Environment and Safety

Environmental and Safety EngineeringCOURSE OUTLINECOURSE OUTLINEGeneral Objectives: At the end of the course, the students should be able to:Understand the environmental issues and concerns that are besetting the Philippines and the whole world ;Know the sources and effects of environmental pollution such as air pollution, water pollution, land pollution; Learn relevant Philippine environmental laws for the prevention and control of pollution; andFully understand the need for environmental preservation, protection and enhancement.

COURSE OUTLINEINTRODUCTIONEnvironmentEcosystemEnvironmental pollutionEnvironmental engineering

COURSE OUTLINEGlobal and Philippine Environmental Issues and concernsGlobal warmingGreenhouse effectsClimate changeEnvironmental degradationPollutionImproper waste disposalDeforestation

COURSE OUTLINEIII. Air pollutionPrimary, secondary, and criteria air pollutantsSources and effects of air pollutionControl measures of air pollutionThe Philippine Clean Air Act (RA 8749)

COURSE OUTLINEIV. WATER POLLUTION Water pollution Sources and effects of water pollution Control measures of water pollution The Philippine Clean Water Act (RA9275)

COURSE OUTLINEV. LAND POLLUTION Sources and effects of land pollution Control measures of land pollutionVI. NOISE POLLUTION Sources and effects of noise pollution Control measures of noise pollution

COURSE OUTLINEVII. OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS The Philippine Toxic Substances, Hazardous, and Nuclear Waste Act (RA 6969)The Philippine Ecological Solid Waste Management Act (RA 9003)The Philippine Environmental Impact Statement System (PD 1586)VIII. INTRODUCTION TO SAFETY Safety, hazard, accidentOccupational safetyControl of hazards and accidents

Environmental and Safety EngineeringintroductionEngineeringThe profession in which the knowledge of the mathematical and natural sciences gained by study, experience, and practice is applied with the judgment to develop ways to utilize economically the materials and forces of nature for the benefit of mankind.

EnvironmentThe natural world or the immediate surroundings of an individual or a thing which includes both the living (biotic) elements like plants and animals as well as the nonliving (abiotic) elements such as air, water and land.It is regarded by many as being at risk from the harmful influences of industrialized societies.

Environmentthe general term for everything that surrounds man. It includes the:bio-physical environment, i.e. the plants and animals as well as land, water and airsocio-cultural environment, or everything with which people interact politico-economical environment in which people exchange goods and ideas

Environmental PollutionAny discharge of material or energy into water, land, or air that causes or may cause acute (short-term) or chronic (long-term) detriment to the Earth's ecological balance or that lowers the quality of life.

Environmental EngineeringIs manifest by sound engineering thought and practice in the solution of problems of environmental sanitation;notably in the provision of safe, palatable, and ample public water supplies; the proper disposal of or recycle of wastewater and solid wastes; the adequate drainage of urban and rural areas for proper sanitation; and the control of water, soil, and atmospheric pollution, and the social and environmental impact of these solutions.

Environmental EngineeringFurthermore it is concerned with the engineering problems in the field of public health, such as: control of arthropod-borne diseases, the elimination of industrial health hazards, the provision of adequate sanitation in urban, rural, and recreational areas, and the effect of technological advances on the environment.Ecosystem A biological system consisting of all the living organisms or biotic components in a particular area and the nonliving or abiotic components with which the organisms interact, such as air, mineral soil, water, and sunlight.Ecosystem processes include the generation of carbon through photosynthesis, the transfer of carbon and energy through food webs, and the release of nutrients and carbon through decomposition.

The Biotic ComponentThe major types of organisms that make up the living components of an ecosystem classified based on organisms general nutritional habits are usually called as producers, consumers and decomposers.Producers, autotrophs (self-feeders)Are organisms that can manufacture the organic compounds they use as sources of energy and nutrients.Most producers are green plants that make the organic nutrients through photosynthesis.

Carbon Dioxide + Water Glucose + Oxygen

Light EnergyEnzymesThe Biotic ComponentProducers, autotrophs (self-feeders)Most of the oxygen in the atmosphere is a product of photosynthesis. An estimated 59% of the earths photosynthesis takes place on land and the remaining 41% in the oceans and other aquatic ecosystems.Some producer organisms, mostly specialized bacteria, can extract inorganic compounds from their environment and convert them to organic nutrients in the absence of sunlight in the process called chemosynthesis.

The Biotic ComponentConsumers, heterotrophs (other-feeders)Organisms that get the nutrients and energy they require by feeding either directly or indirectly on producersDepending on their food sources, consumers that feed on living organisms fall into three major classes:Herbivores (plant eaters) primary consumers, which feed directly and only on all or part of living plants.Carnivores (flesh eaters) secondary consumers, which feed only on plant-eating animals.Omnivores tertiary or higher-level consumers, which feed on plants, herbivores and carnivores. The Biotic ComponentConsumer organisms that feed on detritus (dead organic plants and animal matter) are called as detritivores. There are two major classes of detritivores: detritus feeders and decomposers.Detritus feeders ingest fragments of dead organisms and their cast-off parts and organic wastes, e.g. crabs, earthworms and clams.Decomposers digest dead tissue or wastes and absorb their soluble nutrients. They consist of two classes of organisms: microscopic, single-celled bacteria and fungi. Bacteria are decomposers in dead animal matter and in aquatic benthos while fungi are foremost decomposers in wood. The Abiotic ComponentThe non-living components of an ecosystem include various physical and chemical factors such as:Inorganic substances (involved in materials cycles like water, carbon, nitrogen, etc.)Organic compounds (like carbohydrates, proteins, humic substances, lipids, etc.)Climate regime (like rainfall, temperature, wind and other physical factors)Latitude (distance from equator)Altitude (distance above sea level)Nature of soil (for terrestrial ecosystems)Amount of suspended solid materials (for aquatic ecosystems)SustainabilityA condition where it can persist over generations; it is far seeing enough, flexible enough and wise enough not to undermine either its physical or its social systems of support. A condition where one meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of generations to meet their own needs.SustainabilityIn order to be physically sustainable, the materials and energy throughputs would have to meet the following conditions:Its rate of use of renewable resources does not exceed their rates of regeneration.Its rates of pollution emission do not exceed the assimilative capacity of the environment.

SustainabilityIn order to be socially sustainable the combination of population, capital and technology in the society would have to be configured so that the material living standard is adequate and secure for everyone.

The Biological Principles of SustainabilityThe six biological principles that serve as strategies for achieving sustainability are:Conservation natural ecosystems persist because organisms in them use only the resources they need, and they generally use them efficiently. Ecosystem organisms and their environment a localized group of interdependent organisms together with their environment that they inhabit and depend on.

The Biological Principles of SustainabilityThe six biological principles that serve as strategies for achieving sustainability are:Recycling efficiency is not enough to ensure sustainability. Nature persists because it reuses materials over and over, that is, it recycles them. The earth is a closed system one that receives no inputs from the outside except sunlight. Without recycling, natural ecosystem will quickly collapse, and life will come to an abrupt halt as the earths resources are extinguished.The Biological Principles of SustainabilityThe six biological principles that serve as strategies for achieving sustainability are:Regeneration of Renewable Resources natural system also persist because they rely principally on renewable resource such as air, water, plants and animals that regenerate via biological or geological processes. As long as the sun shines and the planets recycling networks remain intact, life can continue on the planet.Restoration natural ecosystems also endure because they are capable of repairing damage, or restoration. This refers to the mechanisms that permit the self-repair of ecosystems in the biosphere.

The Biological Principles of SustainabilityThe six biological principles that serve as strategies for achieving sustainability are:Population Control natural ecosystems also persist because they posses mechanisms that control population within the carrying capacity of the environment. Carrying capacity is defined as the number of organisms an ecosystem can support indefinitely. Through a variety of mechanisms, populations living in undisturbed ecosystems are held within the limits imposed by food supply and the availability of other resources. If their demand exceeds resource supplies, numbers are usually quickly adjusted downward to reset the balance.The Biological Principles of SustainabilityThe six biological principles that serve as strategies for achieving sustainability are:Adaptability natural systems persist because of the capacity of organisms within them to change through time, that is, to evolve. Evolution is a process that leads to structural, functional and behavioral changes in species, known as adaptations. Favorable adaptations increase an organisms chance of survival and reproduction.GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUESGLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

The planet Earth is currently under unprecedented stress, threatened by collapse of its vital, productive ecosystems and facing a gauntlet of interlinked crises which undermine the worlds ability to achieve sustainable development. The United Nations Conference on Environment and development (Earth Summit) in 1992 and the Global Forum in 1994 warned that, unless there were changes in the ways in which development proceed, there would be a large increase of human suffering and environmental damage. The crises encompass social, economic, environmental and political aspects.GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUESRapid Population Growth The environmental consequences of rapid population growth have become a major global concern in the last several decades. In less than half a century, the worlds population increased by 130% from 2.52 billion in 1950 to 5.76 billion in 1995. Various projections indicates that the world population would reach more than 8 billion in 2025, and expand further and level off at 10 to 12 billion in 2050.More people would need more space, more food, more amenities and produce more waste.GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUESRapid Population GrowthThis growth will put pressure on renewable resources such as water, land and energy sources as more water will be needed for rapidly expanding cities; forest will need to be cleared for agricultural land, farmers will be driven to farm the uplands, inducing soil erosion. Urbanization or population growth in cities is due both to immigration from rural areas and to the natural increase in the urban population itself.

GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUESRapid Population GrowthAs human activities impact more intensely on urban areas, major issues towards its sustainability involve water and sanitation, availability of a fresh water supply of sufficient volume and quality and the provision of drainage systems for the removal of human and animal sewage; solid waste disposal; transport availability; energy sources; air pollution (emission of gas from industry and use of motor vehicles); noise pollution; availability of and access to educational facilities and infrastructure; employment opportunities; and planning, management, use and treatment of green spaces.

GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUESPopulation growth in the Philippines

With an estimated population of about 98 million people, the Philippines is the 7th most populated Asian Country and the 12th most populated country in the world.Year200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011Rate2.072.031.991.921.881.841.81.761.991.961.931.9

Interesting Facts About the Philippine Population

Demographical information provided by the CIA (based on 2012 estimate) are the following:34.6% of people in the Philippines is composed of 0 to 14 years old (17,999,279 male and 17,285,040 female)61.1% of people in the Philippines is composed of 15-64 years old (31,103,967 male and 31,097,203 female)4.3% are 65 years old and over (1,876,805 male and 2,471,644 female)Population growth rate is 1.873% (2012 estimate), which makes the Philippines ranks as the 63rd country with highest population growth rate in the world.Manila is the most populated city in the Philippines with 11.449 million people. Next is Davao City with 1.48 million people, Cebu City with 845,000 people and Zamboanga City with 827,000 people (based on 2009 estimated population)

Summary of Projected Population by Sex and by Five-Calendar Year Interval, Philippines: Year 2000 - 2040:

Assumption200020052010201520202025203020352040Low AssumptionBoth Sexes76,946,50085,135,20093,506,600101,808,500109,713,000116,928,700123,226,000128,465,300132,536,300Male38,748,50042,823,20047,004,60051,141,40055,064,20058,645,40061,779,60064,397,30066,447,300Female38,198,00042,312,00046,502,00050,667,10054,648,80058,283,30061,446,40064,068,00066,089,000Medium AssumptionBoth Sexes76,946,50085,261,00094,013,200102,965,300111,784,600120,224,500128,110,000135,301,100141,669,900Male38,748,50042,887,30047,263,60051,733,40056,123,60060,311,70064,203,60067,741,30070,871,100Female38,198,00042,373,70046,749,60051,231,90055,661,00059,912,80063,906,40067,559,80070,798,800High AssumptionBoth Sexes76,946,50085,346,50094,349,600103,723,100113,139,700122,329,300131,118,600139,421,900147,131,700Male38,748,50042,931,10047,435,60052,120,60056,817,20061,408,90065,818,60070,004,70073,917,800Female38,198,00042,415,40046,914,00051,602,50056,322,50060,920,40065,300,00069,417,20073,213,900Source: National Statistics Office / 2000 Census-based Population Projection in collaboration with the Inter-Agency Working Group on Population ProjectionGLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUESGlobal Climate Change/Global WarmingPlanet earth is bathed in sunlight, but approximately one-third of the sunlight striking it and its atmosphere is reflected back to into space. The rest is absorbed by the air, water, land and plants. Absorbed sunlight is converted into heat, or infrared radiation, which is slowly radiated back into the atmosphere. Eventually all heat escapes the atmosphere and return to space. As a result, energy input is balanced by energy output.Scientists have discovered that this delicate balance may be altered by certain air pollutants, notably carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O), methane (CH4), and chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs).

GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUESGlobal Climate Change/Global WarmingIt is estimated that CO2 is responsible for 50% of the increase in the greenhouse effect. Most of the CO2 released into the atmosphere is a result of burning fossil fuels, so that if we want to reduce the emissions of this gas we must first reduce the amount of coal, oil and natural gas we burn. Carbon dioxide accounts for about 49% of the human-caused input of greenhouse gases, CFCs for 14%, methane for 8%, and nitrous oxide for 6%. Current levels indicate that an increase in the average atmospheric temperature of 3oC would raise the average global sea level by 0.2 to 1.50 meters over the next 50 to 100 years as polar regions warm and polar ice melts.GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

GasAtmospheric Concentration (PPM)Annual Increase (percent)Life Span (years)Current Greenhouse Contribution (percent)Principal Sources of GasCarbon dioxide (CO2)(fossil fuels)(biological)351.30.4#57(44)(13)Coal, oil, natural gas, deforestationChlorofluo-rocarbons (CFCs)0.000225575 11125Foams, aerosols, refrigerants, solventsMethane (CH4)1.67511112Wetlands, rice, fossil fuels, livestockNitrous oxide (N2O)0.310.21506Fossil fuels, fertilizers, deforestation # - carbon dioxide is a stable molecule with 2-4 year average residence time in the atmosphereSources: World Watch Institute, U.S. EPA and Journal of Geophysical ResearchMajor Greenhouse Gases and Their CharacteristicsGLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUESDespite the doomsday projections, slowing down global warming is still possible by doing the following:Banning all production and uses of CFCs and halons by 1995Cutting current fossil fuel use 20% by 2000, 50% by 2010 and 70% by 2030Capturing methane gas emitted by decomposing organic matter and organic manureSwitching from unsustainable to sustainable agricultureGLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUESDespite the doomsday projections, slowing down global warming is still possible by doing the following:Slowing population growthDeveloping better methods to remove carbon dioxide from the smokestack emissions of coal-burning power and industrial plants and from vehicle exhausts Planting treesRecycling CO2 released in industrial processRemoving CO2 by photosynthesis using tanks and ponds of marine algae or by fertilizing the oceans with iron to stimulate the growth of marine algaeGLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUESStratosphere Ozone DepletionThe climate regime to which people and other forms of life have long been adapted is threatened by human impact on the atmosphere. Since the mid 18th century, human activities have more than doubled the methane in the atmosphere, increased the concentration of carbon dioxide by 27% and significantly damaged the stratospheric ozone layer.

GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUESStratosphere Ozone DepletionThis layer is a thin, protective layer of ozone gas (O3) encircling the earth which screens out 99% of the suns harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation. The ozone layer occupies the outer two-thirds of the stratosphere, 20 to 50 kilometers above the earths surface. The screening effect of the ozone layer protects all organisms from ultraviolet radiation, which is known to be mutagenic and carcinogenic.

GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUESStratosphere Ozone DepletionThe term ozone hole actually refers to the thinning of the ozone layer and the resulting loss of the blocking effect of ozone against UV rays brought about by the presence of ozone-depleting substances in the atmosphere. An ozone hole has been discovered over the Antarctic area by Joe Farman, a British Antarctic survey scientist, while a similar hole but not as damaging has been seen over the Arctic region.

GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUESStratosphere Ozone DepletionThe major ozone depleting substances are man-made substances like CFCs and halons.The chlorine atoms present in CFCs destroy ozone molecules faster than they formed, creating gaps in the layer or thinning the shield.A single chlorine atom can destroy up to 100,000 ozone molecules. Halons, which are similar to CFCs in structure but which bromine atoms are even more dangerous to ozone than CFCs

GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUESStratosphere Ozone DepletionAt the global level, the alarming rate of ozone depletion prompted governments of developed and less-developed countries to draw up an agreement, known as the Montreal Protocol, in consonance with the Vienna Convention held earlier. It binds signatory countries to take immediate and stringent steps towards the phasing out of ozone-depleting substances.

GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUESEnergy SourceThe biggest users of energy are the industrialized countries, primarily the US. On a per capita basis, Americans consume more than twice as much energy as the people of Japan and Western Europe and about 16 times more per capita than the people of developing nations. In developing countries, renewable fuels, mostly wood and cow dung, provide 35% of the energy needs. Of the non-renewable energy fuels used in these countries, oil supplies the largest share, on the average about 50%. Coal, natural gas and hydroelectric power supply the rest, with nuclear contributing a tiny fraction.Energy is not cheap. In addition to economic costs, society pays a huge environmental price for the use of nonrenewable energy, including damage to human health and the environment. Lung disease, acid rain, global warming, and urban air pollution are but a few of the many costs. GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUESTechnologies for Utilization of renewable Energy

Form of renewable EnergyRenewable Energy Technologies AvailableMode of UtilizationSolar EnergyLow-temperature solar collectors, thermo-solar electricity, photovoltaic cellsSolar capture for conversion into heat or electricityWindWind turbines up to 400 KWWind power can be converted into mechanical or electrical energy. Wind speed of more than 5m/s is needed at a height of 10 meters River WaterHydraulic Mini-turbines, tidal turbinesTurbines drive electric generators. Energy generated depends on the flow, speed and the gradient.BiomassBiogas (anaerobic digestion), alcoholsAnaerobic decomposition of animal excrements and plants residues. A kg of cow dung produces biogas energy sufficient to cook 3 meals for one familyHeat from the earth/GeothermalElectric heat pumps, absorption heat pumpsDerived from the heat of the earth. Earths nucleus temperature is about 5000oC. Active volcanoes have magma, and under ground water that comes in contact with it can reach boiling point.Source: UNESCO, 1994. Environmental Education DossiersGLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUESQuality and Quantity of Water SupplyWater is our most abundant resource, covering about 71% of the earths surface. Salt water helps maintain the earths climate, dilutes pollutants and is essential to life. Fresh water is a vital resource for agriculture, manufacturing, transportation, and countless other human activities.

GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUESQuality and Quantity of Water SupplyThe worlds fixed supply of water in all forms is enormous. However about 97% of the earths volume of water is found in the oceans and is too salty for drinking, growing crops, and most industrial uses except cooling. The remaining 3% is fresh water. But all except 0.003% of this supply is polluted, lies too far under the earths surface to be extracted at an affordable cost or is locked up in glaciers, polar ice caps, atmosphere and soil. If the worlds water supply were only 200 liters, our usable supply of fresh water would be only about 0.006 liter (one teaspoon).Ocean/seaGround water tableRiverws Natural ground surfaceHydrologic cycle(Water Cycle)EvaporationAtmospheric VaporTranspirationEvaporation while fallingRunoffPercolationInfiltrationPrecipitationCumulonimbus cloudsEvaporation from runoffMoving air massesVegetationSolar EnergyCondensationGLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUESPressures on Land/Soil ResourcesSoil acts as substrate for most of the earths vegetation. It is a life-giving resource and is slowly renewable resource. The different soil layers and components as arranged in a vertical series of zones from the ground surface are: surface litter, topsoil, zone of leaching, subsoil, parent material and the bedrock which is an impenetrable layer except for fractures.Soil/Land Problems includes soil erosion, soil contamination, and land degradation.

GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUESExploitation of Mineral ResourcesMinerals are extremely important to our lives. Metals derived from some ores are in many products, among them, buildings, computers, bicycles, glasses and automobiles. Construction minerals are used to make roadbeds, school, and homes. Industrial minerals are used in fertilizers and concrete.

GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUESThreats to Wildlife ResourcesExtinction of species conservationists estimate that, at the present rate of deforestation (especially of tropical forests), desertification, and destruction of wetlands and coral reefs, at least 500,000 and perhaps 1 million species must have become extinct because of human activities between 1975 and 2000. Such an extinction rate cannot be balanced by speciation because it takes between 2,000 and 100,000 generations for new species to evolve.

GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUESThreats to Wildlife ResourcesSpecies heading toward extinction can be classified as either endangered or threatened. An endangered species is one having so few individual survivors that the species could soon become extinct over all or most of its natural range (e.g. the white rhinoceros in Africa and the giant panda in Central china).A threatened species is still abundant in its natural range but is declining in number and is likely to become endangered (e.g. the bald eagle and the grizzly bear in America).

GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUESDeforestationTropical forest plays an important role in global recycling of oxygen and carbon dioxide. By various estimates, global deforestation accounts for about 13% of the worlds annual increase in carbon dioxide. It may, therefore, be a major factor in global warming. The loss of tropical rain forest is one of the most serious problems facing the world today. It is a major cause of wildlife extinction since tropical forest contain about one-half to two-thirds of the worlds species.

GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUESDestruction of Coral ReefsSpecies living in coral communities include fish, invertebrates such as octopus, crabs, shrimps, clams, worms and even marine snakes, plants and macroscopic algae. Reefs are also an integral part of the planets carbon cycle, which moderates the earths surface temperature. Cyanide poisoning in the Philippines, fish capture primarily involves the use of the potent poison cyanide. About 90% of tropical fish collected are caught by squirting them with a solution of sodium cyanide, which momentarily stuns them and predisposes them to capture. The effect on the coral polyp may vary with the concentration of the poison but cyanide is known to be fatal to coral.

QUIZ #1PQUIZ #1PFill in the blanks (1 pt. each)Fill in the blanks provided before each given statement with the correct answer to the blanks mark (X). _________________1. The lowest concentric atmospheric layer surrounding the earth is called (X)._________________2. The process by which water evaporates from the breathing pores of the leaves of the vegetation is called (X)._________________3. The horizontal movement of the ground water upon reaching the underground reservoir is called (X)._________________4. The rate of air cooling with increasing height per kilometer in the lowest atmospheric layer is (X)._________________5. The process by which water flows on the surface of the earth seeking its own level is called (X).

QUIZ #1PFill in the blanks (1 pt. each)Fill in the blanks provided before each given statement with the correct answer to the blanks mark (X). _________________6. The never ending process of evaporation, condensation, precipitation, runoff, infiltration, percolation then back to evaporation is called (X)._________________7. A biological system consisting of all the living organisms in a particular area and the nonliving with which the organisms interact is called (X)._________________8. The general term for everything that surrounds man is called (X). _________________9. The application of sound engineering thought and practice in the solution of problems of environmental sanitation is called (X)._________________10. The organisms that can manufacture the organic compounds they use as sources of energy and nutrients are called (X).

QUIZ #1PFill in the blanks (1 pt. each)Fill in the blanks provided before each given statement with the correct answer to the blanks mark (X). _________________11. The process of combining water and carbon dioxide to produce nutrients and oxygen through the help of sunlight is called (X)._________________12. The primary consumers, which feed directly and only on all or part of living plants are called (X)._________________13. The consumer organisms that feed on dead organic plants and animal matter are called as (X)._________________14. A condition where one meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs is called (X)._________________15. The number of organisms an ecosystem can support indefinitely is called (X).

QUIZ #1PFill in the blanks (1 pt. each)Fill in the blanks provided before each given statement with the correct answer to the blanks mark (X). _________________16. The process that leads to structural, functional and behavioral changes in species is called (X)._________________17. The rapid population growth in cities due both to immigration from rural areas and to the natural increase in the city population itself is called (X)._________________18. The estimated rate of population growth in the Philippines in the year 2011 is (X)._________________19. The primary air pollutant responsible for the greenhouse effect is (X)._________________20. The percentage of earth covered by oceans is about (X).

QUIZ #1PFill in the blanks (1 pt. each)Fill in the blanks provided before each given statement with the correct answer to the blanks mark (X). _________________21. The vertical movement of water from the ground surface to the ground water table is called (X)._________________22. The topmost layer of the soil layer structure is called (X)._________________23. The species that are still abundant in its natural range but is declining in number and is likely to become extinct are called (X)._________________24. The deterioration of the environment through depletion of resources such as air, water and soil is called (X)._________________25. The degree of variation of life forms within a given species, ecosystem, biome, or an entire planet is called (X).

QUIZ #1PEnumeration (1 pt. each)Enumerate the following required. The six (6) biological principles that serve as strategies for achieving sustainability.At least ten (10) global environmental issues. The six (6) processes involve the hydrologic cycle (water cycle).The three (3) major classes of consumers that feed on living organism depending on their food source.

NEXT TOPICAIR POLLUTION

THE EARTHS ATMOSPHERE

THE EARTHS ATMOSPHERE COMPOSITIONCOMPOSITION OF THE EARTHS ATMOSPHERE (air)Gas Volume (%)Nitrogen (N2)78.1Oxygen (O2)20.9Argon (A)0.934Water vapor(H2O)Up to 1.0 (variable)Carbon dioxide (CO2)0.031Neon (Ne)0.0018Helium (He)0.00052Atmosphere, mixture of gases surrounding any celestial object that has a gravitational field strong enough to prevent the gases from escaping; especially the gaseous envelope of Earth. The principal constituents of the atmosphere of Earth are nitrogen (78 percent) and oxygen (21 percent). The atmospheric gases in the remaining 1 percent are argon (0.9 percent), carbon dioxide (0.03 percent), varying amounts of water vapor, and trace amounts of hydrogen, ozone, methane, carbon monoxide, helium, neon, krypton, and xenon.THE EARTHS ATMOSPHERETroposphere Is the lowest layer of the earth's atmosphere and site of all weather on the earth. The troposphere is bounded on the top by a layer of air called the tropopause, which separates the troposphere from the stratosphere, and on the bottom by the surface of the earth. The troposphere is thicker at the equator, about 16 19 km, and thinner at the poles, 6 - 9 km, depending on the weather.The troposphere is mostly heated by transfer of energy from the surface, so on average the lowest part of the troposphere is warmest and temperature decreases with altitude.THE EARTHS ATMOSPHERETropopause

THE EARTHS ATMOSPHERETroposphereThe temperature of the troposphere is warmest in the tropical (latitude 0 to about 30 north and south) and subtropical (latitude about 30 to about 40 north and south) climatic zones and coldest at the polar climatic zones (latitude about 70 to 90 north and south). Observations from weather balloons have shown that temperature decreases with height at an average of 6.5 C per 1000 m (3.6 F per 1000 ft), reaching about 80 C (about 110 F) above the tropical regions and about 50 C (about 60 F) above the polar regions.The troposphere contains 75 percent of the atmosphere's masson an average day the weight of the molecules in air 101.3 KPa (KN/m2) or 14.7 psi (lb/in2) at sea level, water vapor contributes about 1 KPa (0.15 psi), whereas nitrogen contribute about 76 KPa (11.03 psi) and oxygen about 24 KPa (3.48 psi).THE EARTHS ATMOSPHEREStratosphereThe upper layer of the atmosphere commencing at an altitude of 8 to 16 km (5 to 10 mi) and extending upward to about 50 km (30 mi). In the lower portion of the stratosphere, the temperature remains nearly constant with height, but in the upper portion the temperature increases rapidly with height because of absorption of sunlight by ozone. The stratosphere is almost completely free of clouds or other forms of weather.THE EARTHS ATMOSPHEREMesosphereThe mesosphere is the coldest layer of the atmosphere and extends from an altitude of about 50 km to about 85 km (about 30 mi to 50 mi). The layer where most meteors burn up upon entering the atmosphere.Temperature decreases with height in the mesosphere.

