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Mt. Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest Greenwater Floodplain Restoration Project

Appendix 1

Appendices

Appendix A – Public Involvement

Appendix B – References Cited

Appendix C – Cumulative Effects Information

Appendix D – Climate Change and Implications

Appendix E – Monitoring

Appendix F – Glossary and Common Terms

Appendix G – Acronyms

Appendix H – Engineered Log Jam Conceptual Drawings

Appendix I – Figures and Sno-Park Turnaround Drawing


Appendix A–Public Involvement A-1

Appendix A–Public Involvement

Scoping, Public Involvement

In November 2008, scoping letters were mailed first to Tribes and then to other interested

citizens. The Forest Service received one verbal comment to the 2008 scoping effort. This

comment was from the Washington State Department of Ecology (DOE).

Area of Interest

The Department of Ecology’s requested that the Forest Service include Washington State

Department of Transportation’s (WSDOT) project to raise and widen SR 410 and construct bank

protection structures between SR 410 and the White River (RM 41.4 to 42.0) in the Greenwater

Floodplain Restoration Project cumulative effects analysis. The WSDOT project has been

included. See EA Appendix C, above.


Appendix B—References Cited B-1

Appendix B—References Cited

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a Forest River System: PhD dissertation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 222 p.

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Queets River Basin, Washington: Geomorphology Vol. 51, p. 81-107.

Abbe, T.B. and J. Bunn, 2007. Geomorphiic Basis of Conceptual Design Greenwater Rvier

Restoratin project. Prepared by Entrix Environmental Consultants for the South Puget

Sound Salmon Enhancement Group. November 26, 2007, Seattle, Washington.

Anderson, H.E. April 1982. Aids to Determining Fuel Models for Estimating Fire Behavior.

USDA Forest Service General Technical Report INT-122.

Ballard, A.C. 1951. Disposition of Oral Examination of Arthur Condict Ballard in Muckleshoot

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Claimant, v. United States, Defendant. Heard before the Indian Claims Commission of

the United States, 26-28 November, Seattle, WA.

Brown, E.R. 1985. tech. ed. Management of Wildlife and Fish Habitats in Forests of Western

Oregon and Washington. Portland, Oregon: USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest

Region, 2 v. pp. 332.

Buffington, J.M. and D.R. Montgomery. 1999. Effects of Hydraulic Roughness on Surface

Textures of Gravel-bed Rivers: Water Resources Research Vol. 35, No. 11, p. 3507-521.

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International Archaeological Research Institute, Inc. Honolulu, HI.

Carey, A.B. 1995. Sciurids in Pacific Northwest Managed and Old Growth Forest. Ecological

Applications 5 (3): 648–661.

Carey, A.B. 2003. Biocomplexity and Restoration of Biodiversity in Temperate Coniferous

Forest: Inducing Spatial Heterogeneity with Variable-Density Thinning. Forestry.

76(2):127-136.

Carey, A.B. and M.L. Johnson. 1995. Small Mammals in Managed, Naturally Young, and Old

Growth Forests. J. Ecological Society of America. Ecological Applications 5(2):336–352.

Carey, A.B. and S.M. Wilson. 2001. Induced Spatial Heterogeneity in Forest Canopies:

Responses of Small Mammals. Journal of Wildlife Management. 65(4):1014-1027.

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Mt. Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest. 2009. Upper Greenwater River and Tributaries—Aquatic

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Appendix C—Cumulative Effects Information C-1

Appendix C—Cumulative Effects Information

Definition

Cumulative impact is the impact on the environment, which results from the incremental impact of an

action when added to other past, present, and reasonably foreseeable future actions regardless of what

agency (Federal or non-Federal) or person undertakes such other actions. Cumulative impacts can result

from individually minor or collectively significant actions taking place over a period of time (40 CFR

1508.7).

Cumulative Effects Analysis

The analysis was guided by the June 24, 2005 memo, Guidance on the Consideration of Past Actions

in Cumulative Effects Analysis, Executive Office of the President, Council on Environmental Quality

(Executive Office of the President, CEQ 2005). Briefly, the memo states that agencies are to use scoping

to determine whether, and to what extent, information about the specific nature, design, or present effects

of a past action is useful for the agency’s analysis of effects of a proposed action and its reasonable

alternatives. ―Agencies are not required to list or analyze the effects of individual past actions unless such

information is necessary to describe the cumulative effect of all past actions combined‖ (Executive Office

of the President, CEQ 2005). The memo also noted that agencies can generally conduct an adequate

cumulative effects analysis by focusing on the current aggregate (or remaining, residual) effects of past

actions without delving into the historical details of past individual actions.

To complete the analysis of cumulative effect for the Greenwater Floodplain Restoration project, the

Interdisciplinary Team (ID Team) first considered the direct and indirect effects on the environment that

are expected or likely to result from the proposed action and alternatives. Once these effects had been

determined, the ID Team then assessed the residual (or still on-going) effects of past actions that are, in

the judgment of the resource specialists, relevant, in that they could potentially overlap in time and space

with the direct or indirect effects from the Greenwater Floodplain Restoration project alternatives.

The team then assessed the spatial extent of the effects of the alternatives, resource by resource, to

determine if they would add to modify or mitigate the on-going effects of the past actions and expected

future actions. For each resource, a cumulative effects analysis area was determined; see Chapter 3,

project files, and the information that follows in this appendix. The resource specialists then determined if

any potential, existing, or residual effects were present from the other identified projects. If there was no

overlap in time (e.g. no remaining effects from past projects) AND no overlap in space (extent of effects),

there were no contributions to cumulative effects.

