Environ Projt

8/10/2019 Environ Projt

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NATIONAL LAW INSTITUTE UNIVERSITY

Bhopal

Environment Law project

on

INDUSTRIAL A!ARDS AND ENVIRON"ENT#ROTE$TION

S%&mitte' To(

#ro) *+Dr*, RA-IV .U"AR . ARE

S%&mitte' B/(

ANURA0 SIN0 $ AU AN1232 4 BA* LL*B* + , 526*

7II5Trime8ter*


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INDUSTRIAL HAZARDS AND ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION

TABLE O9 $ONTENTS

1 . I NT RO DU CT IO N 3

2. INDUSTRIAL HAZARDS AND ACCIDENTS:SOME MISTAKES 4

3. LEGAL FRAMEWORK ON INDUSTRIAL HAZARDS 6

The Envi !n"en#$% & !#e'#i!n A'# (E&A) !* 1+,- 6

The W$#e (& even#i!n $n C!n# !% !* &!%%/#i!n) Ce00 A'# 1+ 6

The Ai (& even#i!n $n C!n# !% !* &!%%/#i!n) A'# 1+,1 8

4. UDICIAR AND LEGAL EFFICAC 11

M.C.Mehta vs. Union of India and others. 5O%e/" G$0 %e$6 '$0e7

M.C.Mehta vs. Union of India and others. 5T$nne 8 "$##e 7

Rajasthan State Electricity Board vs. The Cess Apellate committee and others

Vellore Citi en!s "elfare #or$m vs. Union of India .

M.C.Mehta vs. Union of India and others

O''/9$#i!n$% He$%#h $n S$*e#8 A00. 0. Uni!n !* In i$ (UOI) $n O 0. (2;14 S.C.


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> . C ON CL US IO N 15

- . ? I? LI OG RA &H 16

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INTRODUCTION

G%!@$%i $#i!n h$0 in*%/en'e # $ e $%% !ve #he B! % '!"9$nie0 h$ve %!!6e *! neB

!99! #/ni#ie0 In #hi0 e $ !* !9en =%!@$% "$ 6e# e'!n!"8 h$ $ !/0 in /0# ie0 $ e 9%$8in= $

e'i0ive !%e in #he e'!n!"i' eve%!9"en# $n in #he $ v$n'e"en# !* #he e'!n!"8 @/#

0i"/%#$ne!/0%8 #he8 $ e '$/0in= #he 9 !@%e" !* i06 #! h/"$n %i*e $n envi !n"en#. The

eve%!9in= '!/n# ie0 %i6e In i$ 0/**e * !" #he $'/#e 9 !@%e" !* envi !n"en#$% 9!%%/#i!n.

In /0# i$% i0$0#e "e$n0 #h e$#0 #! 9e!9%e $n %i*e 0/99! # 080#e" '$/0e @8 "$00 9 ! /'#i!n !*

=!! 0 $n 0e vi'e0 e 'ee h/"$n '!9in= '$9$@i%i#ie0 $n #he envi !n"en# 0 $@0! 9#ive

'$9$'i#ie0 1. O

Article 1 Whi'h 0#$#e0 #h$#:

(1) In /0# i$% $''i en# "e$n0 $n even# e0/%#in= * !" #he /n'!n# !%%e eve%!9"en# in #he

'!/ 0e !* $n8 $'#ivi#8 inv!%vin= h$ $ !/0 0/@0#$n'e0 ei#he :

(i) In $n in0#$%%$#i!n *! e $"9%e / in= #he "$n/*$'#/ e /0e 0#! $=e h$n %in= ! i09!0$% !