THE EARTHS ATMOSPHEREThermosphereAbove the mesosphere lies the hot thermosphere, where air temperatures can reached about 1200C (about 2200F), primarily due to oxygen absorbing the suns energetic rays. The temperature increases with the increase in height.

THE EARTHS ATMOSPHEREExosphereThe outermost layer of Earth's atmosphere which extends to about 9,600 km (about 6,000 mi). It is mainly composed of hydrogen and helium.Air PollutionAir pollution means the presence in the outdoor atmosphere of one or more contaminants, such as dust, fumes, gas, mist, odor, smoke, or vapor, in quantities, of characteristics, and of duration such as to be injurious to human, plant, or animal life or to property, or which unreasonably interfere with the comfortable enjoyment of life and property.

Air Pollutants

Air pollutant is any matter found in the atmosphere other than nitrogen, oxygen, water vapor, carbon dioxide, and the inert gases in their natural or normal concentrations, that is detrimental to health or the environment, which includes but is not limited to smoke, dust, cinders, fly ash, solid particles of any kind, gases, fumes, chemical mists, steam and radioactive substances.Air PollutantsPrimary air pollutantsAir pollutants that are directly emitted from the source. Such are: sulfur oxides (SOx), nitrogen oxides (NOx), particulate matter (PM), hydrocarbons (HC), and heavy metal particles. Air PollutantsSecondary Air PollutantsAir pollutants that are produced in the atmosphere by the interaction of the primary pollutants.Sources of Air PollutantsMobile SourcesAny vehicle propelled by or through combustion of carbon based or other fuel, constructed and operated principally for the conveyance of persons or the transportation of property or goods. E.g. cars, trucks, vans, buses, jeepneys, tricycles and motorcycles. Examples of air pollutants that are derived from motor vehicles are hydrocarbons, oxides of nitrogen, aldehydes, particulate matters, lead, carbon monoxide.Air pollution caused by emissions from motor vehicles may account for 70% of the total pollution in the atmosphere

Sources of Air PollutantsPoint/Stationary SourcesAny building or immobile structure, facility or installation, which emits or may emit any air pollutant. Combustion of fuels in industrial plants result in the release of the same pollutants emitted by motor vehicles. In addition, oxides of sulphur due to burning of bunker oil and coal; and liquid aerosols such as acid mists from chemical and acid industrial plants.Industrial emissions contribute about 30% of the total atmospheric air pollution load.

Sources of Air PollutantsArea SourcesArea source refer to sources other than the mobile and point sources. These include smoking, burning of garbage, and dust from construction, unpaved ground and the like.

Air Pollutants (definition, source, effect) Carbon MonoxideCarbon monoxide (CO) is an extremely toxic, colorless and odorless gas. Anthropogenic sources (those associated with the activities of human beings) include motor vehicles, fossil fuel burning for electricity and heat, industrial processes, solid waste disposal, and miscellaneous burning of such things as leaves and brush. Motor vehicles account for more than 60% of the emission.

Air Pollutants (definition, source, effect) Carbon MonoxideExposure to carbon monoxide can block oxygen transport to the brain. CO reacts with hemoglobin in the blood to form carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) and may lead to the following: (a) Toxicity of the central nervous system and heart; (b) Headaches, dizziness, nausea and unconsciousness; (c) Loss of vision; (d) Decreased muscular coordination; (e) Abdominal pain; (f) Severe effects on the baby of a pregnant woman; (g) poor concentration; and (h) In cases of prolonged exposure to high CO concentration, unconsciousness, convulsion and death.

Air Pollutants (definition, source, effect) Carbon MonoxideCarbon monoxide of concentration exceeding 5,000 mg/L is lethal to humans within a few minutes.At COHb levels of 5 to 10 percent, visual perception, manual dexterity, and ability to learn are impaired.At concentration 0f 50 mg/L of CO for eight hours will result in a COHb level of about 7.5%. At COHb levels of 2.5 to 3 percent, people with heart disease are not able to perform certain exercises.Air Pollutants (definition, source, effect) Carbon MonoxideA concentration of 20 mg/L of CO for eight hours will result in a COHb level of about 2.8 percent. The average concentration of CO inhaled in cigarette smoke is 200 to 400 mg/L.The sensitive populations are those with heart and circulatory ailments, chronic pulmonary disease, developing fetuses, and those with condition that cause increased oxygen demand such as fever.

Air Pollutants (definition, source, effect) Hydrocarbons (HC)The major anthropogenic sources are partially burned gasoline and incinerator emissions. These sources account for 38 and 23 percent of the global emissions respectively. Gasoline evaporation, refinery losses, and solvent evaporation account for another 27%. Hydrocarbons that exist in the gas phase are generally considered to be those with five or fewer carbon atoms. Methane and terpenes are the two major hydrocarbon emitted by natural sources. Unlike methane, which results from decaying organic matter, terpenes are released from living plants.

Air Pollutants (definition, source, effect) Hydrocarbons (HC)Terpenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons. They are the compounds that give the characteristic scent to lemon and pine. Historically, the HC have been regarded as important to human health only through their role in the formation of photochemical oxidants.

Air Pollutants (definition, source, effect) Hydrocarbons (HC)With the exception of the aromatics, HC have been considered toxicologically inert. The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) identify many of the polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been recognized as carcinogens. Other air toxics, including pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and dioxins have also been identified.

Air Pollutants (definition, source, effect) Hydrocarbons (HC)Dioxins a heterocyclic hydrocarbon that is a carcinogen and toxic environmental pollutant. Source: by product of combustion processes, manufacture of herbicides and bactericides, chlorine bleaching of paper.PCB a compound derived from biphenyl and containing chlorine that is a hazardous pollutant. Use: in electrical insulators, flame retardants, plasticizers.

Air Pollutants (definition, source, effect) LeadA bluish soft metal found naturally in the environment as well as in manufactured products. The major sources of lead emissions have historically been from fuels in on-road motor vehicles and industrial sources. Approximately 70 to 80 percent of the lead which used to be added to gasoline was discharged to the atmosphere.Most lead concentrations that are found in the environment are a result of human activities such as addition in gasoline, application in metal products, cables and pipeline, and also in paints and pesticides.Air Pollutants (definition, source, effect) LeadVolcanic activity and airborne soil are the primary natural sources of atmospheric lead. Smelters and refining processes, as well as incineration of lead containing wastes, are major point source of lead. In contrast to the other major air pollutants, lead is a cumulative poison. A further difference is that it is ingested in food and water, as well as being inhaled.An early manifestation of acute lead poisoning is a mild anemia (deficiency of red blood cells).

Air Pollutants (definition, source, effect) LeadFatigue, irritability, mild headache, and pallor indistinguishable from other causes of anemia occur when the blood level of lead increases to 60 to 120 g/100 g of whole blood.Blood levels in excess of 80 g/100 g results in constipation and abdominal cramps.Air Pollutants (definition, source, effect) LeadWhen acute exposure results in blood levels of lead greater than 120 g/100 g , acute brain damage (encephalopathy) may result. Such acute exposure results in convulsions, coma, cardiorespiratory arrest, and death.Chronic exposure to lead may result in brain damage characterized by seizure, mental incompetence, and highly active aggressiveness behaviour. Weakness of extensor muscles of the hand and feet and eventual paralysis may also result.Air Pollutants (definition, source, effect) Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)Nitrogen Dioxide is a gas of reddish-brown color in concentrated form and gives a brownish yellow tint at lower concentration with a distinct sharp, biting odor. Bacterial action in the soil release nitrous oxide (N2O) to the atmosphere. In the upper troposphere and stratosphere, atomic oxygen reacts with the nitrous oxide to form nitric oxide (NO). The atomic oxygen results from the dissociation of ozone. The nitric oxide further reacts with ozone to form nitrogen dioxide (NO2). N2O+O2NOandNO + O3 NO2 + O2Air Pollutants (definition, source, effect) Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)Combustion process at high temperature account for 96 percent of the anthropogenic sources of nitrogen oxide.Nitrogen dioxide may act in synergy with sulfur dioxide to produce a negative effect on plants photosynthesis.Nitrogen dioxide is a major component of the photochemical smog and thus a contributor to the formation of ozone which is another serious air pollutant.

Air Pollutants (definition, source, effect) Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)Exposure to NO2 concentration above 5 mg/L for 15 minutes results in cough and irritation of the respiratory tract. Continued exposure may produce an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the lung (pulmonary edema).Just like other pollutants, nitrogen dioxide affects people with existing medical conditions more severely than healthy people. Asthma sufferers may experience enhanced sensitivity after short-term NO2 exposure as compared to those without any asthmatic problems. Children aged 12 and younger who are exposed to NOx suffer more respiratory illness than the ones who are not exposed.

Air Pollutants (definition, source, effect) Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)Is a colorless gas with a pungent, suffocating odor. SO2 is corrosive to organic materials and it irritates the eyes, nose and lungs; thus it is quite a dangerous air pollutant.Sulfur is contained within all fossil fuels, and is released in the form of sulphur dioxide during fossil fuel combustion. Because of the widespread use of fossil fuels, sulphur dioxide is among the most common air pollutants produced in every part of the planet.Air Pollutants (definition, source, effect) Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)Sulfur dioxide pollution effects on human health are; irritation of eyes, nose, throat; damage to lungs when inhaled; acute and chronic asthma; bronchitis and emphysema (as a result of synergy between SO2 and suspended particulate matter); and lung cancer.