Refer to Chapter 3 for specific resource descriptions. The following table lists past, present, or reasonably

foreseeable actions within the vicinity of the Greenwater Floodplain Restoration project that may have

effects that spatially and temporally overlap with the estimated effects of the proposed Greenwater

Floodplain Restoration project, where cumulative effects could occur. See Figure 7 in Appendix H for

activity locations.



Table C-1. Past, Present, and Foreseeable Actions for Cumulative Effects Analysis

Activity Extent Timing Miles from [Project Name]

Future Actions

Greenwater Elk Forage Management Project Phase 2

The project would create approximately 300 acres of permanent elk forage openings.

The openings could be created as soon as 2011

Closest openings would be about 3 miles upstream of the project.

Christoff CT. Under this project White River Forest LLC (Hancock) would construct approximately 560 feet of road and commercial thin approximately 190 acres in T19N, R9E, SW ¼, NW ¼ Section 3, SW ¼ Section 3 and SE ¼ Section 3

Thinning could occur as soon as 2010.

The project is located about 4 to 5 miles downstream of the Greenwater Floodplain Restoration Project

Present Actions

Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) White River Chronic Environmental Deficiency Project

WSDOT will construct five engineered log jam bank protection structures, support bars, and a rock groin between SR 410 and the White River from MP 41.4 to 42. In the same area, they will raise and widen an approximately 2,500-foot section of SR 410.

It is estimated that work will be completed in either 2009 or 2010.

The project is located about 7 miles Northwest of the Greenwater Floodplain Restoration project (about 2 miles west of the mouth of the Greenwater River) in the Upper White River Watershed.

Greenwater Elk Forage Management Project

Create 21 permanent elk forage openings totaling approximately 159 acres

The project was offered as a timber sale to create the in 2008 with no bidders, is scheduled for 2009 offering

within ¼ mile

Road Maintenance Brushing/blading the 70 and 7010 road systems.

This action is ongoing over. Over 6 miles of grading and brushing

Immediately adjacent to and around the project area.

Enhancement of Big Huckleberry in Government Meadows

Improve the productivity of big huckleberry in Government Meadows area by reducing the number of small trees, as needed (30 to 50% crown cover) within four units totaling 47 acres.

2009 or 2010 About 6 miles upstream of the project area



Past Actions

FSR 7020 and 7021 Road Decommissioning Project

The project decommissioned about 4.5 miles of road beyond Slide Creek. The focus of the project was restoration of fish passage and protection of aquatic and riparian dependent resources.

Project completed in summer 2004

0 Immediately adjacent to the north of the project area (within ¼ mile).

Road 70 Flood Damage Repair Project

Relocated 3.5 miles of Road 70 around a landslide. Decommissioned and abandoned 2.9 miles of Road 70 including the landslide site. Removed the Road 7020 bridge over the Greenwater River and restored access to the road beyond the bridge by constructing about 0.3 mile of new road onto Road 7012240. The project implemented fish habitat and channel stability by reestablishing the Greenwater River side channel in section 22.

Completed in 1997 and 1998.

Immediately adjacent to and within the project area..

Greenwater CXT Dispersed recreation toilet constructed at the junction of Road 70 and decommissioned Road 70 in section 21, T19N, R10E

2007 The CXT is located within the project area.

Pyramid Snow Park Approximately a 3/4 acre parking lot constructed adjacent to Road 70 as a winter snow park (section 19, T19N, R11E). Surfacing is ¾ inch crushed gravel. Culverts and catch basins were installed at both ends of the parking area to ensure proper drainage.

2004 The Snow Park is located about 2 miles up river of the project

Greenwater Chinook Acclimation Pond Construction Project

Constructed an earthen pond to provide rearing capacity for up to 200,000 spring chinook fingerlings, repaired intake

2007 and 2008 Approximately 4.5 miles up river from the Greenwater Floodplain Restoration project

Pyramid Creek Culvert Replacement Project

Road 70 Pyramid Creek culvert and associated trash rack with a supered culvert (Section 19, T19N, R11E).

2000 The culvert replacement is located about 2 miles up river of the project area.

Weed Treatment Contract

Ongoing weed treatments within or adjacent to the project area

Ongoing Within or adjacent to the project area

Midnight Creek Habitat Restoration

Installed 12 spawning pads, 2 bank logs, 3 root wad cover structures, 4 deflectors, and 1 retention log in Midnight Creek (Section 18, T19N, R10E)

1999 About 2 to 3 miles west of the project area

Past Timber Harvest About 39% of the Greenwater River watershed was clear-cut between 1960 and the late 1980s. Harvesting was concentrated in the lower 2/3s of the

Most harvesting was conducted between 1960 and late 1980s

Within and surrounding the project area.


Appendix D—Climate Change and Implications D-1

Appendix D—Climate Change and Implications

The global climate has changed through time and will continue to change. An increasing number of

scientific models and methodologies project an increasing rate of climate change in upcoming years.

Applying regional climate models to site-specific project areas makes the conclusions less certain.

However, some general projections are possible for the purpose of environmental analysis.

The following projections for the Pacific Northwest are derived from the Climate Impacts Group of the

University of Washington, Seattle. Models developed by the Climate Impacts Group project temperature

increases during the 21st century with the potential for a slight increase in precipitation during the fall and

winter months (Casola J.H et al., 2005). A 2009 report (draft in review 2009) from The Climate Impacts

Group updates the 2005 projections with the following probable regional impacts:

April 1 snowpack is projected to decrease across the state (30 percent less by 2020) with seasonal

streamflow timing shifts, which will be especially noted in sensitive watersheds.

Rising temperatures may result in increases in stream temperatures that will reduce quality and extent of

freshwater salmon habitat.

