Environmental and Economic Benefits of...
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Environmental and Economic Benefits of CHP
Understanding the Environmental and Economic Benefits of Combined Heat and
Power (CHP)
William Cristofaro P.E./PresidentEnergy Concepts Engineering PC
Brooklyn, Rochester NY
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Outline• Fundamental Principles of CHP• History of CHP, US and Globally• Environmental Benefits of CHP• Economics of CHP• Example CHP Plants
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Fundamental Principles of CHP
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On-Site Power - DefinitionAny equipment that produces power on-site on the property of an institution, business or residence for which the primary power and waste heat is to be used. Generally “inside the fence”. May be grid connected as well.
May also wheel power to wholesale market .
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Types of On-Site CHP Power• Sizes from 30 kW to 5,000 kW + higher• Natural Gas engines• Gas Expansion Microturbines• Large Gas expansion turbines• Fuel cells, 10 kW to 1,000’s of kW• Induction or Synchronous plants• Steam Turbines
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Cogeneration Basics
Fuel InElectric Power
HVAC HW
Chilled Water
Domestic HW
Pool Heating
100 unitsFuel In
80 to 90 Fuel Units Used Total
(Total Process 80 to 90% Eff !)Exhaust out 10%
Fuel Cell
Turbine,
Engine,
or Other
Cogen
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Nat Gas Engine
• Common in NYS
• 75 kW to 750 kW
• Often multiple units
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Micro-Turbine
• Several in beta sites
• IngersolRand pictured
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Nat Gas Fuel Cell
• Small 2-10 kW systems
• Medium 100 kW + size
Boces - Syracuse, NY
Methane Waste Plant
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Typical CHP Plant Layout
DG-1
DG-2
DG-3
DG-4
Building Heating
Domestic Hot Water
Air Conditioning
Other Processes
Electric Power
Heat
Recovery
Loop
Modular Cogen Assembly
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Interconnect – What is it ?
DG-1
DG-2
DG-3
Electric Power
Modular Cogen Assembly
Main Electric Power Panel
Power To Building
Electric Power From Utility
CB-52 Shunt
Trans.I-Connect Protection Relay
Power Quality Sensors
I-connect Controls
S
Utility
Cogen Power
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Interconnection Relay Panel• Microprocessor based relay logic panel
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CHP Analysis• Existing electric annual profile• Electric daily/weekly profile• CHP plant sizing based on profile• Existing thermal use, annual, daily• Proper CHP plant size requires a balance of
serving both electric and thermal needs.• Not necessary to meet max of each, depends
on site issues and utility tariffs.
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Thermal Goal of CHP
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
18,000
Ther
ms
Month
Thermal Profile Peak Period
HEAT LOAD ABSORPTION CHILLER
COGEN HEAT OUTPUT USABLE HEAT LOAD
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History of CHP
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History in US• CHP Plants were popular at turn of the
century, large commercial buildings and hotels, NYC, Chicago.
• Waned during age of “big utility” power distribution, 1920 to 1975
• New technologies , micro scale devices, environmental increasing today
• About 5% of total US Power16
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History in Europe• More common since 1950’s• Europe produces about 11% total power
with CHP• Includes very large plants > 10,000 kw and
small plants 100 to 2,000 kw• Active market presently• Denmark – 27% power is CHP• Strong in Germany, other technical states
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Asia, Japan CHP
• Active Market – Environmental and Economic Drivers
• Japan - Largest “Home” market for CHP, over 50,000 installations. Micro CHP
• Government energy policies favorable to CHP, clean energy.
• Strongest nation wide CHP growth.
