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Traffic regulations such as speed limits, time of transportation (especially night time) should enforce during transportation of materials and equipment and machinery.

Condition of road and bridges to be surveyed and documented prior to activities. Installation of traffic waning signs, temporary traffic lights or traffic control

personnel where construction and associated traffic has created significant impacts.

Impacts on Air Quality

112. The project activities are done in semi-urban and rural areas. The main construction activities that cause air pollution are earth works (excavation and dredging), quarry operations, crushers, asphalt plants etc. These activities generate dust and noise, which directly affect the air quality. In addition vehicles and machinery emit smoke and fine particles. These substances will increase the local air pollution significantly during the construction stage. Air pollution will cause inconvenience to local people who reside closer to the proposed road or quarries etc. Also there are several schools, religious places, Government Departments and Authorities along the road, deterioration of air quality will directly affect to these public places.

113. Burning of fossil fuel would result in far more environmental pollution due to emission of sulfur oxides (SOx), nitrogen oxide (NOx), Carbon dioxide (CO2) and particulates. Asphalt plants would also create problems of ash disposal and thermal pollution. Combustion of fossil fuels is considered to be the largest contributing factor to the release of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. In fact it is believed that energy providers are the largest source of atmospheric pollution today. There are many types of harmful outcomes, which result from burning of fossil fuels. Some of these include land degradation and human illness. Also Diesel exhaust is known to cause cancer, is associated with asthma, and is a major source of smog, which causes human illness. Smog can also affect the sustainability of crops by seeping through the protective layer on the leaves and destroys essential cell membranes. These results in smaller yields and weaker crops, as the plants are forced to focus on internal repair and do not thrive.

114. To mitigate the impacts associated with air quality the following measures can be implemented.

Quarries, crushers and asphalt plants must be located at least 500m away from residential or other public sensitive areas

Spray water before loading and transportation of soil and sand particularly during windy conditions. Dust causing materials must be covered with tarpaulin during transportation

Dust emissions must be minimized at working areas, excavated areas, quarry sites and crusher sites by spraying of water regularly. Ground surface of sites where the crusher plant, concrete batching plant and asphalt plant are located should be covered by tar layer to minimize the dust generation due to vehicle moving.

Apart from the regular wet method for the jaw area, wet rubble can be feed, drum of the crusher can be covered by maintaining the appropriate height and conveyer belts also can be covered without disturbing to the process in order to minimize the dust generation. Dust generating from the crusher plant, loading of raw materials to the asphalt plant & batching plant should be controlled up to the National ambient air quality standards (Gazette Notification No. 1562/22 of 15th August 2008).

Conveyer belts of the asphalt plant also should be covered. Sitting of crusher plants, asphalt hot-mix plants should be downwind of close

sensitive receptors. Construction materials must be stored in covered places or must be covered with

a suitable covering to prevent dust emissions due to wind Protective blasting should be carried out to minimize dust and other gas

emissions. Chemical blasting is the best option, which does not cause any noise or dust emissions.

Temperature of the Hot-mix plant should be controlled at appropriate level in order to control exhaust gasses to comply relevant emission standards.

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Noise and vibration

115. As discussed in previous section noise impacts will be significant during construction periods due to increase of vehicular movements and machinery, blasting and crushing operations, material transport etc. Increased noise will affect the nearby communities and wild animals as well. Minimizing noise levels is highly important especially near residential and other public sensitive areas. . Following measures will help to keep noise and vibration in acceptable level during construction phase

To mitigate the impacts due to noise, construction machinery should be operated only

during the day time. Contractor shall equip properly tuned and well maintained heavy construction

equipments and vehicles. Suitable noise controlling devices such as exhaust silencers can be used to control

noise. The noise level must not exceed 75 db during the day time (The maximum

permissible noise levels at boundaries in the land in low noise areas range from 75 LacqT, dB during the daytime and 50 LacqT, dB during the night time for construction activities).

All construction vehicles, machinery and equipments must be properly maintained to comply with the National Emission Standards.

Sitting of crusher plants, concrete batching plant & asphalt plant should be done as much a away from the residential areas.

Jaw of the crusher can be installed in a sound proof area without disturbing to the material feeding, and also drum can be covered maintaining appropriate height between mesh & the cover and conveyer belts also can be covered.

Contractor is highly responsible to take precautionary measures to ensure that, the construction works do not result in damaging to adjacent properties due to vibrations.

If vibration levels exceed the permissible levels, contractor shall modify the method of construction until compliance with the acceptable level.

116. Use of heavy machinery and equipments for constructions must be done only during the day time (from 6.00 am to 6.00 pm). When constructions are carried out near public sensitive areas such as schools, hospitals or religious places the contractor must schedule the construction activities in consultation with the relevant Authorities to avoid any inconvenience.

117. The impacts of blasting at quarry site on nearby residents disturbances due to increased noise & vibrations and safety hazards due to fly rocks. To minimize these impacts following measures are proposed.

Blasting activities should be carried out at regular intervals with at least three times prior notice to nearby residents by using a siren. Appropriate methods should be used to mitigate the noise and vibration impacts up to acceptable levels. Controlled blasting methods & adequate coverings should be adopted to avoid fly rocks.

Maximum blasting amount /specifications shall be reduced based on monitoring of the impacts.

Reasonable compensation should be paid to those houses that are damaged by blasting effects if any.

Controlled blasting should be carried out at regular intervals by experienced workers using adequate blasting strength and people in the vicinity should be informed. Necessary warnings, security measures, safety nets, should be adopted before blasting

operations are conducted. If possible chemical blasting also can be recommended for any critical points.

Ground vibration & air blast over pressure during the blasting activities should be maintained below the levels stipulated by CEA and GS&MB. Standard & site specific precautionary measures & conditions stipulated by the

CEA(EPL) & GS&MB (IML) should be adhered during blasting operations

118. Furthermore, it is recommended to avoid existing quarries with ongoing disputes with local community.

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Risk of HIV and other STD

119. Sexually transmitted diseases and HIV/AIDs as a result of the possible influx of migrant labourers / construction workers is rather low due to the priority to be given to local hiring of labor and the still strong social control in the villages.

120. However, as a preventive measure appropriate and timely information and awareness to construction workers on the risks of sexually transmitted diseases and HIV/AIDS and anti-trafficking of women and children will be made part of the health and safety program at campsites during the construction period.

121. Contract document include specific requirements for the civil work contractors to conduct awareness programmes among his staff and workers as well as wider community.

Risk of child labour

122. Employment of children is an offence in Sri Lanka. But there is a possibility for children to gain employment as unskilled wage labour in the construction sites due to poverty level of the area. To prevent it is very important to take the following mitigatory measures

Special safeguard measures and a special clause in the contract need to be incorporated in the contract documents.

The Project needs to be in contact with the Labour Officers to monitor the recruitments by the contractors and to incorporate.

Personal safety

123. There is a risk of accidental damage to workers as well as general public at construction sites, along the roads, quarrying and mining sites due to construction vehicle & equipment movements, fire, explosions, blasts, falling rocks, falling to excavated pits, chemical sprays and unsafe power supply lines etc. Therefore it is very important to take precautionary measures to prevent any accidents during the construction period. The construction contractor/s must take following measures to enhance personal safety during the construction through:

Warning and sign boards, speed limits and signs, barricades, must be placed in all construction sites in Sinhala, Tamil and English languages.

An awareness program should be done about personal safety of the workers and general public in the area.

The contractor must Provide protective gears such as footwear, ear mufflers, helmets, goggles, eye-shields and clothes to workers

Blasting activities should be carried out at regular intervals with at least three times prior notice to nearby residents by using a siren.

Controlled blasting methods & adequate coverings (sand bags, wire mesh or safety nets, steel plates etc) should be adopted to avoid fly rocks.

Necessary warnings, security measures, safety nets, should be adopted before blasting operations are conducted.

Standard & site specific precautionary measures & conditions stipulated by the CEA (EPL) & GS&MB (IML) should be adhered during blasting operations.

Skilled labour force should be appointed to handle explosives & chemicals Adequate ventilation for chemical storage should be kept to avoid accumulation of

fumes and offensive odour that could be harmful to workers. Onsite first aid facilities and emergency transport facilities to the nearest hospital

should be available at construction sites at any time in order to ensure safety of workers and public in any case of an accident.

Socio economic impacts

124. Although there is no land acquisition involved to this project, few temporary structures (encroachment of the RoW used to build temporary boutiques & retail centers) of the road side may need to be shifted due to the practical ground situation and there is enough space to relocate these

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RDA Boundary stones

Wire fence

Temporary structure

temporary structures away from the RoW. Temporary loss of livelihood & access can be expected due to shut down businesses during the civil works. Compensatory measures should be determined with the affected community and shall be given based on RDA’s Ex-gratia package for any temporary loss of livelihood activities. Even though any interruption not required for the railway transport, signal room only may have to be removed and shifted to meet with the new design of the road. There should be an arrangement for manual signalling until the signal room relocate away from the place where it located at present.

4.2 Anticipated impacts during operation period

125. There are significant negative as well as positive impacts during the operation period of the project. Encroachment of the RoW, air and noise pollution and impacts on personal health and safety are the anticipated long-term negative impacts. The positive impacts are mainly on the socio-economic benefits associated with increase in trade and services along the roadside which create micro economic benefits to local people. In addition reduced travel time and cost, efficient transport from farmlands to markets reducing cost of productions directly contribute to the economic development

Encroachment of RoW

126. After the construction the Row can be encroached at any time mainly for putting up small boutiques, vegetable and fruit sales stalls, or demarcating land boundaries. The encroachers will build permanent or temporary structures within the existing reservation causing damages to pavements, side drains or even for the soft shoulder of the RoW. It was observed during the field investigations that some people have put up live fences or temporary sales huts encroaching the reservations of the RDA (Figure 11). Encroachment of the RoW directly affects the pedestrian, regular maintenances as well as future expansions of the road. The RDA must play a leading role in placing boundary stones, regular inspections and removing of illegal encroachments. Further enforcement of rules and regulations according to existing laws and regulations also needed to minimize encroachment of the RoW.

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Fig 11: Pictures showing encroachment of the RoW.

Air Quality and Noise

127. Increase vehicle movements will affect air and noise quality. There will be some local air and noise pollution. Planting of trees along the road and increase the vegetation cover on the embankments will absorb CO2 emitted from vehicles.

128. On the other hand the proposed project will create positive impact on air quality by reducing emissions. Increase of width, proper alignment and even surface of the road will allow smooth run of vehicles considerably in higher speeds with minimum accelerations and decelerations. Therefore the emissions will be reduced and consequently the air quality would not adversely affected by vehicle emissions.

129. Clear sign and warning boards should be placed at sensitive locations such as schools, religious places, hospitals etc. to reduce noise impacts especially from honking.

Impacts on Road Safety

130. The widening, improving of the surface conditions and straight alignment of the road induce high vehicular speed. As a result, there will be a risk of increased of road accidents. The proposed road passes small towns, schools, religious places where students and people gather frequently. These places are susceptible to accidents. Moreover there are many residents, shops and small boutiques are located closer to the RoW. Therefore high speed vehicle movements will cause road accidents easily. To minimize road accidents the following measures should be taken

Speed limits, warning and sign boards must be placed near sensitive areas and identified places, which are susceptible to accidents.

Road furniture and road marking should be done immediately after the construction work.

Bus bays and payments must be constructed properly Edge delineation should be carried out on wider pavements. Guard railing and chevron

markers should be placed on bends, sealed shoulders should be provided where the places of cycle and other slow and non- motorized traffic is significant.