/ in= # $n09! #$#i!n.2

1 Mitchell, a!e", The Long Road To Recovery: Community Responses To Industrial Disaster. 2 U#i$e%"al &ecla%ati'# '( h)!a# %ight"

* | P a g e


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INDUSTRIAL HAZARDS AND ACCIDENTS: SOME MISTAKES

In /0# i$% $''i en#0 $n h$ $ 0 h$ve @e'!"e #he ! e !* #he $8 Bi#h neB #e'hn!%!=ie0

ev!%vin= eve 8 $8 $n *eB 9e!9%e 6n!Bin= h!B #! /0e #he0e #e'hn!%!=ie0. Thi0 $n=e !/0 # en

i0 9 ev$%en# "! e 0! in #he eve%!9in= '!/n# ie0 n!# #! 0$8 #h$# #hi0 !e0 n!# h$99en in

eve%!9e 0!'ie#ie0. In i$ h$0 @een $ '!/n# 8 Bhi'h h$0 @een $# #he e'eivin= en !* in /0# i$%

h$ $ 0 0in'e #he 1+,;0. I# $%% 0#$ #e Bi#h #he # $=i' ?h!9$% G$0 T $=e 8 $n #hen #he O%e/" =$0

%e$6 in De%hi '$/0e @8 S i $" In /0# ie0 @/# 0$ %8 Be h$ve n!# %e$ n# !/ %e00!n0 * !" #he0e

in'i en#0 Bi#h #he e0/%# #h$# even #! $8 Be '!n#in/e #! *$'e in /0# i$% h$ $ 0.

N!B h$vin= /n e 0#!! Bh$# $n in /0# i$% h$ $ i0 Be 9 !'ee #! %!!6 $# 0!"e !* In i$ 0

= e$#e0# in /0# i$% $''i en#0 $n h$ $ 0 $n h!B #he8 h$ve i"9$'#e #he %ive0 !* 9e!9%e $n $%0!

Bh$# 0!%/#i!n0 0h!/% Be $B !/# 0! #h$# 0/'h #hin=0 !n # #$6e 9%$'e in #he */#/ e.

1. The Bh !"l #"$ Tr"%e&': The *i 0# $n *! e"!0# in'i en# #h$# '!"e0 #! "in Bhen Be

#$%6 !* in /0# i$% $''i en#0 B$0 '$/0e /e #! $ h$ $ !/0 0#! e 'he"i'$% '$%%e Me#h8%

I0!'8$n$#e. J #he ?h!9$% G$0 # $=e 8 Bhe e 0! "$n8 9e!9%e Be e 6i%%e . The =$0 e0'$9e

in#! #he $i %e$ in= #! "$n8 9e!9%e h$vin= @ e$#hin= 9 !@%e"0 e8e0i=h# %!00 n$/0e$ $n

v!"i#in=. The e$0!n *! #he e0'$9e !* #he =$0 in#! #he $i B$0 #he *$'# #h$# #he 0#! $=e#$n60 in Bhi'h #he8 Be e 0#! e Be e 9!! %8 "$in#$ine $n #he e h$ @een n! 0$*e#8

n! "0 in 9%$'e. The in'i en# '!/% h$ve '%$i"e "/'h %e00 n/"@e !* %ive0 h$ #he

h$ $ !/0 'he"i'$% in /0# 8 @een 0e# /9 Bhe e h/"$n h$@i#$#i!n h$ @een %e00e . S$ %8

#hi0 B$0 n!# #he '$0e.

2. Ole() #"$ Le"* C"$e: The 0e'!n "$

/0e !* h$ $ !/0 'he"i'$%0 B$0 in #he '$9i#$% in 1+,- Bhe e @e'$/0e !* #he %e$6 !* !%e/"

=$0 in#! #he $i 1 9e 0!n ie . I# i0 $*#e #hi0 in'i en# #h$# #he S/9 e"e C!/ # in $

%$n "$ 6


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3. The #hi $n $#he e'en# in'i en# B$0 #he !ne in #he M$8$9/ i in /0# i$% $ e$ De%hi

Bhe e $ i!$'#ive 0' $90 Be e *!/n %e$ in= #! $n in /0# i$% h$ $ *! #he 9e!9%e Bh!