Increased summer temperatures and decreased summer precipitation may result in large burn areas and

increased susceptibility of stands to insect attacks, especially mountain pine beetles (east side of the North

Cascades).

Although there have been few statistically significant changes in extreme precipitation in the Puget Sound

area, mode simulation predicts higher precipitation in the Puget Sound area.

A summary of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC 2007) also included projections for

a future with fewer cold days and nights, more hot days and nights, more heat waves, increasing area

affected by drought, and an increase in precipitation that falls as rain.

On a regional basis, reports from the Climate Impacts Group predict a scenario for the Pacific Northwest

with future warming of approximately 0.5°F per decade with temperatures increasing in all seasons, but

particularly in June through August. A larger percentage of winter precipitation would fall as rain rather

than snow, with an earlier spring snowmelt, lower summer stream flows, droughts becoming more

common, and a greater risk of floods and wildfires.

It was noted in Washington Climate Change Impacts Assessment from February 2009, that decisions with

long-term impacts are being made every day, and today’s choices shape tomorrow’s vulnerabilities. This

includes decisions related to land use planning and development, habitat management, flood control,

erosion control, water supply, and infrastructure design. Many adaptive actions may create cost savings

through damage avoidance by modifying development plans in areas likely to experience greater

flooding.

As stated in Fisheries and Hydrology and Soils sections of this EA, and also in the February 5, 2009

Fisheries and May 14, 2009 Hydrology and Soils Reports , the proposed project actions are not of the


Appendix D—Climate Change and Implications D-2

scope or scale to potentially affect climatic conditions or ongoing climate changes. Conversely,

ongoing and predicted future changes to regional climate conditions would have the potential to

affect the hydrologic regime in the Greenwater, which are predicted to generally have lower base

flows and greater magnitude storm flows.

Climate Change References:

Littell, J.S. (eds), M.M. Elsner, L.W. Binder, A.K. Snover. (in review 2009) The Washington Climate

Change Impacts Assessment, Evaluating Washington’s Future in a Changing Climate, Executive

Summary (Final Draft), A Report by The Climate Impacts Group, University of Washington,

February 2009.

Littell, J.S., E.E Oneil, D. Mckenzie, J.A. Hickle, J.A. Lutz, R.A.Norheim, M.M. Elsner. (in review 2009)

Forest Ecosystems, disturbance and climatic change in Washington State, USA Chapter 7 in

Littell, J.S.(eds.), M.M. Elsner, L.W. Binder, A.K. Snover. (in review 2009) The Washington

Climate Change Impacts Assessment, Evaluating Washington’s Future in a Changing Climate,

Executive Summary (Final Draft), A report by The Climate Impacts Group, University of

Washington, February 2009.

Joyce, L.A., G.M. Blate, J.S. Littell, S.G. McNulty, C.I. Millar, S.C. Moser, and R.P. Neilson. 2008.

National Forests. Chapter 3 in S.H. Julius, J.M. West (eds.), J.S. Baron, B.Griffith, L.A. Joyce, P.

Kareiva, B.D. Keller, M.A. Palmer, C.H. Peterson, and J.M. Scott (Authors), Preliminary Review

of Adaptation Options for Climate-Sensitive Ecosystems and Resources. A Report by the U.S.

Climate Change Science Program and the Subcommittee on Global Change Research. U.S.

Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA, pp. 3-1 to 3-127.

Casola, J.H., J.E. Kay, A.K. Snover, R.A. Norheim, L.C. Whitely Binder, Climate Impacts Group. 2005.

Climate Impacts on Washington's Hydropower, Water Supply, Forests, Fish, and Agriculture. A

report prepared for King County (Washington) by the Climate Impacts Group (Center for Science

in the Earth System, Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean, University of

Washington, Seattle).

Millar C.I., Stephenson N.L., Stephenson S.L. 2007. Climate change and forests of the future:

managing in the face of uncertainly. Ecol Appl. 17:2145-2151

Whitely Binder, L.C. with contributions from Jennifer Krencicki Barcelos, Derek B. Booth, Meriel

Darzen, Marketa McGuire Elsner1, Richard Fenske, Thomas F. Graham, Alan F.Hamlet, John

Hodges-Howell, Daniel D. Huppert, J. Elizabeth Jackson, Catherine Karr, Patrick W. Keys,

Jeremy S. Littell, Nathan Mantua1, Jennifer Marlow, Don McKenzie. 2009. Preparing for

climate change in Washington State. A report by The Climate Impacts Group, University of

Washington, February 2009


Appendix E—Monitoring Forms E-1

Appendix E—Monitoring Forms

Mt. Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest Monitoring Summary Form

District: Snoqualmie

Project Name: Greenwater Floodplain Restoration

Monitoring Objective: Determine if weeds are present

Monitoring Type: Implementation

Priority: High

Parameter: Number of stems (or acres) – species on WA State Nox Weed List

Methodology: Ocular estimate

Frequency/Duration: One visit to assess by USFS staff; one visit to control weeds, if necessary, by contractor. Timing should occur in early to mid-summer (depending on snowpack) the year after the project is completed.

Data Storage: NRIS Invasive Plant Inventory Forms; hard copy at Snoqualmie District Office in North Bend, spatial/tabular information in NRIS database.

Report: Same as data storage

Projected Costs: 2 days salary for site visit, data entry, contract admin = $800, contractor estimated cost is $500 per site. Total = $2,300





Monitoring Objective: Assess long-term stability and function of engineered log jams


Priority: High

Parameter: Structural integrity of engineered log jams

Methodology: Set up fixed points for photgraphic monitoring of each log jam. Points would be set using GPS and land based reference points.