Kerbed footpaths should be placed at the town limits settlement areas,

Impacts on drainage pattern

131. The project will improve the road drainage facilities by constructing proper drains and rehabilitating culverts to facilitate better water flow especially during the rainy season. Due to blocking of drains and culverts due to sediments, improper disposal of debris or disposing garbage into side drainages by the general public will create overflow of drains and alteration of surface runoff paths causing soil erosion and health hazards. To minimize the impact it is proposed to close the side drains especially near towns and maintain regularly to avoid blockage and stagnation of water.

5. Public consultation & Information Disclosure

132. Providing information on planned project activities & project objectives, consultations were conducted with randomly selected individuals along the considered road section during the field inspection and requested to express their opinions and concerns freely on the proposed development activities. The objective of the consultation was to take into consideration of their views & suggestions in the early stages of the project cycle in order to avoid or minimize conflict situations during the project implementation phase.

133. Participants were highly concerned about following impacts. easy access to the Government offices, Hospitals, Schools & market places reduced

vehicle operating cost.

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increase of income of the area during the construction period etc. transport goods for both sides easily

Awful driving pattern & accidents of the heavy vehicles which are used for road construction activities (transport of raw materials, debris, spoils ect.) and other vehicles too during the construction phase.

increase of accidents due to vehicle speed after resurfacing

inconvenience due to dust, noise & vibration generated during the construction related activities

interruption of irrigation cannels due to the culvert, bridge & embankment

negligence of maintenance after surface improvement

134. Following requests were made by the respondents during the consultation. provision of bus bays and shelters due to the vast majority of people using public

transport for commuting.

proper traffic arrangement during the construction period.

strict enforcement of speed limits during the operational stage.

proper maintenance during the operational stage for sustainability & durability of the road.

proper handling of construction materials/equipments/vehicles in order to minimize public inconvenience due to dust, noise & vibration during the construction stage.

135. Furthermore, most of the respondents mentioned, large number of people residing in the surrounding project area will have a chance to get employment opportunities during the construction phase. Hence, the project should give priority to employ semi skilled and unskilled people living along the project area and its adjoining villages during the construction period to fulfill the desire of the people of the project influence area.

136. Following measures can be suggested to minimize negative impacts which are discussed in para 131

Provide all traffic safety measures (barricades, signs, markings, flags, lights & flagman & speed limit) during the construction period

Speed limits, warning and sign boards must be placed near sensitive areas and identified places, which are susceptible to accidents.

Road furniture and road marking should be done immediately after the construction work.

Bus bays and payments must be constructed properly Edge delineation should be carried out on wider pavements. Guard railing and chevron

markers should be placed on bends, sealed shoulders should be provided where the places of cycle and other slow and non- motorized traffic is significant.

Kerbed footpaths should be placed at the town limits and settlement areas, strict enforcement of speed limits during the operational stage. Proper implementation of EMP to minimize dust, noise & vibration during the

construction period. compensate for any damage of property or/and loss of livelihood Compensate all businessmen who have to shut down their businesses temporarily

during civil works disclosure of information about the proposed project at an early stage of the project

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proper maintenance during the operational stage for sustainability & durability of the road.

6. Grievance redress mechanisms

137. During the pre-construction & construction phases there might be inconveniences to the public such as

temporary loss of livelihood & access due to shut down businesses. generation of dust noise & vibration from quarry sites, various plants, construction sites damages to the boundary walls, live fences etc.

138. Even though there is an EMP, the Environmental Monitoring Committee (EMoC) should be formulated by the contractor in order to ensure the implementation of EMP & EMoP and look into grievances from the public. Divisional Secretaries and Chairman/Pradeshiya Saba of the Project influence area, official from the CEA, RDA, ESD and any other relevant authorities (such a GS & MB, Department of Forest or Department of Agrarian Service or Grama Niladhari), head of the community or/and any representative of the affected party, authorized officer from the contractor’s party and any other officer from relevant authority will be the members of the committee.

139. It is recommended to develop & establish contractor’s own procedure for receiving, recording/documenting, acknowledging and addressing complaints that is easily accessible, culturally appropriate, and understandable to affected communities. Especially a person of the contractor’s team should be nominated to receive the public complaints and such person should maintain a complaint register and action taken to any public complaint should be clearly recorded. A mechanism must be publicized to those who may wish to access it and provide adequate assistance for affected party.

140. The contractor should establish a redress mechanism so those who feel their grievances have not been adequately addressed have recourse to the formulated Environmental Committee for reconsideration of their case by considering the judicial and administrative mechanisms available in the country for resolution of disputes and it should not impede access to these mechanisms.

7. INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT & ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP)

141. RDA is responsible for implementing the project and the overall Environmental Management Plan (EMP). The Project Implementation Unit (PIU) will reside within the RDA. The PIU is responsible for administrating and supervising of the contractor regarding the implementation of mitigatory measures stipulated in the EMP and any other Special Environmental conditions included in Contract Document. The EMP and Environmental Monitoring Plan (EMoP) should be a part of the bid document. All costs for environmental protection, prevention & implementation of contractors Environmental Management Action Plan (EMAP) is covered under BOQ item reference 1.2.4, and relevant specification section is 108.1. Approximate cost for environmental protection & implementation of EMAP will be 0.5% of the project cost. The contractor has to submit a statement regarding the all the cost for environmental management & protection & Supervision Consultant should approve it.

142. The contractor/s must implement all the mitigation measures described in the EMP during the construction period to mitigate all environmental impacts associated with the construction activities. The responsibilities of the Supervision Environmental Specialist (SES) include oversee the overall implementation of the EMP (for overall pakage), provide expertise knowledge, suggestions and recommendations when and where necessary to minimize/avoid/prevent any adverse environmental impacts during the pre-constructions & construction phase, coordination among the contractor (environmental manager), supervision consultant, and relevant Government Authorities (specially ESD, CEA etc.), produce separate monthly progress reports for each & every project to ESD of the RDA. ESD will be responsible for monitoring implementation of EMP during the construction phase. On behalf of the RDA the ESD will act as an independent monitor directly reporting to the General of RDA. Therefore, it is expected that RDA will provide adequate budgetary support to ESD to ensure timely and adequate monitoring of environmental mitigation and other environmental management activities.

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7.1 Environmental management Plan (EMP)

143. The EMP is an integral part of this IEE. Hence, specific EMP for the A020 (describing mitigatory, implementation and monitoring arrangements) is attached as Annex 6. The main objective of the EMP is to identify and summarize adverse environmental impacts of project on–the-ground activities for which mitigation is required along with responsible party/ies to implement mitigation measures and supervise. Please see Annex 07 for the EMP, which was prepared based on best practices on environmental management during pre-construction, construction and operation periods of the project.

144. The contractor must prepare a detail Environmental Management Action Plan (EMAP) (by updating EMP) in consultation with a professional (Environmental Manager) to highlight the mitigatory measures to minimize the anticipated environmental impacts, which arise during the construction phase. The EMAP must include all the permits / approvals to be obtained from the relevant Government Institutes/ Authorities, measure to be taken to prevent environmental pollution, methods of disposal of solid waste and other hazardous materials comply with the National rules and regulations.

145. EMP & EMoP should be a part of bid document & implementation of the EMP will be the responsibility of the contractor. 7.2 Environmental Mnitoring Plan (EMoP)

146. Environmental Monitoring Plan is a vital process in the EMP. EMoP helps in signalling the potential problems that resulting from the proposed project and will allow for prompt implementation of effective corrective measures. The Environmental Monitoring is required for both construction and operation phases of the project. The main objectives of the EMoP are

To assess the changes in environmental conditions To monitor the effective implementation of proposed mitigatory measures

147. A detailed EMoP was prepared and attached as Annex 08 of this report. In order to meet the above objectives the monitoring activities of the project such as site supervision, verification of permits, monitoring of water quality, noise and air, monitoring of solid waste disposal and dumping sites should be carried out as specified in the EMoP. The contractor must be responsible for monitoring of the quality of water, air and noise during the construction phase. Construction Supervision Consultants (CSC) and ESD of the RDA will supervise the contractor. An environmental monitoring report should be submitted to PIU of RDA.

8. FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

148. The IEE has been undertaken concerning the environmental assessment of the road rehabilitation project. The IEE shows that no major negative impacts were identified for this project. The identified moderate negative impacts are mainly associated with the construction activities. These include loss of trees and/or vegetation cover in temporary sites, soil erosion and siltation hazards on aquatic habitats and water quality impacts, disposal of debris and solid waste, extraction of construction materials, air pollution due to dust emissions, increase in accidents to people, livestock and wild animals, health hazards due to poor sanitation and unplanned settlements attracted to the RoW. All these impacts can be mitigated by properly adopting the proposed mitigatory measures.

149. There are many positive impacts associated with this development project. These include reduction of travel time and cost, increase in trade and services along the road section, providing income generating opportunities for local people, enhancement of the road safety, reduction of transport cost, vehicle operation cost, noise and air emissions due to improved road, soil erosion and water quality due to better drainage facilities etc.

150. Before the project implementation it is very important to coordinate with line agencies such as CEB, SLT, Department of Irrigation, Railway Department and NWS&BD to identify their future schedules and plans in infrastructure development projects to minimize structural damage to the road and reduce the costs associated with rehabilitation to the damaged structures.

151. Currently no baseline information is available on surface and ground water quality, ambient air

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quality and noise levels. This baseline information is highly important in implementing the EMP and EMoP. Therefore it is recommended to study and collect this base line information during the preconstruction stage, which can be used to monitor changes of the quality of water, air and noise during the construction and operation periods. Repeated sampling during the construction and operation from the same locations will help to compare those parameters and have the opportunity to evaluate effectiveness of the mitigation measures to the project impacts. Jaffana Junction 0+000 (Anuradhapura) & Rambewa town 14+480 will be suitable locations for noise & air quality monitoring while Cannel at 0+750 is suitable for surface water monitoring.

152. For this entire package (V-a) a Supervision Environmental Specialist should be appointed and for each separate road section an Environmental Manager must be appointed by the contractor in order to implement the EMP and EMoP effectively.

9. CONCLUSION

153. The proposed road rehabilitation and improvement project will create both positive and negative environmental impacts on the natural habitat and on the human environment in the project affected area. Almost all the negative environmental impacts are short-term and anticipated during the construction period. Hence, these impacts can be easily mitigated by implementing the proposed measures and the EMP.

154. According to the proposed design the proposed construction activities will be carried out within the limits of the existing RoW of the road. Apart from shifting public utilities such as electric and telephone posts etc. land acquisition is not required for proposed project.

155. There are many positive social and economic benefits associated with the proposed project. People in the project affected area will be benefitted through improved access, increase trade and services, some micro and macro level economic developments especially due to creating temporary job and service opportunities during the construction period , increase land value, reduce travel time, cost and traffic congestion, enhanced safety etc.

156. The proposed construction activities will not cause significant negative environmental impacts and most of the anticipated environmental impacts are short-term impacts and will be occurred only during pre-construction and construction periods. Appropriate measures are identified and proposed in order to mitigate the anticipated environmental impacts to acceptable levels. A detail Environmental Management Plan (EMP) and the Environment Monitoring Plan (EMoP) was prepared and presented with the IEE.

