Enteritis in Poultry. Duodenum (E. acervulina) Gizzard Jejunum (E. maxima) Meckel’sdiverticulum...

Enteritis in PoultryEnteritis in Poultry

DuodenumDuodenum((E. acervulinaE. acervulina))

GizzardGizzard

JejunumJejunum((E. maximaE. maxima))

Meckel’sMeckel’sdiverticulumdiverticulum

CecaCeca((E. tenellaE. tenella))

PancreasPancreas

•Feed passes from mouth to Feed passes from mouth to cloacacloaca

•Normal reflux from posterior gutNormal reflux from posterior gut–Bile commonly in gizzard,Bile commonly in gizzard,•bile duct empties in jujenumbile duct empties in jujenum–Cecal contents reflux Cecal contents reflux

•Cp normally in anaerobic cecaCp normally in anaerobic ceca

•With altered upper intestine Cp With altered upper intestine Cp can survive and produce pro-toxinscan survive and produce pro-toxins

Poultry DigestionPoultry Digestion


Damage to proximalDamage to proximalintestine, like E. acervulina,intestine, like E. acervulina,may create anaerobic conditionsmay create anaerobic conditionsin the upper intestine. Cp may in the upper intestine. Cp may replicate in the upper intestine near replicate in the upper intestine near ample trypsin available from the ample trypsin available from the pancreas. Trypsin may cleave pro-toxinpancreas. Trypsin may cleave pro-toxinCp metabolic by-product producingCp metabolic by-product producingintestine damaging toxin. Damage to cecal intestine damaging toxin. Damage to cecal lining, like E. tenella, may allow proliferation lining, like E. tenella, may allow proliferation of Cp above normal levels.of Cp above normal levels.

CpCpE. acervulinaE. acervulina

E. tenellaE. tenella

DAMAGEDAMAGE

MULTIPLYMULTIPLY

Disease of small intestine that destroys the gut wallDisease of small intestine that destroys the gut wallCan be caused by Can be caused by Clostridium PerfringensClostridium PerfringensProduces powerful toxins, which:Produces powerful toxins, which:

Damage intestinal mucosaDamage intestinal mucosa Impair nutrient absorptionImpair nutrient absorption Can lead to blood loss, toxemia, and deathCan lead to blood loss, toxemia, and death

Primarily occurs in broilers 2-6 weeks old and Primarily occurs in broilers 2-6 weeks old and replacement pullets under stressreplacement pullets under stress

Threatens birds world wideThreatens birds world wideCan spread to subsequent flocksCan spread to subsequent flocks

What is Enteritis?What is Enteritis?

Enteritis in PoultryEnteritis in Poultry Disease of multiple etiologyDisease of multiple etiology A variety of diseases are associated A variety of diseases are associated

with enteritis with enteritis Can be chronic or acuteCan be chronic or acute Inflammation of the intestinesInflammation of the intestines Economic effects can be Economic effects can be

devastatingdevastating

Conditions commonly associated:Conditions commonly associated:

• CoccidiosisCoccidiosis

• Ulcerative enteritisUlcerative enteritis• Necrotic enteritisNecrotic enteritis• Malabsorption Malabsorption

syndromesyndrome• Stunting syndromeStunting syndrome• DysbacteriosisDysbacteriosis

• Spiking mortalitySpiking mortality• MycotoxicosisMycotoxicosis• Infections - viral, Infections - viral,

bacterial, protozoa bacterial, protozoa • Nutrient deficienciesNutrient deficiencies• Immune responsesImmune responses


The problem with enteritis:The problem with enteritis:• Often misdiagnosedOften misdiagnosed• Challenge relatedChallenge related• Causative organisms can occur naturallyCausative organisms can occur naturally• Can be sub-clinical while eroding performanceCan be sub-clinical while eroding performance• Etiology is mostly multi-factorialEtiology is mostly multi-factorial• Outbreaks cause severe economic lossesOutbreaks cause severe economic losses• Prevention and control is the key Prevention and control is the key


Factors contributing to theFactors contributing to the

impact of enteritis:impact of enteritis: Management/Control Management/Control EnvironmentEnvironment GeneticsGenetics NutrientsNutrients Presence of infectious agents such as:Presence of infectious agents such as:

VirusesViruses BacteriaBacteria MycotoxinsMycotoxins Protozoa (coccidiosis)Protozoa (coccidiosis) Parasites (nematodes)Parasites (nematodes)


The Enteritis CycleThe Enteritis Cycle

ToxinsRelease

IntestinalDamage

ClostridiumPerfringens

Types of bacterial enteritis:Types of bacterial enteritis:

Clostridial enteritisClostridial enteritis

Necrotic enteritisNecrotic enteritis

DysbacteriosisDysbacteriosis

Ulcerative enteritisUlcerative enteritis


Costs of diseaseCosts of disease

Costs: 20,000 birds/house

Mortality $321.00Extra Feed $327.60Weight losses $230.00

Total $878.60/house

+Carcass quality/down grading/and processing

Norton, R. A. and Hess, J. B., Auburn University.