Air Pollutants (definition, source, effect) Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)Sulfur dioxide may also affect animals through plants in which they eat and, plants, including wild species, crops and trees. These effects may be cell metabolism disruption (membrane damage, respiration and photosynthetic effects), leaf injury and loss, reduced growth and reproduction, and increase in susceptibility of plants to attacks by insect herbivores.Air Pollutants (definition, source, effect) Particulate Matters (PM)Are in the form of solid or liquid suspended in the air. Dust particles are solid particles between 1 and 100 m (micron) in diameter; fumes, or smoke, are solid particles less than 1 m (1 micron is roughly equivalent to 1/70th the width of human hair) in diameter. Experts believe that dust is the most damaging among all widely measured air pollutants.Smaller dust particles are more dangerous than larger ones because they can penetrate deep into the lungs being deposited on areas where the bodys natural clearance mechanisms such as coughing cannot remove them.

Air Pollutants (definition, source, effect) Particulate Matters (PM)Combustion of fossil fuels by road transport, power plants etc. is a major source of particulate air pollution. Continuous exposure to particulates can induce wheezing, chest pain, coughing and phlegm as well as more severe diseases like pneumonia, bronchitis, asthma, emphysema and cardiovascular diseases.

Air Pollutants (definition, source, effect) Ozone (O3)Is a poisonous gas with a sharp and cold odor. It can be found in the stratosphere where it occurs naturally and plays a beneficial role by acting as a filtering mechanism for the harmful ultraviolet rays from the sun, but in the lower atmosphere it comprises what it seem mainly as gray smog suspended in air.Air Pollutants (definition, source, effect) Ozone (O3)The troposphere ozone is an end product of the chemical reaction between nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the presence of sunlight results in the photochemical smog. The troposphere ozone is a component of the smog itself. Because the photochemical smog requires a lot of sunshine to form, it occurs mostly in sunny and heavily polluted places.Air Pollutants (definition, source, effect) Ozone (O3)Ozone affects mainly the respiratory system. It may cause lung inflammation, decreased ability to breathe and susceptibility to respiratory diseases such as pneumonia, bronchitis, fibrosis and premature lung aging. Children are more susceptible to the harmful effects of ozone.Other Effects of Air PollutantsAcid RainUnpolluted rain is naturally acidic because CO2 from the atmosphere dissolves to sufficient extent to form carbonic acid. Chemical reactions in the atmosphere convert SO2, NOx, and volatile organic compounds to acidic compounds and associated oxidants. The concern about acid rain relates to potential effects of acidity on aquatic life, damage to crops and forests, and damage to building materials.

Other Effects of Air PollutantsOzone DepletionWithout ozone, every living thing on the earths surface would be incinerated. The presence of ozone in the upper atmosphere (20 to 40 km and up) provides a barrier to ultraviolet radiation. Too much UV will cause skin cancer. In 1974, Molina and Rowland revealed a potential air pollutant threat to this protective ozone shield.

Other Effects of Air PollutantsOzone DepletionThey hypothesized that chlorofluorocarbons (CF2Cl2 and CFCl3 often abbreviated as CFC), that are used as aerosol propellants and refrigerants reacts with ozone. The reaction of CFCs to the ozone is that the chlorine atom removes ozone from the system and that the chlorine atom is continually recycled to convert more ozone to oxygen. It has been estimated that a 5 % reduction in ozone could result in nearly 10 percent increase in skin cancer.

Other Effects of Air PollutantsGreenhouse EffectUnlike ozone, carbon dioxide is relatively transparent to shortwave ultraviolet light from the sun. It does, however, absorb and emit long wave radiation at wavelengths typical of the earth and atmosphere. Hence, CO2 acts much like the glass on a greenhouse: it lets in shortwave radiation from the sun that heats the ground surface but restricts the loss of heat by radiation from the ground surface. The more CO2 in the atmosphere, the more effective it is in restricting the outflow of radiative energy.

Other Effects of Air PollutantsEffects on VegetationPlant growth may be inhibited by continuous exposure to 0.5 ppm of NO2. Levels of NO2 in excess of 2.5 ppm for periods of four hours or more are required to produce necrosis (surface spotting due to plasmolysis or loss of protoplasm).Sulfur dioxide injury is also typified by necrosis, but at much lower levels. A concentration of 0.3 ppm for eight hours is sufficient.Other Effects of Air PollutantsEffects on VegetationThe net result of air pollutant damage goes beyond the apparent superficial damage to the leaves. A reduction in surface area results in less growth and small fruit. For other plants the net result is likely to be an early death.Fluoride deposition on plants not only causes them damage but may result in a second untoward effect. Grazing animals may accumulate an excess of fluoride, which mottles their teeth and ultimately causes them to fall out.Republic Act 8749 or the Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999Republic Act 8749, or the Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999, is a comprehensive policy and program for air quality management in the country. It aims to achieve and maintain healthy air for all Filipinos.The Act lays down policies to control the spread of air pollution. It sets standard for vehicle owners and manufacturing concerns to follow and imposes the appropriate punishments for violators of the law. It also outlines the different programs to be implemented by the government in order to manage and maintain air quality.All potential sources of air pollution must comply with the provisions of the Clean Air Act. All emissions must be within the air quality standards set under its law.

Republic Act 8749 or the Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999MOBILE SOURCESRegulations for Motor VehiclesNew, in-use, rebuilt and imported second-hand motor vehicles must comply with the exhaust emission standards set by the Clean Air Act.All new motor vehicles should be covered by a Certificate of Conformity (COC). The COC will be issued by the DENR to the motor vehicle manufacturer, assembler or importer after the vehicles are found to have complied with emission standards set by the act.In-use motor vehicles should also pass the smoke test before renewal of their registration. Testing will be conducted by the Motor Vehicle Inspection System (MVIS) of the DOTC-LTO, and authorized private emission testing centers.Republic Act 8749 or the Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999MOBILE SOURCESRegulations for Motor VehiclesNew, in-use, rebuilt and imported second-hand motor vehicles must comply with the exhaust emission standards set by the Clean Air Act.Rebuilt motor vehicles or imported second-hand completely built-up or pre-regulated vehicles retrofitted with second-hand engines will only be allowed registration or renewal upon submission of a valid Certificate of Compliance to Emission Standards (CCES). The CCES will be issued by the DOTC only if the specific vehicle meets exhaust emission standards, as verified by actual testing by the MVIS.

Republic Act 8749 or the Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999Section 22. No motor vehicle registration (MVR) shall be issued unless such motor vehicle passes the emission-testing requirement promulgate in accordance with this Act. Such testing shall be conducted by the DOTC or its authorized inspection canters within sixty (60) days prior to the date of registration.

Republic Act 8749 or the Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999Opacimeter (opacity meter) device used to measure the density or thickness of emissions coming from a vehicles exhaust pipe. The opacimeter measures the k value of the emission to determine its opacity. Opacity refers to the amount of light obscured by the particle pollutants from the vehicles exhaust. The darker the smoke, the higher the k value.If the k value measured is 2.5 or less, the vehicle passes the smoke test.For turbo-charged diesel engines, k value should be 3.5 or lower

Republic Act 8749 or the Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999How is the smoke test conducted?With the engine idle and the vehicle stationary, do the following:Put the gear in neutralSet hand brakeCheck that engine temperature is at normalStep on the accelerator two to three times to get rid of any carbon residue in the exhaustThen, with the opacimeter attached to the exhaust pipe of the vehicle, step on the accelerator until the engine reaches its maximum speed. Maintain this for two to four second, after which release the accelerator slowly until it returns to idling. This process is repeated six times.

Republic Act 8749 or the Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999Vehicles that do not pass the smoke test will have both license plates confiscated. If the plates cannot be removed, the license of the driver should be surrendered in exchange for a Temporary Operator Permit (TOP)Smoke-belching vehicles should be taken to a shop for repair. Before it can be taken out on the road again, the driver or owner of the vehicle should first redeem the license plates at the LTO and pay the corresponding fine. The plates will only be released after the vehicle passes the smoke test and receives a Certificate of Emission Compliance (CEC) from the LTO or authorized testing center.

Republic Act 8749 or the Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999Number of OffenseRA 8749IRR (DAO No. 2000-81)FirstNot to exceed P 2KP 1,000SecondP 2K P 4KP 3,000Third P 4K P 6KP 5,000 and the offender must undergo a seminar on pollution control and management conducted by the LTO-DOTC. Incase the 3rd offense was committed within a year from the commission of the 1st offense, the registration of the vehicle will be suspended for one year (365 days)Fine/Penalties for smoke belching

Any violations of the provisions of sect 21, paragraph (d) with regard to national inspection and maintenance programs, including technicians and facility compliance, shall be penalized with a fine of not less than P 30,000 or cancellation of license of both the technician and the center or both, as determined by the DTI.Republic Act 8749 or the Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999FUEL, ADDITIVES AND SUBSTANCESRegulations for fossil fuel (Section 26)Not later than eighteen (18) months after the effectivity of this Act (Nov. 25, 2000);The complete phase-out of leaded gasoline before the end of the year 2000. For existing vehicles, the DTI shall formulate standards and procedures that will allow non-conforming engines to comply with the use of unleaded fuel within five (5) years after the effectivity of this Act.The lowering of sulfur content of industrial diesel from 0.5% to 0.3% by weight and automotive diesel from 0.2% with a cetane number or index of not less than forty-eight (48) to 0.05% by weight by year 2004.