Frequency/Duration: Twice annually for 20 years.

Data Storage: SPSSEG provide the Forest Service provided with electronic and or hard copy of data report. Report would be stored at the Snoqualmie District Office in North Bend.

Report: 4 reports issued every 5 years

Projected Costs: 2 GS8 for 4 days including travel -





Monitoring Objective: Measure changes in habitat type (pool, run and riffle) size, distribution and abundance, distribution and abundance of juvenile Chinook, coho and trout and abundance of wood in the floodplain under post-project conditons to track project success.

Monitoring Type: Effectiveness

Priority: High

Parameter: Habitat diversity and juvenile salmon distribution and abundance.

Methodology: SPSSEG to employ Timber-Fish-Wildlife (TFW) Monitoring Program Methods (Pleus et al. 1999) for Reference Point, LWD and Habitat Surveys. Juvenile salmon abundances will be estimated using a modified Hankin and Mohr (unpublised, 2001) using direct observation (diver snorkel) surveys.

Frequency/Duration: 9 days in 2011, 2012, 2013, 2015 and 2020

Data Storage: Excel database. SPSSEG will provide an electronic and hard copy to be stored at Snoqualmie District Office in North Bend.

Report: Four annual reports and one final, culminating report.

Projected Costs: 4 GS8 for 9 days including travel = $11,000 per year. Total project cost over five years between 2011 and 2020 = $60,000.





Monitoring Objective: Assess baseline, pre-project conditions in regard to habitat (pool, run and riffle) size, distribution and abundance, distribution and abundance of juvenile Chinook, coho and trout and abundance of wood in the floodplain.

Monitoring Type: Baseline

Priority: High


Methodology: SPSSEG to employ Timber-Fish-Wildlife (TFW) Monitoring Program Methods (Pleus et al. 1999) for Reference Point, LWD and Habitat Surveys. Juvenile salmon abundances will be estimated using a modified Hankin and Mohr (unpublised, 2001) using direct observation (diver snorkel) surveys.

Frequency/Duration: 9 day over two years to assess baseline pre-project conditions


Report: 1 report

Projected Costs: 4 GS8 for 9 days including travel = $11,000





Monitoring Objective: Identify and track individual pieces of wood installed as part of the project.


Priority: High


Methodology: SPSSEG to tag each log installed in the engineered log jams with a unique identifier in three locations following the protocols developed by the US Army Corps of Engineers.

Frequency/Duration: The logs would be tagged during construction of the log jams. Suveys for any displaced logs would be completed in 2011, 2012, 2013, 2015 and 2020.


Report: The report would be in the form of a memo if or when a tagged log is discovered outside of a jam.

Projected Costs: Variable – the cost of completing the post-project surveys withn the project reach are included in the effectiveness monitoring plan.


Appendix F—Glossary and Common Terms F-1

Appendix F—Glossary and Common Terms

Activity center The core of an owl’s territory and the focal point of protection measures. Most frequently located in or near the highest concentration of remaining suitable habitat.

Aggradation Deposition in one place of material eroded from another. Aggradation raises the elevation of streambeds, flood plains, and the bottom of other water bodies.

Alluvial fan

A low, outspread mass of loose materials and/or rock material, commonly with gentle slopes, shaped like an open fan or a segment of a cone, deposited by a stream at the place where it issues from a narrow mountain valley upon a plain or broad valley, or where a tributary stream is at its junction with the main stream. It is steepest near the mouth of the valley where its apex points upstream. Moreover, it slopes gently and convexly outward with decreasing gradient.

Alluvial Originate through the transport and deposition from running water.

Anabranch Branching river channels that flow into the mainstem channel.

Anadromous fish Fish that are hatched and rear in freshwater, move to the ocean to grow and mature, and return to freshwater to reproduce. Salmon and steelhead are examples.

Annual Road Maintenance

Work performed to maintain serviceability, or repair failures during the year in which they occur. Includes preventive and/or cyclic maintenance performed in the year in which it is scheduled to occur. Unscheduled or catastrophic failures of components or assets may need to be repaired as a part of annual maintenance. Road maintenance is prioritized by three catagories 1 – Critical Health and Safety; 2 – Critical Resource Protection; 3 – Critical Forest Mission.

Arterial road A forest road that provides service to large land areas and usally connects with other arterial roads or public highways.

Bryophyte Collectively mosses, liverworts, and hornworts.

Carrying capacity The maximum number of organisms that can be supported in a given area of habitat at a given time.

Cataloging unit The Forest Service has added two additional levels of finer resolution. The structures for these levels are called the Watershed and Subwatershed. The Fifth Field Watershed is the fifth of these resolutions, or the ―Watershed.‖

Closed road A road that remains part of the transportation system, but motorized use has been eliminated, prohibited, or restricted during all or certain times of the year.

Collector road A forest road that serves smaller land areas than an arterial road. Usually connects forest arterial roads to local forest roads or terminal.

Concern species Species whose populations are of concern to biologists on the Mt. Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest. An informal designation.

Critical habitat

(Endangered Species Act) defined as an area occupied by a species listed as threatened or endangered within which are found physical or geographical features essential to the conservation of the species, or an area not currently occupied by the species, which is itself essential to the conservation of the species. As defined in the ESA ―conservation‖ means any and all methods and procedures, and the use of those, needed to bring a species to recovery—the point at which the protections of the ESA are no longer needed.

Critical need A requirement that addresses a serious threat to public health or safety, a natural resource, or the ability to carry out the mission of the organization.

Culvert A conduit or passageway under a road, trail, or other obstruction. A culvert differs



from a bridge in that it is usually constructed entirely below the elevation of the traveled way.

