Envirepel Technology Brief September 6, 2015 Envirepel Energy Confidential.

Envirepel Technology Brief

April 19, 2023

Envirepel Energy ConfidentialEnvirepel Energy Confidential

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Biomass Renewable Energy FacilityBiomass Renewable Energy Facility

EEI Process EEI Process •Flexible fuel (waste) feedstocks•Scalable plant size•Low air pollutant emissions•Small unobtrusive footprint•Highly automated control system

Tailored Waste & Energy Solution Tailored Waste & Energy Solution •Air & Discharge permitting achievable•Tuned to local waste streams•Sized to local waste and energy needs•Flexibility site location

Biomass Fuel (Refuse Biomass Fuel (Refuse Derived Fuel from MSW,Derived Fuel from MSW,Wood Wastes, Green Wood Wastes, Green Waste, Organic Waste Waste, Organic Waste Streams) 72 TPD typicalStreams) 72 TPD typical

Operating Costs (Staff, Operating Costs (Staff, Permits, Maintenance, Permits, Maintenance, Consumables, etc.)Consumables, etc.)

RevenuesRevenues ExpensesExpenses

Project ConstructionProject Construction

““Goes In”Goes In”

EEI’s scalable low emissions and low profile “make a gas, burn a gas” biomass renewable waste-to-energy system.

““The System”The System”

Methane Gas Methane Gas SynthesisSynthesis

Add-on Process

Electrical PowerElectrical Power

HH22O O

Low Air Emissions Low Air Emissions (NOx, SOx, CO, THC, (NOx, SOx, CO, THC, PM)PM)

AshAsh>1.5 tons/day for 3MW>1.5 tons/day for 3MW

““Goes Out”Goes Out”

Biomass facility design incorporates established technologies in new and innovative equipment designs to maximize reliable continuous power generation with ultra low emissions. Envirepel Energy ConfidentialEnvirepel Energy Confidential

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EEI System Advantages:

• Near Zero Emissions – Process generates ultra-low levels of NOx and SOx; thereby, allowing a facility to be

permitted in the most stringent regulatory environments.• Low Risk Technology

– Utilizes proven combustion technology and exhaust air treatment equipment in conjunction with a control algorithm resulting in high efficiency and near zero emissions performance.

• Substantially Improved Efficiency– Process converts all carbon compounds in the biomass and other waste fuels,

including those that cannot be broken down in alternative enzymatic conversion processes, to maximize BTU content extraction.

• Renewable Energy at Competitive Costs– Facility costs comparable to conventional fossil fuel plant costs. With Renewable

Energy incentives, the business model only improves.• Multiple Market Player

– Facility operates in the electrical power, waste disposition, and synthetic fuels markets. These revenue sources may be balanced at the project level and location according to market conditions to optimize revenue.


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EEI System Advantages:

• Near Zero Emissions – Process generates ultra-low levels of NOx and SO2; thereby, allowing a facility to be

permitted in the most stringent regulatory environments.• Low Risk Technology

– Utilizes proven combustion technology and exhaust air treatment equipment in conjunction with a control algorithm resulting in high efficiency and near zero emissions performance.

• Substantially Improved Efficiency– Process converts all carbon compounds in the biomass and other waste fuels,

including those that cannot be broken down in alternative enzymatic conversion processes, to maximize BTU content extraction.

• Renewable Energy at Competitive Costs– Facility costs comparable to conventional fossil fuel plant costs. With Renewable

Energy incentives, the business model only improves.• Multiple Market Player

– Facility operates in the electrical power, waste disposition, and synthetic fuels markets. These revenue sources may be balanced at the project level and location according to market conditions to optimize revenue.