Republic Act 8749 or the Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999The lowering of aromatics and benzene in unleaded gasoline from 45% maximum to 35% maximum by volume (2003) for aromatics and from 4% maximum to 2% maximum by volume for benzene (2003).No person shall manufacture, import, sell, supply, offer for sale, dispense, transport or introduce into commerce unleaded premium gasoline fuel which has an anti-knock index (AKI) of not less than 87.5 and Reid vapor pressure of not more than 9 psi (62 KPa).

Republic Act 8749 or the Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999Fines and Penalties:Manufacture, importation, sale, offer for sale, introduction to commerce, conveyance or other disposition of leaded gasoline._ . . . . . . . shall be punished with three (3) years and one (1) day to five (5) years imprisonment and fine from P 10K to P 100K or both.Manufacture, importation, sale, offer for sale, introduction to commerce, conveyance or other disposition of engines and/or engine components requiring leaded gasoline.- . . . . . . . . shall be punished with three (3) years and one (1) day to five (5) years imprisonment and fine from P 10K to P 100K or both.Manufacture, importation, sale, offer for sale, dispensation, transportation or introduction into commerce of unleaded gasoline fuel which do not meet the fuel specifications.- . . . . . . . . shall be punished with three (3) years and one (1) day to five (5) years imprisonment and fine from P 10K to P 100K or both.

Republic Act 8749 or the Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999Fines and Penalties:Manufacture, importation, sale, offer for sale, dispensation, transportation or introduction into commerce of automotive diesel fuel which do not meet the fuel specifications.- . . . . . . . shall be punished with three (3) years and one (1) day to five (5) years imprisonment and fine from P 10K to P 100K or both.Manufacture, importation, sale, offer for sale, dispensation, transportation or introduction into commerce of industrial diesel fuel which do not meet the fuel specifications.- . . . . . . . . shall be punished with three (3) years and one (1) day to five (5) years imprisonment and fine from P 10K to P 100K or both.

Republic Act 8749 or the Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999Fines and Penalties:Manufacture, processing, trade of fuel or fuel additive without prior registration of the fuel or fuel additive with the DOE.- . . . . . . . . shall be punished with two (2) years and one (1) day to four (4) years imprisonment and fine from P 10K to P 100K or both.Misfuelling refers to the act of introducing or causing or allowing the introduction of leaded gasoline into any motor vehicle equipped with a gasoline tank filler inlet and labeled unleaded gasoline only.- . . . . . . . shall be punished with one (1) years and one (1) day to three (3) years imprisonment and fine of twenty thousand pesos (P 20K).

Republic Act 8749 or the Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999POINT SOURCESAll stationary sources must comply with the National Emission Standards for Source Specific Air Pollutants (NESSAP) and National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) and must secure their permit to operate prior to operation. Ambient air quality refers to the atmospheres average purity as measured in a broad area, as distinguished from discharge measurements taken at the source of the pollution.The Act also provides for the maintenance of attainment and non-attainment areas. Attainment areas refer to areas where existing ambient air quality complies with the guidelines set in the NAAQS.

Republic Act 8749 or the Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999Existing pollution sources in attainment areas, or those established prior to the effectivity date (Nov 25, 2000) of this Act, must observe the following:Compliance with the NESSAP and the NAAQS, or submission of compliance program in case of non-compliance;Use of emissions trading and/or averaging as part of compliance plan;Compliance within 18 months if found non-compliant;Payment of mass emission fees.

Republic Act 8749 or the Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999New or modified sources of pollution in attainment areas must observe the following:Compliance with the NESSAP and NAAQS;Have an Authority to Construct which will be converted to Permit to Operate;Application of Best Available Control Technology, or such approaches, techniques or equipment that, when used, will result in lower air emissions, but in a cost-effective manner;Generation of emission credits for selling, averaging is not allowed;Payment of mass emission fees;Installation of continuous emission monitoring system (CEMS) for sources with potential to emit greater than or equal to 100 tons per year.

Republic Act 8749 or the Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999Existing stationary sources in non-attainment areas must observe the following:Compliance with the NESSAP and NAAQS;Compliance plan to meet the standards within 12 months in case of non-compliance;Payment of higher mass emission fees (50% surcharge)Payment of 100% surcharge for any penalties and fines relating to a violation of the non-attainment provisions.

Republic Act 8749 or the Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999New or modified sources in non-attainment areas must observe the following:Compliance with the NESSAP and NAAQS;Installation of Lowest Achievable Emission Rate (LAER) control technology, or such technology and process controls that will result in the lowest possible emissions averaging air pollutants;No use of emissions averaging and trading for compliance is allowed;Installation of CEMS;Payment of 50% surcharge on mass emission fees;Payment of 100% surcharge for any penalties and fines relating to a violation of the non-attainment provisions.

Republic Act 8749 or the Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999Fines and Penalties:For actual exceedance of any pollution or air quality standards the Act or these Implementing Rule and Regulation, the Pollution Adjudication Board (PAB) shall impose a fine of not more than One Hundred Thousand Pesos (P100K) for every day of violation against the owner or operator of a stationary source until such time that the standards have been complied with.The fines prescribed shall be increased by at least ten percent (10%) every three (3) years to compensate for inflation and to maintain the deterrent function of the fines.

Republic Act 8749 or the Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999Gross Violation DefinedGross violation of the Act or its IRR shall mean:Three (3) or more specific offenses within a period of one (1) year;Three (3) or more specific offenses within three (3) consecutive years;Blatant disregard of the orders of the PAB, such as but not limited to the breaking of seals, padlocks and other similar devices, or operating despite the existence of an order for closure, discontinuance or cessation of operation;Irreparable or grave damage to the environment as a consequence of any violation or omission of the provisions of the Act or its IRR.

Republic Act 8749 or the Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999Penalties for Gross ViolationsIn case of gross violations of the Act or its IRR, the PAB shall recommend to the proper government agencies the filing of appropriate criminal charges against the violators. The PAB shall assist the public prosecutor in the litigation of the case.Offenders shall be punished with imprisonment of not less than six (6) years but not more than ten (10) years at the discretion of the court. If the offender is a juridical person, the president, manager, directors, trustees, the pollution control officer or officials directly in charge of the operations shall suffer the penalty herein provided.

Republic Act 8749 or the Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999AREA SOURCESSmoking (Sect 24)Beginning May 25, 2001, smoking is banned in any of the following locations:Inside a public building;Enclosed public places including public vehicles and other means of transport;Any enclosed area outside of ones private residence, private place of work;Any duly designated enclosed areaThis provision of the Act will be implemented by the local government units (LGU). Penalty for violation of this provision is six (6) months and one (1) day to one (1) year of imprisonment, or a fine of ten thousand pesos (P 10k).

Republic Act 8749 or the Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999Ban on Incineration (Sect 20)Incineration, hereby defined as the burning of municipal, biomedical and hazardous wastes, which process emits poisonous and toxic fumes, is hereby prohibited: Provided, however, That the prohibition shall not apply to traditional small-scale method of community/neighborhood sanitation siga, traditional, agricultural, cultural, health, and food preparation and crematoria: Provided, further, That existing incinerators dealing with biomedical wastes shall be phased out within three (3) years after the effectivity of this Act (end of 2003): Provided, finally, That in the interim, such units shall be limited to the burning of pathological and infectious wastes, and subject to close monitoring by the DENR.

Republic Act 8749 or the Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999Fines and Penalties Burning of municipal wasteAny person who burns municipal waste shall be punished with two (2) and one (1) day to four (4) years imprisonment.Burning of hazardous substance/bio-medical wasteAny person who burns hazardous substance and bio-medical waste shall be punished with four (4) years and one (1) day to six (6) years imprisonment.

Lets Get Our Act Together

Air pollution is a problem that concerns every single one of us. It is the duty of each one of us to safeguard the purity of our air. We can start by following these guidelines. What can you do to help clean the air?

Lets Get Our Act Together

For vehicle owners/motorists:Maintain your vehicle engine regularly. Change oil every 5,000 km. Use the right grade of engine oil. Have regular engine tune-ups.Clean the air filter regularly. It is important to maintain the right amount of air in the engine to ensure the complete burning of diesel fuel. A dirty air filter can obstruct the entry of air into the engine.Make sure the engine capacity is suited to the size of the vehicle.Observe proper driving habits. Avoid jackrabbit starts. Always use the correct gear position.

Lets Get Our Act Together

For vehicle owners/motorists:Travel only at speeds set by traffic regulations and suitable to road conditions.Avoid leaving your engine idling.Plan your trips well and save on fuel.Dont overload. Overloading strains the engines capacity. Remove unnecessary things from the trunk.Keep tire properly inflatedMake sure the exhaust pipes are well-maintained.

Lets Get Our Act Together

For commuters and office workersTake the bus or patronize mass railway transit whenever you can.Use company vehicles wisely and make sure they are well-maintained.Use natural lighting during daytime. Make sure that lights are energy-efficient.Try talking to the jeepney, bus, or tricycle driver about the benefits of proper vehicle maintenance as well as the high health risks of air pollution and improper driving practices.

