Entre deaux Guerres

Europe, 1919-1939

S. Dali,Persistence ofMemory, 1931

Economic Problems

• High Taxes plus Hyperinflation

• U. S. is now world’s banker (links U. S. to Europe’s future)

• Material destruction: eastern France and Belgium largely destroyed—coal mines, factories, and farms.

“How I Saw the War” from Simplicissmus

1920s Culture

• “Lost Generation”—T. S. Elliot, Thomas Mann, Marcel Proust, James Joyce, D. H. Lawrence.

• Dada• Surrealism• Age of Anxiety; Anxiety of

Meaninglessness• Bauhaus School• Relativity v. Relativism

Josephine Baker

(Paris 1925-1946)

Josephine Baker

(Paris 1925-1946)

F. Scott Fitzgerald and Zelda (Paris, Rome, 1926-31)

F. Scott Fitzgerald and Zelda (Paris, Rome, 1926-31)

Ernest Hemingway (Paris, 1921-28)

Ernest Hemingway (Paris, 1921-28)

The ExpatsThe Expats

Social Problems

• Families destroyed

• France lost 20% of its male population aged 20-44.

• Germany lost 15% of military aged men.

• England lost 10% of military aged men.

• Women lost wartime jobs; suffrage movement continued

Women’s Suffrage in Europe• Finland (1906)• Norway (1913) • Denmark and Iceland (1915) • U. S. S. R and the Netherlands (1917)• England, Austria, Czechoslovakia, Poland, and Sweden (1918)• Germany and Luxembourg (1919)• Ireland (1922)• Spain (1931)• France (1944)• Belgium, Italy, Romania, and Yugoslavia (1946)• Switzerland (1971)• Liechtenstein (1984)

Suffragists

Emmeline Pankhurst

Emily Davison, Epsom Derby 1913

13 of 19 Finnish MPs in 1907

Political Problems

• Germany is still the most powerful country in Europe but Weimar Government enjoys little support.

• New countries in Eastern Europe are unstable and trade network along Danube falls victim to localism.

• Eastern agrarian economies can’t keep pace with western Europe.

• Socialists and Nationalists fight in the streets: failed right wing coup in Paris in 1934; Red Years in Italy (1919-1922); Freikorps vs. Communists in Weimar Germany.