Be e 0e%%in= #he 0' $9 "$#e i$%. In #he 9 !'e00 !/# !* #he - 9e!9%e $ "i##e @e'$/0e !*

06in i0'!%! $#i!n $n !#he e*e'#0 $0 $ e0/%# !* B! 6in= Bi#h #he0e h$ $ !/0 "$#e i$%01 ie $*#e he h$ "/%#i9%e ! =$n *$i%/ e $n !#he 0 '!n#in/e #! @$##%e *! %i*e even $0

#hei @%!! 9%$#e%e# %eve% '!n#in/e0 #! *$%% !Bn #! $n=e !/0 %eve%0. A99$ en#%8 #h

0' $9 e$%e 0 '%$i" #h$# #hi0 $ i!$'#ive 0!/ 'e '$"e * !" #he De%hi Unive 0i#8 0

Che"i0# 8 e9$ #"en# Bhi'h B$0 %$#e 9 !ve #! @e # /e @/# #he /e0#i!n #h$# '!n#in/e0

#! 9/ %e #he %$8"$n i0 #h$# h!B '!/% 0/'h $n in /0# i$% h$ $ !/0 "e'h$ni0" '!n#in/e

#! *%!/ i0h *! 0/'h $ %!n= #i"e Inve0#i=$#i!n0 $ e 0#i%% !n #! $0'e #$in Bh$# "$ e #hi0

in /0# i$% h$ $ *%!/ i0h $n Bh$# Be e #he !#he 0!/ 'e0 * !" Bhi'h #he8 =!# #he e

h$ $ !/0 'he"i'$%0.

4. The *!/ #h $n *i*#h in'i en#0 $ e #he "!0# e'en# !ne0 Bhe e in /0# i$% h$ $ !/0

'he"i'$%0 Be e e%e$0e /e #! Bhi'h "$n8 9e!9%e *e%% 0i'6. Whi%e in M/"@$i "! e

#h$n $ 1;; 9e!9%e *e%% 0i'6 $*#e #he8 inh$%e #he h$ $ !/0 'h%! ine =$0 #h$# %e$6e in#!

#he $#"!09he e. An 0h!'6in= $0 i# "$8 0!/n #hi0 i0 n!# #he *i 0# #i"e #h$# 'h%! ine =$0

%e$6$=e h$0 @een e9! #e in M/"@$i. An in0#$n'e in *$'# B$0 e9! #e in 2;;3 $n #hen

%$#e in 2;; Bi#h #hi0 e'en# !ne @ein= #he %$#e0#.

>. The *i*#h $n #he %$0# !* in /0# i$% $''i en#0 #h$# Be e '$/0e /e #! $ h$ $ !/0 'he"i'$%

B$0 e9! #e Bhe e 2, 9e!9%e #!!6 i%% $*#e =$0 %e$6e * !" #he 0' /@@e $ e$ !* ?%$0#

F/ n$'e 2 in D/ =$9/ .

| P a g e


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LE#AL +RAME,ORK ON INDUSTRIA L HAZARDS

The E-.ir -)e-t"l /r tecti - Act 0E/A 2 1 86

The E&A B$0 9$00e #! 9 !#e'# $n i"9 !ve h/"$n envi !n"en# $n #! 9 even# h$ $ 0 #!

h/"$n @ein=0 !#he #h$n 9%$n#0 $n 9 !9e #8. The E&A B$0 9$00e #! 9 !#e'# $n i"9 !ve

h/"$n envi !n"en# $n #! 9 even# h$ $ 0 #! h/"$n @ein=0 !#he #h$n 9%$n#0 $n 9 !9e #8. In

#he B$6e !* ?h!9$% G$0 # $=e 8 #he =!ve n"en# !* In i$ en$'#e #he Envi !n"en#$% (& !#e'#i!n)

A'# !* 1+,- (E&A) /n e A #i'%e 2>3 !* #he '!n0#i#/#i!n. The 9/ 9!0e !* #he A'# i0 #! i"9%e"en#

#he e'i0i!n0 !* #he Uni#e N$#i!n0 C!n*e en'e !n H/"$n envi !n"en# !* 1+ 2. The E&A i0 $n