Also losses whenmortalities not detected

DETAIL

Enteritis EconomicsEnteritis Economics

• Necrotic Enteritis can have a significantly Necrotic Enteritis can have a significantly negative economic impactnegative economic impact

• Economic losses can escalate within a Economic losses can escalate within a flock, along with subsequent flocksflock, along with subsequent flocks

• A preventative strategy can minimize A preventative strategy can minimize economic losses, thus resulting in economic losses, thus resulting in maximum profitabilitymaximum profitability

Enteritis Enteritis Economic LossesEconomic Losses

The role of enteritisThe role of enteritis

influencing nutrient utilization:influencing nutrient utilization:• IngestionIngestion• DigestionDigestion• AbsorptionAbsorption• TransportTransport• StorageStorage• MobilizationMobilization• MetabolismMetabolism

Reference: Ruff & Allen 1990; Baker 1993


Bacterial enteritis:Bacterial enteritis: Subclinical infection of small intestine Subclinical infection of small intestine Caused by mainly Gram positive bacteriaCaused by mainly Gram positive bacteria Most bacteria exist naturally in cecum and Most bacteria exist naturally in cecum and

small intestinesmall intestine Triggered by intestinal lesions, poor Triggered by intestinal lesions, poor

hygiene and digestion, immune hygiene and digestion, immune suppression and other factorssuppression and other factors


Predisposing factors of bacterial enteritis:Predisposing factors of bacterial enteritis:

Increased gut viscosity caused by wheat, barley, rye Increased gut viscosity caused by wheat, barley, rye and fiber dietsand fiber diets

Some performance enhancers and chemical Some performance enhancers and chemical anticoccidials ineffective against anticoccidials ineffective against Clostridium Clostridium perfringensperfringens

Stress, crowding, ventilation, wet litterStress, crowding, ventilation, wet litter Immune suppressionImmune suppression Diseases, infections and coccidiosis Diseases, infections and coccidiosis Poor hygiene/sanitationPoor hygiene/sanitation


Clinical Symptoms of Bacterial Clinical Symptoms of Bacterial enteritis:enteritis:

DepressionDepression Loss of appetiteLoss of appetite DiarrheaDiarrhea Dark fecesDark feces Blood in feces can be presentBlood in feces can be present Increased water consumptionIncreased water consumption Wet litterWet litter MortalitiesMortalities


• Consistent scoring guide

• EHTS

• MIC - Studies

• Ongoing efficacy studies

• Global impact assessment

• Product Portfolio

The Elanco The Elanco CommitmentCommitment

"Building the Wall of Protection"

Wall of Protection Line of Treatment

ClostridiumEnteritis Challenge

Maxus

Feed Composition/Genetics

Controlling EnteritisControlling Enteritis Clean and disinfect buildingsClean and disinfect buildings Maintain dry litterMaintain dry litter Ensure proper ventilationEnsure proper ventilation Avoid overcrowdingAvoid overcrowding Reduce immunosuppresive stress and diseaseReduce immunosuppresive stress and disease Evaluate nutritional and fiber content of feedEvaluate nutritional and fiber content of feed Control coccidiosis by using stable programs and Control coccidiosis by using stable programs and

ionophores vs. chemicals ionophores vs. chemicals Use preventative as well as controlling medication Use preventative as well as controlling medication

with effective MIC against with effective MIC against Clostr. Perfr.Clostr. Perfr.


