Enlightenment its Thinkers. E NLIGHTENMENT IS D EFINED A S . Philosophical movement in Europe that...
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Transcript of Enlightenment its Thinkers. E NLIGHTENMENT IS D EFINED A S . Philosophical movement in Europe that...
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Enlightenment & it’s Thinkers
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ENLIGHTENMENT IS DEFINED AS….
Philosophical movement in Europe that stressed the importance of reason.
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CHARACTERISTICS OF ENLIGHTENMENT
Belief that world problems could be solved (Scientific Rev).
New ideas debated in coffeehouses.
Writers published ideas.
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CHARACTERISTICS OF ENLIGHTENMENT Reason was a better guide than faith or tradition.Political thinkers applied reason & scientific ideas to government.
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ENLIGHTENMENT PHILOSOPHES
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A. Jean Rousseau - Known For…- Most controversial philosopher of the Enlightenment.- Community over the individual. - Wrote: Social Contract
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A. Jean Rousseau - Beliefs:- People will give up their freedoms to benefit society. - People vote on decisions & live by those decisions. - People are inherently good & make good decisions.
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B. John Locke - Known For…
- Natural Rights: Everyone should/can defend their Life, Health, & Possessions.- Government for the people by the people. - Wrote: Two Treatises of Government
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B. John Locke- Beliefs:- Governments are established to defend people’s natural rights.- Government should have limited power.
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DENIS DIDEROTWrote a 28-volume set – Encyclopedia
Purpose – to change the general way of thinking
Explained new thinking on government and philosophy
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DENIS DIDEROTDenounced slavery, praised freedom of expression, urged education for all
Attacked divine-right theory
Catholics threatened to excommunicate all who bought it
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C. Baron de Montesquieu- Known For…- First real idea of multiple governments. (Democracy, Monarchy, Autocracy) - Creator of the idea of branches of government.
- Executive, Legislative & Judicial- Wrote: Spirit of Laws
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C. Baron de Montesquieu- Beliefs:- Against the idea of absolute power. - Believed in separation of powers & system of checks and balances.
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D. Voltaire - Known For…- Greatest thinker of the Enlightenment. - Strong dislike of the Catholic Church.
- He blamed the church for keeping knowledge from the people to maintain its power.
- Wrote: Manner of Spirits of Nations
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D. Voltaire - Beliefs:- Government is the down fall of the world; targeted corrupt officials.- Detested the slave trade & religious prejudice.- Wanted to end bigotry & tyranny.
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E. Thomas Hobbes - Known For…- People should conform to a government because the alternative is a violent death all men should fear.- The idea of a State of Nature
(a world without structure) - Wrote: The Leviathan
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E. Thomas Hobbes- Beliefs:- Powerful government.- People are naturally cruel & selfish.- If not controlled, people will fight, rob, & oppress.
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F. Mary Wollstonecraft- Known For…- All humans can reason, because women can reason, they should have the same rights as men. - Wrote: A Vindication of the Rights of Women.
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F. Mary Wollstonecraft- Beliefs:- Women should have equal rights in education, work, & politics.- Believed women should be good mothers first, but women offered so much more.
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John Locke•Humans are naturally cruel, greedy and selfish.•To escape this “brutish” life people entered into a social contract.•Only a powerful government could ensure an orderly society.•Believed only an absolute monarchy could keep a society completely orderly.
•Humans are naturally reasonable, moral and good•Humans have natural rights: life liberty and property•People form governments to protect natural rights•Best government was one with limited power•If a government violates people’s natural rights, people have the right to overthrow government
Thomas Hobbes
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