/"@ e%%$ %e=i0%$#i!n e0i=ne #! 9 !vi e $ * $"eB! 6 *! Cen# $% G!ve n"en# '!! in$#i!n !*

#he $'#ivi#ie0 !* v$ i!/0 Cen# $% $n S#$#e $/#h! i#ie0 e0#$@%i0he /n e 9 evi!/0 %$B0 0/'h $0

W$#e A'# $n Ai A'#. The 0'!9e !* #he E&A i0 @ !$ Bi#h envi !n"en# e*ine #! in'%/ e

B$#e $i %$n $n #he in#e e%$#i!n0hi90 Bhi'h e i0#0 $"!n= B$#e $i $n %$n $n h/"$n

@ein=0 $n !#he %ivin= ' e$#/ e0 9%$n#0 "i' ! ! =$ni0"0 $n 9 !9e #8. The %$B $%0!

9 !"/%=$#e0 /%e0 !n h$ $ !/0 B$0#e "$n$=e"en# $n h$n %in=.

The ,"ter 0/re.e-ti - "-& C -tr l 2 / ll(ti - Ce$$ Act4 1&$ %i$"en# $ !9#e #he W$#e (& even#i!n $n C!n# !% !* &!%%/#i!n) Ce00 A'# 1+ #! 9 !vi e

*/n 0 *! #he Cen# $% S#$#e &!%%/#i!n C!n# !% ?!$ 0. The A'# e"9!Be 0 #he Cen# $%

G!ve n"en# #! i"9!0e $ Ce00 !n B$#e '!n0/"e @8 in /0# ie0 %i0#e in S'he /%e I !* #he A'#.

The in /0# ie0 $0 09e'i*ie S'he /%e I in $n %!'$% $/#h! i#ie0 $ e e /i e #! 9$8 #he B$#e Ce00

$0 9e #he /$ #e %8 !* B$#e S'he /%e I

($) In /0# i$% '!!%in= 09 $8in= in "ine 9i#0 ! @!i%e *ee

(@) D!"e0#i' 9/ 9!0e0(') & !'e00in= Bhi'h e0/%#0 in B$#e 9!%%/#i!n @8 @i! e= $ $@%e B$#e 9!%%/#$n#0 !

( ) & !'e00in= Bhi'h e0/%#0 in B$#e 9!%%/#i!n @8 B$#e 9!%%/#$n#0 Bhi'h $ e n!# e$0i%8

@i! e= $ $@%e ! $ e #! i'. S'he /%e II /0e *! v$ i!/0 9/ 9!0e0 $0 09e'i*ie in S'he /%e

II.

U-&er Secti - 3 :- | P a g e


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The Ce00 0h$%% @e '$%'/%$#e $# 0/'h $#e $0 "$8 @e 09e'i*ie @8 #he G!ve n"en#. The $#e

n!#i*ie 09e'i*ie @8 #he G!ve n"en# in i'$#e0 #B! $#e0 *! Ce00 '$%'/%$#i!n %!Be !ne *!

in /0# ie0 '!"9%8in= Bi#h Se'#i!n 2> !* W$#e A'# 1+ 4 $n 0#$n $ 0 !* e**%/en# $0 9 e0' i@e

/n e E&A 1+,- $n hi=he !ne *! #h!0e *$i%in= #! '!"9%8 Bi#h #he $@!ve "en#i!ne'!n i#i!n0.

U-&er Secti - :F! #he 9/ 9!0e !* "e$0/ in= $n e'! in= #he /$n#i#8 !* B$#e '!n0/"e eve 8 9e 0!n

'$ 8in= !n $n8 09e'i*ie in /0# 8 $n eve 8 %!'$% $/#h! i#8 0h$%% $**i "e#e 0 !* 0/'h 0#$n $ 0

$n $# 0/'h 9%$'e0 $0 "$8 @e 9 e0' i@e .