157. In conclusion, The IEE has identified a range of potential negative and positive impacts due to the implementation of the project and proposed suitable mitigatory measures to reduce the anticipated impacts along with a detail EMP and EMoP. Anticipated impacts can be easily mitigated to a s acceptable levels by implementing the EMP and EMoP effectively. Therefore no detail EIA study is required and this IEE is considered as a final environmental Assessment of the Anuradhapura- Rambewa road development project.

10. REFERENCES

i. National Environmental Act No 47 of 1980 and its amendments/ Rules and regulations published in the Extraordinary Gazette Notifications

ii. Environmental Safeguards Compliance Manual prepared under the Technical Assistance Project (TA: 4736-SRI); Capacity Building for Environment & Social Division (ESD) of the Road Development Authority (RDA), Submitted for Review & Approval to the Board of Directors, RDA of the Ministry of Highways & Road Development, Colombo, Sri Lanka, June, 2007

iii. Arjuna’s Atlas of Sri Lanka,(1997). ISBN 955-9276-04-02 iv. Pethiyagoda R and Ruwan Rodrigo (1993). A provisional index to a revised handbook

to the flora of Ceylon. Wildlife Heritage Trust of Sri Lanka. v. Bernard d’ Abrera (1998). The butterflies of Ceylon Wildlife Heritage Trust of Sri

Lanka.

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vi. Senaratna, L.K. (2001). A Check List of the Flowering Plants of Sri Lanka. Natn. Sc. Foundation, Sri Lanka, 451 pp.

vii. A field guide to the birds of Sri Lanka (1999). John Harrison. Oxford University Press, New York

viii. The 2007 Red List of Threatened Fauna and Flora of Sri Lanka ix. IUCN Sri Lanka and the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources (2007). The

2007 Red List of Threatened Fauna and Flora of Sri Lanka, Colombo, Sri Lanka. xiii+148 pp.

x. An illustrated guide to the butterflies of Sri Lanka (2007). R.N.Gamage, ISBN 978-955-50360-0-9, Tharanjee Prints, Maharagama

Sources of Data and Information

xi. National Building Research Organization xii. Department of Survey xiii. Meteorological Department xiv. Department of Zoology, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya xv. The National Herbarium, Royal Botanical Garden, Peradeniya xvi. National Water Supply and Drainage Board - Anuradhapura xvii. Department of Wildlife Conservation- Anuradhapura xviii. Department of Forest Conservation- Anuradhapura xix. Local people

Contributors/authors S.K. Kahawatta (B.Sc.) P.G Diploma in Environmental Management (Germany) M.M.S.I. Karunarathna (B.Sc., M.Phil) Fulbright Scholar (Harvard University) 2007 Environmental and Social Safeguard Specialist RERED Project, DFCC Bank E.M.A.B. Pushpakumara Field Assistant, Fauna and Flora identification

Annex 01: 1:60,000 Location Diagram

Annex 02: REA checklist

ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIAL DIVISION (ESD), ROADS DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) Checklist and Project Classification

Instructions: This checklist is to be prepared to support the environmental classification of a project This checklist is to be completed by the Environment Officer of the ESD of RDA. This checklist focuses on environmental issues and concerns. To ensure that social dimensions are

adequately considered, refer also to checklists and guidelines on (i) involuntary resettlement, (ii) indigenous peoples planning, (iii) poverty reduction, (iv) participation, and (v) gender and development.

Answer the questions assuming the “without mitigation” case. The purpose is to identify potential impacts. Use the “remarks” section to discuss any anticipated mitigation measures.

Project Name: Project Location:

SCREENING QUESTIONS Yes No REMARKS A. Project Siting Is the Project area adjacent to or within any of the following environmentally sensitive areas?

Cultural heritage site

X

The road traverses through Rama Kele archaeological reserve (1.6km-1.75km) near the Farm Technology Training Center and Faculty of Agriculture of Rajarata University in Puliyankulama. Impacts can be mitigated by using only existing ROW in order to avoid

any encroachment, demarcating the boundaries of the

archaeological site along the road section with the consultation of the Department of Archaeology to avoid any construction vehicle moving into the area

strict labour supervision to stop undue entering to the reservation area and

supervision by officials from the Dept. of Archaeology during the construction within the section of the reserve.

Protected Area

X

Northern Roads Connectivity Project Rehabilitation and Overlaying of Anuradhapura -Rambewa (A020) highway

Road section starts from Anuradhapura (0.00km) and ends at Rambewa (14.48km) The road runs through 06 Grama Niladhari Division (GNDs) in Central Nuwaragam Palatha Divisional Secretariat (DS) Division and 03 Grama Niladhari Division in Rambewa DS divisions located in the Anuradhapura District in North Central province of Sri Lanka.

2

SCREENING QUESTIONS Yes No REMARKS

Wetland X

The road crosses Mankadawala wewa (6,2km–7.6km) & bordering Gonewa tank (11.5kmLHS) and Paddy fields. Impacts can be mitigated by: Preparing a proper time table with particular

construction activities in consideration with the climatic conditions for those specific areas.

Avoiding temporary structures, stockpiling or tipping of materials, dumping of leftovers on wetlands.

Arresting washout of soil, all debris & residual materials towards these specific areas .

Avoiding unduly expose of embankment slopes to erosive forces.

Adopting other appropriate measures

The wetland area inundated only during rainy season and remains for a short period & during that time aquatic plants will grow in shallow water. Considered wetlands are not categorized under “Ramzar convention”.

Mangrove

X

Estuarine

X

Buffer zone of protected area

X

Special area for protecting biodiversity

X

B. Potential Environmental Impacts Will the Project cause

encroachment on historical/cultural areas; disfiguration of landscape by road embankments, cuts, fills, and quarries?

X

The road traverses through Rama Kele archaeological reserve (1.6km-1.75km). However the existing ROW is enough for the road widening (if required). Since all the project area can be considered as almost flat area, no major cuts or fills will be involved. Hence, disfiguration of landscape by road embankment is minimal.

However, existing embankments will be rehabilitated according to the widening requirement of the shoulders by maintaining the slops according to the soil type (high embankment will be protected with grass sodding)

encroachment on precious ecology (e.g. sensitive or protected areas)?

X

3

SCREENING QUESTIONS Yes No REMARKS

alteration of surface water hydrology of waterways crossed by roads, resulting in increased sediment in streams affected by increased soil erosion at construction site?

X

There will be temporary impacts on surface hydrology during the construction phase especially due to construction or rehabilitation of bridges & culverts and also construction of longitudinal drainage & embankment. However these impacts can be easily mitigated by implementing the mitigatory measures in the EMP.

deterioration of surface water quality due to silt runoff and sanitary wastes from worker-based camps and chemicals used in construction?

X

This is also a temporary impact during the construction phase and can be easily mitigated by keeping greater distance between

stockpiles of materials & water bodies in order to avoid the disturbance of natural drainage.

covering the construction materials & stockpiles with suitable materials

introducing oil & grease traps and other appropriate waste water treatment systems for concrete batching plant, asphalt plant & vehicle servicing area.

Providing proper drainage system, soil erosion barriers & manholes in selected places on the drainage system at all construction material exploitation sites and storage sites.

providing properly designed sanitation facilities at worker based camps

using skilled personals for handling chemicals in order to avoid contamination of nearby water sources.

planning civil works during dry weather

4

SCREENING QUESTIONS Yes No REMARKS

increased local air pollution due to rock crushing, cutting and filling works, and chemicals from asphalt processing?

X

The main construction activities that cause air pollution are earth works (excavation and dredging), quarry operations, crushers, asphalt plants etc. In addition heavy vehicles and machineries emit smoke and fine particles. However all these impacts are temporarily and anticipated during the construction phase. These temporary impact anticipated during the construction phase can be minimized up to the acceptable levels by Regular spraying of water at crusher plant,

working areas, filling areas of embankment, Loading of wet raw materials to the plants,

covering of conveyer belts, Sitting of crusher plants, asphalt & hot-mix

plants away from the human settlement & downwind of close sensitive receptors. Carefully handling of chemicals which are use for the hot-mix plant.

adhering to all conditions stipulated in the environmental clearance/recommendation which is required to establish quarry sites, crushing plant, concrete batching plant & asphalt plant.

adhering to all conditions stipulated in the Environmental Protection Licence (for operation of quarry sites, crushing plant, concrete batching plant & asphalt plant ) & industrial Mining Licence (for operation of quarry sites).

using standard mitigation measures in consultation of relevant authorities.

Implementing EMP & EMoP

5

SCREENING QUESTIONS Yes No REMARKS

noise and vibration due to blasting and other civil works? X

noise impacts will be significant during construction periods due to increase of vehicular movements and machinery operations, blasting and crushing operations, material transport etc. The impacts of blasting at quarry sites on nearby residents include disturbances due to increased noise, vibrations and safety hazards due to fly rocks

. Impacts during the construction phase can be minimized up to the acceptable levels by Operating of heavy machineries only during

the day time, Using well equipped properly tuned and

regularly maintained heavy construction equipments and vehicles.

Using controlling devices such as exhaust silencers can be used to control noise.

Sitting of crusher plants, concrete batching plant & asphalt plant as much a away from the residential areas.

Jaw of the crusher can be installed in a sound proof area.

drum of the crusher plant can be covered with maintaining appropriate height between mesh & the cover

carrying out controlled blasting at regular intervals by experienced workers using adequate blasting strength and by informing to the people in the vicinity.

using standard mitigation measures with the consultation of relevant authorities.

adhering all conditions stipulated in the

environmental clearance/recommendation which is required to establish quarry sites.

adhering all conditions stipulated in the Environmental Protection Licence & industrial Mining Licence (required for operation of quarry sites).

dislocation or involuntary resettlement of people

X

Although there is no land acquisition involved to this project, less than 05 temporary structures (encroachment of the ROW) of the road side may need to be shifted according to the practical ground situation. There are enough spaces to relocate these structures beyond the RoW. However, this can be mitigated by shifting alignment within the ROW if practical. Suitable compensation could be given for any temporary loss of livelihood activities during the construction period.

6

SCREENING QUESTIONS Yes No REMARKS

other social concerns relating to inconveniences in living conditions in the project areas that may trigger cases of upper respiratory problems and stress?

X

Temporary inconveniences (to the people living along the road side) may occur during the construction phase (specially in the dry season) due to the dispersion of dust by the wind & moving vehicles. Impacts can be mitigated by watering the places where & when

necessary. covering the construction materials &

stockpiles with suitable materials temporary covering the debris and other

residual materials until those are disposed to the approved location.

Introducing the speed limits during the construction phase with the consultation of officials of RDA and the police station of the area.

hazardous driving conditions where construction interferes with pre-existing roads?

X

Poor sanitation and solid waste disposal in construction camps and work sites, and possible transmission of communicable diseases from workers to local populations?

X

Impacts can be mitigated by providing proper sanitation facilities at

labour camps conducting awareness programs & special

briefing of the workers on sanitation providing proper disposal systems for

labour camps (designated disposal site) However, this impact can be mitigated up to considerable amount by mobilizing skilled & unskilled labour force as much as possible from the surrounding project area.

creation of temporary breeding habitats for mosquito vectors of disease? X

Conducting civil works during the dry season would be the best option to avoid creation of temporary breeding habitats for mosquitoes. Impacts will be minimal due to limited earthworks.

dislocation and compulsory resettlement of people living in right-of-way?

X

Less than 05 temporary structures (encroachment of the ROW) of the road may need to be shifted to facilitate construction. These structures could be relocated beyond the RoW. However, this can be mitigated by shifting alignment within the ROW if practical.

