Environment i Chapter

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INTRODUCTIONThe science of Environment studies is a multi-disciplinary

science because it comprises various branches of studies like

chemistry, physics, medical science, life science, agriculture,

public health, sanitary engineering, etc.

Literary environment means the surrounding external

conditions influencing development or growth of people,

animal or plants; living or working conditions, etc.


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Definitions of Environment :

1. Boring: A persons environment consists of the sum total of thestimulation which he receives from his conception until his death.It can be concluded from the above definition that Environmentcomprises various types of forces such as physical, intellectual,economic, political, cultural, social, moral and emotional.

Environment is the sum total of all the external forces, influencesand conditions, which affect the life, nature, behaviour and thegrowth, development and maturation of living organisms.

2. Douglas and Holland: The term environment is used to describe, in theaggregate, all the external forces, influences andconditions, which affect the life, nature, behaviourand the growth, development and maturity ofliving organisms.


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Components of Environment :

Atmosphere

Biosphere

Hydrosphere

Lithosphere


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Atmosphere

The Earth is surrounded by a blanket of air, which wecall the atmosphere. It reaches over 560 kilometers (348miles) from the surface of the Earth, so we are only ableto see what occurs fairly close to the ground.

The atmosphere protects life on Earth by absorbingultraviolet solar radiation, warming the surfacethrough heat retention (greenhouse effect), and

reducing temperature extremes between day andnight.


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The atmosphere is primarily composed of:

Nitrogen (N2, 78%)Oxygen (O2, 21%)Argon (Ar , 1%)

Earth's atmosphere can be divided into five main

layers.

Troposphere

Stratosphere

Mesosphere

Thermosphere


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Biosphere

Thebiosphereis the portion of earth in which all known lifeforms exist. It occupies a thin layer of air (atmosphere), water(hydrosphere), and land (lithosphere).


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A hydrosphere in physical geography describesthe combined mass of water found on, under,and over the surface of a planet.

Hydrosphere

Approximately 75% of the Earth's surface, anarea of some 361 million square kilometers(139.5 million square miles), is covered

by ocean. The average salinity of the Earth'soceans is about 35 grams of salt per kilogram ofsea water (3.5%)


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Nature 97% of the earths water supply is in theoceans.

About 2% of the water resources is locked in thepolar icecaps and glaciers.

Only about 1% is available as fresh surface waterrivers, lakes streams, and ground water fit to beused for human consumption and other uses.


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Hydrological Cycle


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LithosphereLithosphere is the outer mantle of the solid

earth. It consists of minerals occurring in the

earths crusts and the soil e.g. minerals, organic

matter, air and water.


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Inner Core 1200 km madeof solid Fe, Ni.

Outer Core 2250 km madeof liquid Fe, Ni.

Mantle 2900

km made ofdense rocks.

Crust 5 40km made ofsolid lighterrocks.


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