U-&er Secti - :Whe e $n8 9e 0!n ! %!'$% $/#h! i#8 %i$@%e #! 9$8 #he Ce00 /n e #hi0 $'# in0#$%%0 $n8 9%$n# *

#he # e$#"en# !* 0eB$=e ! # $ e e**%/en#0 0/'h 9e 0!n ! %!'$% $/#h! i#8 0h$%% @e en#i#%e #! $

e@$#e !* 2>P !* #he Ce00 9$8$@%e @8 0/'h 9e 0!n ! %!'$% $/#h! i#8 9 !vi e #h$# #he

9e 0!n %!'$% $/#h! i#8 i0 n!# '!n# $venin= 0e'#i!n 9 e0' i@e 2> !* #he W$#e A'# 1+ 4 $n

e**%/en# 0#$n $ 0 9 e0' i@e /n e E&A 1+,- $n i0 n!# '!n0/"in= B$#e in e 'e00 !* #he

"$ i"/" /$n#i#8 $0 "$8 @e 9 e0' i@e @8 #he =!ve n"en# *! $n8 09e'i*ie in /0# 8 ! %!'$%

$/#h! i#8.

U-&er Secti - :An8 !**i'e ! $/#h! i#8 !* #he S#$#e =!v#. 09e'i$%%8 e"9!Be e in #hi0 @eh$%* '$n en#e $n8

9 e"i0e0 $# $n8 e$0!n$@%e #i"e *! #he 9/ 9!0e !* '$ 8in= !/# hi0 /#ie0 /n e #hi0 A'#.

U-&er Secti - 17 :I* $n8 9e 0!n '$ 8in= !n $n8 09e'i*ie in /0# 8 ! %!'$% $/#h! i#8 *$i%0 #! 9$8 $n8 $"!/n# !*

Ce00 9$8$@%e /n e Se'#i!n 3 Bi#hin #he $#e 09e'i*ie in #he ! e !* $00e00"en# "$ e 0/'h

9e 0!n ! %!'$% $/#h! i#8 i0 %i$@%e #! 9$8 in#e e0# !n #he $"!/n# #! @e 9$i $0 %$i !Bn.

U-&er Secti - 13 :An8 9e 0!n ! %!'$% $/#h! i#8 $== ieve @8 $n ! e !* $00e00"en# "$ e /n e Se'#i!n - ! @8

$n ! e i"9!0in= $n8 9en$%#8 "$ e /n e Se'#i!n 11 "$8 Bi#hin 0/'h #i"e $0 "$8 @e

9 e0' i@e $99e$ #! 0/'h $/#h! i#8 in 0/'h *! " $n in 0/'h "$nne $0 "$8 @e 9 e0' i@e .

The Air 0/re.e-ti - "-& C -tr l 2 / ll(ti - Act4 1 81. | P a g e


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The Ai (& even#i!n C!n# !% !* &!%%/#i!n) A'# B$0 en$'#e @8 #he &$ %i$"en# in 1+,1 Bi#h $n

!@


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U-&er Secti - 0i 4 60i :

A S#$#e ?!$ h$ve 9!Be 0 #! in09e'# $n8 9 e"i0e0 in 9e *! "$n'e !* #hei /#ie0 #$6e 0$"9%e0

e $"ine e'! 0 !'/"en#0 e#'. ! 9e *! "in= $n8 !#he /#8 en# /0#e #! hi" @8 #he @!$ .

Eve 8 9e 0!n !9e $#in= $n8 e /i9"en# i0 @!/n #! 9 !vi e $%% $00i0#$n'e #! #he 9e 0!n Bh! i0in09e'#in=. Bhen 0$"9%e0 #$6en !**i'i$%0 '$n '!%%e'# #he 0$"9%e0 $*#e in*! "in= #he 9e 0!n !*

#he in /0# 8. An8 $n$%80i0 !* #he 0$"9%e0 !ne in #he $i %$@ '$n @e 9 ! /'e $0 evi en'e in $

'!/ #.

U-&er Secti - 31 :

An8 9e 0!n $== ieve @8 $n ! e "$ e @8 #he 0#$#e @!$ /n e #hi0 $'# "$8 Bi#hin 3; $80

* !" #he $#e !n Bhi'h ! e i0 '!""/ni'$#i!n #! hi" 9 e*e $n $99e$% #! #he $/#h! i0e

$/#h! i#8.