7

SCREENING QUESTIONS Yes No REMARKS

accident risks associated with increased vehicular traffic, leading to accidental spills of toxic materials and loss of life?

X

According to the traffic survey carried out by the design consultants the annual daily traffic (ADT) values of the road is 1807

This road carries a mix of traffic ranging from small and large vehicles such as bicycles, motorcycles, cars, van, farm vehicles, mini buses, large buses, light trucks, medium trucks, heavy trucks, and multi axial vehicles etc. This road section is mainly used for transporting passengers from north region to the north-central region of the country and lorries that transport vegetables, fruits and other products from farmlands to markets.

However, displaying sign boards speed limits, where the places are necessary, placing chevron marks at bends, pedestrian crossings near schools, hospitals, and settlement areas would be beneficial.

increased noise and air pollution resulting from traffic volume? X

During the operational stage, displaying of warning signs boards at sensitive locations such as schools and places of worship would be helpful in order to minimize the impact. Implementation of EMP (to minimize the impact) & EMoP (to monitor air quality ) during the operational phase would also be beneficial.

increased risk of water pollution from oil, grease and fuel spills, and other materials from vehicles using the road?

X

By increasing the surface conditions & enough width of the road, breakdowns & unavoidable accident risk is minimal. Hence, there is no risk from oil, grease & fuel spills. However, introducing the speed limits relevant to the specific ground situation of the road sections with the consultation of the police station of the area during the operational stage would be helpful for better results.

Proposed Environmental Classification: A B

√

8

Remarks Anuradhapura – Rambewa via Saliyapura (A-020) road begins at Anuradhapura (Jaffna Junction 0.00) approximately 2km from Anuradhapura City center and ends at Rambewa(14.48). This is one of the major roads connecting to the A 009 road with shortest distance from Anuradhapura (North-Central Region) towards Medawachchiya & Vauniya. This road has been developed & widening up to certain extent during the period of 2006-2007. It is proposed to carry out this rehabilitation, widening (7.0m wide carriage way, 1.5m hard shoulder and 1m soft shoulder at each side) & overlaying project within the existing Right of Way (RoW) to minimize land acquisition and other impacts as well as reduce the cost. Hence there will be no resettlement impacts. Very few encroachments of temporary structures within the existing ROW could be easily replaced & setback beyond the RoW since most of the road side vendors having their residences behind the temporary structures. Therefore, this project could be classified as Category B project where an initial Environmental Examination will be sufficient with an EMP and EMoP. During construction and operational phases it is compulsory to implement the EMP and EMoP to avoid/ minimize impacts stated above. REA Checklist Prepared By: S.K. Kahawatta Environmental Specialist (egis bceom International) North Road Connectivity Project – Package V-a Date Prepared: 28th January 2010

Annex 03: Typical cross section

Annex 04 Strip Plan

Annex 05: Flora of the Project Area

Annex 05 Flora of Project Area - A20 Anuradhapura-Rambewa

Species Name Common Name Life Form Conservation StatusFamily AnacardiaceaeMangifera indica Amba Tree IntroducedAnacardium occidentale Caju Tree IntroducedSpondias dulcis Amberella Tree IntroducedLannea coromandelica Hik Tree NativeFamily AnnonaceaePolyalthia longifolia Willow Tree IntroducedAnnona cherimola Anoda Tree IntroducedFamily ApocynaceaeThevetia peruviana Kaneru Small tree IntroducedPlumeria rubra Araliya Tree IntroducedFamily ArecaceaeBorassus flabellifer Tal Tree NativePhoenix farinifera Wal idi Tree NativeCocus nucifera Pol Tree IntroducedCaryota urens Kithul Tree NativeFamily AsclepiadaceaeCalotropis gigantea Wara Shrub NativeFamily AsteraceaeEupotorium oderatum Podisinno Herb NativeFamily BignoniaceaeTecoma stans Kalani thissa Small tree IntroducedFamily BombacaceaeBombax ceiba Katu ibul Tree NativeFamily BoraginaceaeCordia dichotoma Lolu Tree NativeFamily CappridaceaeCapparis brevispina Waldehi Shrub NativeFamily CaricaceaeCarica papaya Gas Labu Small tree IntroducedFamily CombretaceaeTerminalia arjuna Kubuk Tree NativeTerminalia catappa Kottamba Tree NativeTerminalia bellirica Bulu Tree NativeCucurbitaceaeCoccinia grandis Kowakka Liana NativeFamily EbenaceaeDiospyros ebenum Kaluwara Tree NativeDiospyros chaetocarpa Kalu mediriya Tree EndemicFamily EuphorbiaceaeDrypetes sepiaria Weera Tree NativeManihot esculenta Maiokka IntroducedFlueggea leucopyrs Katu pila Shrub NativePhyllanthus polyphyllus Kuretiya Small tree NativePhyllanthus emblica Nelli Tree NativeBridelia retusa Keta kala Tree NativeRicinus communis Edaru Small tree NativeFamily EuphorbiaceaeJatropha curcas Wet edaru Small tree NativeFamily FabaceaeNeptunia oleracea Diya nidikumba Shrub NativeTamarindus indica Siyabala Tree IntroducedDerris scandens Kalawel Liana Native

Page 1 of 3

Species Name Common Name Life Form Conservation StatusBauhinia racemosa Maila Tree NativeLeucaena leucocephala Ipil ipil Tree NativeSamanea saman Mara Tree IntroducedCassia spectabilis Kahakona Tree NativeGliricidia sepium Ginisiriya Small Tree NativeMimosa pudica Nidikumba Herb NativeClitoria ternatea Katu rolu Liana NativeCassia sp Small tree NativeCassia fistula Ehela Tree NativeAlbizia sp Tree NativeAcasia nilotica Tree IntroducedFamily FlacourtiaceaeFlacourtia indica Ugurassa Tree NativeFamily LecythidaceaeBarringtonia racemosa Diya medella Small tree NativeFamily LoganiaceaeStrychnos sp Kaduru Tree NativeStrychnos potatorum Ingini Tree NativeFamily MalvaceaeSida cordata Bevila Herb NativeFamily MarantaceaeThespesia populnea Gansooriya Tree NativeFamily MeliaceaeAzadirachta indica Kohomba Native TreeSwietenia mahagoni Mahogani Tree IntroducedMelia azedarach Lunu midella Tree NativeFamily MoraceaeFicus religiosa Bo Tree NativeFicus arnottiana Kaudu-bo Tree NativeFicus benghalensis Maha nuga Tree NativeArtocapus heterophyllus Kos Tree IntroducedFicus racemosa Attikka Tree NativeStreblus asper Nitul Tree NativeFamily MusaceaeMusa sp Kesel Tree IntroducedFamily MyrtaceaePsidum guawa Pera Tree IntroducedSyzygium gardneri Damba Tree NativePsidium guajava Pera Tree IntroducedSyzygium cumini Madan Tree Native

Family PoaceaePanicum maximum Gini-tana Grass NativeFamily RhamnaceaeZiziphus oenoplia Eraminiya Liana NativeFamily RubiaceaePavetta blanda Pavatta Small Tree NativeIxora sp Small tree NativeMitragyna tubulosa Helamba Tree NativeIxora arboria Bulath-karaw Tree NativeHaldina cordifolia Kolon Tree NativeFamily RutaceaeLimonia acidissima Diwul Tree Native

Page 2 of 3

Species Name Common Name Life Form Conservation Status

Chloroxylon swietenia Burutha Tree NativeFamily SapindaceaeDimocarpus longan Mora Tree NativeFilicium decipiens Pehibiya Tree NativeSchleichera oleosa Kon Tree NativeLepisanthes tettraphylla Dambu Tree NativeFamily SapotaceaeMadhuca longifolia Mi Native TreeManilkara hexandra Palu Tree NativeChrysophyllum roxburghii Lawulu Tree NativeFamily SterculiaceaeHelicteres isora Liniya Small tree NativeFamily TiliaceaeMuntingia calabura Jam Tree NativeGrewia orientalis Keliya Liana NativeGrewia damine Damaniya Tree NativeBerrya cordifolia Hal milla Tree NativeFamily UlmaceaeHoloptelea integrifolia Goda kirilla Tree NativeFamily UrticaceaeTrema orientalis Gadumba Tree NativeFamily VerbenaceaeGmelina asiatica Demata Shrub NativeVitex altissima Milla Tree NativeVitex nigundo Nika Small Tree NativeLantana camara Gadapana Shrub InvasiveTectona grandis Tekka Tree IntroducedPremna tomentosa Seru Tree Native

Page 3 of 3

Annex 06: Fauna of the Project Area

Annex 06 Fauna of the Project Area - A020 Anuradhapura-Rambew

Group Species Name Common Name Local Name S. Status C.status

Family - Pteropodidae

Pteropus giganteus Flying fox Ma-vavula Indigenous

Family - Cercopithecidae

Macaca sinica sinica Sri Lanka toque monkey Sri Lanka Rilawa Endemic

Semnopithecus priam Grey langur Eli-wdura Indigenous

Family - Felidae

Felis chaus Jungle cat Wal Balala Indigenous VU

Family - Herpestidae

Herpestes brachyurus Brown mongoose Bora Mugatiya Indigenous

Family - Viverridae

Paradoxurus hermaphoditus Palm cat Uguduwa Indigenous

Paradoxurus zeylonensis Sri Lanka golden palm cat Sri Lanka Ran Kalawedda Endemic VU