Cumulative effect

The effect on the environment that results from the incremental effect of the action, when added to the effects of other past, present, and reasonably foreseeable future actions, regardless of what agency or person undertakes the other actions and regardless of land ownership on which the other actions occur. An individual action when considered alone may not have a significant effect, but when its effects are considered in sum with the effects of other past, present, and reasonably foreseeable future actions, the effects may be significant. They can occur when small, incremental amounts of habitat are lost over time through a variety of management activities across a landscape.

Debris avalanche A rapid moving mass of rock fragments, soil, and mud of various sizes not reaching a stream channel.

Debris fans A gently sloping fan shaped mass of detritus formed as a result of upslope or upstream erosional events.

Debris flow A rapid moving mass of rock fragments, soil, and mud with more than half the particles being larger than sand size.

Debris flows Lahar, a flowing mixture of water-saturated rock debris that forms on the slopes of a volcano, and moves downslope under the force of gravity, sometimes referred to as a mudflow.

Decommissioned road

On the MBSNF, a road that no longer is serving a current or planned future access need and has been removed from the transportation system maps and database. The ground occupied by the road corridor is managed according to the land allocation in which it is located.

Deferred road maintenace

Maintenance that was not performed when it should have been or when it was scheduled and which, therefore, was put off or delayed for a future period. When allowed to accumulate without limits or consideration of useful life, deferred maintenance leads to deterioration of performance, increased costs to repair, and decrease in asset value. Deferred maintenance needs may be categorized as critical or noncritical at any point in time. Continued deferral of noncritical maintenance will normally result in an increase in critical deferred maintenance. Code compliance (e.g. life safety, ADA, OSHA, environmental, etc.), Forest Plan Direction, Best Management Practices, Biological Evaluations other regulatory or Executive Order compliance requirements, or applicable standards not met on schedule are considered deferred maintenance.

Deficit timber Sale Deficit sales are timber sales where the average indicated advertised rate is less than the average base rate.

Degradation Erosional removal of materials from one place to another. Degradation lowers the elevation of streambeds and floodplains.

Depressed stock A stock of fish whose production is below expected levels based on available habitat and natural variations in survival rates, but above the level where permanent damage to the stock is likely.

Discharge Volume of water flowing past reference point per unit time (usually expressed as cubic meter/second).

Ecosystem management A land management system that strives to maintain the natural processes and balances as well as provide for human use.

Embankment pullback

Designated roads or segments shall have embankment (fillslopes) pulled back to designed limits and slopes. Excavated material shall be placed at designated locations against back slopes or on flats, sloped to drain, and left in an uncompacted condition.

Endangered species A native species found by the Secretary of the Interior to be threatened with



extinction.

Escapement Those fish that have survived all fisheries and will make up a spawning population.

Essential fish habitat Those waters and substrate necessary to fish for spawning, breeding, feeding, or growth to maturity.

Ethnographer One who studies or is proficient in ethnography, which is the branch of anthropology that considers man geographically and descriptively, treating of the subdivision of races, the causes of migration etc.

Extirpated Eliminated from a local area.

Fifth field watershed

A hierarchical catalog system designed by the US Geological Survey and the Water Resource Council comprised of Region, Subregion, Accounting Unit, and Cataloging Unit. The Forest Service has added an additional 2 levels of finer resolution. The structure for these levels are called the watershed and subwatershed. The fifth field watershed is the 5

th of these resolutions, or the

―watershed‖.

Fine (light) fuels Fast-drying fuels, generally with a comparatively high surface area-to-volume ratio, which are less than 1/4-inch in diameter and have a time lag of one hour or less. These fuels readily ignite and are rapidly consumed by fire when dry.

Fire intensity level (FIL)

Fire Intensity Level are an expression of fireline intensity, based on typical and/or calculated flame length of a fire behavior condition. FILs are used in the analysis to reflect the differences in difficulty of suppression and fire effects on natural and cultural resources.

Flame length The distance between the flame tip and the midpoint of the flame depth at the base of the flame (generally the ground surface); an indicator of fire intensity.

Flood or Flooding A general or temporary conditon of partial or complete inundation of normally dry land areas from the overflow of inland and or tidal waters, and or the unusual and rapid accumulation of runoff of surface waters from any source.

Floodplain

The lowland and relatively flat areas joining inland and coastal water including the debris cones and flood-prone areas of offshore islands and, at a minimum, that area subject to a 1 percent (100-year recurrence) or greater chance of flooding in any given year.

Flood Rick The probability that one or more events will exceed a given flood frequency within a specied period of years.

Fragmentation The degree to which the landscape is broken into distinct patch types.

Fuel Bed An array of fuels usually constructed with specific loading, depth and particle size to meet experimental requirements; also, commonly used to describe the fuel composition in natural settings.

Fuel Model Simulated fuel complex (or combination of vegetation types) for which all fuel descriptors required for the solution of a mathematical rate of spread model have been specified.

Fuel Combustible material. Includes, vegetation, such as grass, leaves, ground litter, plants, shrubs and trees that feed a fire (See Surface Fuels).

Guild A group of species aggregated together based on similarities in habitat requirements and anticipated response to changes in landscape conditions.

Habitat conservation area (HCA)

Part of a network of habitat proposed by the Interagency Scientific committee to protect spotted owls. A contiguous block of habitat to be managed and conserved for breeding spotted owl pairs, connectivity, and distribution of owls. Has been replaced by late successional reserves as the working management unit for protecting spotted owl habitat.

Healthy stock A stock of fish experiencing production levels consistent with its available habitat



and within the natural variations in survival for the stock.

Hibernacula Sites where hibernation occurs.