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Biomass Renewable Energy Facility Biomass Renewable Energy Facility By The NumbersBy The Numbers


6 Add-on Process

Biomass Renewable Energy Facility Biomass Renewable Energy Facility By The NumbersBy The Numbers


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Basic Open Loop Biomass Renewable Energy System

GasificationGasificationChamberChamber

CombustionCombustionChamberChamber

Extended CombustionExtended CombustionChamberChamber

Flue Flue Recirculation Recirculation GasGas

Ambient Air FlowAmbient Air Flow

Clean Wood WastesClean Wood Wastes

Fuel DeliveryFuel DeliverySystemSystem

Ash BinAsh Bin

Steam BoilerSteam BoilerEconomizerEconomizer

Wet Wet Electrostatic Electrostatic PrecipitatorPrecipitator

StackStackDust Dust

Collector Collector SystemSystem

Induction Induction FanFan

Continuous Continuous Emissions Emissions

MonitorMonitorSystemSystem

Scrubber Scrubber SystemSystem

Selective Catalytic Selective Catalytic ReactorReactor

TurbineTurbine GeneratorGenerator

CondenserCondenserDeaeratorDeaerator

TankTank

Evaporative Evaporative CoolerCoolerSystemSystem

Reclaimed WaterReclaimed WaterSystemSystem

EAU PrimacideEAU PrimacideGeneratorGenerator


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EEI’s Gasification-Combustion Process “Make a gas, burn a gas”


Biomass Fuel Feedstock

Biomass Fuel Feedstock

Steam Plant for Electrical PowerSteam Plant for Electrical Power

Advanced control of air flow and O2 concentration.

Innovative proprietary ceramics designed to achieve optimal:• Refractory properties Refractory properties • Radiant heat gradient Radiant heat gradient • Temperature Temperature

conditionsconditions

Proven Emission Control Equipment:

• Selective Catalytic Selective Catalytic ReactorReactor

• Cyclone Dust CollectorsCyclone Dust Collectors• Spray ScrubberSpray Scrubber• Wet Electrostatic Wet Electrostatic

PrecipitatorPrecipitator

Low Emissions Low Emissions Achieved by:Achieved by:

Primary A

ir

Primary A

ir Fuel near instantaneously releases substantial portion of the energy that it contains as a gaseous mixture of methane, carbon monoxide and hydrogen – “syngas”.

Secondary

Secondary

AirAir

Syngas fully combusted in tightly controlled chamber.H2 gas (from fuel moisture) reacts with combusted gases to create acids (nitrous, sulfuric, hydrochloric, etc.) precluding significant formation of traditional NOx and SOx pollutants.

Tertiary Air

Tertiary Air Temperature blanketing of combustion gases shuts

down thermal NOx production.Dwell time to ensure complete combustion of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons.

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How Does EEI Stacks Up?

Source: 1U.S. EPA, eGRID, http://www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/energy-and-you/affect/air-emissions.html. 2 EEI 3MW REF Process Workbook & Test Data.

Average U.S. Power Plant Fossil Fuel Emissions(lbs/MWh)


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Perspective…EEI Air Emissions Compared to Major Source Categories in San Diego County

CATEGORY COT NOX SOX PM

ON-ROAD MOTOR VEHICLES1 531.19 100.54 0.47 5.69

OTHER MOBILE SOURCES1 242.67 67.2 3.59 5.99

FUEL COMBUSTION1 21.78 8.59 0.38 1.92

MISCELLANEOUS PROCESSES1 28.07 2.74 0.22 184.86

WASTE DISPOSAL1 0.1 0.26 0.04 0.12

INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES1 0.36 0.21 0.02 15.1

EEI 3MW REFEEI 3MW REF22 0.000960.00096 0.0030.003 0.00150.0015 0.00350.0035Source: 1California Environmental Protection Agency, Air Resources Board, 2008 Estimated Annual Average Emissions San Diego County, http://www.arb.ca.gov. 2EEI 3MW REF Process Workbook & Test Data.