Viverricula indica Ring-tailed civet Urulewa Indigenous

Family - Suidae

Sus scrofa Wild boar Wal Ura Indigenous

Family - Hystricidae

Hystrix indica Procupine Ittewa Indigenous

Family - Sciuridae

Funambulus palmarum Palm squirrel Leena Indigenous

Ratufa macroura Giant squirrel Dandu-leena Indigenous VU

Family - Leporidae

Lepus nigricollis Black-naped hare Wal Hawa Indigenous

Family - Phasianidae

Gallus lafayetii Sri Lanka Junglefowl Sri Lanka Wali-kukula Endemic

Pavo cristatus Indian Peafowl Monora/ Sebeda BrR

Family - Anatidae

Dendrocygna javanica Lesser Whistling-duck Heen Thamba-seruwa BrR

Family - Ramphastidae

Megalaima zeylanica Brown-headed Barbet Polos Kottoruwa BrR

Family - Bucerotidae

Ocyceros gingalensis Sri Lanka Grey Hornbill Sri Lanka Alu Kandaththa Endemic

Anthracoceros coronatus Malabar Pied Hornbill Poru-Kandaththa BrR

Family - Coraciidae

Coracias benghalensis Indian Roller Dumbonna BrR

Family - Alcedinidae

Halcyon smyrnensis White-throated Kingfisher Layasudu Madi-pilihuduwa BrR

Alcedo atthis Common Kingfisher Mal Pilihuduwa BrR

Family - Meropidae

Merops orientalis Green Bee-eater Punchi Binguharaya BrR

Family - Cuculidae

Centropus sinensis Greater Coucal Ati-kukula BrR

Family - Psittacidae

Psittacula eupatria Alexandrine Parakeet Labu Girawa BrR

Family - Columbidae

Streptopelia chinensis Spotted Dove Alu Kobeiyya BrR

Mammals

Birds

Birds

Page 1 of 4

Group Species Name Common Name Local Name S. Status C.status

Family - Rallidae

Amaurornis phoenicurus White-breasted Waterhen Laya-sudu Korawakka BrR

Family - Rallidae

Porphyrio porphyrio Purple Swamphen Podu Dam-kithala BrR

Family - Jacanidae

Hydrophasianus chirurgus Pheasant-tailed Jacana Savul-penda Diyasaana BrR

Family - Charadriidae

Vanellus indicus Red-wattled Lapwing Rath-yatimal Kirella BrR

Family - Accipitridae

Haliastur indus Brahminy Kite Bamunu Piyakussa BrR

Spilornis cheela Crested Serpent Eagle Silu Sarapakussa BrR

Spizaetus cirrhatus Changeable Hawk Eagle Perali Kondakussa BrR

Family - Phalacrocoracidae

Phalacrocorax niger Little Cormorant Punchi Diyakava BrR

Phalacrocorax fuscicollis Indian Cormorant Indu Diyakava BrR

Family - Ardeidae

Egretta garzetta Little Egret Punchi Ali-koka BrR

Ardea cinerea Grey Heron Alu Koka BrR

Ardea purpurea Purple Heron Karawal Koka BrR

Casmerodius albus Great Egret Maha Sudu-koka BrR

Mesophoyx intermedia Intermediate Egret Sudu Madi-koka BrR

Bubulcus ibis Cattle Egret Gava-koka BrR

Ardeola grayii Pond Heron Kana-koka BrR

Family - Threskiornithidae

Threskiornis melanocephalus Black-headed Ibis Indu Sudu Dakaththa BrR NT

Platalea leucorodia Eurasian Spoonbill Eurasiya Handialawa BrR

Family - Ciconiidae

Mycteria leucocephala Painted Stork Lathuwakiya BrR NT

Anastomus oscitans Asian Openbill Asia Vivarathuduwa BrR

Ciconia episcopus Woolly-necked Stork Padili Manawa BrR NT

Family - Oriolidae

Oriolus xanthornus Black-hooded Oriole Kahakurulla BrR

Family - Monarchidae

Terpsiphone paradisi Asian Paradise- flycathcher Asia Rahanmara BrR/WV

Family - Corvidae

Corvus splendens House Crow Kolamba Kaputa BrR

Corvus levaillantii Large-billed Crow Kalu Kaputa BrR

Family - Muscicapidae

Copsychus saularis Oriental Magpie Robin Polkichcha BrR

Saxicoloides fulicata Indian Robin Indu Kalukichcha BrR

Family - Sturnidae

Acridotheres tristis Common Myna Mayna BrR

Family - Sylviidae

Orthotomus sutorius Common Tailorbird Battichcha BrR

Family - Timalidae

Turdoides affinis Yellow-billed Babbler Demalichcha BrR

Family - Alaudidae

Alauda gulgula Oriental Skylark Peradigu Ahas Thulikawa BrR

Family - Nectariniidae

Birds

Page 2 of 4

Group Species Name Common Name Local Name S. Status C.status

Nectarina zeylonica Purple-rumped Sunbird Nithamba Dam Sutikka BrR

Nectarina lotenia Loten’s Sunbird Lotenge Sutikka BrR

Family - Passeridae

Passer domesticus House Sparrow Gekurulla BrR

Family - Motacillidae

Motacilla flava Yellow Wagtail Kaha Halapenda WV

Family - Estrididae

Lonchura malacca Black-headed Munia Hisakalu Weekurulla BrR

Family - Bataguridae

Melanochelys trijuga Parker's black turtle Parkerge gal ibba Indigenous NT

Family - Trionychidae

Lissemys punctata Flapshell turtle Kiri ibba Indigenous VU

Family - Agamidae

Calotes calotes Green garden lizard Pala katussa Indigenous

Calotes versicolor Common garden lizard Gara katussa Indigenous

Family - Scincidae

Eutropis carinata Common skink Sulaba hikanala Indigenous

Eutropis macularia Bronzegreen little skink Pingu hikanala Indigenous

Lankascincus fallax Common lankaskink Sulaba lakhiraluva Endemic

Family - Varanidae

Varanus bengalensis Land monitor Talagoya Indigenous

Varanus salvator Water monitor Kabaragoya Indigenous

Family - Boidae

Python molurus Indian python Pimbura Indigenous

Family - Cylindrophidae

Cylindrophis maculata Sri Lanka Pipe snake Depath naya Endemic NT

Family - Colubridae

Ahaetulla nasuta Green vine snake Ahaetulla Indigenous

Amphiesma stolatum Buff striped keelback Aharukuka Indigenous

Boiga forsteni Forsten’s cat snake Naga mapila Indigenous

Coeloganthus helena Trinket snake Katakaluwa Indigenous

Family - Elapidae

Bungarus caeruleus The common krait Thel karawala Indigenous

Naja naja Indian cobra Naya Indigenous

Family - Viperidae

Daboia russelii Russell’s viper Tith polonga. Indigenous

Hypnale hypnale The Merrem’s hump nose viper Polon thelissa Indigenous

Family - Papilionidae

Pachliopta aristolochiae Common rose Podu rosa papilia Indigenous

Papilio polymnestor Blue mormon Maha nilaya IndigenousGraphium agamemnon Green jay / Tailed jay Kola papilia Indigenous

Family - Pieridae

Delias eucharis Jezebel Podu Maha-sudda Indigenous

Appias albina Common albatross Podu sudana Indigenous

Hebomoia glaucippe Great orange tip Yoda sudana Indigenous

Catopsilia pomona Lemon emigrant Kaha piyasariya Indigenous

Eurema hecabe Common grass yellow Maha kahakolaya Indigenous

Butterflies

Reptiles

Reptiles

Page 3 of 4

Group Species Name Common Name Local Name S. Status C.status

Family - NymphalidaeParantica aglea Glassy tiger Suduwan nil-kotithiya Indigenous

Danaus chrysippus Plain tiger Podu koti-thambiliya Indigenous

Euploea core Common crow Podu kaka-kotithiyaya Indigenous

Phalantha phantha Leopard Podu thith-thambiliya Indigenous

Junonia lemonias Lemon pansy Dumburuwan alankarikya Indigenous

Junonia iphita Chocolate soldier Podu alankarikya Indigenous

Ypthima ceylonica White four-ring Podu heen-dumburuwa Indigenous

BrR Breeding Resident

WV Winter Visitor

NT National threaten

VU Vulnerable

Page 4 of 4

Annex 07: Environmental Management Plan (EMP)

Page 1 of 25

Annex 7- Environmental Management Plan for Anuradhapura-Rambewe Section of A020 Highway

Institutional responsibility Potential Environmental Impact

Mitigatory Measures Approximate Location

Mitigation Cost Implementation Supervision

Environmental Parameters to be Reflected in the EMoP

A. Pre construction and Construction stage 1. Effects on private properties and religious places Although there is no land acquisition involved to this project, less than 05 temporary structures (encroachment of the RoW used to build temporary boutiques & retail centers) of the road side may need to be shifted with the necessity of the practical ground. *Loss of livelihood

Review the design to shift alignment as much as possible where it can be done within the RoW. Relocate these temporary structures outside the RoW of the new road reservation. Rebuilding of wire fences, boundary walls etc. by the contractor. Compensate all businessmen who have to shut down their businesses temporarily during civil works. Compensatory measures should be determined with the affected community and shall be given based on RDA’s Ex-gratia package for any temporary loss of livelihood activities during the construction period. If the project activities are involved near the paddy fields (within the RoW) prior approval should be obtained from DoAS (compulsory) and CEA(if necessary according the part iv C of the NEA N0.47 of 1980 & Gazette notification No.772/22 of 24th June 1993)

Where the places are necessary to relocate the temporary structures after finalizing the design.

Design cost & budget estimate of the resettlement or compensating Plan

RDA/PIU through the relevant Divisional Secretaries of the project area

Divisional Secretary / Land Acquisition & Resettlement Division of RDA

Land Acquisition Act: NIRP, RDA Ex-gratia package Agrarian Service Act.

2. Removal of public utilities

Prior to commencement of the construction activities, consent and consultation should be taken from relevant s e r v i c e p r o v i d e r s ( C E B / NWSDB /SLT/DoR) if sections of utility lines need to be shifted due to design requirements or shift in alignment. Approval should be obtained from DoI for

Locations should be finalized with the final design. Railway crossing at 0+850 Post Box at

Cost estimated by line agencies (RDA / SLT / CEB / NWSDB)

RDA/ PIU RDA/CEB/ NWSDB/SLT/ DoI

Technical specification stipulated by the concerned agencies

Page 2 of 25

any proposed construction works on irrigation canals. Well trained, experienced workers and machine operators should be employed under strict supervision to reduce the damage to public utilities as well as private properties during the removal and re-establishment process Advance notices should be given verbally as well as using media.to the public about the date time and the duration of the utility disruption. Substitute sources of water and other utilities during the disruption period, and reestablishment of the public utilities as soon as possible. There should be an arrangement for manual signaling until the signal room relocate away from the place where it located at present.

8+550

.3. Impacts on archaeological sites due to constructions

Use of available existing ROW for the road rehabilitation works in order to avoid any encroachment, Review the design s (within this section of road) to adjust to the practical ground situation (reduce the width of soft shoulder or/and hard shoulder etc.). Contractor should demarcate the boundaries of the archaeological site along the road section with consultation of the Department of Archaeology prior to commencement of civil work to avoid any construction vehicles moving into the area. Strict labour supervision should be conducted by the contractor to stop undue entering to the reservation area. Construction works within this road section should be done under the supervision of officials from the DoA during the construction within the section of the

Rama Kele archaeological reserve (1+600 - 1+750km) near the Farm Technology Training Center and Faculty of Agriculture of Rajarata University in Puliyankulama

Design cost Contractor/ design engineer

PIU/SC/RDA/DoA

Antiquities Ordinance of 1940 (Revised in 1956 & 1998)

Page 3 of 25

Chance Archaeological findings All fossils, coins, articles of value of antiquity and structures and other remains or things of geological or archaeological interest etc. discovered on the site

reserve. The contractor shall take reasonable precaution to prevent his workmen or any other persons from removing and damaging any such article or thing and shall, immediately upon discovery thereof and before removal acquaint the Engineer of such discovery and carry out the Engineer’s instructions for dealing with the same, awaiting which all work shall be stopped within 100m in all directions from the site of discovery. If directed by the Engineers the Contractor shall obtain advice and assistance from the Department of Archaeological of Sri Lanka on conservation measures to be taken with regard to the artifacts prior to recommencement of work in the area.

Along the road trace

contractor

PIU/SC/RDA/DoA

4. Access to public utilities

Access to public utilities should be clearly marked within the road reservation

Where necessary throughout the road section

Cost estimated by RDA

Line agencies SC/RDA Based on RDA rules and regulations

5. Removal of road side trees,

No trees required to remove However, it is recommended to develop tree planting program to replant native species along the road side.

Entire road section

Contractor (Under Supervision of SC)

6. Temporary use of lands

Labour camps, project office, vehicle parking areas, material storage, crushing plant, asphalt plant & concrete batching plant etc. should be placed at least 500 m away from water bodies, water intakes, natural flow paths, important ecological habitats and residential areas. Selection of site for these facilities by adhering local laws and regulations and in close consultation with LAs & DS. Pay compensation / rent for using the site and get an official permit from the agencies if any public utilities will be used for its

Locations as identified by the contractor.

Engineering cost

Contractor RDA/ LA/DS/CEA National Emission Standards(stated in the Gazette notification No. 1562/22 of 15.08.2008) and water quality standards (stated in the Gazette Notification No. 1534/18 of 01.02.2008)

Page 4 of 25

facilities. In establishing these facilities, the contractor should minimize removal of trees and other green cover vegetation as much as possible.