U-&er Secti - 310A :

The 0#$#e @!$ '$n =ive i e'#i!n0 #! $n8 9e 0!n ! !**i'e ! $/#h! i#8 in B i#in= $n 0/'h

9e 0!n ! !**i'e ! $/#h! i#8 i0 @!/n #! '!"9%8 Bi#h 0/'h i e'#i!n0 Bhi'h in'%/ e:

i) The '%!0/ e 9 !hi@i#i!n ! e=/%$#i!n !* $n8 in /0# 8 !9e $#i!n ! 9 !'e00 ! ii) S#!99$=e ! e=/%$#i!n !* e%e'# i'i#8 B$#e ! $n8 !#he 0e vi'e0.U-&er Secti - 3 :An8 9e 0!n *$i%in= #! '!"9%8 Bi#h #he 9 !vi0i!n0 !* Se'#i!n 21 ! Se'#i!n 22 ! i e'#i!n0 i00/e

/n e Se'#i!n 31(A) '$n @e i"9 i0!ne * !" 1 1 2 8e$ 0 #! - 8e$ 0 Bi#h *ine ! Bi#h $ *ine /9#!

R0.>;;; 9e $8.I* vi!%$#i!n '!n#in/e0 @e8!n !ne 8e$ i"9 i0!n"en# '$n @e in' e$0e /9#!

8e$ 0 Bi#h *ine.

U-&er Secti - 3 :Wh!eve '!n# $vene0 $n8 !* #he 9 !vi0i!n0 !* #hi0 A'# ! $n8 ! e ! i e'#i!n0 i00/e #he e

/n e *! Bhi'h n! 9en$%#8 h$0 @een e%0eBhe e 9 !vi e in #hi0 $'# 0h$%% @e 9/ni0h$@%e Bi#h

i"9 i0!n"en# *! $ #e " Bhi'h "$8 e #en #! #h ee "!n#h0 ! Bi#h *ine Bhi'h "$8 e #en #! #en

#h!/0$n /9ee0 ! Bi#h @!#h $n in '$0e !* '!n#in/in= '!n# $ven#i!n Bi#h $n $ i#i!n$% *ine

Bhi'h "$8 e #en #! R0.>;;; *! eve 8 $8 / in= Bhi'h 0/'h '!n# $ven#i!n '!n#in/e0 $*#e

'!nvi'#i!n *! #he *i 0# 0/'h '!n# $ven#i!n.

10 | P a g e


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9UDICIAR AND LE#AL E++ICAC

%. M.C.Mehta Vs. Union of India and others. 3 [Oleum Gas leak case] Whe e $n en#e 9 i0e i0 en=$=e in $ h$ $ !/0 ! inhe en#%8 $n=e !/0 $'#ivi#8 $n h$ "

e0/%#0 #! $n8 !ne !n $''!/n# !* $n $''i en# in #he !9e $#i!n !* 0/'h h$ $ !/0 !

inhe en#%8 $n=e !/0 $'#ivi#8 e0/%#in= in #he e0'$9e !* #! i' =$0 #he en#e 9 i0e i0 0# i'#%8

$n $@0!%/#e%8 %i$@%e #! '!"9en0$#e $%% #h!0e Bh! $ e $**e'#e in #he $''i en# $n 0/'h

%i$@i%i#8 i0 n!# 0/@


12/16


"$##e 0 $n #he M$ $0 Hi=h C!/ # B!/% @e in $ @e##e 9!0i#i!n #! "!ni#! #he0e "$##e

$n #he Chie* /0#i'e !* M$ $0 Hi=h C!/ # B$0 i e'#e #! '!n0#i#/#e 09e'i$% @en'h

G een @en'h #! e$% Bi#h #he '$0e0 e%$#e #! envi !n"en#$% "$##e . The S/9 e"e

C!/ # $%0! ! e e #he 9!%%/#in= #$nne ie0 in T$"i% N$ / #! '!"9en0$#e #he $**e'#e 9e 0!n0 $n #! 9$8 #he '!0# !* e0#! in= #he $"$=e e'!%!=8.