Lets Get Our Act Together

For homeowners and homemakersUse low-watt bulbs or energy-saving lights.Limit the use of air-conditioning units and keep the temperature a few degrees higher.Dont burn your garbage.Work with residential associations to stop the burning of garbage in your neighborhood.Avoid using aerosolsDispose of refrigerant, refrigeration equipment and used coolants properly.

Lets Get Our Act Together

For everyonePlant trees.As much as possible, walk or ride your bicycle instead of taking motorized transportReport smoke belchers to LTO and other appropriate government units and organizations.Spread the word about the ban on smoking in public places.Talk to people on what they can do about stopping air pollution.

NEXT TOPICWater PollutionWater pollution is the contamination of streams, lakes, underground water, bays or oceans by substances harmful to living things. It is also the addition of agricultural, domestic, industrial wastes resulting to the degradation of water quality. Contaminants are present in concentrations that may restrict the use of water.SOURCES OF WATER POLLUTION

Water pollutants result from many human activities. Pollutants from industrial sources may pour out from the outfall pipes of factories or may leak from pipelines and underground storage tanks. Cities and other residential communities contribute mostly sewage, with traces of household chemicals mixed in. sometimes industries discharge pollutants into city sewers, increasing the variety of pollutants in municipal areas. Pollutants from such agricultural sources as farms, pastures, feedlots, and ranches contribute animal wastes, agricultural chemicals, and sediments from erosion.

SOURCES OF WATER POLLUTIONPOINT SOURCE any discernible, confined or discrete conveyance from which pollutants are or may be discharged, such as pipe, ditch, well, vessel, vehicle, and feedlot.

POINT SOURCE

Examples are sewage outfalls from residential houses; effluent outfalls from factories, refineries, wastewater treatment plants; and oil spills.POINT SOURCE (oil spills)

SOURCES OF WATER POLLUTIONNONPOINT SOURCESany sources other than source that is man-made or man-induced and results in the alteration of the chemical, physical, biological, or radiological integrity of water. It may be a combination of many area wide sources or widely separated.

NONPOINT SOURCES

Examples are contaminants that enter the water supply from soils/groundwater systems and from the atmosphere via rain water. Soils and ground water contain the residue of human agricultural practices and improperly disposed of industrial wastes.NONPOINT SOURCES

NONPOINT SOURCES

SOURCES OF WATER POLLUTIONPollutant CategoryPoint SourcesNon-point SourcesDomestic SewageIndustrial wastesAgricultural runoffUrban runoffOxygen-demanding materialXXXXNutrientsXXXXPathogens/Infectious OrganismsXXXXSuspended Solids/SedimentsXXXXSaltsXXXXToxic Metals/Heavy MetalsXXToxic Organic ChemicalsXXHeat/Thermal PollutionXPetroleum ProductsXMAJOR TYPES OF WATER POLLUTANTS

Petroleum ProductsOil and chemicals derived from oil are used for fuels, lubrication, plastics manufacturing, and many other purposes. These petroleum products get into water mainly by means of accidental spills from ships, tanker trucks, pipelines, and leaky underground storage tanks. Many petroleum products are poisonous if ingested by animals, and spilled oil damages the feathers of birds or the fur of animals, often causing death. In addition, spilled oil may be contaminated with other harmful substances, such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs).

MAJOR TYPES OF WATER POLLUTANTSPesticides and Herbicides/ Toxic Organic CompoundsChemicals used to kill unwanted animals and plants, for instance on farms or suburban yards, may be collected by rainwater runoff and carried into streams, especially if these substances are applied too lavishly. Some of these chemicals are biodegradable and quickly decay into harmless or less harmful forms, while others are non-biodegradable and remain dangerous for a long time.

MAJOR TYPES OF WATER POLLUTANTSHeavy Metals/Toxic MetalsHeavy metals, such as copper, mercury, and selenium get into water from many sources including industries, automobile exhaust, mines, and even natural soil. Like pesticides, heavy metals become more concentrated as animals feed on plants and are consumed in turn by other animals. When they reach high levels in the body, heavy metals can be immediately poisonous, or can result in long-term health problems similar to those caused by pesticides and herbicides.MAJOR TYPES OF WATER POLLUTANTSExcessive Organic Matter /NutrientSome major sources of nutrients are phosphorus-based detergents, fertilizers, and food-processing wastes. Fertilizers and other nutrients used to promote plant growth on farms and in gardens may find their way into water. At first, these nutrients encourage the growth of plants and algae in water.Excessive nutrients often lead to large growths of algae, which in turn become oxygen- demanding material when they die and settle to the bottom. when the plant matter and algae die and settle underwater, microorganisms decompose them. In the process of decomposition, these microorganisms consume oxygen that is dissolved in the water. Oxygen levels in the water may drop to such dangerously low levels that oxygen-dependent animals in the water, such as fish, die. This process of depleting oxygen to deadly levels is called eutrophication.

MAJOR TYPES OF WATER POLLUTANTSSediment/ Suspended SolidsSediment, soil particles carried to a streambed, lake, or ocean, can also be a pollutant if it is present in large enough amounts. Soil erosion produced by the removal of soil-trapping trees near waterways, or carried by rainwater and floodwater from croplands, strip mines, and roads, can damage a stream or lake by introducing too much nutrient matter. As excessive sediment loads are deposited into the lakes and reservoirs, their usefulness is reduced and has destroyed many living places (ecological habitats) for aquatic organisms.

MAJOR TYPES OF WATER POLLUTANTSInfectious Organisms/PathogensMicroorganisms found in wastewater include bacteria, viruses, and protozoa excreted by diseased persons or animals. When discharged into surface waters, they make the water unfit for drinking. If the concentration of pathogens is sufficiently high, the water may also be unsafe for swimming and fishing. Parasites like Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium parvum occasionally turn up in urban water supplies. These parasites can cause illness, especially in people who are very old or very young, and in people who are already suffering from other diseases.

Giardia lamblia The parasite Giardia lamblia is shown in its active, free-swimming trophozoite stage. Giardia lamblia enters the body of a human or other host as a cyst. The hard, outer coating of the cyst is dissolved by the action of digestive juices to produce a trophozoite, which attaches itself to the wall of the small intestines, where it reproduces. Offspring quickly encyst and are excreted out of the host's body. Drinking water that has been polluted by fecal matter often provides the offspring with a route back into a new host.

MAJOR TYPES OF WATER POLLUTANTSThermal Pollution/HeatThermal pollution can accelerate biological processes in plants and animals or deplete oxygen levels in water. The result may be fish and other wildlife deaths near the discharge source. Thermal pollution can also be caused by the removal of trees and vegetation that shade and cool streams.In some environments an increase of water temperature can be beneficial for the increase in production of clams and oysters. On the other hand, increase in water temperature can be negative impacts on the salmon and trout production because these fish only live in cool water.Even small temperature changes in a body of water can drive away the fish and other species that are originally present, and attract other species in place of them.

Thermal Pollution from Power Plants and FactoriesPower plants and industrial factories are among the major contributors to the problem of thermal pollution. These facilities draw water from nearby lakes and streams, which they use to cool their machinery and steam-driven equipment. Although many such facilities now take care not to contaminate the water with chemical pollutants, few return the heated water to its original temperature before dumping it back into the lakes and streams from which it came. The heated water warms local bodies of water by as much as 10 C (18 F), making the water uninhabitable for fish and other organisms.

MAJOR TYPES OF WATER POLLUTANTSSalts Although most people associate salty water with oceans and salt lakes, all water contains some salts. The problem arises when the salt concentration in normally fresh water increases to the point where the natural population of plants and animals is threatened or the water is no longer useful for public water supplies or irrigation. If the concentration gets too high, crop damage or soil poisoning can result.

MAJOR TYPES OF WATER POLLUTANTSOxygen-Demanding Material Anything that can be oxidized in the receiving water with the consumption of dissolved molecular oxygen is termed oxygen-demanding material. This material is usually biodegradable organic matter but also includes certain inorganic compounds. Oxygen-demanding materials in domestic sewage come primarily from human waste and food residue. Particularly noteworthy among the many industries that produce oxygen-demanding wastes are the food processors and the paper industry. Almost any naturally occurring organic matter, such as animal droppings, crop residues, or leaves, which get into the water from non-point sources, contribute to the depletion of dissolved oxygen (DO).

Water pollution control methodsWater pollution is another matter of concern and there has no stopping since the growth of the industries which spew out their wastes into the water bodies. Proper water pollution control systems are crucial to the water pollution control measures. Water pollution control methods can be carried out by the following:stopping the usage of soaps and detergents which contain toxic substancesrenouncing the use of the pesticides that contain harmful chemical substances in the garden as they pose a hazard to the underground waterWater pollution control methodsWater pollution control methods can be carried out by the following:have the paints, greases and other chemicals according to the safety regulationshaving water pollution control systems and pollution control products is a better option. proper chemical treatment plants into the industries before the liquid wastes are ejected into the water bodies

Water pollution control methodsWater pollution control methods can be carried out by the following:proper water pollution control equipment protection of groundwater unsafe chemicals that are in use must properly stored to avoid the seepage of the spilt chemicals into the groundwater systemWater pollution control methodsWater Recycling This involves collecting the wastewater and re-treating it so it can be used for non-potable water uses such as field irrigation. This leads to less water being wasted, thus less water needing to be removed from the delicate ecosystems where aquatic life is already threatened by other factors.