7. Location and operation of migrant labor Camp

Mobilizing maximum capacity of skilled & unskilled labour force from the surrounding project area. Identify location of worker camps in consultation with Grama Niladharies (GNs) assuring that worker camps are satisfactory in terms of hygiene, cleanliness and safety. The location shall be subject to approval by the LA. Camps shall not be located near water bodies, water ways, and human settlements or near drinking water supply intakes. Removal of trees shall be avoided and removal of vegetation shall be minimized. Adequate water supply, drainage, proper sanitary facilities and ventilations shall be provided for worker camps. All sewage generated from the worker camps should direct to the properly designed septic tanks and other domestic waste water should direct to the covered soakage pits. Contractor should adopt strict labour supervision to avoid any conflicts arising due to migrant labour. Regular awareness programs should be conducted at worker camps on sanitation and disease in order to avoid any worker camp waste being disposed at settlement areas & waterways. Awareness & counseling programmes should be conducted on behavior and communal diseases. Regular monitoring of the worker camps in consultation with Public health inspector (PHI) At the conclusion of the project, all debris &

Places where the labour camps to be located.

Engineering cost

Contractor DS/LA RDA/PIU, with assistance from supervision consultant and ESD/MOH/ PHI

None

Page 5 of 25

waste, temporary structures including office buildings, shelters and toilets shall be removed by the contractor. Exposed areas shall be planted with suitable vegetation. The RDA, SC and LA shall inspect and report that the camp has been vacated and restored to pre-project conditions before the final payments.

8. Solid waste disposal and sanitation

Provision of proper solid waste disposal, sanitation and sewage facilities at all sites for the construction/labor camps, and other construction sites by adhering the guidance from CEA. Briefing & promoting all staff members to manage their solid wastes (including 3R, separation transportation & proper disposal). Garbage bins should be provided to all workers’ camps and construction sites, and should be disposed regularly in a hygienic manner with the consultation of the PHI & LA in the area. Solid waste should be disposed only in a suitable locations (at least 500m away from waterways, water bodies, & human settlement) approved by the LA/CEA. Any kind of solid wastes should not be disposed in a water body or likely to be entered to a water body & should not be burnt in an open within or outside the camp. Ensuring the cleanliness of the worker camps at all times by regular maintenance & frequent audits. Adequate supply of waters should be provided to the urinals, toilets and wash rooms of the worker camps. Proper drainage facilities should be implemented in and around the worker based camp and other construction sites to minimize stagnation of waste.

Labor camps, construction sites, offices, disposal sites

Engineering cost

Contractor RDA/SC PHI/CEA Laws and regulations of respective LAs

Page 6 of 25

At the conclusion of the project, all debris and waste shall be removed in pre-selected and approved locations by Local Authorities.

9 Debris, Spoil and Construction Waste Disposal

Rough estimate should be made by the contractor for the amounts and types of residual spoil materials (left earth, sand, and rock etc,), debris and construction waste to be generated by the project. Construction waste & debris management plan should be prepared according to the rough estimate & submitted to the SC and PIU to obtained approval at least one month prior to commencement of the project. Investigate whether this waste can be reused within the project (earth berms, noise barriers, back-filling, and amenity planting at intersections) or by other interested parties up to maximum practicable extent. Suitable and safest locations for the dumping or landfill sites with sufficient capacity (according to the rough estimate & at least 500m away from the waterways, water bodies & human settlement) should be identified at least one month prior to the commencement of the civil work & approval should be obtained from the relevant authorities (LA, CEA-if necessary according to the Gazette notification No.772/22 of 24th June 1993). Proper engineering design (including drainage and erosion control facilities) should be prepared by the contractor and approval should be obtained from the SC prior to dumping at the each identified site. Dumping should be done only after receiving approvals from the necessary authorities and obtaining the SC's approval on the proposed engineering design of the

All disposal sites. Engineering cost

Contractor RDA/ PIU/SC PHI/CEA/LA

water quality standards/ Laws and regulations of respective LAs

Page 7 of 25

site Piling up of loose materials should be done in dumping/landfill site to arrest washing out of soil. Debris shall not be left where it may be carried out by runoff into any agricultural or paddy lands, waterways, water bodies. Proper drainage paths and or drainage facilities should be established. Machinery should be properly maintained to minimize oil spill during the construction. All types of vehicle servicing activities should be carried out in a properly design servicing area equipped with oil & grease separator. Used oil and lubricants shall be recovered and reused or removed from the site in an environmental friendly manner. Waste oil must not be burned in an open area.

10 Extraction of construction materials

As much as possible, direct transportation of the exploited construction material from generated location to the fill section should be practiced without keeping the exploited material in temporary storage. Fill sections should be marked on a map for the entire trace considering distance of transport, easiness of transport, construction process etc. prior to commencement of the construction. Map should be revised regularly depending on the progress of construction. Proper management plan of filling operations within the trace should be maintained to minimize the distance of transport and temporary storage of excavated material which can be used as filling material. Excavation and transportation of soil during rainy weather conditions should be

Materials extraction sites

Engineering cost

Contractor RDA/ PIU/ CS/ CEA/ GS&MB/ LA /DS/ PHI

Conditions & guidelines stated in the EPL (CEA)& IML (GS&MB) for quarry operation Conditions & guidelines stated in the EPL (CEA) for crusher operation & guidelines stated in the GS&MB license for sand mining. National Environmental Act; regulations for noise control of 1996 (Gazette no. 924/1 2) Laws and regulations of respective LAs.

Page 8 of 25

avoided as much as possible. Material management plan should be prepared and updated monthly and should be included in the progress report. Inventory of the volume of exploited material in temporary storage should be maintained and revised with the construction sequence to minimize the volume in temporary storage. Excavation material from the borrow pits should be carried out without creating unsuitable surfaces of excavation. Quarries and borrow areas should meet aesthetic demands. Dust emanation should be minimized by sprinkling water, putting up wind barriers or any other appropriate methods. Existing mines and quarry sites available in the project influential areas operating with EPL (CEA), IML (GSMB) & TL (LA) should be utilized up to maximum extent. Existing borrow pits at Kossawa Kanda-Maradankadawala, Plugaswewa, Katukeliyawa, Siyambalewa and existing quarries with crushers at Maganeguma-Ganewalpola, Ganewalpola- ICC, Medawachchiya - CEC-, Ethakada - KDAW , Kanadarawa - Southern Group, M/CRuwangama -Siridantha - Katukeliyawa, Mahagalkadawala- M/C, Palu Halmillewa- K S must be used up to maximum extent to extract raw materials without opening new quarries and borrow pits. If new quarries burrow areas and sand mines are to be opened, suitable sites should be identified at the early stage of the project & prior approval should be obtained from GS&MB, CEA, LA, and DS. Any of these sites should be located at least 500 meters away from residential

Page 9 of 25

areas, archeological and cultural sites, religious places, schools or other environmental sensitive areas. For each new quarry site, Hydrology report (from a qualified hydrologist) & test blast report (GS&MB/ITI/CEA) should be obtained prior to mining activities. Standard & site specific precautionary measures & conditions stipulated in an EPL & IML should be adhered during blasting operations. In addition to that, conditions, recommendations & guidelines stated in the both test blast report & hydrology report also should be followed during the blasting operations. Mode of blasting & use of explosives should be limited within the feasible level. Electric detonators can be selected according to the sensitivity of the site. Blasting activities should be carried out at regular intervals with at least three times prior notice to nearby residents by using a siren. Appropriate methods should be used to mitigate the noise and vibration impacts up to acceptable levels. Controlled blasting methods & adequate coverings should be adopted to avoid fly rocks. Ground vibration & air blast over pressure during the blasting activities should be maintained below the levels stipulated by CEA and GS&MB. Maximum blasting amount /specifications shall be reduced based on monitoring of the impacts. Reasonable compensation shall be paid to any houses that are damaged by blasting effects. Contractors should schedule their activities after discussing with the relevant authorities (school’s

Page 10 of 25

principals, high-priest) Environmental recommendation/clearance should be obtained for sitting & EPL should be obtained for operation of the crusher plant. Noise levels should be maintained below the maximum permissible level at the boundaries of the sites by using appropriate methods. No pits should be left in quarry sites to gather stagnant water. Ground vibration & air blast over pressure during the blasting activity should be maintain below the levels that are stipulated by the CEA or/and GS&MB Burrow pits should be restored by the contractor once after burrowing. The possibility of using alternative sources for the river sand should be identified and used if possible. Top soil where it has to be removed shall be stripped to a depth of 150mm and stored in stockpiles of height not exceeding 2m. Removed top soil could be used as a productive soil to cover the areas of cut slops.

11 Transportation and storage of materials

Construction materials should be transported in a fully covered vehicle & should not exceed the carrying capacity of the vehicle, which use for the transportation. Spraying of water along the material transport road sections where settlements exist in order to minimize the dust dispersion due to vehicular movement. Transport, loading and unloading of construction materials should not to cause any kind of nuisance to the people by way of noise, vibration and dust. Watering or other appropriate methods should be used to minimize the dust dispersion during the

Material storage depots, construction sites

Engineering cost

Contractor PIU/LA/DS/CEA National Environmental Act. Laws and regulations of respective LAs. National Emission Standards and water quality standards

Page 11 of 25

loading, unloading & transportation of sand, soil, rubble, metal, DABC, & excavated soil etc. Sand, rubble, mettle, bitumen, cement etc. should be stored in covered areas to ensure protection from dust, emissions and such materials should be handled in environment friendly and nuisance free manner. Precautionary measures should be taken during the handling & transporting of hazardous or dangerous materials such as oil, explosives and toxic chemicals etc.

12 Effect on local road network

Permit from LAs should be taken to use local roads for transportation of construction materials, machinery and equipment etc. The contractor should ensure that transportation of construction materials by suppliers should not be exceeded the caring capacity of the local roads. All existing high ways & local road network used by the vehicle of the contractor, or/and any of his sub contractors or/and suppliers of materials new roads which are being used by traffic, shall be kept clean and clear of all dust/mud/extraneous materials dropped by the said vehicles or their tyres. Similarly, all dust/mud/extraneous materials from the works spreading on these high ways shall be immediately cleared by the contractor. Clearance shall be affected immediately by manual sweeping and debris shall be removed entirely from the road surface. Contractor should properly maintain all local road surfaces which will utilize for the construction related activities in better or similar conditions at all times with the consultation of RDA , LA,& SC. After the construction work the contractor must rehabilitate all structural damages

Local roads Engineering cost

Contractor PRDA/ Las/SC Laws and regulations of respective LAs. National Emission Standards

Page 12 of 25

caused to the particular local roads at contractor’s expenses.

13 Alteration of surface hydrology due to reconstruction of culverts and bridges

The contractor shall take every measure to keep all drainage paths, drains & openings clear at all times. Adequate opening sizes should be adopted for culvert & bridges when drainage structures are reconstructed. (minimum box culvert size should be 1mX1m and minimum diameter for the pipe culverts should be 900m) New culverts should be designed to provide adequate cross drainage at locations where road will be placed on embankment to assure sheath flow across the embankment. Existing upstream cannels, side drains, and lead-away channels of the culvert & bridge structures should be cleaned or new side drains, and lead-away channels should be constructed (where it is necessary) prior to commencement of the construction works in order to allow smooth flow, avoid drainage congestion, & easily lead collected waters on the road surface to the nearest water ways. All unconnected culvert crossings should be properly connected to the lead away drains to establish drainage continuity and ease flooding. It is recommended to carry out civil works of the culverts/bridges as much as possible - during the dry season, - when the water flow is not significant & manageable - during the months in which the irrigation cannels are being not operated. If the civil works has to be done during the period of cultivation (especially in the Maha Season), continuous water supply should be maintained using alternative methods (using coffer dam & flexible hoses to supply continuous water flow etc.).