). M.C.Mehta %s. Union of India and others The S/9 e"e C!/ # ! e e #he '%!0/ e !* 1-, h$ $ !/0 in /0# ie0 in De%hi $n $%0!

! e e #he" #! 0hi*# !/#0i e #he '$9i#$%. The '!/ # h$0 =iven 9 !#e'#i!n #! #he B! 6e 0 @8

i e'#in= #h$# #he8 0h$%% @e # e$#e $0 '!n#in/in= in #hei e"9%!8"en# Bi#h $ 0hi*#in=

$%%!B$n'e. Th!0e Bh! B$n# #! /i# #hei

A #i'%e32 !* #he C!n0#i#/#i!n !* In i$ 0ee6in= #he *!%%!Bin= e%ie*0:

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$. T! i00/e $ B i# !* "$n $"/0 ! $n8 !#he $99 !9 i$#e B i# ! e ! i e'#i!n i e'#in= #he

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in #hei 9!Be 0#$#i!n0

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The &e#i#i!ne e9 e0en#0 $@!/# 13; C!$% Fi e The "$% &!Be &%$n#0 (CFT&&0) in In i$

09 e$ !ve i**e en# S#$#e0 in #he '!/n# 8 @/# n! 9 !9e !''/9$#i!n$% he$%#h 0e vi'e0

Bi#h $ e /$#e *$'i%i#ie0 *! he$%#h e%ive 8 080#e" ! =/i e%ine0 Bi#h e09e'# #!

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CONCLUSION

S 4 ;h"t c"- ;e & t e-$(re th"t $(ch i-ci&e-t$ & -?t t"*e !l"ce i- the 2(t(re@

The *i 0# #hin= #h$# Be h$ve #! en0/ e i0 #h$# Bhen $ *$'#! 8 i0 @ein= 0e# /9 i# h$0 $ '%e$ $n'e #h$#

0h!B0 #h$# #he in /0# 8 #h$# #he8 $ e =!in= #! !9en i0 n!# $n in /0# i$%%8 h$ $ !/0 !ne $n $%0!

#h$# #hi0 i0 n!# =!in= #! h$ " #he envi !n"en# in $n8 B$8. Th$# i0 $n envi !n"en#$% '%e$ $n'e0h!/% @e #he e Bi#h #he in /0# 8 ! *$'#! 8 !Bne .

Se'!n %8 i* $# $%% $n in /0# i$%%8 h$ $ !/0 in /0# 8 h$0 #! @e 0e# /9 i# 0h!/% @e 0e# /9 in $n $ e

Bhe e #he e i0 %e00 h/"$n h$@i#$#i!n $n i# 0h!/% @e #he e09!n0i@i%i#8 !* #he *$'#! 8 ! in /0# 8

!Bne #! %e# #he 9e!9%e 6n!B Bh! $ e B! 6in= in #he *$'#! 8 $@!/# $%#e n$#e e0'$9e !/#e0 in

'$0e $ =$0 %e$6 !e0 #$6e 9%$'e.

Thi %8 Be nee 9 !9e $n 0# i'#e i"9%e"en#$#i!n !* %$B0. I# 0 $ *$'# #h$# #h!/=h Be h$ve %$B0#! 9 even# 0/'h in /0# i$% i0$0#e 0 @/# #he8 $ e ve 8 %enien#%8 i"9%e"en#e .

Fin$%%8 Envi !n"en#$% AB$ ene00 h$0 #! @e @ !/=h# $@!/# in $ B$8 #h$# #he i"9e $#ivene00 !*

'!n0e v$#i!n $n #he "e$n0 #! ! 0! @e'!"e i"@i@e in !/ %i*e 0#8%e0 '!"9%i$n'e @e'!"e0

v!%/n#$ 8 $n envi !n"en# @e'!"e0 $ '/%#/ $% "!ve"en#.

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