Environment and Subsistence Chronology and climate Landscape Archaeology Plants & Environment...
-
date post
20-Jan-2016 -
Category
Documents
-
view
219 -
download
0
Transcript of Environment and Subsistence Chronology and climate Landscape Archaeology Plants & Environment...
![Page 1: Environment and Subsistence Chronology and climate Landscape Archaeology Plants & Environment Animals & Environment.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56649d7e5503460f94a610a3/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Environment and SubsistenceChronology and climateLandscape ArchaeologyPlants & Environment
Animals & Environment
![Page 2: Environment and Subsistence Chronology and climate Landscape Archaeology Plants & Environment Animals & Environment.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56649d7e5503460f94a610a3/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Chronology & ClimateReconstruction on a macro-scale/global changes in water sources.
Oceans
Ice Sheets
Coast Lines
![Page 3: Environment and Subsistence Chronology and climate Landscape Archaeology Plants & Environment Animals & Environment.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56649d7e5503460f94a610a3/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Climate & Past Lifeways
Changes in climate also affected cultures.
Major differences in ice age vs. Holocene populations.
Lifeways change such as onset of settlements, population increase, domestication, etc.
![Page 4: Environment and Subsistence Chronology and climate Landscape Archaeology Plants & Environment Animals & Environment.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56649d7e5503460f94a610a3/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Ocean
Ocean floor sediments accumulate slowly.
Consist of microfossils called foraminifera (one-celled marine organisms that live in surface water and sink when they die) which are environmentally sensitive.
Deep sea cores show change through time in environment (in some cases up to 2 million years ago).
![Page 5: Environment and Subsistence Chronology and climate Landscape Archaeology Plants & Environment Animals & Environment.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56649d7e5503460f94a610a3/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Deep Sea Cores
Coring Split Core
http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/CORE_REPOSITORY/RHP5c.html
![Page 6: Environment and Subsistence Chronology and climate Landscape Archaeology Plants & Environment Animals & Environment.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56649d7e5503460f94a610a3/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Ice Sheets
Also use oxygen isotope samples from ice sheets.
information gathered from Greenland Ice Core Project can be applicable to archaeology.
![Page 7: Environment and Subsistence Chronology and climate Landscape Archaeology Plants & Environment Animals & Environment.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56649d7e5503460f94a610a3/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Greenland Ice Core Project
Movie clip of drill and structure.
http://www.glaciology.gfy.ku.dk/ngrip/billeder_eng.htm
![Page 8: Environment and Subsistence Chronology and climate Landscape Archaeology Plants & Environment Animals & Environment.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56649d7e5503460f94a610a3/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Coast Lines
Change in climate affected available land.During last glacial maximum sea level was about 120 meters lower than at present.Siberia and N. America where connected.British isles and mainland also connected.
![Page 9: Environment and Subsistence Chronology and climate Landscape Archaeology Plants & Environment Animals & Environment.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56649d7e5503460f94a610a3/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Changes in coast lines
http://instaar.colorado.edu/QGISL/bering_land_bridge/downloads/beringlandbridge1m.mov
18,000 years ago, a "land bridge" emerged as sea level fell.
http://www.theotherside.co.uk/tm-heritage/background/channelform.htm#map1
![Page 10: Environment and Subsistence Chronology and climate Landscape Archaeology Plants & Environment Animals & Environment.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56649d7e5503460f94a610a3/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Landscape Archaeology
Glaciated Landscapes
Varves
Rivers
Caves
Buried Land surfaces
![Page 11: Environment and Subsistence Chronology and climate Landscape Archaeology Plants & Environment Animals & Environment.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56649d7e5503460f94a610a3/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Glaciated LandscapesGlaciers wrought changes in northern North America, Europe.
U-shaped valleys, polished rocks (petrified sea gardens).
http://www.petrifiedseagardens.org/main.htmhttp://nsidc.org/glaciers/gallery/Taku_tidewater.html
![Page 12: Environment and Subsistence Chronology and climate Landscape Archaeology Plants & Environment Animals & Environment.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56649d7e5503460f94a610a3/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Varves
Glacial phenomenon of layers of sediment around the edges of glacial lakes.