All culverts & bridges that are marked to be replaced, construct or repair in the designs 0+750, 1+060, 1+600, 3+300, 3+900, 4+675, 5+050, 5+580, 5+950,

Engineering Cost

Contractor RDA/ PIU with assistance of supervision consultant & DoI

Technical Specifications given in detail designs and hydrological investigations. water quality standards

Page 13 of 25

If the civil works has to be done during the rainy season attention should be made to control siltation by using slit traps, sludge pumps or any other appropriate methods which are approved by the supervision consultant. Extensive erosion and sedimentation control measures should be adopted at all construction sites. Provision of proper drainage systems at all construction, material exploitation; and storage sites prior to their use. Soil dumping should not disturb to the existing drainage paths & retention areas. Stockpiles should be covered before heavy rains and should not be located within 50 m of water bodies, irrigation canals, cross drainage and natural flow paths. Best engineering practices should be applied to avoid disturbance of paddy lands and wetlands. Approval should be obtained from the DoI and DoAS for the construction of Bridges and culvert across the irrigation cannels, waterways, and for the construction of embankments bordering to the paddy fields and water tanks. Complaints from affected parties about flooding and drainage congestion or interruption of agricultural water supply should be handled by the EMoC comprising all relevant line agencies. (DS, Pradeshiya Saba, District Irrigation Engineer or Provincial Irrigation Engineer, Department of Agrarian Services) During the period of culvert & bridge constructions, contractor should provide safe and convenient passage or

Page 14 of 25

alternative access to road users and ensure smooth traffic flow either by provision of temporary bridge or by phase construction. Best engineering practices stated in “Standard Specification for Construction & Maintenance of Roads & Bridges” (1989) can be incorporated in to the bid documents in order to ensure the contractor follows the requirements stipulated by RDA, or stated in the EMP in repairing or reconstructing any road side hydraulic structure. Flood Condition Civil works should not lead to flood conditions due to blocking of drains, drainage paths and culvert openings. If flooding or stagnation of water is caused by civil works, contractor shall provide immediate means to prevent loss of access to any public or private land/property & to prevent damage to public or private land/property. Contractor shall compensate for any damage or loss of income as a result of flood conditions due to civil works.

14 Impact on flora and fauna Loss of trees. Disturbances due to construction activities. Accidents and Road Kills. Aquatic fauna will be affected by contamination of nearby waterways by solid waste,

It is recommended to develop compensatory tree planting program to replant native species wherever available space beside the proposed road or other suitable location of the project affected area. Replant at least two specimens of native species for each one tree to be removed (due to the site clearing to establish worker camps, project offices, crusher plants, asphalt plant, ect.) It is recommended to carry out construction activities during normal working hours (6.00 am to 6.00 pm) especially at the sensitive areas.

Throughout the road section to be rehabilitated.

Environmental cost

Contractor RDA/ DoF Fauna and flora protection Act. Forest conservation Act:

Page 15 of 25

waste water, contaminated soil, spill or leak of oil and liquids from vehicles and machinery and sewerage from worker camps Collection of firewood, logs etc. for worker camps

Workers should be instructed to protect flora & fauna including wild animals and aquatic life as well as their habitats, Hunting & pouching is strictly prohibited. Speed limit must be introduced and sign boards must be placed at proper places. Drivers should be instructed to careful movement of vehicles. Solid waste such as leftovers of construction materials, excess soil, rejected asphalts etc. and garbage should not be dumped near or into the water bodies. Contaminated soil must be properly removed and dumped in approved dumping sites Washing, maintenance and service of vehicles and machinery should not be done closer to the freshwater habitats. Proper sanitary facilities and water supply should be provided to worker camps in order to avoid undue entering to the water ways. An awareness programme should be conducted to avoid collection of firewood from the forest patches. LPG or Kerosene should be adequately supplied to worker camps.

15. Soil erosion and surface runoff

Contractor should prepare TEMPORARY EROSION CONTROL PLAN one month before commencement of civil works and should be reviewed monthly. Proper Plan should be prepared for cut and fill and land reclamation etc., by considering climatic conditions of the area. It is recommended to carryout construction works in any erodible areas during dry season as much as possible. If cut and fill operations and other works such as vegetation clearing and soil excavation etc. are to be carried out during rainy days,

Locations along the trace where earth works, bridge and culvert & embankment construction will take place

Engineering & Environmental cost

Contractor RDA/PIU/ DoI /DoAS Technical specifications Soil Conservation Act. Water quality standards

Page 16 of 25

enough silt traps, sludge pumps and interceptor drains should be incorporated in the construction sites as much as possible to prevent erosion and subsequent siltation of nearby water bodies. Back-fill should be compacted properly in accordance with design standards and graded to original contours where possible. Cut areas should be treated against flow acceleration while filled areas should be carefully designed to avoid obstruction or destruction to natural drainage. Erosion control measures such as fiber mats, gabion walls, rip raps and deep-rooted grasses etc. should be introduced to the erodible areas. Stabilization of embankment slopes and road cuts should be done by re-vegetation and take up a turfing or seeding with fast growing native species as soon as possible before rains. The protection shall be applied in completed portions of surfaces, if such is possible without waiting for the entire section to be completed. In the short-term, either temporary or permanent drainage works shall protect all areas susceptible to erosion. Clearing of green surface cover to be minimized during site clearing.

16 Impact on water resources

Contractor should identify the reliable water sources & obtain the necessary approvals from the relevant authorities to extract water prior to commencement of the construction activities. Usage of water from residential areas should be done af ter discussion wi th local community. Contractor should not obstruct or prevent flowing of water when working closer to water bodies. Excavation of beds of any streams,

Locations of all irrigation canals, and Mankadawala wewa (7+400) & Gonewa tank (11+500LHS)

Engineering cost

Constructor RDA/PIU with the consultation of the SC /DoI/ CEA

Water quality standards

Page 17 of 25

irrigation systems, and other water resources should be minimized. Construction on works affecting the irrigation canals should carry out as much as possible in the in the dry season. Silt traps and erosion control measures should be used where the construction carried out close proximity to the water bodies to avoid entering of cement, sand and other particle matters which cause turbidity and sediments. Storage of lubricants, fuels and construction materials which are toxic, hazardous and containing other fine particles should be sited at least 500m away from water bodies to avoid its contamination to water resources. Construction material and spoil stockpiles should be covered with a suitable material to reduce material loss and sedimentation. Borrow sites should not be close to sources of drinking water intakes. Washing & servicing of construction vehicles, equipment and machinery should be done in a properly designed & equipped workshops which are having waste water treatment system (oil & grease separation traps). Wastewater/liquid waste generated from the asphalt or concrete plants, bitumen distributor (testing & cleaning) and servicing area should be treated up to the standards stipulated in the Gazette notification NO. 1534/18 of 01.02.2008 for discharge of wastewater in to the inland surface waters. Meaningful water quality monitoring system during construction period should be arranged by the contractor for up and downstream of the selected culverts/bridges.

17 Dust noise and Borrow sites should not be close to All material Engineering Contractor RDA/ PIU with National Environmental

Page 18 of 25

vibrations nuisance from construction operations, extraction and transportation of construction materials and exhaust fumes from construction vehicles

residential areas. Stockpiled soil and sand shall be slightly wetted before loading, particularly in windy conditions. Control all dusty materials at source. Vehicles transporting soil, sand and other construction materials shall be covered. Limitations to speeds of such vehicles necessary. Transport through densely populated area should be avoided. Care should be taken in stockpiling construction material with adequate coverage against wind, sun and rain. Care should be taken to avoid spillage of construction material and dust emissions during loading unloading of construction material. Regular wet process of the road surface, material processing sites should be adopted where & when necessary. Ground surface of sites where the crusher plant, concrete batching plant and asphalt plant are located should be covered by tar layer to minimize the dust generation due to vehicle moving. Apart from the regular wet method for the jaw area, wet rubble can be feed, drum of the crusher can be covered by maintaining the appropriate height and conveyer belts also can be covered without disturbing to the process in order to minimize the dust generation. Conveyer belts of the asphalt plant also should be covered. Working time for activities that create excessive noise should be limited from 6.00am to 6.00pm except for construction site near schools, offices, religious places. Contractors should schedule their

extraction sites, minor roads that are used to transport material to the construction sites Road passing through settlement areas, noise sensitive locations such as temples, shrines, schools etc.

cost assistance from supervision consultant and ESD

Act; regulations for noise control of 1996 (Gazette no. 924/1 2) & ambient air quality standards

Page 19 of 25

activities nearby sensitive areas (schools, religious places, offices, hospitals etc.), after discussing with the relevant authorities. Concrete plants. Asphalt plant metal crusher activities should be controlled. (eg. asphalt hot-mix plants should be downwind of close sensitive receptors such as schools, religious places etc,.) Sites should be selected for these plants at least 500m away from the sensitive receptors. Temperature of the Hot-mix plant should be controlled at appropriate level in order to control exhaust gasses to comply relevant emission standards. Separate noise levels should be monitored at the boundaries of the site where crusher, asphalt & batching plant located 02 weeks after commencement of the operation and then once in six months. If generators are envisage, it should be done in a sound proof chamber. Noise barriers are recommended for these plants in order to minimize excessive noise generated during the operation. If public complaints received regarding the noise pollution, immediate action should be taken to monitor the noise levels at the boundaries of the site, and necessary steps should be taken by the contractor to reduce the excessive noise up to the permissible level. Conditions & recommendation issued by the CEA, LA or any other relevant authorities for the operation & reduce the noise/dust should be strictly adhered. Controlled blasting should be carried out

Page 20 of 25

at regular intervals by experienced workers using adequate blasting strength and people in the vicinity should be informed. Necessary warnings, security measures, safety nets, temporary evacuation of people in the vicinity should be carried out before blasting operations are conducted. Limitation of the use of explosives and mode of blasting for rock blasting activities where feasible. Detonators can be selected according to sensitivity of the site. Maximum blasting amount/specifications to be reduced based on monitoring of impacts. Cover against fly rocks shall be used following adequate standards (weight, durability) Condition surveys / crack surveys on all structures close to blasting/compaction sites should be conducted before commencement of activities. Reasonable compensation should be paid to those houses that are damaged by blasting effects. As a rule, the operation of heavy equipment shall be conducted in daylight hours. Construction equipment, which generates excessive noise, shall be enclosed. Contractor shall take adequate measures to minimize noise nuisance in the vicinity of construction sites by way of adopting available acoustic methods. Intensive monitoring of noise levels should be done specially in nearby noise sensitive areas such as schools, religious places and hospitals and if predicted noise levels are excessive, then noise barriers should be provided. All heavy equipment and machinery shall be fitted in full compliance with the national and local regulations.(Relevant regulations are in the Motor Traffic Act, Highway Act) Strictly implement of emissions control

Page 21 of 25

regulations for all construction vehicles and equipment. Regularly maintain all construction vehicles and machinery to meet the National Emission Standards. Contractors should equip their heavy construction equipment with exhaust silencers to limit the construction equipment not to generate noise exceeding 75dB (compacters, loaders, vibratos and cranes). Contractor is highly responsible to take precautionary measures to ensure that, the construction works do not result in damaging to adjacent properties due to vibrations. Ground vibration & air blast over pressure during the blasting activities should be maintained below the levels stipulated by CEA and GS&MB. If vibration levels exceed the permissible levels, contractor shall modify the method of construction until compliance with the acceptable level.

