Parametric representation of the hydrometeor spectra for LES warm bulk microphysical schemes.
Environmental Aspects of Bulk Water Transfer Schemes
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Environmental Aspectsof Bulk Water Transfer
SchemesGroup 3
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Bulk Water Transfer
What do we mean by bulk water transfer?
Why transfer water?
Are there potential environmental impacts of bulk
water transfer?
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Scope
We are only concerned with ESSENTIAL water transfer. Not watertransfer for commercial interest.
We avoided cross border, international transfers.
Case studies as the basis of the discussion:
1. China North/South transfer project
2. River Reversal in Siberia3. Water supply in Melamchi, Nepal.
4. Spain Inter-Basin transfer
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Chinas South-NorthWater Transfer
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Description:
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Environmental Impacts:
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Conclusion:
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Russia River Reversal
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Introduction
Where 80% of the countrys population, has only 8 % of waterresources.
The idea of somehow turning Siberias northward-flowing riverstoward the south has been debated for decades.
Description
Main proposal in the late 1960s
At least a dozen rivers reversed
Use of nuclear explosives to blast out a 70-mile canal
Dams and pumping houses to be constructed Scheme was abandoned in the 1980s
Would have been the grandest engineering project of all time
Would have taken 50 years to complete (estimated)
E i t l I t
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Environmental Impacts
Land use due to the redirected rivers and infrastructure Consequences on local community and ecology
Loss of the cultural heritage and potential for archaeological studies
Thousands of lost homes Towns and villages would disappear
Removal of water courses Closing of ports
Would wreck fisheries
Negative impact on the Arctic Could get saltier, meaning the freezing point will drop, and the icecaps will melt
Or the reduced northward flow could reduce the temperature and cause the ice toexpand
In either case, there would be major climatological repercussions
Nuclear exposure Explosions to create the canal route
Claims would produce no dangerous fallout
However included use of devices of 100 to 200 kiloton (20 kilotons = Hiroshimabomb)
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Environmental Impacts
Irrigation
Extra food production could provide food for 200,000,000 people.
Expenditure
Estimated cost of at least $40 billion.
Revenue
There were arguments that the large expenditure would pay off handsomely.
Grain production would increase by 18% to 35%.
Dams allows the introduction of hydroelectric power plants.
Rejuvenate two major inland seas, increasing the water population, allowing formore fishing.
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Conclusion
Would offer substantial benefits
But also very adverse economic, environmental, and ecologic effects
Due to the size of the project it is difficult to compare the benefits andcosts
However it is likely that the environmental impact of such a scheme is
severe, and this is likely why the scheme was abandoned.
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Melamchi Water SupplyProject (MWSP)
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Description:
Developed as aresponse to shortage
of drinking water facedby Nepals capital,
Kathmandu.
Involves divertingwater from MelamchiRiver to the watersupply network ofKathmandu valley.
Plan to meet city waterdemand for the coming
25 years.
MWSP 5 i
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MWSP5 maincomponents:
Melamchi Diversion
SchemeWater Treatment Plant
Bulk Distribution System
Rehabilitation of WaterSupply DistributionNetworks
Rehabilitation of SewerageSystem and Waste WaterTreatment Plants
Construction works:
26 km long tunnel
15 km main access road
25 km access road to thetunnel sites
33 kV power transmissio
line (approx. 45 km) WTPcapacity 170 Mld
Approx. 58 km of mainpipe line and 15reservoirs
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Environmental impacts:
Soil erosion, sedimentation
and waste disposal
(excavation, mining activities
waste disposal from WWTP)
Change in river hydrology
and water quality
(main impact - operation phase,
most significant effect is duringthe dry season)
Change in land use
(permanent and temporary loss
of land use301.83 ha)
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Socio-economic impacts(negative):
Loss of land affects theresidents who depend on
agriculture to support theirlivelihoods
Decrease in wateravailability for irrigation,
operation of micro-hydroand water mills
Socio-economic impacts
(positive): Safe and sustainable
water supply to thepopulation of Nepalscapital
Improve the sanitaryconditions of Kathmanduvalley
Employment opportunities
Growth in tourism
New businessopportunities in the area
C l i
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Conclusion:
Melamchi Water Supply Project has been developed due to theincrease water demand in Kathmandu
The construction of the diversion scheme, water supplyinfrastructure, WTP and WWTP has detrimental impacts uponenvironment, affecting soil, water quality and biodiversity.
However, developers consider that these are a necessarycompromise for the socio-economic benefits brought to thepopulation.
The most important aspect is the supply of clean water to
communities, which improves health and sanitation.
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Spain Inter-BasinTransfer
D i ti
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Description:
Spain has only been able to utilise 8% of natural resources inthe past (without storage facilities)
With storage facilities Spain have been able to use 40%, notenough compared to other countries.
Problems
Very dense urban population
Hydrology Planning and Management of Water Resources
E i t l I t
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Environmental Impacts:
Tagus-Sagura Transfer
Developed in 1978, 268km of pipeline through 4 provinces Was introduced to solve water deficit and provide irrigation and
water resources
Problems
Effected flow regime
Degrade ecological surroundings
Effluents not being treated correctly
Increase in chlorides due to agricultural runoffs
Environmental Impacts:
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Environmental Impacts:
Ebro River Inter-Basin Transfer
Proposed in 2001 under the Spanish Hydrological Plan
Planned to serve many metropolitan areas (Barcelona), wasestimated to cost4.2 billion
Problems
Increase in demand from agricultural sector
Effect on fisheries, habitat and wildlife
Untreated pollutants
Breakdown of natural integrity of river basins
Decreased flow
C l i
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Conclusion:
The Targus-Sagura was needed in a time of high water scarcity
There was little regulations which allowed the system to betaken advantage of
Ebro River project was under political and economic pressures
The regulations on environmental aspects of the project showthe effect on public opinions and political decisions.
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Bulk Water Transfer
Overall Conclusion
Ill do this bit when Ive heard what everyone else is going to
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Ill do this bit when Ive heard what everyone else is going to
say.
Im probably going to say something like.. Each project has
unique problems, environmental stuff should be the foremostconcern for any project of this scale, we can learn from casestudies how to mitigate and legislate against E.Impacts infuture projects.