Average Annual Emissions 2008 San Diego County(TPD)


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Ultra Low Air Pollutant Emissions

(lbs/hr)(lbs/hr) (lbs/MMBTU)(lbs/MMBTU) (Tons/yr)(Tons/yr) (lbs/day)(lbs/day)

COCO 0.08 0.03 0.37 2

NoNoxx 0.29 0.10 1.28 7

SOSOxx 0.13 0.04 0.55 3

PMPM 0.29 0.10 1.28 7

THCTHC 0.08 0.03 0.37 2

EEI ConfidentialEEI Confidential

Source: EEI 3MW REF Process Workbook & Test Data.

Average Air Pollutant Emissions for EEI 3 MW Biomass Renewable Energy Facility

No other technology in the Waste-to-Energy sector has achieved these results.

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HDR Engineering, Inc. Air Emission Evaluation of EEI Biomass REF Technology – January 2009

EEI ConfidentialEEI ConfidentialSource: “Conversion/Gasification Technologies: Separating the Myths From Reality” HDR Engineering, Inc. Michael Brown & Michael Greenberg, January 9, 2009.

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Ash Generation• Ash, a solid byproduct of the process, represents approximately 2 percent by weight of consumed waste fuel.

• The ash is sterile, chemically inert and resembles fine grain sand.

• Based on laboratory analysis of ash from EEI’s Test Cell, it has a silica value of 74.83% and its composition makes it compatible to be sold as concrete filler.

• Ash is near continuously removed from the gasification-combustion unit via an encapsulated auger system into an enclosed ash bin sealed off from the atmosphere.

Analyte Percent PresentSilicon Dioxide 53.76Aluminum Oxide 12.72Titanium Dioxide 0.57Iron Oxide 4.03Calcium Oxide 11.31Magnesium Oxide 2.74Potassium Oxide 5.68Sodium Oxide 4.93Sulfur Trioxide 2.44Phosphorus Pentoxide 1.23Strontium Oxide 0.07Barium Oxide 0.19Manganese Oxide 0.33

Ash Composition - Clean Wood WasteAsh Composition - Clean Wood Wastefrom EEI Test Cell (R&D Unit)

Clean Wood WasteClean Wood Waste Sterile AshSterile Ash75% Silica Value75% Silica Value

Laboratory analysis by: SGS North America, Inc., Minerals Services Division, February 25, 2008

Ash is a revenue source;sold as concrete filler.


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National Project Schedule

Start Month 4 Month 6 Month 13

Phase 1Phase 1

Phase 2Phase 2

Phase 3Phase 3

• Site lease/purchase negotiated • Funding activities• Engineering design and development• Filing of permits• Power purchase agreement(s)• Public relations program initiated

• Site preparation and clean-up• Vendor selection• Procurement of equipment and materials• Construction permits obtained

• Mobilization and site construction• Building and foundations constructed• Assembly and installation of facility equipment• Integration of systems• Construction audit• Operational and capacity testing


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Test Cell – 3 (TC-3) Open Loop Biomass Renewable Energy System• Research and Development combustion system that produces 6 MMBtu/hr

of heat & generates electrical power sufficient to power its systems.• Built to the definitions of exemptions under APCD Rule 11, it is used solely

to develop the first article systems (hardware/software) of the company’s first production article, our 2 MW Kittyhawk Project.

• Demonstrates the equipment and software designs work in a facility setting, delivering less than 5% of the typical stack emissions of a conventional WTE plant on a per MW basis.

• Monitored and operated via a fully integrated automated control system allowing integrated facility control & operation, and remote viewing.