18 Personal safety precautions for the Workers & General Public

Contractor should establish all relevant safety measures as required by law and good engineering practices. Contractor should organize awareness program regarding personal safety of workers and general public. Contractor should provide protective clothes, skull guard or hard hat, footwear, helmets, goggles, and eye-shields to the workers depending on their duty (Mixing asphalt, blasting, handling equipments etc). The Contractor shall instruct his workers in health and safety matters, and require the workers to use the provided safety equipment. Experienced and well trained workers should be used for the handling of machinery, equipment and material processing plants.

All construction sites, mettle quarries, crusher plant, asphalt plant, close to public sensitive locations/ narrow road sections

Engineering cost

Contractor/ police station of the area.

RDA/PIU with the assistance of supervision consultant and Local Authority

Contractor’s safety standards Safety regulations

Page 22 of 25

Establishment of road engineering aspects to reduce the likelihood of accidents (warning signs, speed limits markings, breakers and signals to particular locations) Contractor should arrange on site first aid facilities, emergency transport to nearest hospital with trained paramedical personnel and with accident and emergency facilities. Contractor should arrange regular safety checks of vehicles and material. Ensure that these arrangements are kept in place. proper ventilation, adequate drainage, water and sanitation must be provided by the contractor, if worker camps are needed to be established.

Adequate ventilation for chemical storage should be kept to avoid accumulation of fumes and offensive odour that could be harmful to workers.

Contractor should formulated a special Environmental Monitoring Committee including respective Divisional Secretaries and Chairman/Pradeshiya Saba of the Project influence area, official from the CEA, RDA, ESD any other officers from relevant authorities (such as from the Geological surveying & Mining bureau, Forest Department, Department of Agrarian Services, Grama Niladhari etc.), head of the respective community or/and any representative of the affected party, authorized officers from the contractor’s party(including Environmental Manager) and authorized person from supervision consultant in order to ensure the implementation of EMP & EMoP and look into grievances from the public.

Page 23 of 25

It is recommended to develop & establish contractor’s own procedure for receiving, recording/documenting, acknowledging and addressing complaints that is easily accessible, culturally appropriate, and understandable to affected communities. Especially a person of the contractor’s team should be nominated to receive the public complaints and such person should maintain a complaint register and action taken to any public complaint should be clearly recorded. A mechanism must be publicized to those who may wish to access it and provide adequate assistance for affected party. The contractor should establish a redress mechanism so those who feel their grievances have not been adequately addressed have recourse to the formulated Environmental Monitoring Committee for reconsideration of their case by considering the judicial and administrative mechanisms available in the country for resolution of disputes.

19 Disruption of traffic flow due to construction activities & movements of heavy vehicles with construction material & Waste

Traffic management plan should be prepared & implemented with the close coordination & consultation of local communities /authorities and police of the area during the period of construction. If it is possible, contractor has to recommended alternate routes during the construction. An advance notice should provide to local communities about the schedule of construction activities. Traffic regulations should enforce during transportation of materials and equipment and machinery. Condition of road and bridges to be surveyed and documented prior to

Along the road trace where existing culverts and bridges are to be reconstructed as stated in the designs.

Engineering cost

Contractor RDA/ PIU with assistance from supervision consultant LA and Police station of the area.

None

Page 24 of 25

activities. Installation of traffic waning signs, temporary traffic lights or traffic control personnel where construction and associated traffic has created significant impacts. It is the responsibility of the contractor; provide safe and convenient passage to vehicles, passengers and livestock from the road side. Awareness programs can be conducted on safety and proper traffic behavior in densely populated areas near the construction sites.

20 Impact on Wetlands and its ecosystem during the construction.

Wash water with liquid, solid waste, construction debris, and discarded packing should not be dump in to wetlands. Temporary storing of construction materials & solid waste, residual spoil materials (left earth, sand, and rock etc,), debris & construction waste dumping should not be carried out at minimum distance of 500 meters from wetlands.

Mankadawala wewa (7+400) & Gonewa tank (11+500LHS) & Paddy lands

Design cost contractor PIU with the consultation of SC, DoI, & DoAS

Water quality standards Agrarian service act

21 Encroachment of the RoW

Routine checking and removal of unauthorized structures from RoW Implementation of rulesand regulations is also needed to be avoid encroachment of RoW

Entire road section

Labor cost RDA provincial office

RDA Provincial Office, Local Authority/Divisional Secretary

Based on RDA rules and regulation

22 Drainage congestions & risk of flooding of water bodies by failures in the road drainage system

Designing the drains to withstand appropriate storm events will reduce the risk of any operational failure of the drainage system and regular maintenance will further reduce the chances of failure.

Entire road section

To be determined by RDA an to be incorporated as maintenance cost for the road section

RDA provincial office

RDA Standard specifications for construction and maintenance of roads and bridges of RDA

23 Safety of road and roadside users

Centerline of the road should be marked & studs should be fixed. Edge delineation should be carried out on wider pavements. Guard railing and chevron markers should be placed on bends, sealed shoulders should be provided where the places of cycle and other slow and non- motorized

Throughout the road trace

Engineering and maintenance cost

RDA RDA, Local Authorities and police

None

Page 25 of 25

traffic is significant. Kerbed footpaths should be placed at the town limits settlement areas, and pedestrian crossings, bus bays, parking bays and rest areas should be provided with proper signing boards. Clearly marked signing boards should be placed at townships, sensitive areas such as schools, temples, hospitals, etc., Enforcement of speed limits and other traffic rules, especially within the town limits.

24 Impacts on air quality and noise due to increase of traffic

Clear signing should be placed at sensitive areas such as schools & temples to warn drivers and avoid making unnecessary horn signals.

Places where the schools, temples hospitals, etc located.

Engineering cost

RDA/contractor RDA with SC & local police station

National Environmental (Noise Control) Regulation (Gazette notification No. 924/12 of 23rd May 1996) National ambient air quality standards (Gazette Notification No. 1562/22 of 15th August 2008)

Abbreviations: CO=carbon monoxide, CEA= Central Environmental Authority, CEB= Ceylon Electricity Board, DoAS = Department of Agriculture services, DoI= Department of Irrigation, DS= Divisional Secretary, DoF= Department of Forestry, DoR=Department of Railway, EMoC = Environmental Monitoring committee, EPL = Environmental Protection Licence, HC=hydrocarbons ,IML=Industrial Mining Licence, ITI= Institute of Industrial Technology, LA= Local Authority, LPG=Liquid petroleum Gas, MAoSL= Mahaweli Authority of Sri Lanka, MOH=Medical Officer of Health, NEA= National Environmental Act, NAAS=National Ambient Air Quality Standards, NWS&DB= National Water Supply & Drainage Board, NIRP= National Involuntary Resettlement Plan, NOx=oxides of nitrogen, PIU=Project implementation Unit, PHI= Public Health Inspector, PM10=particulate matter<10micrometers diameter, RoW= Right of Way, RDA(ESD)=Road Development Authority( Environmental & Social Division) , SC=supervision consultant, SPM= suspended particulate matter, SO2=sulphur dioxide, SLT= Sri Lanka Telecom, 3R= Reduce, Reuse, Recycle.

Annex 08: Environmental Monitoring Plan (EMOP)

Page 1 of 3

Annex 8 Environmental Monitoring Plan for Anuradhapura-Rambewe Section of A020 Highway Environmental component

Project Stage Parameters to be Monitored

Location Frequency Standards Rate Approximate cost (SRs)

Implementation

Supervision

Design, Construction stage

SPM, PM10, NOx, CO, SO2, HC

02 locations during Anuradhapura (Jaffna Junction) 0+000 Rambewa Town – 14+480

One time at the Design stage Three (03) times (once in every 06 months) during the construction stage

NAAQS of Sri Lanka

SRs 120,000per Sample

960,000 Contractor SC, LA & CEA

Construction Stage

SPM Crusher Plant Two times(02weeks and 03 months after commencement of the operation)

NAAQS of Sri Lanka

SRs 15,000 30,000 Contractor SC,LA & CEA

Air Quality

Operation stage SPM, NOx, CO, HC, SO2

2 times/year at the same locations Anuradhapura (Jaffna Junction) 0+000 Rambewa Town – 14+480

2 times/Yr NAAQS of Sri Lanka

SRs 120,000per Sample

480,000 RDA especially ESD

CEA and, LA

Design, Construction stage

EC, pH, DO, TSS, BOD, Oil and grease, lead, E.Coli.

Two locations (upstream & downstream) of the Cannel at 0+750 during design and construction period

One time at the Design stage Three (03) times (once in every 06 months) during the construction stage

National Water Quality Standards

SRs. 16,000 per sample + travelling

128,000+travelling

Contractor SC and LA

Water Quality

Operation stage

EC, pH, DO, TSS, BOD, Oil and grease, lead, E.Coli.

Same locations 2 times/Yr National Water Quality Standards

SRs. 16,000 per sample + travelling

64,000 +travelling

RDA especially ESD

CEA and LA

Noise levels Design dB levels 02 locations One time at National SRs. 90,000 Contractor SC and LA

Page 2 of 3

Construction stage

during design and construction Anuradhapura (Jaffna Junction) 0+000 Rambewa Town – 14+480

the Design stage Two (02) times (once in every 06 months) during the construction stage

Environmental (Noise Control) Regulations

15,000 Per one measurement (without travelling)

Construction stage

dB levels Crusher Plant Concrete Batching Plant asphalt hot-mix plant

02weeks after commencement of the operation) Three (03) times (once in every 06 months) during the construction stage

National Environmental (Noise Control) Regulations

SRs. 15,000 Per one measurement (without travelling)

180,000

Operational stage

dB levels 02 locations Anuradhapura (Jaffna Junction) 0+000 Rambewa Town – 14+480

2 times /yr National Environmental (Noise Control) Regulations

SRs. 15,000 Per one measurement (without travelling)

60,000

RDA especially ESD

CEA and LA

Page 3 of 3

Design Stage Number of tree specimens replanted

Trees to be felled all along route

1 visit Diversity of species

SRs. 15,000 per visit

15,000 PIU with assistant from Design and Supervision consultants in close coordination with ESD, DoF

RDA(ESD) , LA, DoF

Flora

Operation stage

Survival rate of replanted specimen trees

All along route at desired places

1 visit Percentage survival

SRs 15,000

15,000 RDA especially ESD in coordination with DoF

RDA/(ESD), LA, DoF

Total 2,022,000

BOD= Biological Oxygen Demand, CO=carbon monoxide, CEA= Central Environmental Authority, DO= Dissolved Oxygen, DoF= Department of Forestry, EC= Electrical Conductivity, HC=hydrocarbons, LA= Local authority,NAAQS= National Ambient Air Quality Standards, NOx=oxides of nitrogen, PIU= Project Implementation Unit, PM10= particulate matter<10micrometers diameter, RDA(ESD)=Road Development Authority( Environmental & Social Division) , SC=supervision consultant, SPM= suspended particulate matter, SO2=sulphur dioxide, TSS= Total Suspended Solids.

Annex 09: Environmental Clearance from the Central Environmental Authority (CEA)