Human influence zone Areas of human activity (recreation sites, roads, trails, buildings, mines, hydropower operations, etc.) buffered by one-fourth mile around trails and one-half mile around roads and other sites.

Hydrologic Condition The current state of the processes controlling the yield, timing and quality of water in a watershed.

Hydrologic Function The behavioral characteristics of a watershed described in terms of ability to sustain favorable conditons of water flow. Favorable conditons of water flow are defined in terms of water quality, quantity, and timing.

Initial attack The actions taken by the first resources to arrive at a wildfire to protect lives and property, and prevent further extension of the fire.

Inner gorge Consists of steep (50 percent or greater), continuous slopes immediately above a channel.

Landslide Any sudden movement of earth and rocks down a steep slope.

Large woody debris Pieces of wood larger than 10 feet long and 6 inches in diameter located within a stream channel.

Late-successional forest Late-successional forests are those forest seral stages that include mature and old-growth age classes. (ROD USDA-USDI, Standards and Guidelines 1994, B-1)

Lichen A fungus and its photosynthetic partner growing together in a mutually controlled, symbiotic relationship.

Live fuels Living plants, such as trees, grasses, and shrubs, in which the seasonal moisture content cycle is controlled largely by internal physiological mechanisms, rather than by external weather influences.

Local road A forest road that connects terminal facilities with forest collector roads, forest arterial roads or public highways. Usually forest local roads are single purpose transportaton facilities.

Native resident fish An indigenous stock of fish that has not been substantially impacted by genetic interactions with non-native stocks or by other factors, and is still present in all or part of its original range.

Neotropical migrants Birds that migrate from North America to regions south of the Tropic of Cancer (latitude 23 1/2 degrees north) to winter.

Non-critical need A requirement that addresses potential risk to public or employee safety or health, compliance with codes, standards, regulations etc., or needs that address potential adverse consequences to natural resources or mission accomplishment.

Non-native fish A fish stock that has become established outside of its original range.

Noxious weeds Invasive non-native plant species, some of which are toxic to livestock and/or wildlife as designated by the State Noxious Weed Board under the Washington State Noxious Weed Law RCW 17.10.

Objective maintenance level

The maintenance level to be assigned at a future date considering future road management objectives, traffic needs, budget constraints, and environmental concerns. The objective maintenance level may be the same as, or higher or lower than, the operational maintenance level.

Omnivore Animal that feeds on both plants and animals.

Operational maintenance level

The maintenance level currently assigned to a road considering today's needs, road condition, budget constraints, and environmental concerns. It defines the level to which the road is currently being maintained.



Other Rare and Uncommon speices

Sensitive species that were formerly survey and manage species to be proteced through survey and management standards and guidelines on federal lands as identified by the standards and Guidelines for managemnt of Habitat for Late-successional and Old-growth Forest and Related species Within the Range of the Northern Spotted Owl (ROD, Appendix 12).

Outsloping

Designated roads or segments shall be outsloped by pulling material from the road fill section towards the back slope. Pullback material shall be spread over the roadbed and ditch forming a minimum outslope equal to the grade and dimensions shown in the design criteria. Any existing ditches at the toe of the back slope shall be filled.

Perennial Streams Permanently present surface water. Flows occur throughout the year except possibly during extreme drought or during extreme cold when ice forms.

pH A measure of the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution.

Plant association (PA) The basic unit of vegetation including all its successional stages; a potential natural plant community of definite floristic composition and uniform appearance.

Plant association group (PAG)

Groups of plant associations with similar floristic characteristics.

Potential The difference between current factor values and the capability to adjust toward reference conditon values.

Prime timberland Land that has soil capable of growing wood at the rate of 85 cubic feet or more/acre/year (at culmination of mean annual increment) in natural stands and is not in urban or built-up land uses or water.

Rate of spread (ROS)

The relative activity of a fire in extending its horizontal dimensions. It is expressed as a rate of increase of the total perimeter of the fire, as rate of forward spread of the fire front, or as rate of increase in area, depending on the intended use of the information. Usually it is expressed in chains or acres per hour for a specific period in the fire’s history.

Recontouring Recontouring consists of replacing the excavation material with the embankment material to approximate the original shape of the ground prior to road construction.

Redd A spawning nest made by a fish, especially a salmon or trout.

Reference The range of a factor that is representative of its recent historical values prior to alteration of its environment.

Rendezvous sites Temporary resting sites used for several days at a time by a wolf pack during summer months while pups are developing.

Riparian Areas Geogaphically defineable areas with distinctive resource values and characteristics that are comprised of the aquatic and riparian ecosystems.

Riparian Dependent Resources

Resources that owe their existence to the riparian area.

Riparian Ecosystems A transition area between the aquatic ecosystem and the adjacent terrestrail ecosystem; identified by soil characteristrics or distinctive vegetation.

Riparian zone

Those terrestrial areas where the vegetation complex and microclimate conditions are products of the combined presence and influence of perennial and/or intermittent water, associated high water tables, and soils that exhibit some wetness characteristics. Normally used to refer to the zone within which plants grow rooted in the water table of these rivers, streams, lakes, ponds, reservoirs, springs, marshes, seeps, bogs, and wet meadows.

River mile Length of the river course extended from salt-water confluence to headwaters.

Road decommissioning Involve removal of stream crossing, and cross-ditch culverts, although low risk hillslope depression cross-ditch culverts and stream crossing drains with bulk of fill



treatment removed may remain in place. Pull sidecast fills where needed and place the material on inboard surface of road leaving adequate area for cutslope drainage. Outslope the road prism where the ditch can become filled by pullback material and/or cutslope unraveling. Seed and mulch exposed soils around stream crossings and other culvert removal sites. The intention is to return the hydrologic function to the landscape where the road is located, so that the road does not detrimentally intercept and re-direct water flow. The treatments for decommissioning roads are determined on a site-specific basis in order to achieve the appropriate end-result for the Landscape involved.