Gasification-Gasification-Combustion UnitCombustion Unit

Steam Boiler UnitSteam Boiler Unit

Fuel Delivery SystemFuel Delivery System


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Test Cell – 3 Performance Parameters

Consumes 9 Tons/day

Produces 6 MMBtu/hr

Delivers 75 kW (limited by turbine)

Pollutants Average Level (lbs/hr)

CO < 0.015

NOx < 0.77

SOx < 0.015

THC < 0.015

Ash 0.18 Tons/day

H2O 600 gal/dayEmissions


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Test Cell – 3 Systems




Ash BinAsh Bin

Steam BoilerSteam Boiler


CondenserCondenser DeaeratorDeaeratorTankTank

EconomizerEconomizer

Fuel BinFuel Bin

Scrubber SystemScrubber System

StackStack

Dust Dust Collector Collector SystemSystem


Induction Induction FanFanEmissions Emissions



Evaporative Evaporative CoolerCooler

Biomass FuelsBiomass Fuels•Wood WastesWood Wastes•Green WastesGreen Wastes•Refuse Derived FuelRefuse Derived Fuel



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EEI Test Cell Experience•EEI operated its first research and development units (Test Cell-1 and then Test Cell-2) starting in 2007 in Vista, CA to demonstrate emissions performance of its proprietary gasification-combustion system.

•Performance of the Test Cells has met and surpassed all design goals for low emissions performance on a variety of feed stocks (green waste, wood waste, refused derived fuel (MSW), chipped tires, coal, etc.) and resulted in the current EEI renewable energy facility design.


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Kittyhawk 4.6 MW Open Loop Biomass Renewable Energy System




Ash BinAsh Bin

Steam BoilerSteam Boiler


CondenserCondenserDeaeratorDeaerator

TankTank

EconomizerEconomizer

Fuel DeliveryFuel DeliverySystemSystem

Wet Wet Electrostatic Electrostatic PrecipitatorPrecipitator

StackStackDust Dust

Collector Collector SystemSystem


Continuous Continuous Emissions Emissions



Evaporative Evaporative CoolerCoolerSystemSystem

Clean Wood WastesClean Wood Wastes


Scrubber Scrubber SystemSystem

Selective Catalytic Selective Catalytic ReactorReactor

Reclaimed WaterReclaimed WaterSystemSystem

EAU PrimacideEAU PrimacideGeneratorGenerator


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Methane Gas Production – Process Flow

Combustion Combustion Product Product Exhaust Exhaust GasesGases

Combustion Combustion Product Product Exhaust Exhaust GasesGases

NitrogenNitrogenNitrogenNitrogen

WaterWaterWaterWater

Other Other Gases Gases including including O2O2

Other Other Gases Gases including including O2O2

City WaterCity WaterCity WaterCity Water

OxygenOxygenOxygenOxygen

9 MW EEI BiomassFacility

•3 MW for Methane Production•0.5 MW for Facility Loads

•5.5 MW for Sale to the Grid

COCO22 + 2H + 2H22O + energy → O + energy → CHCH44 + 2 + 2O2

V1-V5 are readily available commercial-off-the-shelf reaction vessels.

2503 MMBtu/day


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Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Analysis

Decrease due to recycling & source reduction or recession?

• Waste generation at 4.43 lbs per person per in 2010 in U.S.

• In 2009, there were 1,908 MSW landfills.

• 38% are in the West, 35% in the South, 21% in the Midwest and less than 7% in the Northeast.

• Construction/demolition wastes, non-hazardous industrial waste and wastewater treatment sludge are not included in MSW. These wastes approximately double the amount of waste landfills accommodate.

• Organic materials continue to be the largest component of MSW.


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• Regression analysis shows tipping fees increased on average by $1.24/yr.

• From 2004 to 2010 tipping fees rose at a rate similar to the 1995-2010 period at $1.62/yr reaching an average fee of $46 in 2010.

• The Northeast region had the highest average tip fees, followed by the Mid-Atlantic and the West.

Landfill Tipping Fees

Source: National Solid Wastes Management Association www.nswma.org.

EEI business workbooks assumes $15/T, but does not rely on tipping fees for positive cash flow.


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Combustion With Energy Recovery

• Most of MSW combustion currently practiced in incorporates recovery of an energy product (steam/electricity). – Resulting energy reduces the amount needed

from other sources, and the sale of the energy helps to offset the cost of operating the facility.