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Is it This Easy ?• Japanese Add 1 Kw Nat Gas CHP Unit
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Environmental Benefits of CHP
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Environmental Advantages of CHP Plants
• Greater efficiency 60 to 90% (Vs 35% Utility)
• No Ozone depleting refrigerants• Reduced air emissions• Virtually no wastewater emissions/effects• Low Noise• Normally not visible• No plant shutdown waste• Modular, on-site, accurate sizing
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Equivalent Energy Use Profiles Standard Building Plant VS Cogen
Using Therms Fuel as BaselineSystem
Item Standard
Heat PlantStandard Cooling
CHP Plant Heat/Cool
Boilers 6.5 0 0 Chillers 3.2 Non Ozone
depleting
Electric Utility
8.7 (75 Kw)
8.7 (75 Kw)
(75 Kw)
CHP Cogen 8.7 Total Energy 15.36 11.9 8.7
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Absorber Air Conditioning• Small to Large Chiller Plants• Flexible Location, Just Get Hot Water• Uses Waste Heat From Plant• Little Electric Use• Cleanest Available Refrigerant• Complete Elimination of Ozone Depleting• Good for Low Temp Chilled H2O
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Reduction of Ozone
• Waste heat from CHP plant used to drive Absorption air conditioning. Does not use electricity and eliminates use of ozone depleting refrigerants and hazards.
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Electric Effect With AbsorberElectric Demand Profile
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
1,600
Month
Projected PEAK KW DEMAND ELECTRIC KW DEMAND REDUCTION
Offset Electric Chiller Demand
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LEED® CREDITSEnergy & Atmosphere Credit 1 – Optimize Energy Performance
Reduce design energy cost compared to the energy cost budget for regulated energy components described in ASHRAE 90.1-2007.
Demonstrate reduced design energy cost by a whole building simulation using the Energy Cost Budget Method.
CHP can help to achieve up to 19 LEED Points !New Buildings
(% energy cost savings vs. ASHRAE 90.1-2007 baseline)
Existing Buildings (% energy cost savings vs.
ASHRAE 90.1-2007 baseline)
Points
14 10 2
18 14 4
22 18 6
26 22 8
30 26 10
34 30 12
38 34 14
42 38 16
46 42 18
48 44 19 (max)For LEED 2009 New Construction and Major Renovation
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CHP - What You Can Expect:
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• Plant sized based on proper balance of CHP plant to thermal load.
• Electric bill reduction 35 to 95 %.• NET Gas increase 10 to 40 %.• Cost to produce power $ .04 to $ .09/kwh.• Simple paybacks 3 to 5 years, right site.• Financial aid in certain regions may be
significant $500,000 to $ 1,000,000.
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Benefits of CHP to Owners/Ratepayers• Energy reduction and cost $$ savings• Reduced environmental cost and liability• More competitive services/products• Jobs retained and savings to customers• Improved Power Quality• Power backup during utility outages• Leverage savings to finance infrastructure
improvements• Long plant life, flexible power needs
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Implementation Methods and Financing Options:
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• Turnkey owned by others – power sale agreement.
• Bids, owned by owner – with stipulated cost of construction.
• Owner financed: Operating lease, tax advantages, separate owner owned LLC’s etc.
• Grant programs, rebates, incentives – can be a big factor.
• Federal Tax Incentives from 10% to 30% of CHP System cost.
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Example CHP Plants
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Harbec Plastics25 by 30 Kw Microturbinesand 250 Kw Windturbine
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Delta Sonic Auto CareOff Grid Power Plant
Total electric capacity = 300 kWTotal heat output = 1,500 MBH
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Rochester AirportTwo by 750 Kw Units
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Clifton Springs Hospital and ClinicTotal electric capacity = 375 kWTotal heat output = 2,500 MBH
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Main System in C-Tainer Package
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Redhook Green Power LLC1,000 kW electric capacity, heating, cooling,
domestic HWWinner - Municipal Art Society NYC
Masterworks Award
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Geneva General HospitalTotal electric capacity = 375 kWTotal heat output = 2,500 MBH
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Questions and Discussion
William Cristofaro P.E.Energy Concepts Engineering
[email protected]: 585-455-7330