Environmental Assessment of Genetically Engineered Animals ... · Environmental Assessment of...
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Environmental Assessment of Genetically Engineered Animals at CVM (FDA)
Animal Biotechnology Interdisciplinary Group Center for Veterinary Medicine
U.S. Food and Drug Administration Evgenij A. Evdokimov, PhD
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Major Statutes Governing Regulation of GE Animals
Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FD&C Act) Products are regulated; not processes National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) Procedural; orders agencies to evaluate impacts of
“agency actions”
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Guidance for Industry 187*
Definition of “article” rDNA construct intended to affect the
structure or function of the animal
Covers all types of GE animals All GE animals in a lineage are covered Event-based, case-by-case evaluation Enforcement discretion and approval paths New Animal Drug Application (NADA) means mandatory
approval prior to marketing Post-market surveillance *http://www.fda.gov/AnimalVeterinary/DevelopmentApprovalProcess/GeneticEngineering/GeneticallyEngineeredAnimals/default.htm
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Statutory/Regulatory Requirements
Sponsor must submit Environmental Assessment/supporting data under INAD/NADA
National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) requirement triggered by “agency action” EA FONSI? (finding of no significant impact)
If no FONSI, EIS (environmental impact statement)
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Finding of No Significant
Impact (FONSI)
NEPA Process Overview
Regulated Article
Categorical Exclusion
May Significantly
Affect
Meets Criteria
Environmental Impact
Statement (EIS)
No Significant
Effects
Record of Decision (ROD)
Environmental Assessment (EA)
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Are there significant direct or indirect effects from introduction of the GE animal into the environment? Basis for satisfying NEPA requirements.
Hierarchical Risk-Based Evaluation
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Definitions, Relationships, Standards
Harm ≡ an adverse outcome Hazard ≡ substance or activity that has the potential to cause a harm Risk ≡ conditional probability of an adverse outcome provided that
exposure to a receptor has occurred …or
Risk ∝ foutcome (exposure, hazard), or
“the likelihood of harm”
Receptor ≡ individual or population experiencing risk Safety ….reasonable certainty of no harm (established standard)
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Potential Environmental Hazards and Risks
Hazard Risk
Use of viral sequences, including vectors (Characterized in Molecular Characterization steps)
Increased probability of new pathogenic recombinants
Traits increasing species fitness or adaptation (Characterized in Phenotypic Characterization)
Increased probability of disruption of existing ecosystems due to establishment of a GE animal in the environment
Altered population dynamics due to horizontal transfer of gene construct(s) (Likelihood of transfer; part of Molecular Characterization steps)
Specific risk is a function of the nature of the trait
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Environmental Assessment: General Risk Questions
For a specific GE animal (population) containing a specific rDNA construct….
What is the likelihood of escape? • Containment/redundancy
What is the likelihood of survival if escape occurs? What is the likelihood of establishment and
reproduction? What are the potential consequences/effects associated
with escape? Considered in context of an appropriate comparator on a
case-by-case basis
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Biological Containment Physical
Containment
Source(s) Escape or Introduction
Able to Survive
Impact on Target Resources in the Environment
(habitats, wildlife)
Dispersion
Direct and Indirect Effects
Accessible Environments
Able to Reproduce
Establishment
Spread of Transgene(s)
Wild Conspecifics
Feral Relatives
Net Fitness
Geographical/ Geophysical Containment
Conceptual Framework for Environmental Assessment
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Consequences of Introduction, Escape, and Dispersion
Will depend largely on: Specific physical locations of production or release Extent of containment (if applicable)
Physical/mechanical Biological (e.g., sterility, monosex) Geographical/geophysical (environmental conditions) Domestication of species (ability to become feral)
Mobility of species “Net fitness”
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Areas of interest
Containment effectiveness and ways to ensure containment of GE animals Physical/mechanical Biological (e.g., sterility, monosex) Geographical/geophysical (environmental
conditions) Fitness Case by case evaluation of GE animals
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Areas of interest
Biological containment
Control of released GE animals or invasive
species
Commercial production
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Questions?
Contacts at CVM: Dr. Eric Silberhorn [email protected] Dr. Evgenij Evdokimov [email protected]