• Total U.S. MSW combustion with energy recovery had a 2009 design capacity of 94,721 tons per day. – There were 87 WTE facilities in 2009, down

from 102 in 2000. – In tons of capacity per million persons, the

Northeast region had the most MSW combustion capacity in 2009.

Permitting MSW combustion facilities has brought growth in this sector to a halt.


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Natural Gas (Methane Gas)

$15.38

Natural Gas USD/MMBTU

Methane Gas production provides EEI Biomass REF projects significant ROI potential.


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CO2 Recovery and Conversion to Petroleum• 160,000,000 tons of waste buried in U.S. Landfills each year

– Equal to 18,264 MW-YR of electrical production

• U.S. consumption of petroleum fuels in 2010- 166,140,000,000 gals– 105,034,208,000 gals gasoline (all types)– 16,720,704,000 gals jet fuel– 44,387,680,000 gals fuel oil

• Envirepel Energy estimated fuel production rate from CO2 recovery in TC-3 system (using 10% CO2 levels from Test work)– 1636 gals fuel/MW/Day

• Annual Fuel Production Potential from U.S. Landfill capacity– 261,759,901,000 gals or 157% of current US consumption


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Permitting Issues for Mass Burn Facilities• Some of major issues associated with mass burn facilities include:

– Ability to meet air quality requirements– Possible conflict with adjacent land uses– Disturbances to biological resources– Disposal of ash and other by-products– Possible classification of the ash as a hazardous material– Use of large amounts of water for cooling (if wet cooling towers are used)– Visual quality changes due to power plant structures and traffic patterns– Transportation impacts from numerous truck trips from refuse source to the mass burn

facility (collection and transportation would already be occurring, so facility would only cause a change in traffic patterns)

– Likely public opposition because of uncertainties over health, safety, odor, and traffic impacts (since it is most economical for the facility to be located near urban centers where the waste is generated)

– Possible conflicts between using MSW for electricity generation and programs/goals for waste reduction techniques and recycling

– Possible hazardous materials leakage that may necessitate site cleanup

EEI has comprehensively addressed each of these issues in its design and in most cases turned them into assets.


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Biodiesel Opportunity

Source: http://www.sari-energy.org/PageFiles/What_We_Do/activities/worldbiofuelsmarkets/Presentations/DownstreamBiofuels/Maelle_Soares_Pinto.pdf

Biodiesel Growth by Region, 2010-2020


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Biofuels and Biodiesel

Liquid Fuel Components

Biofuels Consumption, 2004-2008


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Renewable Energy Cost Trends

Levelized cost of energy in constant 2005$1

Source: NREL Energy Analysis Office (www.nrel.gov/analysis/docs/cost_curves_2005.ppt)1These graphs are reflections of historical cost trends NOT precise annual historical data. DRAFT November 2005

At $0.04/kWh EEI’s Biomass REF is highly competitive in the renewables market.


30Source: NREL Energy Analysis Office (www.nrel.gov/analysis/tech_cost_dg.html)

EEI 15MW Facility(95% Capacity Factor) EEI 15MW Facility

EEI Compared to the Energy Sector

Note: Does not include revenue from tipping fees collected for waste fuel.


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Key Take Aways

•EEI’s game-changing technology:– Supports responsible and sustainable solid waste disposal – Provides cost effective renewable energy– Promotes distributed grid development enhancing reliability and reducing transmission

losses

•EEI has demonstrated its technology through its Test Cell R&D Prototype Units– Over 3,000 hours of operating experience– Performance met and surpassed all design goals for low emissions on a variety of feed

stocks (green waste, wood waste, refused derived fuel (MSW), chipped tires, coal, etc.)– EEI design based on actual operating experience

•EEI ready to proceed on commercial project with City of Vista– Approximately 5 MW gross output unit– City will be partner and enter power purchase agreement– Clear path to achieving project permits


Envirepel Technology Brief September 6, 2015 Envirepel Energy Confidential.

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Transcript of Envirepel Technology Brief September 6, 2015 Envirepel Energy Confidential.