• Productivity EnhancerProductivity Enhancer– Use a productivity enhancer with Use a productivity enhancer with

effective MIC against effective MIC against Clostridium Clostridium perfringensperfringens

– This provides a combination of This provides a combination of prevention and performanceprevention and performance

Controlling EnteritisControlling EnteritisEnteritis in PoultryEnteritis in Poultry

• Develop preventative coccidiosis Develop preventative coccidiosis control programcontrol program– Create stability and immune stimulationCreate stability and immune stimulation

– 2-3 programs/year2-3 programs/year

– Manage cocci vs. eradicationManage cocci vs. eradication

– Use primarily ionophore vs. chemicalsUse primarily ionophore vs. chemicals

– Specifically select appropriate ionophoreSpecifically select appropriate ionophore

Enteritis in PoultryEnteritis in PoultryControlling EnteritisControlling Enteritis

Elanco BreaksElanco BreaksThe Enteritis CycleThe Enteritis Cycle

X X

Clostr. Perf.Clostr. Perf.

controlcontrol

Surmax/Surmax/MaxusMaxus

ElancobanElancoban

MontebanMonteban

MaxibanMaxiban

TylanTylan

Cocci Cocci controlcontrol

MontebanMonteban

ElancobanElancoban

MaxibanMaxiban

ToxinsRelease

IntestinalDamage

Clostridiumperfringens

Caused by Caused by Clostridium colinumClostridium colinum Ulcerative enteritis in small intestineUlcerative enteritis in small intestine Small yellow foci with hemorrhagic Small yellow foci with hemorrhagic

bordersborders Often liver lesionsOften liver lesions Congested enlarged spleenCongested enlarged spleen

Reference: Berkoff, 1997

Ulcerative EnteritisUlcerative Enteritis

Caused by Caused by Clostridium perfringens Clostridium perfringens Type A or CType A or C

Lesions usually confinedLesions usually confined toto the small the small intestine, primarily jejunum and ileumintestine, primarily jejunum and ileum

Severe necrosis of intestinal mucosaSevere necrosis of intestinal mucosa Distention due to gas productionDistention due to gas production Swollen livers with necrotic fociSwollen livers with necrotic foci

Necrotic EnteritisNecrotic Enteritis

• Cannot normally survive in the small intestine Cannot normally survive in the small intestine since it is an aerobic environmentsince it is an aerobic environment

• Changes can lead to an anaerobic environment in Changes can lead to an anaerobic environment in the small intestinethe small intestine

• Migration from the cecae and proliferation of CP Migration from the cecae and proliferation of CP in the small inestine is associated with protoxin in the small inestine is associated with protoxin elaborationelaboration

• Trypsin will release the toxin from the pro-toxin Trypsin will release the toxin from the pro-toxin and initiate necrotic enteritisand initiate necrotic enteritis

Necrotic EnteritisNecrotic Enteritis

• Also known as – Clostridial enteritis

– SIBO (small intestinal bacterial overgrowth)

– "summer gut"

– "hit the wall"

– "flushing"

– "feed passage"


• Forced by the economic and genetic demands, the composition of broiler feeds have changed.

• This could result in dysbacteriosis where birds quit eating and growing. Many broiler producers are faced with this problem


• Droppings– loose threadlike and sticky

• Water/Feed– lower feed intake with water consumption

normally staying constant

• Consequences– reduced growth and uniformity


In the cecum:In the cecum:Co-exist naturallyCo-exist naturally

In the small intestine:In the small intestine:Proliferate and release harmful toxinsProliferate and release harmful toxinsDestroys gut wallDestroys gut wallThickened and inflamed wallsThickened and inflamed walls

Clostridium Clostridium PerfringensPerfringens

Mortality:Mortality:Death loss: 3%/weekDeath loss: 3%/weekMortality age: 4 weeksMortality age: 4 weeksBird cost: 19¢/birdBird cost: 19¢/birdFeed cost: 34.5¢/birdFeed cost: 34.5¢/birdMortality cost: 53.5¢/birdMortality cost: 53.5¢/bird

Morbidity:Morbidity:Sick birds: 20%Sick birds: 20%50-day target weight: 5 lbs./bird50-day target weight: 5 lbs./birdFCR: 2.20 (+.20 worse)FCR: 2.20 (+.20 worse)Weight loss: .25 lbs./birdWeight loss: .25 lbs./birdExtra feed: .84 lbs./birdExtra feed: .84 lbs./birdFeed cost: $195/tonFeed cost: $195/tonProduction cost: 23¢/lb.Production cost: 23¢/lb.

• Raw Materials

• Wheat/low quality corn

• Fishmeal

• Bakery byproducts

• Enzymes

• Rape seed

• Fusaria sp.

Nutritional Nutritional InfluencesInfluences

Enteritis in Poultry. Duodenum (E. acervulina) Gizzard Jejunum (E. maxima) Meckel’sdiverticulum...

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