Road maintenace

The ongoing upkeep of a road necessary to retain or restore the road to the approved road management objective. The overall condition and standards of the roads are adequate for the anticipated uses. Provisions for and execution of maintenance on existing roads and newly constructed roads within Forest Service jurisdiction and on NFS lands are designed to minimize resource disturbance as required by the Forest Plan, best management practices. Maintenance is completed to Forest Service standards and specifications. Safety and resource protection and capital investment protection are the primary concerns of road maintenance , user comfort depends on the assigned maintenance level of the road and road management objective.

Road maintenance levels One of five levels assigned based on the maintenance required to provide the desired type of access.

Road maintenance level 1 (ML1)

Intermittent service roads managed as closed to vehicular traffic, and kept in storage until the next project access need; the closure period must exceed one year.


Roads open for use by high clearance vehicles. Passenger car traffic is not a consideration. Traffic is normally minor, usually consisting of one or a combination of administrative, permitted, dispersed recreation or other specialized uses.


Roads open and maintained for travel by a prudent driver in a standard passenger car. Roads are typically low speed, single lane with turnouts and spot surfacing.


Roads that provide a moderate degree of user comfort and convenience at moderate travel speeds. Most roads are double lane and aggregate surfaced; however, some may be single lane. Paved surfaces or dust abatement may be used.


Roads that provide a high degree of user comfort and convenience. These roads are normally double lane and paved, although some may be aggregate surfaced and dust abated.

Road management objective

Defines the intended purpose of an individual road based on management area direction and access management objectives. Road management objectives contain design criteria, operation criteria, and maintenance citeria.

Road decommissioning treatment

Treatment (including obliteration) applied to some roads no longer needed, which if treatment is not performed, present an unacceptable hazard to habitats and watershed condition. It removes those elements of a road and reroute or impede hillslope drainage and present slope stability hazards.

Road obliteration Full physical site restoration that attempts to re-contour slopes with the intent to completely remove the road from the landscape.

Road Reconstruction

Existing road rebuilt to its approved traffic service level or will be improved to increase safety, operational efficiency or resource protection. Reconstruction includes rebuilding roads to their original standards. All road reconstruction plans, standards and specifications will provide for minimum needed road width, drainage and safe operation while incorporating measures for mitigating for resource disturbances.

The overall existing condition of roads to be reconstructed is generally inadequate for resource protection or anticipated use or the road is impassable for the design



vehicle. Spot reconstruction may also occur, where the primary disturbance is confined to a limited area, such as culvert installation, mitigating subsurface water problem areas, rebuilding a shoulder or addition of turnouts. Areas between the reconstructed spots generally will need reconditioning (which includes but is not limited to; reshaping and processing the road surface, ditches, brushing the shoulders and treating danger trees). Most of the reconstruction and reconditioning is actually maintenance to restore the road to its original condition, FSM 7705.

ROD

Record of Decision for Amendments to Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management Planning Documents Within the Range of the Northern Spotted Owl. Sometimes known as ―The President’s Plan,‖ it is the guiding document for doing watershed analysis.

Recreation opportunity spectrum

Range of opportunities for recreationists by combining variations of qualities provided by nature (vegetation, landscape, topography, scenery), qualities associated with recreational use (levels, types of use), and conditions provided by management (developments, roads, regulations). Includes Primitive, Semi-primitive Non-motorized, Semi-primitive Motorized, Roaded Natural, Roaded Modified, Rural, Urban, etc.

Salmonid Any member of the taxonomic family Salmonidae, which includes all species of salmon, trout, and char.

Security habitat Habitat that is outside of human influence zones.

Sensitive species A species that occurs on the Regional Forester’s Sensitive Species list (Forest Service Manual 2670). Includes species that are candidates for listing under the Federal Endangered Species Act.

Sensitive

(from <http://www.fs.fed.us/r6/sfpnw/issssp/agency-policy>–For Region 6 of the Forest

Service, those plant and animal species identified by the Regional Forester for which population viability is a concern, as evidenced by significant current or predicted downward trends in population numbers or density and habitat capability that would reduce a species’ existing distribution (FSM 2670.5).

Seral Of or pertaining to the series of stages in the process of ecological succession.

Silt A soil particle between 0.05 and 0.002mm in diameter.

Slash Debris left after logging, pruning, thinning or brush cutting; includes logs, chips, bark, branches, stumps and broken understory trees or brush.

Spawn (from http//dictionary.reference.com/browse/spawn)–to deposit eggs or sperm directly into the water, as fishes.

Soil compaction A physical change in soil properties that resutls in a decrease in porosity and an increase in soil bulk density and soil strength.

Soil displacement

The movement of the forest floor (litter, duff and humus layers) and surface soil from one place to another by mechanical forces such as a blade used in piling or windrowing. Mixing of surface soil layers by disking, chopping, bedding operation, are not considered displacement.

Soil function The characteristic physical and biological activity of soils that influences productivity, capability, and resiliency.

Soil productivitiy

The inherent capacity of a soil to support the growth of specified plants, plant communities, or a sequence of plant communities. Soil productivity may be expressed in terms of volume or weight/unit area/year, percent plant cover, or other measures of biomass accumulation.

Soil puddling A physical change in soil properties due to shearing forces that alters soil structure and porosity. Puddling occurs when the soil is at or near liquid limit.