Thick layers of sediment represent warm years, thin layers represent cold years.
![Page 13: Environment and Subsistence Chronology and climate Landscape Archaeology Plants & Environment Animals & Environment.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56649d7e5503460f94a610a3/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Varves
Varves in cross-section, note alternating clay and sandy layers;
knife haft = 10cm
http://www.bio.umass.edu/biology/conn.river/varves.html
![Page 14: Environment and Subsistence Chronology and climate Landscape Archaeology Plants & Environment Animals & Environment.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56649d7e5503460f94a610a3/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Rivers
Changes in the course of rivers affected landscape/settlement
Nile and Tigris/Euphrates river valleys were areas of early domestication due to rich floodplains.
![Page 15: Environment and Subsistence Chronology and climate Landscape Archaeology Plants & Environment Animals & Environment.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56649d7e5503460f94a610a3/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Tigris Euphrates River Valley:Site of Ancient Mesopotamia and Modern Baghdad
![Page 16: Environment and Subsistence Chronology and climate Landscape Archaeology Plants & Environment Animals & Environment.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56649d7e5503460f94a610a3/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Caves
Sediments deposited under certain conditions-wind, water, animals, people (i.e. tracking in mud).Soil micromorphology
microscopic study of soil components important part of excavation of any site, but particularly cave. Info on source, soil formation, and human modified.
![Page 17: Environment and Subsistence Chronology and climate Landscape Archaeology Plants & Environment Animals & Environment.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56649d7e5503460f94a610a3/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Dust Cave, Alabama
![Page 18: Environment and Subsistence Chronology and climate Landscape Archaeology Plants & Environment Animals & Environment.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56649d7e5503460f94a610a3/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Buried Land surfaces
Volcanic eruptions
Bogs
![Page 19: Environment and Subsistence Chronology and climate Landscape Archaeology Plants & Environment Animals & Environment.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56649d7e5503460f94a610a3/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Volcanic Eruptions: Pompeii
When Vesuvius erupted on 24 August 79 AD it engulfed the two flourishing Roman towns of Pompeii and Herculaneum, as well as the many rich villas in the area.
![Page 20: Environment and Subsistence Chronology and climate Landscape Archaeology Plants & Environment Animals & Environment.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56649d7e5503460f94a610a3/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Excavations 1910-1961
Excavating through ash layers
Pompeii. House of the Vettii. Paintings http://wings.buffalo.edu/AandL/Maecenas/italy_except_rome_and_sicily/pompeii/ac880908.html
![Page 21: Environment and Subsistence Chronology and climate Landscape Archaeology Plants & Environment Animals & Environment.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56649d7e5503460f94a610a3/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Pompeii-Casts of bodies
http://wings.buffalo.edu/AandL/Maecenas/italy_except_rome_and_sicily/pompeii/thumbnails_contents.html
![Page 22: Environment and Subsistence Chronology and climate Landscape Archaeology Plants & Environment Animals & Environment.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56649d7e5503460f94a610a3/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Plants & Environment
Microbotanical RemainsPollen, etc.
Macrobotanical RemainsSeeds, nuts, etc.
Environmental SensitiveConifers vs. Deciduous
Grassland vs. Forests
![Page 23: Environment and Subsistence Chronology and climate Landscape Archaeology Plants & Environment Animals & Environment.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56649d7e5503460f94a610a3/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Animals & Environment
MicrofaunaMice, rodents.
MacrofaunaLarge mammals, fish, invertebrates.
Environmentally SensitiveLarge bodied=cold climates, Small=warm.
Certain species in certain habitats.
![Page 24: Environment and Subsistence Chronology and climate Landscape Archaeology Plants & Environment Animals & Environment.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56649d7e5503460f94a610a3/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Environment and Subsistence
Environment significantly affects human subsistence.Foragers-Gather wild plants and animals.
Resource Catchment areasSubsistence Variability
DomesticationSpecies domesticatedReason for domestication