Water pollution control methodsWater Conservation : Conserving water as not only a natural resource, but as a habitat, is an important part to controlling pollution. By practicing water conservation, there is less wastewater made to runoff into natural habitats. There is also more clean, fresh water left in those habitats, and it is more difficult to pollute larger bodies of water.Water pollution control methodsResponsible Consuming: Being a responsible consumer is also a major combatant in the fight against water pollution. Personally accepting the responsibility to dispose of chemicals properly instead of pouring them in sewer drains, and only purchasing non-hazardous materials goes a long way in the fight against water pollution.

Water pollution control methodsLegislature Laws and acts that limit how much contamination can be allowed back into natural fresh water sources.DAO 34

REVISED WATER USAGE AND CLASSIFICATION/WATER QUALITY CRITERIA AMENDING SECTION NOS. 68 AND 69, CHAPTER III OF THE 1978 NPCC RULES AND REGULATIONSWater Usage and Classification

The quality of Philippine waters shall be maintained in a safe and satisfactory condition according to their best usages. (a) Fresh Surface Waters (rivers, lakes, reservoirs, etc.)

Classification Beneficial UseClass AAPublic Water Supply Class I. This class is intended primarily for waters having watersheds which are uninhabited and otherwise protected and which require only approved disinfection in order to meet the National Standards for Drinking Water (NSDW) of the Philippines.(a) Fresh Surface Waters (rivers, lakes, reservoirs, etc.)

Classification Beneficial UseClass APublic Water Supply Class II. For sources of water supply that will require complete treatment (coagulation, sedimentation, filtration and disinfection) in order to meet the NSDW.(a) Fresh Surface Waters (rivers, lakes, reservoirs, etc.)

Classification Beneficial UseClass BRecreational Water Class I. For primary contact recreation such as bathing, swimming, skin diving, etc. (particularly those designated for tourism purposes).(a) Fresh Surface Waters (rivers, lakes, reservoirs, etc.)

Classification Beneficial UseClass CFishery Water for the propagation and growth of fish and other aquatic resources;Recreational Water Class II (Boatings, etc.)Industrial Water Supply Class I (For manufacturing processes after treatment).(a) Fresh Surface Waters (rivers, lakes, reservoirs, etc.)

Classification Beneficial UseClass DFor agriculture, irrigation, livestock watering, etc.Industrial Water Supply Class II (e.g. cooling, etc.)Other inland waters, by their quality, belong to this classification.(b) Coastal and Marine Waters

Classification Beneficial UseClass SAWaters suitable for the propagation, survival and harvesting of shellfish for commercial purposes;Tourist zones and national marine parks and reserves established under Presidential Proclamation No. 1801; existing laws and/or declared as such by appropriate government agency.Coral reef parks and reserves designated by law and concerned authorities.

(b) Coastal and Marine Waters

Classification Beneficial UseClass SBRecreational Water Class I (Areas regularly used by the public for bathing, swimming, skin diving, etc.);Fishery Water Class I (Spawning areas for Chanos chanos or "Bangus" and similar species).(b) Coastal and Marine Waters

Classification Beneficial UseClass SCRecreational Water Class II (e.g. boating, etc.);Fishery Water Class II (Commercial and sustenance fishing);Marshy and/or mangrove areas declared as fish and wildlife sanctuaries

(b) Coastal and Marine Waters

Classification Beneficial UseClass SDIndustrial Water Supply Class II (e.g. cooling, etc.);Other coastal and marine waters, by their quality, belong to this classification.CLEAN WATER ACT (R.A. 9275)

Philippine Clean Water Act (PCWA) (RA 9275) was enacted on March , 2004 and published on April 21 ,2004 and subsequently took effect on May 6,2004.Implementing Rules and Regulations of the PCWA of 2004 was approved by the Secretary on May 16, 2005 and published last May 26, 2005 under DAO 2005-10 series of 2005 (Manila Times and Manila Standard Today).

CLEAN WATER ACT (R.A. 9275)SECTION 7. National Sewerage and Septage Management Program.Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH), w/ the DENR, DOH etc. - prepare a national sewerage & septage management program which will include a priority listing of sewerage, septage & combined sewerage-septage projects for LGUs based on population density and growth, degradation of water resources, topography, geology, vegetation, program/projects for the rehabilitation of existing facilities and such other factors that the Secretary may deem relevant to the protection of water quality.

CLEAN WATER ACT (R.A. 9275)SECTION 8. Domestic Sewage Collection, Treatment and Disposal.Within 5 years following the effectivity of this Act all households, commercial centers, and public buildings must be connected to a sewerage system (for HUCs). Non-HUCs shall employ septage management system (pumping out septic tanks and treating the septage).All subdivisions and commercial establishments must have sewage treatment facilities to get ECC and permit to operate.

Non-HUCs shall employ septage management system (pumping out septic tanks and treating the septage).

The vehicle should be properly marked with the following information: Company name and contact number, Logo, and Body number.

The collection vehicle should be enclosed with leak proof body and lock to secure the septage and sludge, and can withstand an impact with another vehicle especially under urban motoring conditions.

Septic TanksPLANLength lengthWidth 100 mm InletELEVATION(Not to Scale)60 X 60 cm manholeDigestion ChamberLeaching ChamberOutletws2% Slope30 cm air spaceManhole Manhole30 cmDepth Sludgescum50 mmGravelSandGround Surface60 X 60 cmmanhole100 mm Inlet100 mm OutletC.O.C.O.CLEAN WATER ACT (R.A. 9275)DENR to withhold permits or refuse issuance of ECC for establishments that fail to connect their sewage lines to available sewerage systemDENR to request LGUs, water districts (WDs) to sanction persons who refuse connection of sewage lines to available sewerage systems, including non-issuance of Environmental Sanitation Clearance by DOH.WD shall deprive property owner of any services provided by the WD should the property owner refuse to connect with the WDs sewerage system.

CLEAN WATER ACT (R.A. 9275)HUCs, non-HUCs ,LGUs where WDs, water utilities & LGU water works have already been constituted & operational, the water supply utility provider shall be responsible for sewerage facilities.Where WDs & water corporations have not yet been constituted or operational, or no existing facilities, the concerned LGU shall employ septage management system or other sanitation programs.In case sewage, septage, or sludge is collected, transported, treated & disposed by third party, final disposal of treated sewage, septage or sludge shall comply with the DOH standards.

CLEAN WATER ACT (R.A. 9275)SECTION 14. Discharge Permits. The Department shall require owners or operators of facilities that discharge regulated effluents pursuant to this Act to secure a permit to discharge. The discharge permit shall be the legal authorization granted by the Department to discharge wastewater: Provided, That the discharge permit shall specify among others, the quantity and quality of effluent that said facilities are allowed to discharge into a particular water body, compliance schedule and monitoring requirement.

CLEAN WATER ACT (R.A. 9275)SECTION 15. Financial Liability for Environmental Rehabilitation.The Department shall require program and project proponents to put up environmental guarantee fund (EGF) as part of the environmental management plan attached to the environmental compliance certificate pursuant to Presidential Decree No.1586 and its implementing rules and regulationsCLEAN WATER ACT (R.A. 9275)SECTION 16. Clean-Up Operations. Notwithstanding the provisions of Sections 15 and 26 hereof, any person who causes pollution in or pollutes water bodies in excess of the applicable and prevailing standards shall be responsible to contain, remove and clean-up any pollution incident at his own expense to the extent that the same water bodies have been rendered unfit for utilization and beneficial use.CLEAN WATER ACT (R.A. 9275)SECTION 27. Prohibited Acts. a) Discharging, depositing or causing to be deposited material of any kind directly or indirectly into the water bodies or along the margins of any surface water, where, the same shall be liable to be washed into such surface water, either by tide action or by storm, floods or otherwise, which could cause water pollution or impede natural flow in the water body;

CLEAN WATER ACT (R.A. 9275)SECTION 27. Prohibited Acts. b) Discharging, injecting or allowing to seep into the soil or sub-soil any substance in any form that would pollute groundwater. In the case of geothermal projects, and subject to the approval of the Department, regulated discharge for short- term activities (e.g. well testing, flushing, commissioning, venting) and deep re-injection of geothermal liquids may be allowed: Provided, That safety measures are adopted to prevent the contamination of the groundwater;

CLEAN WATER ACT (R.A. 9275)SECTION 27. Prohibited Acts.c) Operating facilities that discharge regulated water pollutants without the valid required permits or after the permit was revoked for any violation of any condition therein;d) Disposal of potentially infectious medical waste into sea water by vessels unless the health or safety of individuals on board the vessel is threatened by a great and imminent peril;

CLEAN WATER ACT (R.A. 9275)SECTION 27. Prohibited Acts. e) Unauthorized transport or dumping into sea waters of sewage sludge or solid waste as defined under Republic Act No.9003;f) Transport, dumping or discharge of prohibited chemicals, substances or pollutants listed under Republic Act No.6969;

CLEAN WATER ACT (R.A. 9275)SECTION 27. Prohibited Acts. g) Operate facilities that discharge or allow to seep, willfully or through gross negligence, prohibited chemicals, substances or pollutants listed under R. A. No. 6969 into water bodies or wherein the same shall be liable to be washed into such surface, ground, coastal, and marine water;

CLEAN WATER ACT (R.A. 9275)SECTION 27. Prohibited Acts. h) Undertaking