Stock status The current condition of a stock, which may be based on escapement, run size, survival, or fitness level.

http://www.fs.fed.us/r6/sfpnw/issssp/agency-policy



Stock (from WDF et al. 1992)—the fish spawning in a particular lake or stream(s) at a particular season, which fish to a substantial degree do not interbreed with any group spawning in a different place, or in the same place at a different season.

Suitable habitat Habitat in which an animal or plant can meet all or some of its life history requirements.

Surface erosion The detachment and transport of individual soil particles by wind, water, or gravity.

Surface fuels

Loose surface litter on the soil surface, normally consisting of fallen leaves or needles, twigs, bark, cones, and small branches that have not yet decayed enough to lose their identity; also grasses, forbs, low and medium shrubs, tree seedlings, heavier branchwood, downed logs, and stumps interspersed with or partially replacing the litter.

Temporary road (route) Road authorized by contract, permit, lease, other written authorization, or emergency operation not intended to be a part of the forest transportation system and not necessary for long-term resource management.

Thalweg The line defining the lowest points along the length of a river bed or valley.

Threatened species A native species likely to become endangered within the foreseeable future.

Tolerance The point beyond which there is high risk that potential may be permanently altered or impaired through changes in specified physical, chemical, and biological factors brought about by management activities or natural events.

Turbidity An expression of the optical properties of a sample, which causes light rays to be scattered and absorbed rather than transmitted through the sample. Measured in nephelometric turbidity units (NTUs).

Ungulate Hooved mammal.

Unknown stock Description applied to stocks where there is insufficient information to identify stock origin or stock status with confidence.

Vegetation series A group of habitat types having the same dominant canopy tree species at climax, i.e., western hemlock, silver fir, or mountain hemlock.

Vegetation zone Elevational bands within which a certain vegetation series predominates, e.g., the western hemlock zone occurs between 1,400 and 3,500 feet elevation in the watershed.

Watershed Condition The state of a watershed based upon physical and biological characteristics and processes affecting hydrologic and soil functions.

Wetland Lands where saturation with water is the major factor in determining soil development and the types of plants that grow there.


Append G - Acronyms G-1

Appendix G—Acronyms

ACS Aquatic Conservation Strategy

BA Biological Assessment

BE Biological Evaluation

BLM Bureau of Land Management

BO Biological Opinion

BMP Best Management Practice

CEQ Council on Environmental Quality

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Cfs cubic feet per second

CHU Critical Habitat Unit

CSA Conservation Support Areas

CWA Clean Water Act

Dbh Diameter at breast height

DNR Department of Natural Resources

DSA Demographic Study Area

DSR Damage Survey Report

DPS Distinct Population Segment

EA Environmental Assessment

EIS Environmental Impact Statement

ELJ Engineered Log Jam

EPA Environmental Protection Agency

ESA Endangered Species Act

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

FONSI Finding of No Significant Impact

FS Forest Service

GIS Geographical Information System

HPA Hydraulic Project Approval

HUC USGS Hydrologic Unit Code

IDT Interdisciplinary Team

LSR Late-Successional Reserve

LWD Large woody debris

MA Management Area

MBS Mt. Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest

MBTA Migratory Bird treaty Act

Mgpd Million gallons per day

MIS Management Indicator Species

ML Maintenance Level

MOA Memorandum of Agreement

MOCA Managed Owl Conservation Area

MOU Memorandum of Understanding

MP Milepost

NEPA National Environmental Policy Act NFMA

NFMA National Forest Management Act

NFS National Forest System

NHPA National Historic Preservation Act

NMFS National Marine Fisheries Service

NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

NWFP Northwest Forest Plan

NWIFC Northwest Indian Fisheries Commission

PAG Plant association group

RM River Mile

ROD Record of Decision

ROS Recreation Opportunity Spectrum

RVDS Recreation visitor days

S and M Survey and Manage

SHPO State Historic Preservation Office

SPSSEG South Puget Sound Salmon Enhancement Group

TES Threatened, endangered and sensitive species

TMDL Total Maximum Daily Load

USC. United States Code

U.S. United States

USDA FS

US Forest Service

USDI US Department of the Interior

USFWS US Fish and Wildlife Service

USGS US Geological Survey

WAC Washington Administrative Code

WaRIS Washington Rivers Information System

WDF Washington Department of Fisheries (now WDFW)

WDFW Washington State Dept. of Fish and Wildlife

WDG Washington Department of Game

WDOE Washington Department of Ecology

WDOT Washington State Department of Transportation

WDW Washington Department of Wildlife

WRIA Water Resource Inventory Area

WSA Watershed Analysis

WSCC Washington State Conservation

Commission

WSR Wild and Scenic River

WWTIT Western Washington Treaty Indian Tribe


Append H – Conceptual Log jam Drawings H-1

Appendix H—Engineered Log Jam Conceptual Drawings

Conceptual typical of engineered log jam placement (source – Entrix 2007).

Type 1 jams may be used as channel-wide structures to promote

aggradation ahead of and pool water (due to scour) behind

structure.

If a Type 2 jam is to be utilized, generally a Type 1 jam will be

used on the opposite bank just upstream of the Type 2 jam.



Conceptual typical – Type 1 log jams (source – Entrix 2007).



Conceptual typical – Type 2 log jams (Entrix 2007).


Append I – Figures and Sno-Park Turnaround I-1

Appendix I—Figures and Drawings

Figure 3. Merged Land Allocations

Figure 4. Riparian Reserves

Figure 5. Alternative 2 – Proposed Action

Figure 6. Alternative 3

Figure 7. Cumulative Effects

Sno-Park and Dispersed Recreation Turnaround Conceptual Drawing

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